For each question, choose which of the four possible answers fits the space best and write

THE
CORRECT LETTER into the empty box. Also, think about why the other three answers are not
possible

A
B
For each space, choose ONE word which you think best completes the sentence. Look carefully at
the words both before and after each space.
B
For each question, fill the space in the sentence using the base word given in bold at the end. The
required word may be a noun, adverb, adjective or verb and it may be either positive (e.g. helpful)
or negative (e.g. unhelpful). A
B

In the following text, six paragraphs have been removed. Above the extract you will find the
six removed paragraphs PLUS one paragraph which doesn't fit. Choose from the
paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap in the text (1-6). Remember, there is one
extra paragraph you do not need to use. Write only the correct letter in the empty boxes in
the text. Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need
to use.
A. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising
members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake
of the Scientific revolution of the 17th century.

B. To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous is
Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the products of
such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed
the initiatives, and protected the machines.

C. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in
districts with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate, leading to the
founding of modern political parties, and initiating a series of reforms which would continue into
the 20th century.

D. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the society
(as compared to other European countries) are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its
plausibility.

E. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more
efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find
employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories.

F. The transition to industrialization was not wholly smooth, for in England the Luddites workers
who saw their livelihoods threatened protested against the process and sometimes sabotaged
factories.

G. It was this process which started the urbanisation of areas in around the west of the country. As
agricultural workers lost their jobs on the farm, they turned in increasing numbers to the city to
provide them with employment. Many new cities sprung up as factories were built close to raw
supplies such as coal and wool - and the people moved near the factories to find work.

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to outgrowth of social and institutional changes
the massive social, economic, and wrought by the end of feudalism in Great
technological change in 18th century and 19th Britain following the English Civil War in the
century Great Britain. It commenced with the 17th century.
introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily
by coal) and powered, automated machinery 1.
(primarily in textile manufacturing).

The technological and economic progress of The colonial expansion of the 17th century
the Industrial Revolution gained momentum with the accompanying development of
with the introduction of steam-powered ships, international trade, creation of financial
boats and railways. In the 19th Century it markets and accumulation of capital is also
spread throughout Western Europe and North cited as a set of factors, as is the scientific
America, eventually impacting the rest of the revolution of the 17th century.
world.
The importance of a large domestic market
Causes should also be considered an important cause
catalyst of the Industrial Revolution,
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were particularly explaining why it occurred in
complex and remain a topic for debate, with Britain. In other nations (e.g. France), markets
some historians seeing the Revolution as an were split up by local regions often imposing
tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them.
The restructuring of the American domestic Step by step, individual inventors increased
market would trigger the second Industrial the efficiency of the individual steps of
Revolution over 100 years later. spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and
subsequently rolling) so that the supply of yarn
Effects fed a weaving industry that itself was
advancing with improvements to shuttles and
the loom or 'frame'. The output of an individual
The application of steam power to the
labourer increased dramatically, with the effect
industrial processes of printing supported a
that these new machines were a threat to
massive expansion of newspaper and popular
employment, and early innovators were
book publishing, which reinforced rising
literacy and demands for mass political attacked and their inventions wrecked. The
participation. Universal white male suffrage inventors often failed to exploit their
inventions, and fell on hard times.
was adopted in the United States, resulting in
the election of the popular General Andrew
Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political 3.
parties organized for mass participation in
elections.
He created the cotton mill which brought the
production processes together in a factory,
2. and he developed the use of power - first horse
power, then water power and finally steam
In France, the July Revolution widened the power - which made cotton manufacture a
mechanised industry.
franchise and established a constitutional
monarchy. Belgium established its
independence from the Netherlands, as a Why Europe?
constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles for
liberal reforms in Switzerland's various One question that has been of active interest
cantons in the 1830s had mixed results. A to historians is why the Industrial Revolution
further series of attempts at political reform or occurred in Europe and not in other parts of
revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with the world, particularly China. Numerous
mixed results, and initiated massive migration factors have been suggested including
to North America, as well as parts of South ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin
America, South Africa, and Australia. Elman argues that China was in a high level
equilibrium trap in which the non-industrial
Textile manufacture methods were efficient enough to prevent use
of industrial methods with high capital costs.
In the early 18th century, British textile
manufacture was based on wool which was Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great
processed by individual artisans, doing the Divergence, argues that Europe and China
spinning and weaving on their own premises. were remarkably similar in 1700, and that the
This system is called a cottage industry. Flax crucial differences which created the Industrial
and cotton were also used for fine materials, Revolution in Europe were sources of coal
but the processing was difficult because of the near manufacturing centres and raw materials
pre-processing needed, and thus goods in such as food and wood from the New World
these materials made only a small proportion which allowed Europe to economically expand
of the output. in a way that China could not. Indeed, a
combination of all of these factors is possible.
Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom
restricted the production capacity of the Why Great Britain?
industry, but several incremental advances
increased productivity to the extent that The debate around the concept of the initial
manufactured cotton goods became the start-up of the Industrial Revolution also
dominant British export by the early decades concerns the thirty to hundred year lead the
of the 19th century. India was displaced as the British had over the continental European
premier supplier of cotton goods. countries and America. Some have stressed
the importance of natural or financial
resources the United Kingdom received from
its many overseas colonies or that profits from private financial investment in industrial
the British slave trade between Africa and the ventures.
Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment.
The Dissenters found themselves barred or
Alternatively, the greater liberalisation of trade discouraged from some public offices when
from a large merchant base may have been the restoration of the monarchy took place and
able to utilise scientific and technological membership in the official Anglican church
developments emerging in the UK and became, once more, an important advantage.
elsewhere more effectively than other states
with stronger monarchies, such as China's Historians sometimes consider this social
Emperors and Russia's Tzars. factor to be extremely important, along with the
nature of the national economies involved.
The UK's extensive exporting cottage While members of these sects were excluded
industries also ensured markets were already from certain circles of the government, they
open for many forms of early manufactured were considered as fellow Protestants, to a
goods. The nature of conflict in the period limited extent, by many in the middle class,
resulted in most British warfare being such as traditional financiers or other
conducted overseas, reducing the devastating businessmen.
effects of territorial conquest impacting much
of the rest of Europe. 5.

