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Feminist Technosciences

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Rebecca Herzig and Banu Subramaniam, Series Editors

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 Queer Feminist

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Science

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Studies TO
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EDITED BY
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CYD CIPOLL A
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KRIS TIN A GUPTA

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DAVID A . RUBIN
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AN GEL A WILLEY
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University of Washington Press

Seattle and London

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Copyright 2017 by the University of Washington Press

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Printed and bound in the United States of America

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Design by Thomas Eykemans
Composed in Chaparral, typeface designed by Carol Twombley
212019181754321

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,

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or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
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University of Washington Press

www.washington.edu/uwpress
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file

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isbn (hardcover): 978-0-295-74257-1

isbn (paperback): 978-0-295-74258-8
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isbn (ebook): 978-0-295-74259-5

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The paper used in this publication is acid-free and meets the minimum require-
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ments of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence

of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984.
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 S
Queering what counts as nature is my categorical imperative. Queering

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specific normalized categories is not for the easy frisson of transgression,

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but for the hope for livable worlds.

Donna Haraway, A Game of Cats Cradle

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F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 6 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 Contents

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Acknowledgmentsxi

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Queer Feminist Science Studies: An Introduction 3

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PART ONE: Histories of Difference 25

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Sexing the X: How the X Became the Female Chromosome
Sarah S. Richardson 30
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Pelvic Politics: Sexual Dimorphism and Racial Difference
Sally Markowitz 43
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The Sexual Reproduction of Race: Bisexuality, History,

and Racialization
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Merl Storr 56
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From Masturbator to Homosexual: The Construction

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of the Sex Pervert

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Ladelle McWhorter 68
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An Unnamed Blank that Craved a Name: A Genealogy

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of Intersex as Gender
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David A. Rubin 82
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PART TWO: Contemporary Archives and Case Studies 97

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Black Anality
Jennifer C. Nash 102

At the Same Time, Out of Time: Ashley X

Alison Kafer 114

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 7 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 BIID? Queer (Dis)Orientations and the Phenomenology of Home
Nikki Sullivan 127

The Allure of Artifice: Deploying a Filipina Avatar in the Digital

Porno-Tropics
Mitali Thakor 141

Gone, Missing: Queering and Racializing Absence

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in Trans & Intersex Archives

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Hilary Malatino 157

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PART THREE: Disruptive Practices 173

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Immodest Witnessing, Affective Economies, and Objectivity

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Michelle Murphy 177

Pussy Ballistics and the Queer Appeal of Peristalsis,

or Belly Dancing with Margaret Cho G
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Rachel Lee 192
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Embodiments of Safety
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Kane Race 207

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Consent, Capacity, and the Non-Narrative

Amber Musser 221
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Brains, Sex, and Queers 2090: An Ideal Experiment

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Isabelle Dussauge 234

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PART FOUR: Beyond the Human 249

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Why Do Voles Fall in Love?: Sexual Dimorphism in Monogamy

Gene Research
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Angela Willey and Sara Giordano 254

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Natural Convers(at)ions: Or, What if Culture Was Really Nature

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All Along?
Vicki Kirby 268

The Bio-Technological Impact and Abstract Sex

Luciana Parisi 282

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 8 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 Toxic Animacies, Inanimate Affections
Mel Y. Chen 296

Plasmodial Improprieties: Octavia E. Butler, Slime Molds,

and Imagining a Femi-Queer Commons
Aimee Bahng 310

Index327

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Acknowledgments

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The editors would like to thank the various individuals, communities, and

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institutions that helped to make this project a reality. We are grateful to

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the College of Wake Forest University and Dean Susanne Wofford of the
Gallatin School of Individualized Study for providing subvention funds.
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For their support and encouragement, we thank our colleagues and stu-
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dents in our home departments at University of Massachusetts Amherst,
University of South Florida, Wake Forest University, and the Gallatin
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School of New York University. Additionally, we thank the audiences for

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our panels at the last several annual NWSA conferences for their insights
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and encouragement over the years.

We owe a profound debt of gratitude to Larin McLaughlin, editor in
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chief at the University of Washington Press, and Banu Subramaniam and

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Rebecca Herzig, the editors of the Feminist Technosciences series. Their

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faith in the project and guidance at every step of the process has been
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nothing short of amazing. We are also grateful to Whitney E. Johnson at

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the University of Washington Press for her assistance with the final man-
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uscript preparations. In addition, we thank our anonymous reviewers,

whose detailed feedback and probing questions brought much to the
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volume as a whole.
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We owe special thanks to our teachers and mentors in the Depart-

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ment of Womens, Gender, and Sexuality Studies and throughout Emory

University, particularly Lynne Huffer, Pamela Scully, Kimberly Wallace
Sanders, Sander Gilman, Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Holloway Sparks,
Elizabeth Wilson, Deboleena Roy, Michael Moon, Joy Ann McDougall,
Linda Calloway, and the late Berky Abreu.

xi

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 We remain grateful beyond measure to the pathbreakers of feminist
science studies and queer studies, many of whom are named in these
pages. Finally, we thank all of the contributors to this volume, whose
scholarship has inspired and enabled us to imagine something like a queer
feminist science studies.
All editors contributed equally to this volume.

