Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine ____________...
what is the resulting ___________ state?
In particular, if we specify...
-- the _____________ (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
-- the temperature (T )
then...
How many _________ form?
What is the composition of each ________?
What is the _________ of each phase?

Phase A Phase B

Nickel atom
Copper atom
Chapter 9 - 1

Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit

Solution solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase
Mixture _______________________ Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

Sugar/Water Phase Diagram

Solubility Limit: 10 0
Maximum ____________ for Solubility
Temperature (C)

which only a ______________ 80 Limit L

________ exists. (liquid)
60 +
L
Question: What is the 40 (liquid solution S
__________ limit for sugar in i.e., syrup) (solid
water at 20C? 20 sugar)

Answer: ___ wt% sugar.

0 20 40 6065 80 100
At 20C, if C < 65 wt% sugar: syrup
Sugar
Water

C = Composition (wt% sugar)

At 20C, if C > 65 wt% sugar:
syrup + sugar Chapter 9 - 2

Components and Phases

Components:
________________________________________________
(e.g., Al and Cu)
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that form (e.g., and ).

Aluminum- (lighter
Copper
________)
________

(darker
Adapted from chapter-
opening photograph,
________)
Chapter 9, Callister,
Materials Science &
Engineering: An
Introduction, 3e.

Chapter 9 - 3

1
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Effect of Temperature & Composition

Altering ______________________: path A to B.
Altering ______________________: path B to D.
B (100C,C = 70) D (100C,C = 90)
1 phase 2 phases
100

80 L
Temperature (C)

(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20C,C = 70)
2 phases
Fig. 9.1, Callister & 0
Rethwisch 10e. 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
Chapter 9 - 4

Criteria for Solid Solubility

_____________ (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)

Crystal electroneg r (nm)

Structure
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278

Both have the same ____________________ and have

similar _________________ and atomic radii (W. Hume
Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility.
_________________________ in one another for all proportions.

Chapter 9 - 5

Phase Diagrams
Indicate phases as a function of T, C, and P.
For this course:
- binary systems: __________________.
- independent variables: ________ (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(C)
Phase
1600 2 phases:
Diagram _______________
1500 L (liquid)
for Cu-Ni _______________
system 1400 3 different phase fields:
us _______
uid
liq
L + us
1300 _______
lid _______
so
1200 Fig. 9.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary

1100
(FCC solid Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
solution) Park, OH.)

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Chapter 9 - 6

2
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram

Phase diagram: T(C)
Cu-Ni system. 1600

System is: 1500 L (liquid) Cu-Ni

-- ___________ phase
i.e., 2 components: 1400
us diagram
Cu and Ni. uid
liq
L +idus
1300
-- ___________
l
i.e., complete so
_________ of one
1200
component in 1100 (FCC solid
another; phase solution)
field extends from 1000
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Fig. 9.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.)

Chapter 9 - 7

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase(s) present
Rule 1: If we know ________, then we know:
-- which phase(s) is (are) present.
T(C)
Examples: 1600
A(1100C, 60 wt% Ni): L (liquid)
1500
B (1250C,35)

_____________
us Cu-Ni
uid
B (1250C, 35 wt% Ni): 1400 liq s phase
du
_____________ soli diagram

1300
L+
(FCC solid
1200
Fig. 9.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
solution)
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted 1100 A(1100C,60)
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 8

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase compositions
Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:
-- the _____________ of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(C) system
Examples:
TA A
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni tie line
idu
s
L (liquid) liqu
At TA = 1320C: 1300

__________________ L+
B dus
CL __________________ TB soli

At TD = 1190C: L+
1200 D (solid)
__________________ TD
C __________________
20 3032 35 4043 50
At TB = 1250C: CL C0 C wt% Ni
Both and L present Fig. 9.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
CL = C liquidus ( = ___ wt% Ni) Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
C = C solidus ( = ___ wt% Ni) Park, OH.)