Another theory believes that Great Britain was

able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution This argument has, on the whole, tended to
due to its dense population for its small neglect the fact that several inventors and
geographical size, and the availability of entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or
natural resources like copper, tin and coal, "Philosophers" typical of a certain class of
giving excellent conditions for the British intellectuals in the late 18th century,
development and expansion of industry. and were by no means normal church goers or
members of religious sects.
4.
Examples of these free thinkers were the
Lunar Society of Birmingham (which flourished
The "Protestant work ethic" from 1765 to 1809). Its members were
exceptional in that they were among the very
Another theory is that the British advance was few who were conscious that an industrial
due to the presence of an entrepreneurial revolution was then taking place in Great
class which believed in progress, technology, Britain. They actively worked as a group to
and hard work. The existence of this class is encourage it, not least by investing in it and
often linked to the Protestant work ethic and conducting scientific experiments which led to
the status of so-called Dissenter Protestant innovative products.
sects that had flourished with the English
revolution. 6.

Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law,

which followed the establishment of the Industrialization also led to the creation of the
prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great factory. One of the earliest reformers of early
Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and factory conditions was Robert Owen. Josiah
the emergence of a stable financial market Wedgwood was another prominent early
there based on the management of the industrialist. The factory system was largely
National Debt by the Bank of England, responsible for the rise of the modern city, as
contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, workers migrated into the cities in search of
employment in the factories
A B
Question 1 -: b. d
Question 2 -: a. b
Question 3 -: c. b
Question 4 -: b. a
Question 5 -: c. d
Question 6 -: b. b
Question 7 -: a. d
Question 8 -: a. d
Question 9 -: c. b
Question 10 b. . c

Question 1 -: off. must

Question 2 -: contrary. event
Question 3 -: made. off
Question 4 -: no. all
Question 5 -: up. than
Question 6 -: come. did
Question 7 -: addition. of
Question 8 - great. of

Question 1 -: daily. upbringing

Question 2 -: mysterious. fraudulent
Question 3 -: dishonesty. informally
Question 4 -: engraving. befriend
Question 5 -: implications. overcrowding
Question 6 -: innumerable. revolutionary
Question 7 -: worldwide. wooden
Question 8 -: spherical. Completion

Reading
e, c, b, d, a, f