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xiiAcknowledgments

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Queer Feminist Science Studies

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Queer Feminist Science Studies

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An Introduction

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We live in a mediated world, one in which science and tech-
nology and scientific ways of understanding are deeply imbricated in the
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production, contestation, and transformation of gender and sexual norms.
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Concurrently, gender and sexual norms shape scientific methods and
truth claims in myriad ways. As many scholars have argued, science is not
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a mirror of nature, but rather an interpretive grid through which people

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narrativize phenomena using the epistemological resources available in

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particular times and places (Keller 2010). Science is situated knowledge,

and as such always partial, dynamic, open to revision, and contested (Har-
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away 1991; Harding 2008; Latour 1993). As transdisciplinary objects of

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study, gender and sexuality exemplify the contextual and situated nature
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of all forms of knowledge production.

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At the same time, science and technology have significant effectsat

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once productive and constrainingon the organization of gender and

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sexuality at the societal level and on our individual and relational experi-
ences of ourselves as gendered and sex(ualiz)ed beings. While science and
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technology can open up new possibilities, their dominant manifestations

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often reproduce and heighten local and global inequalities (Haraway 2008;
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Spivak 1999), even those that, on their face, promise social advancement
and liberation. New reproductive technologies (NRT) provide a good
example. While advances in NRT promise new forms of biological repro-
duction (for example, scientists may, in the near future, be able to create
an embryo from the cells of two males or two females), these technolo-
gies are only available to the economically privileged, overwhelmingly rely

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 3 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 on the reproductive labor and/or bodies of low-income women, women of
color, and women from the Global South, and may reinforce the fetishiza-
tion of genetic relatedness (Mamo 2007).
In recent decades, science has become a remarkably productive object
for queer feminist critical inquiry. Time and again, queer feminist con-
cerns with materiality, biology, power, and subjectivity have led us straight
to science as a site for both undoing and remaking our worlds. Our inter-
vention here is at least dualwe want to further open up what counts as

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both science and science studies and to insist on the importance of (tradi-

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tional and nontraditional) science and science studies to queer femi-

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nisms. In addition to arguing for a queering of science, science studies,
and feminist science studies, we argue that queer feminist approaches to

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reading science offer profoundly innovative and different answers to some

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of academic feminisms most formative, trenchant, and enduring ques-
tions, including: What is sex? How are race, gender, sexuality, and other
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systems of difference coconstituted? And how are ideas about and prac-
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tices of normalization implicated in the maintenance of the status quo?
Queer Feminist Science Studies: A Reader is an eclectic collection of essays
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that develop, rethink, and expand queer feminist approaches to reading

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science. Sixteen are previously published and presented in abridged form,

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and four appear here for the first time. In this reader, we use queer femi-
nist science studies to name, nurture, and transform conversations that
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are already taking place across the sciences, humanities, and social sci-
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ences. We offer it as a figurative space where the meanings of and relations

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among queer and feminist theories and science are reimagined capaciously
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to foster new critical and creative knowledge-projects. By bringing

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together intimate but as-yet-unreconciled critical engagements with sci-

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ence, its effects, and/or the stuff of the world, we posit queer feminist
science studies as a framework that 1) attends to intersecting operations
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of power and privilege and the material-semiotic makings of normality

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and deviance, while 2) highlighting potentialities for uncertainty, sub-

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version, transformation, and play.

For this reader, we selected and solicited essays that offer two different
types of resources: ones that help us think about science beyond STEM
and science studies beyond traditional STS, and ones that highlight the
vital import of theorizing science to queer feminisms. Our goal in con-
structing this collection of queer feminism as science studies is to open

4Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 4 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 up questions that havent been centered in (feminist) science studies as it
has been canonized, and to make strange anew those that have. We hope
this volume will trouble and enrich narratives of the field of (feminist)
science studies, its projects, and thus its genealogies and futures. It is with
these goals that we offer this reader as a generative site for forging new
understandings not only of the politics of science but also of the dynamic
systems (Fausto-Sterling 2012) that give form to what some feminist sci-
ence scholars have called naturecultural bodies and worlds (Haraway 2008;

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Barad 2007).

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The beauty of the phrase queer feminist science studiesis perhaps

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the simultaneity of its material and discursive specificity with its constitu-
tive capaciousness: It grounds and unsettles, offering no fixed archive nor

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method, but a qualifierqueerthat promises to unsettle some of our

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cherished givens. This could be the first of many volumes offering differ-
ent archives and new directions for queer forms of feminist science stud-
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ies. To those ends, it is our hope that readers come away from this volume
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with a sense of queer feminist science studies as a generative rubric, a
useful set of tools, and an intellectual/political space that enables a prolif-
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eration of critical and creative responses to processes of naturalization.