Chapter 9 - 9

3
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase weight fractions
Rule 3: If we know T and C0, then can determine:
-- the ___________ of each phase. Cu-Ni
Examples: T(C) system
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line s
idu
At TA : Only Liquid (L) present 1300 L (liquid) liqu

WL = _____, W = ___ L+
B dus
At TD : Only Solid ( ) present TB R S soli

____________________ L+
1200 D (solid)
At TB : Both and L present TD
S 43 35 20 3 032 35 4 0 43 50
WL = = = 0.73 CL C0 C wt% Ni
R +S 43 32
Fig. 9.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
R Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted

W = = 0.27 by permission of ASM International, Materials

R +S Park, OH.)

Chapter 9 - 10

The Lever Rule

_________ connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other also sometimes called an ___________
T(C) What fraction of each phase?
tie line s
idu Think of the tie line as a lever
1300 L (liquid) liqu
L + (teeter-totter)
B dus
TB soli ML M

1200 L+ (solid)
R S

20 3 0CL C0 4 0 C 50 R S
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),
wt% Ni Callister & Rethwisch 10e. M x S = ML x R
ML S C C0 R C CL
WL = = = W = = 0
ML + M R + S C CL R + S C CL

Chapter 9 - 11

Ex: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy

Phase ________: T(C) L (liquid) L: 35 wt%Ni
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
system
Consider +
130 0 A
L: 35 wt% Ni L
____________ : 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
changes that 32 C 43
accompany the D
24 36 L: 32 wt% Ni
_________ of a : 43 wt% Ni
C0 = 35 wt% Ni alloy 120 0
L+ E
L: 24 wt% Ni
: 36 wt% Ni

(solid) : 35 wt% Ni

110 0
20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Fig. 9.4, C0 wt% Ni
Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
Chapter 9 - 12

4
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Cored vs Equilibrium Structures

___________________________.
Cu-Ni _____: First to solidify has C = ___ wt% Ni.
Last to solidify has C = ___ wt% Ni.
____ rate of cooling: _____ rate of cooling:
Equilibrium structure Cored structure
Uniform C:
35 wt% Ni First to solidify:
46 wt% Ni
Last to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni

Chapter 9 - 13

Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System

Effect of _________________________ on:
-- Tensile ________ (TS) -- Ductility (%EL)

60
Tensile Strength (MPa)

%EL for pure Cu

Elongation (%EL)

400 50 %EL for

TS for pure Ni
pure Ni 40
300
TS for pure Cu 30
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt% Ni Composition, wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a), Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 10e. Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

Chapter 9 - 14

Binary-Eutectic Systems
has a special composition
________________ with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
T(C) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 1200
3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, , ) 1000
Limited solubility: L + 779C L +
800
__________________ TE 8.0 71.9 91.2
__________________ 600
TE : No ______ below TE +
CE : Composition at 400
temperature TE 200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
___________ reaction C, wt% Ag
Fig. 9.7, Callister & Rethwisch 10e
L(CE) (CE) + (CE) [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition,
Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.].
cooling
L(71.9 wt% Ag) (8.0 wt% Ag) + (91.2 wt% Ag)
heating Chapter 9 - 15

5
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, determine:
-- the phases present Pb-Sn
Answer: + T(C) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: C = ___ wt% Sn L (liquid)
C = ___ wt% Sn
-- the relative amount L+
200 183C L +
of each phase 18.3 61.9 97.8
Answer: 150
S C - C0 R S
W = = 100
____ C - C +
99 - 40 59
= = = ____
99 - 11 __ 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
C0 - C C C0 C
W = R = C, wt% Sn
R+S C - C Fig. 9.8, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
40 - 11 29 Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
= = = ____ International, Materials Park, OH.]
99 - 11 __ Chapter 9 - 16

