MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra

(Lecture 10)

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Extending Basic Operations Between Numbers to Matrices

I Given two non-zero numbers a and b, one can define

a b (addition/subtraction), ab (multiplication).

Similar operations have been defined for two matrices.

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Extending Basic Operations Between Numbers to Matrices

I Given two non-zero numbers a and b, one can define

a b (addition/subtraction), ab (multiplication).

Similar operations have been defined for two matrices.

I Now we consider the quotient of two numbers, that is

b/a = b a1 ,

where a1 a = 1. a1 is called the inverse of a.

No matrix correspondence yet.

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Extending Basic Operations Between Numbers to Matrices

I Given two non-zero numbers a and b, one can define

a b (addition/subtraction), ab (multiplication).

Similar operations have been defined for two matrices.

I Now we consider the quotient of two numbers, that is

b/a = b a1 ,

where a1 a = 1. a1 is called the inverse of a.

No matrix correspondence yet.
I To find the inverse of a matrix, we need to define 1 in the
world of matrices first.

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Identity Matrix

Definition
The identity matrix of order n is given by the following n n
matrix:
1 0 0
0 1
0
0 0 0
0 0 1

I We denote the identity matrix by I .

I Notice that IM = MI = M for any square matrix M
I In general, if I is the identity of order n, then IM = M and
NI = N where M is an n m matrix and N is a p n matrix.

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix

Definition
Let M be a square matrix of order n (i.e., n n matrix) and I be
the identity matrix of order n. If there exists a matrix N such that

NM = MN = I ,

then N is called the inverse of M.

Remark
I Conventionally, the inverse of M is denoted by M 1 .
I M 1 is of the same size as M.
I M 1 may not exist.
I If N is a square matrix of the same order of M and MN = I ,
then one can show that NM = I .

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: example

Example  
2 3
Find the inverse of M = .
1 2

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: example

Example  
2 3
Find the inverse of M = .
1 2
 
a c
Solution: we look for M 1 = such that
b d

MM 1 = M 1 M = I .

We have     
2 3 a c 1 0
= .
1 2 b d 0 1

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: example

Using matrix product,

   
2a + 3b 2c + 3d 1 0
= .
a + 2b c + 2d 0 1

Therefore
( (
2a + 3b =1 2c + 3d =0
,
a + 2b = 0, c + 2d = 1,

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: example

The corresponding augmented matrices are:

     
2 3 1 2 3 0
, .
1 2 0 1 2 1

By Gauss-Jordam elimination, we get

     
1 0  2 1 0 3
, .
0 1 1 0 1 2

The solution is
       
a 2 c 3
= =
b 1 d 2

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: example

 
2 3
Thus, the inverse of the matrix M = is
1 2
 
1 2 3
M = .
1 2

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: important observation

Recall the augmented matrices in the steps for finding the inverse
of the matrix M in the previous example:
     
2 3 1 2 3 0
, .
1 2 0 1 2 1

The left sides of augmented matrices are the same: the matrix M.
Thus, exactly the same row operations can be used on each
augmented matrix to transform it into the reduced form. We can
transform all the augmented matrices simultaneously by combining
all two augmented matrices into a single augmented matrices of
the following form:
  
2 3 1 0
= [M|I ].
1 2 0 1

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two: important observation

If we transform the following (generalized) augmented matrix:

  
2 3 1 0
= [M|I ].
1 2 0 1

we obtain,
  
1 0 a c
= [I |M 1 ].
0 1 b d

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

A General Method to Find Matrix Inverse

Theorem
Let M be an n n matrix and I be the n n identity matrix. If
(M|I ) can be transformed by row operation(s) into (I |B), then the
resulting matrix B is the inverse of M, that is M 1 = B.

Row operations
(M|I ) (I |M 1 ).

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

A General Method to Find Matrix Inverse

Example
Find the inverse of each of the following matrices

5 2 2
(a) 2 1 0
1 0 1

2 1 1
(b) 1 1 0 .
1 1 0

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Solution for (a) Part 1

5 2 2 1 0 0
R1 R3
2 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1

1 0 1 0 0 1
2 1 0 0 1 0
5 2 2 1 0 0

R2 +(2)R1 R2 1 0 1 0 0 1
R3 +5R1 R3
0 1 2 0 1 2 R3 +2R 2 R3

0 2 3 1 0 5

1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 2 0 1 2 R
3 R3

0 0 1 1 2 1

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Solution for (a) Part 2

1 0 1 0 0 1 R2 +2R3 R2 1 0 0 1 2 2
R1 +(1)R3 R1
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 1

1 2 2
Therefore, 2 3 4 is the inverse of
1 2 1

5 2 2
2 1 0 .
1 0 1

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Solution for (b)

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 R3
1 1 0 0 1 0 R 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0

R2 +(1)R1 R2 1 1 0 0 0 1
R3 +(2)R1 R3
0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 2

There is a row of zeroes on the left matrix and hence it is

impossible to transform it into an identity matrix by row
operations. No inverse exists.

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two

Theorem    
a b 1 1 d b
When M = , then M = where
c d D c a
D = ad bc, provided that D 6= 0.

Remark
D is called the determinant of M.

Example  
2 3
Find the inverse of .
1 1

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Inverse of a Matrix of Order Two

Solution
By definition, D = 2 1 1 3 = 1 6= 0. By the previous
theoerem, we have
 1  
2 3 1 1 3
=
1 1 1 1 2
 
1 3
=
1 2

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)

Matrix Operation in Microsoft Excel (Optional)

1. Select a set of cells with the same configuration to the

expected outcome (e.g. 3 3)
2. Type in the command
I Inverse =MINVERSE(A1:C3);
I Multiplication =MMULT(A1:C3,A5:C7)
3. Press Ctrl+Shift+Enter

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 10)