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In queer feminist science studies as we conceive it, naturalizationwhich

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is not science itself, but to which science is of course vitalbecomes the

object of critical and creative interventions. The discourses, objects, and
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practices with which scholars of queer feminist science studies might

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engage are vast. The ubiquity of scientific narratives and their power in
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shaping the parameters of how we think about the distinctions between

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nature and artifice, biology and culture, time and space, mind and body,
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and other vital issues means that science studies must roam far beyond
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institutions of sciences. A queer feminist science studies must concern

itself with the quotidian practices of meaning making that trouble, disrupt,
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and reconfigure assumptions about nature, difference, species, and world

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liness. We hope that the volume supports resolve to recoup and reimagine
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nature with eyes wide open to processes of naturalization, both historical

and contemporary, and that its readers find the volume rich with resources
for holding creative possibility and critical accountability together.
In the remainder of this introduction, we offer further ruminations on
queer feminist science studies by tracing its genealogies and describing
its frameworks with a particular focus on its contributions to thinking

Introduction 5

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 5 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 about foundational issues in queer feminism. We also offer an overview
of the structure of the reader and of the individual essays and offer some
concluding questions.

Definitions (or, What Is Queer Feminist Science Studies?)

What does it mean to undertake a queer feminist study of science? One

of the aims of this volume is to open up the word, concept, and practice

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of science (and therefore science studies) to new, unexpected, and sur-

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prising definitions, inhabitations, and hauntings. Science is not a static

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or unchanging object of analysis. Nor is it the nom de plume of objectivity.
Rather, science is dynamic and changing, and it is always political. In addi-

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tion, disciplinary scientific practices are inextricably conditioned by par-

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ticular political economies and ideologies that regulate: a) what counts
as legitimate scientific knowledge; and b) which kinds of people, bodies,
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and institutions can conduct scientific research in the first place. Thus, we
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refuse to equate the practice and theory of science, or that which consti-
tutes the proper object of science studies, with hegemonic scientific prac-
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tices and paradigms. While many of the essays in this volume do analyze
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hegemonic scientific practices and paradigms, other essays challenge what

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body-knowledges and materialities (Roy and Subramaniam 2016) count

as science and therefore science studies. For example, Jennifer Nashs
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piece on black anality and Rachel Lees piece on pussy ballistics take up
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the discomforting viscera of human life, the awful and the offal, and use
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them to not only deconstruct but disembowel conventional scientific and

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feminist models of embodiment alike.

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To formulate a queer feminist approach to science studies, we begin

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with questions familiar to those versed in feminist science studies: Who

gets to produce scientific knowledge? Does it matter who produces knowl-
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edge and, if so, how (Keller 1983; Harding 1991; Longino 1990)? How do
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scientific agendas, questions, epistemologies, methods, results, and inter-

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pretations reflect gender-normative, racist, heterosexist, classist, and

ableist assumptions? How does science justify, create, and enforce social
inequalities (Keller 1992; Fausto-Sterling 2000; Haraway 1992b; Schiebin-
ger 1993)? How might we reformulate epistemologies, methods, and
interpretations of science in order to do queer and or feminist science

6Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 6 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 (Roy 2008; Subramaniam 2014)? How can we use findings about the
material-semiotic world (including contingency, variability, and change
within nature) to reformulate our conceptions of the social world (Wil-
son 2004; Barad 2007)?
To these questions, we add key foci from queer theory. Queer theory has
a history of challenging the essentialisms bequeathed by certain legacies of
both feminist and lesbian and gay studies to discussions of gender and sexu-
ality. Early queer theory (Foucault 1978; Butler 1990; Sedgwick 1990; Halber

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stam 1998; Dollimore 1991) troubled assumptions about the natural unity

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of the category women in feminist scholarship on womens ways of

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knowing, womens time, and the ethics of care (Scott 1988; Kristeva 1981;
Held 1993). Departing from these strains of feminist theory (including the

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conjunction of feminist theory and science studies/history of science and

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medicine), much 1990s queer theory focused on rethinking debates over
the social construction of sexuality (Stein 1990). In the wake of the mil-
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lennium, queer research returned to the terrain of science studies and
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deepened understandings of its queer potentialities in the process. For
instance, Siobhan Somervilles work on racializing queerness and queering
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racial science (2000) thoroughly upended the idea that race and sexuality
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are separate or separable categories in the history of science and medicine.

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In a similar way, Myra Hirds work on sex/gender variation and sexual

diversity in nonhuman animals (2006) refigured the natural sciences as a
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crucial object of and resource for strengthening queer and trans critique.
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In these and other ways, we argue that queer theory sharpens feminist
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engagements with science by turning critical attention to the imbrication

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or dependence of center and periphery, inside and outside, natural and

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artificial, and normativity and deviance. Rather than being opposed, these
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terms are coentangled divisions produced through specific histories. Thus,

there is now a rich array of queer work that contests the naturalization
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of the categories of normal and deviant sexuality and binarized notions of

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sexed anatomy, gender identity, sexual desire, and sexual identity (Hal-
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berstam 2005; Patton and Snchez-Eppler 2000; Fausto-Sterling 2000;

Downing, Morland, and Sullivan 2015; Gupta 2015; Willey 2016b). Queer
frameworks provide useful tools for analyzing the sexual logics of various
systems, discourses, and material practices including medicalization
(Butler 2004), disease management (Patton 1990), neoliberalism (Duggan

Introduction 7

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 7 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 2003; Eng 2010), US imperialism (Puar 2007), and, indeed, subjectivity
and sociality themselves (Berlant and Edelman 2013; Edelman 2004; Wil-
son 2015). Concomitantly, queer theory, like its critical counterparts in
gender and sexuality studies, reveals that heterosexist regulatory regimes
intersect with structures of race, class, gender, nation, age, and ability to
shape life chances in uneven ways (Ferguson 2004; Holland 2012; Grewal
and Kaplan 2001; Boellstorff 2005; Arondekar 2009; Stallings 2015).
Throughout these instances, queer theory reveals the centrality of sci-

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ence to cultural politics and upends assumptions about nature, progress,

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and sovereignty.

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As scholars interested in pushing the boundaries of both the queer
and feminist elements of a queer feminist science studies, we also want

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to conceptualize queerness in terms that diverge from mainstream femi-

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nist theory with regard to the politics of difference, the politics of power,
and the politics of privilege. In queer theory, queerness names a structural
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position of abjection, not a fixed or essential identity, and is therefore irre
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ducible to any single-issue politics or agenda (Spivak 1988; Butler 1993;
Cohen 1997; Edelman 2004). In addition, and most importantly perhaps,
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to queer is to make strange that which seems normal or natural (Sedgwick

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and Frank 2003), a formulation that is particularly appropriate for the

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aims of this volume.

The project of queer feminist science studies, we argue, is queer not
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only in content, but in an approach that seeks to rethink and open up our
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definitions of science, science studies, and indeed feminism and queer

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studies too. Bringing these threads together, queer feminist science stud-
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ies might be understood as a way of seeing and foregrounding a shared

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aim and theoretical/methodological affinity between projects of queer

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feminism and science studies: what might be described as an ethic of

undoing. By undoing we mean an intellectual practice of getting under-
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neath a seemingly self-evident idea, to understand the conditions of pos-

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sibility for its intelligibility. So rather than asking, How can we represent
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queer bodies and/or black and brown bodies in more positive ways? a
queer feminist science studies approach animated by an ethic of undoing
would ask questions like: How do we know what we know about bodies?
What is science? What is nature? What is race? What is sex? What is
sexuality? How do these categories intra-act? How do our knowledges of
them (epistemology) shape their existence (ontology)?

8Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 8 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 Contributions of This Framework (or, What Can
Queer Feminist Science Studies Do?)

Taken as a whole, the pieces in this volume demonstrate that queer femi-
nist science studies, as we have simultaneously recognized it and called it
into being, is an expansive lens, a big basket. It includes diverse feminist
and queer analyses of biomedicine, science, technology, and health, as well
as critical destabilizations of sexual, gendered, racialized, anthropocentric,

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and able-bodied logics and hierarchies, among other things. A queer femi-

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nist science studies framework calls us to:

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1. rethink knowledge production in important ways and challenge

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entrenched disciplinary divides between the sciences, social sciences,

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and humanities, thus foregrounding new languages and methodological
resources for critical interdisciplinarity (Subramaniam 2014).

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2. challenge what body-knowledges and materialities (Roy and Subra
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maniam 2016; Willey 2016a) count as science and, thus, what counts
as science studies.
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3. deepen our understandings of onto-epistemological processes & resist

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the pull to think of knowing and being as separate. As the pieces in this
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archive show, changes in the world can lead to new ways of thinking,
and new ways of thinking can produce material changes in the world, in
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an intra-active and mutually constitutive process (Barad 2007) where

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the relationship between the ontological (being) and epistemological

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(knowing) is never very far apart.

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4. affirm critique as a site of world-making potential in its own right in the

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face of calls by some feminist science studies scholars to move beyond

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it (Coole and Frost 2010; Hird 2004).

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These four intimately interconnected chargesto rethink entrenched dis-

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ciplinarity, expand our archives of materiality, deepen our understandings

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of the imbrication of knowing and being, and to affirm critique as vital

world-making workare importantly for us always grounded and enabled
by a fifth call: to engage debates about power germane to queer feminism.
Queer feminist science studies reveals concerns with science, nature, and
bodies as vital to central debates within feminist and queer theory, includ-
ing debates about the sex/gender distinction, the relationship between

Introduction 9

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 9 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 hierarchies of gender and other hierarchies (such as those of race and
ability), and the construction and biopolitical flexibility of categories of
normality and deviance. Around each of these nodes, we find thinkers
whose projects focus on knowledge politics and whose epistemological
preoccupations lend themselves to the productive unmaking of entrenched
analytics. These reconfigurations of the terrain of debate are part of this
volume, and we offer a few framing remarks on them here.1

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Sex/Gender

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The sex/gender distinction has been taken for granted both in the sciences
and in many feminist approaches. Unlike mainstream scientific and

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(some) feminist approaches, queer feminist science studies does not

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assume that the sex/gender distinction is either analytically or materiality
stable; nor does it presume that this distinction is adequate to critically
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mapping complicated dimensions of embodiment (Kessler 1998; Fausto-
IN
Sterling 2000; Butler 2004; Salamon 2010). Building on this work, and
actively figuring sexing and gendering as verbs and performative pro-
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cesses of materialization, many of the essays in this reader attend to the

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ways in which queer feminist engagements with science refigure the intra-
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activity between biology/culture and sex/gender (Fausto-Sterling 2012;

Jordan-Young 2010), and thereby provide exciting, capacious, and nondu-
F

alistic ways of thinking about embodiment. For example, Sarah Richard-

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sons essay on gender bias in sex chromosome research, David Rubins

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essay on the genealogy of intersex and the sex/gender distinction in West-

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ern biomedicine, Angela Willey and Sara Giordanos essay on sexual dimor-
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phism in monogamy gene research, and Rachel Lees essay on the biopolitics
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and geopolitics of racialized gender suggest that sex and gender are neither
opposed nor simply mutually constitutive, but are rather multiply inter-
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rogational, overdetermined, and entangled with other categories. Investi-

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gating these entanglements and intersections, the contributors to this

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volume develop new models of sexing/gendering bodies that not only com-
plicate and contest but also enrich and transform contemporary scientific,
feminist, and queer paradigms, methodologies, and historiographies.
In terms of pedagogy, these essays also suggest new ways of teaching
more inclusively about sex/gender. For example, instructors of both intro-
ductory and advanced courses on gender and sexuality may introduce

10Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 10 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 intersex and trans to make arguments about other issues, such as the
social construction of gender, or the nature and/or value of human diver-
sity. Although well intentioned, this pedagogical approach often has a
tokenizing effect. It implies that intersex and trans peoples sexes, gen-
ders, bodies, and/or subjectivities are somehow more constructed than
those of cisgender and nonintersex folks, and naturalizes cisgender and
nonintersex lives as normative. The essays we include here, on the other
hand, refuse these gestures. They decline to reify intersex, trans, and gen-

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der nonconforming subjects into exceptional objects of study, arguing

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instead that these subjects reveal issues and questions of major or even

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universal significance. Or, to put it differently, intersex and trans studies
are not mere minoritarian concerns, but are rather central to and also

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critically reconfigure longstanding debates about what it means to be

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human and what it means to occupy a world with others.

Antiracism and Intersectionality G

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In regards to theories of and debates surrounding intersectionality (Hill
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Collins and Bilge 2016), queer feminist science studies focuses on analyz-
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ing the conceptual and historical coconstitution of processes of sexing/

W

gendering bodies with race, class, disability, geopolitics, and other social
processes in a way that troubles the presumed isometry of sex, gender,
F

and sex/gender as coherent categories unto themselves. Diverse inter

O

sections are explored throughout the volume; for example, between gen-
Y

der, sexuality, and disability in Kafer, between gender, sexuality, and

IT

nation in Chen and Lee, and between gender, sexuality, and class in Chen
S

and Sullivan.
ER

In particular, one of the underappreciated and undertheorized contri-

butions of and to queer feminist science studies is the substantial work
IV

that has been done to theorize the nature of the relationship of concepts
N

and categories of race to those of sex, gender, and sexuality. Some scholars
U

well known in feminist science studies have long been engaged in this
project (Schiebinger 1993; Stepan 1993; Haraway 1992a; Hammonds 1994;
Somerville 2000; Subramaniam 2009; Irni 2013). The authors in this vol-
ume reveal queer feminist science studies as a vital lens for thinking
through the historical and material enmeshment of racial/sexual forma-
tion. At the heart of our treatment of racial/sexual formation in the

Introduction 11

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 11 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 curating of this volume is the question: If, as Baradian materialism sug-
gests, we are responsible not only for how we represent the world, but
for what exists, how do we understand the onto-epistemological status of
race vis--vis our materialist feminist engagements with sex, gender, and
sexuality?
Pieces such as those by Markowitz, Storr, McWhorter, Nash, Chen,
and Thakor suggest that any focus on disrupting (or refining) binary
models of sex/gender/sexualityat the level of molecules or social

S
scriptsrisks recentering whiteness by failing to recognize masculinity

ES
and femininity as racial designations that have placed bodies not on

PR
a continuum per se, but rather on a multidimensional grid of raced/
gendered/sexed types. As Sally Markowitz argues in this volume, and

N
captured beautifully in Moya Baileys (2016) concept of misogynoir, when

TO
we invoke an unmarked gender binary as a core problematic of feminist
theory, we risk recentering whiteness, because gender was never just
G
two, but an always racialized and pluralized scientific concept.
IN
We hope that the essays in this reader will provoke questions about
how to better (and perhaps more systematically) approach thinking about
H

the historical and material enmeshment of these categories. We also hope

AS

it will serve as a resource for folks to consider more concretely the racial
W

implications of the operationalization of sex/gender/sexuality as objects

of knowledge across the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.
F

And finally, we hope that this reader will recenter the study of racial forma
O

tions as a radically interdisciplinary project, not one that belongs strictly

Y

to culture, but one at the heart of the naturecultural world we hope to

IT

know and make differently (Holland 2012; Wynter 2003; Spillers 2003).
S
ER

On Normalization
IV

Influenced by the work of Michel Foucault, queer feminist science studies

N

approaches insist that the construction of normality and deviance is a

U

material-semiotic process. At the center of many of the essays in this vol-

ume are the following questions: How are categories of normality/health
and deviance/pathology in relation to sex, gender, sexuality, race, ability,
class, and nation created and reproduced across populations? How do
these norms become embodied at an individual level? How are they trans-
formed at a societal level? How are they resisted at an individual level?

12Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 12 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 There is a rich tradition of asking these questions in feminist scholar-
ship, queer and sexuality studies, and disability studies. A classic example
of this scholarship is Anne Koedts Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm (1970),
in which she argues that scientific authorities have propagated and
enforced categories of normal and deviant female sexuality (orgasmic
vaginality vs. anorgasmia or orgasmic clitorality) through the diagnosis
and treatment of frigidity. A number of scholars, including Emily Martin
(2001), Dorothy Roberts (1997), Adele Clarke (1998), Laura Briggs (2002),

S
Susan Bordo (1993), and many more, have built on the work of Koedt.

ES
Similarly, there is a rich tradition within queer studies, trans studies,

PR
and intersex studies of exploring the construction of normality and devi-
ance in the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic (Epstein 1996; Treichler

N
1999; Crimp 2002; Patton 1990), in the pathologization of homosexuality

TO
and gender nonconformity (Bayer 1981; Stein 1999; Terry 1999; Rosario
2002; Carter 2007; Meyerowitz 2004; Najmabadi 2013; Spade 2003), and
G
in the medical response to intersex infants (Kessler 1998). More recently,
IN
disability studies scholars have offered further insight into the construc-
tion of normality and deviance through the medicalization of nonnorma-
H

tive bodies.
AS

Building on this work, essays in this volume such as those by McWhorter,

W

Kafer, Race, Sullivan, and Chen suggest that queer feminist science studies
approaches understand the construction of normality and deviance as a
F

material-semiotic, naturecultural process. Nikki Sullivan argues, in regard

O

to the case she analyzes, that two-handedness was constructed as nor-

Y

mal and one-handedness as deviant through media labeling of the desire

IT

for hand-amputation as mentally disordered and through the refusal of

S

doctors to remove a transplanted hand that was no longer wanted (and

ER

that both of these were material-semiotic processes). Queer feminist sci-

ence studies also assumes that resistance to regimes of normality and
IV

deviance occurs through material-semiotic processes, such as when

N

Michelle Murphy argues that womens health activists challenged ideas

U

about normal and deviant cervixes by meticulously recording data about

their own cervixes every day for months and then using this data to argue
that there is not any one model of cervical health. Queer feminist sciences
studies scholarship offers powerful examples of how to critique the nor-
malizing and pathologizing tendencies of Western biomedicine and sci-
ence, while also providing insights into how science and biomedicine

Introduction 13

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 13 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 might be reformed and/or (re)appropriated in order to better serve the
interests of women, sexual minorities, gender-nonconforming people, and
other historically marginalized groups. In general, queer feminist science
studies of normality and deviance offer important resources for thinking
about questions of normalization, resistance and transformation, struc-
ture and agency.

S
Partial Genealogies (or, Where Did Queer

ES
Feminist Science Studies Come From?)

PR
We became convinced of the need for a volume on queer feminist science
studies when, individually and collectively, we were asked questions about

N
whether and how science studies might be queered and about whether

TO
and how queer feminism might be transformed by new understandings of
biology, species, and matter. These questions were exciting, but also some-
G
what confounding, because there is already such a rich archive of, well,
IN
queer feminist science studies. But this work is not necessarily read as
such, and queerness has not always been centered within articulations of
H

the field of feminist science studies. Thus, we argue that, somewhat para-
AS

doxically, queer feminist science studies is both new and old. It is new
W

because it is a new lens, a new basket for collecting together scholarship

that has not necessarily been grouped together before. And it is old in that
F

the basket is not only shaped by long histories but also capable of holding
O

scholarship from throughout the history of queer feminist thought.

Y

Our shared training and diverse interests shape the properties of this
IT

metaphorical basket. We come to this project as colleagues who have

S

been in dialogue about sometimes disparate and sometimes synergetic

ER

interests in the biosciences for about a decade. The four editors of this
volume were trained in the Department of Womens, Gender, and Sexual-
IV

ity Studies at Emory University in the first decade of the twenty-first

N

century. Unlike feminist science studies scholars of previous generations,

U

most of whom were trained in traditional disciplines (in STEM, the social
sciences, and humanities) and then migrated to womens studies, each of
us came to conceptualize the critical study of science as central to our work
through our training in the interdisciplinary study of women, gender, and
sexuality and, in particular, the transdisciplinary tools of queer and femi-
nist theory. Thus, although our understanding of queer feminist science

14Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 14 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 studies comes to us from feminist science studies and queer studies pri-
marily, it is undergirded by theory from literary studies, intersex and
transgender studies, cultural studies, disability studies, feminist studies of
the body/embodiment, ecofeminism, postcolonial (science) studies, repro-
ductive justice movements, queer of color critique, feminist ontology,
feminist theology, animal studies, feminist speculative fiction, science fic-
tion (sci-fi) and sci-art of all forms, technology and digital media studies,
performance studies, and studies of science and medicine in other disci-

S
plines. Many of the most influential and radical works from these areas are

ES
unnamed in this volume, although its pages bear their legacies. We owe

PR
much, for example, to Hlne Cixouss and Mary Dalys new languages
of natural order, Hortense Spillerss semiotics of race and sex, Orlans

N
unflinching articulations of the hybrid body, and the viscerality of Audre

TO
Lordes auto-bio-mythographic refrains. And we cannot forget the debts
we owe to those who cannot be named: those who found themselves
G
subject to brutal and unforgiving scientific scrutiny, those forced to sit by
IN
while their work was discredited or misattributed, and those who marched,
collectively and individually, for the recognition of their own (scientific,
H

medical, cultural) integrity.

AS

We want the basket of queer feminist science studies to hold together

W

scholarship borne across intellectual traditions and disciplines. The par-

ticular collection presented here comes from diverse places, including
F

feminist science studies proper (e.g., Sarah Richardson, Sexing the X:

O

How the X Became the Female Chromosome) feminist disability studies

Y

(e.g., Alison Kafer, At the Same Time, Out of Time: Ashley X) somatech-
IT

nics (e.g., Nikki Sullivan, BIID? Queer [Dis]Orientations and the Phe-
S

nomenology of Home), and queer/critical public health (e.g., Kane Race,

ER

Embodiments of Safety). Few of the previously published pieces in this

volume were written using the framework of queer feminist science stud-
IV

ies explicitly, and resituating these works is a way of recruiting fellow

N

travelers into our current intellectual and political project(s). By contrast,

U

the four essays written especially for this volume use the framework of
queer feminist science studies more intentionally, giving examples of
what new work is made possible within this new lens.
As editors, we prioritized recent scholarship, essays from emerging
scholars, and essays that we saw as underrecognized and ripe to be reck-
oned with. Thus, a cadre of scholars whose work has been vital to feminist

Introduction 15

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 15 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 science studies field formation and who have been doing queer feminist
science studies for decades dont appear here. Evelyn Fox Kellers ground
breaking work, including early work on slime molds; Sandra Hardings
work on starting from lesbian lives; Anne Fausto-Sterlings work on the
sexing of genitals, brains, hormones, and skeletons; Evelynn Hammondss
work on racialization and sexual politics; Donna Haraways insistence,
for decades, on making strange what we think we know; Dorothy Rob-
ertss work on reproductive justice; Jennifer Terrys work on the biologiza

S
tion of sexuality and the study of queerness in human and nonhuman

ES
animals; and Cathy Cohens work on HIV and AIDS are all major works of

PR
scholarship to which we, and the field at large, owe an enormous debt of
gratitudeboth for the questions they centered and the conversations

N
they started.

TO
In addition, because one of our aims in this volume is to show that
queer feminist readings of science have been at the center of certain aca-
G
demic feminist debates, there are notable absences in this volume. This
IN
volume consists primarily of scholarship by academics who write and
teach in (but not exclusively about) the Global North and who were trained
H

in humanistic and social scientific disciplines. We foresee collections of

AS

queer feminist science studies that highlight queer feminist interdisci-

W

plinarity and decenter Western thought. There is much material for a vol-
ume that highlights groundbreaking work in queer feminist speculative
F

fictions, both as Aimee Bahng has argued (in this volume) and in the leg-
O

acy of feminist science fiction and cyberpunk readers (Little 2007; Flana-
Y

gan and Booth 2002; Imarisha and brown 2015; Larbalestier 2006), or a
IT

volume showcasing sites of scientific research through queer feminist

S

lenses or queer and feminist materialist classrooms (Subramaniam 2014;

ER

Smith, Meyers, and Cook 2014; Giordano 2016). Finally, there is a curious
bias in feminist science studies toward US-centered topics and debates,
IV

despite important exceptions and despite the internationalism of science

N

studies more broadly (Subramaniam 2009). As we constructed this reader,

U

we felt it was important to include both types of essays: ones that rethink
conventional US histories of science in queer feminist ways; and also
ones that critique and challenge the unmarked US-centrism of feminist
and queer approaches to science. Essays by Thakor, Lee, Sullivan, and Chen
variously theorize and contest the national and transnational relations of
power and knowledge that overdetermine normative versus deviant

16Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 16 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 bodies and practices in and across different cultural and scientific con-
texts. Ultimately, we hope that readers will extract theoretical gains from
these essays that enable them to address this and other critical lacunae in
(queer) feminist science studies in future work.
This volume suggests that as we aspire to queer (feminist) science
studies or to scientize queer feminism, we have rich traditions and schol-
arship on which to draw and to which we might productively see ourselves
as accountable. It is our hope that in naming queer feminist science stud-

S
ies as a particular field, subfield, framework, and/or project, potentialities

ES
for undisciplining and repoliticizing these questions will proliferate.

PR
Organization and Contents (or, What

N
Will You Find in This Reader, Anyway?)

TO
This volume is organized topically into four parts. Each part is preceded
G
by an introduction highlighting connections and points for discussion, so
IN
here we only introduce the parts briefly and conclude with some questions
raised by the connections between them. The first part, Histories of Dif-
H

ference, investigates the processes through which different differences

AS

have come to matter within the history of science and thus historicizes
W

the naturalized status quo. Part One includes a piece by Sarah S. Richard-
son on the feminization of the X chromosome in scientific and popular
F

discourse, a piece by Sally Markowitz on the racialization of gender cat-

O

egories in the history of science, a piece by Merl Storr on the racialized

Y

genealogy of the term bisexuality in sexology and psychoanalysis, a piece

IT

by Ladelle McWhorter on the role of scientific racism and notions of sex-

S

ual predation in shaping dominant twentieth-century figurations of

ER

homosexuality, and a piece by David Rubin on the role of sexological

approaches to intersex people in producing the category of gender in the
IV

later half of the twentieth century.

N

The second part, Contemporary Archives and Case Studies, com-

U

prises a series of readings of specific archives and medical cases in light

of the histories examined in Part One, offering a set of critical science
literacy skills that can be applied to contemporary objects of analysis.
Part Two includes a piece by Jennifer Nash on representations of black
female sexuality in a nonscientific discourse about human anatomy and
physiologynamely pornography; a piece by Alison Kafer on the ableism

Introduction 17

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 17 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 and the erasure of crip desire involved in the treatment of Ashley X, a
girl with significant cognitive disabilities; a piece by Nikki Sullivan on
Body Integrity Identity Disorder as a somatechnology that serves to
shore up the boundaries of the normative subject; a piece by Mitali Thakor
on the racial/sexual assumptions undergirding Project Sweetie, an anti-
trafficking digital community policing project; and a piece by Hilary Mala-
tino on the raced and classed absences of intersex and trans medical/
scientific archives.

S
The third part, Disruptive Practices, comprises a series of pieces that

ES
analyze and/or imagine practices aimed at disrupting the status quo. Part

PR
Three includes a piece by Michelle Murphy on the efforts of feminist
womens health activists to disrupt normative understandings of cervical

N
health; a piece by Rachel Lee on comedian Margaret Chos use of peristaltic

TO
feminism to disrupt Western imperialism; a piece by Kane Race imagining
a disruptive HIV/AIDS harm reduction strategy focused on pleasure and
G
embodiment; a piece by Amber Musser imagining ways of thinking about
IN
sexual consent that disrupt legal demands for able-mindedness; and a
piece by Isabelle Dussauge imagining a utopic queer neuroscience.
H

The final part, Beyond the Human, explores how queer feminist sci-
AS

ence studies scholars interrogate the boundaries of humanity in ways

W

that open narrative possibilities for knowing and becoming otherwise.

Part Four includes a piece by Angela Willey and Sara Giordano on inter-
F

twining of sex/gender and sexuality in monogamy research on voles, a

O

piece by Vicki Kirby proposing a rearticulation of human/nonhuman via

Y

nature/culture, selections from Luciana Parisis Abstract Sex in which she

IT

considers the queer potentials of sex without bodies, a piece by Mel Chen
S

examining toxicity and the inanimate, and a piece by Aimee Bahng consid-
ER

ering Octavia Butlers speculative fabulation as a practice of queer feminist

science studies.
IV

Taken together, these essays encourage us to confront questions vital

N

to the articulation of queer feminist science studies: Which differences

U

matter, when, and where? What stands in for the body, what are
bodies, what matters about bodies, to whom, and why? How are pro-
cesses of naturalization and normalization intertwined, and what does
it mean to engage processes of medicalization ethically in light of histo-
ries of eugenics and ongoing struggles for access to the fruits of science

18Introduction

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 18 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 and technology? What does it look like to move beyond anthropocen-
tric thinking in worlds where humanity is distributed unevenly among
humans?

Looking Forward (Assuming Time Is Linear)

Where might queer feminist science studies go from here? For the editors
of and contributors to this volume, this is necessarily an open question.

S
This openness to the unexpected, the uncertain, and the unknowable is

ES
perhaps a defining featureand we believe one of the most generative

PR
contributionsof queer feminist science studies to reimagining science,
science studies, womens, gender, and sexuality studies, and interdisci-

N
plinary scholarship more broadly. It is the task of the imagination,

TO
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak writes in her most recent book Readings, to
place a question mark upon the declarative (Spivak and Choksey 2014, 4).
G
For Spivak, a literary critic, literature is the privileged location of the imagi-
IN
nary and imaginative thinking. But we contend that science and queer
feminism tooin their many instantiationsmanifest underanalyzed
H

yet vital question marks upon the ineffably interconnected and contested
AS

declaratives of the present, past, and future. Closely related to what Spivak
W

earlier called persistent critique (1993), queer feminist science studies

in particular is reimaginative precisely in its commitment to thinking dif-
F

ference differently, its healthy appreciation for onto-epistemological dis-

O

obedience to normative regimes, and its emphasis on the ethico-political

Y

stakes of our relationships to innumerable others, near and afar, who

IT

make our own lives, communities, and works possible.

S

For our part, we hope that this volume demonstrates the diversity and
ER

richness of queer feminist critical inquiries into science and presents a

range of possible directions for future study. We hope this volume offers
IV

stronger and queerer feminist genealogies for feminist new materialism,

N

feminist science and science studies, critical disability studies, and critical
U

studies of gender, sexuality, and embodiment in their myriad manifesta-

tions. We hope those genealogical resources will ground us as we explore
evolving sciences, and the stuff of our worlds, in the knowledge that
contexts of intelligibility can never be relegated to the footnotes. The
world itself is material-discursive; there is no biology without history, no

Introduction 19

F.Willey, Queer Feminist.indd 19 8/28/17 9:23 AM

 materiality that precedes power. And we hope that queer feminisms
broadly conceived will find in the volume scienceas a site of critique,
reclamation, and imaginationreflected back to itself as vital to its world-
making work.

Notes
1 In fact, in our initial conceptualization of the reader, we had envisioned a

S
section on each of these themes. After consultation with our reviewers and

ES
editors, we realized that these themes run through all of the pieces in the
reader and reorganized accordingly.

PR
N
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