EX 2: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220C, determine:
-- the phases present: Pb-Sn
Answer: + L T(C) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: C = ___ wt% L (liquid)
Sn CL = ___ wt% Sn L+
-- the relative amount 220
200 R S L+
of each phase 183C
Answer:
CL - C 0 100
46 - 40 +
W = =
CL - C 46 - 17
6 0 17 20 40 46 60 80 100
= = ____ C C0 CL
__ C, wt% Sn
Fig. 9.8, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
C0 - C 23 [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
WL = = = _____ 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
CL - C __ Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]
Chapter 9 - 17

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems I
For alloys for which T(C) L: C0 wt% Sn
400
C0 < 2 wt% Sn L
Result: at room temperature
300 L
-- __________ with grains of
___________ having L+
___________ C0 200

: C0 wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn
TE
System)

100
+

0 10 20 30
Fig. 9.11, Callister & C0 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 10e. 2
(room T solubility limit)

Chapter 9 - 18

6
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems II
L: C0 wt% Sn
For alloys for which T(C)
400
2 wt% Sn < C0 < 18.3 wt% Sn
L
Result: L
at ___________ in + range300
L +
-- polycrystalline with __ grains : C0 wt% Sn
and small __-phase _______ 200
TE


100
+ Pb-Sn
system
Fig. 9.12, Callister & 0 10 20 30
Rethwisch 10e. 2 C0 C , wt% Sn
(sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
Chapter 9 - 19

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems III
For alloy of composition C0 = CE
Result: Eutectic microstructure (_______structure)
-- alternating layers (_______) of and phases.
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(C) eutectic
L: C0 wt% Sn microstructure
300 L
Pb-Sn
system
L+
200
183C L+
TE

100 160 m
+ : 97.8 wt% Sn
Fig. 9.14, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
: 18.3 wt%Sn (From Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.)
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
Fig. 9.13, Callister & 61.9 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 10e. Chapter 9 - 20

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

(Fig. 9.14 from Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Reproduced
by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.)

Chapter 9 - 21

7
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems IV
For _____ for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn
Result: phase particles and a _______ microconstituent
Just above TE :
T(C) L: C0 wt% Sn
L
L
C = ____ wt% Sn
300 L CL = ____ wt% Sn
Pb-Sn S
L+ W = = 0.50
system R+S
200
R S L+ WL = (1- W ) = 0.50
TE S
R
Just below TE :
100 + C = ____ wt% Sn
primary C = ____ wt% Sn
eutectic
eutectic W = S = 0.73
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 W = 0.27
Fig. 9.16, Callister &
Rethwisch 10e. C, wt% Sn
Chapter 9 - 22

Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic

300
L
T(C)
Fig. 9.8, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. L+
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase
200 L+ (Pb-Sn
TE
Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990.
+ System)
Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.] 100

0 20 40 60 80 100 C, wt% Sn
eutectic
hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17 from
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn
Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission
of ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.)


175 m 160 m
Fig. 9.17, Callister & eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.17,
Rethwisch 10e. Fig. 9.14, Callister & Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
Rethwisch 10e. (Illustration only)
Chapter 9 - 23

Intermetallic Compounds

Fig. 9.20, Callister &

Rethwisch 10e.
[Adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary
Magnesium Alloys, A. A.
Nayeb-Hashemi and J. B.
Clark (Editors), 1988.
Reprinted by permission
of ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.]

Mg2Pb

Note: intermetallic compound exists as a ____ on the diagram - not an

____ - because of stoichiometry (i.e. composition of a _________
is a fixed value). Chapter 9 - 24

8
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic

Eutectic - liquid transforms to two solid phases
L cool + (For Pb-Sn, 183C, 61.9 wt% Sn)
heat

________ one solid phase _________ to two other

solid phases
__________ compound
S2 S1+S3 - cementite
cool
+ Fe3C (For Fe-C, 727C, 0.76 wt% C)
heat

________ - liquid and one solid phase transform to a

second solid phase
S1 + L S2
cool
+L heat (For Fe-C, 1493C, 0.16 wt% C)

Chapter 9 - 25

Eutectoid & Peritectic

________transformation + L
Cu-Zn Phase diagram

Fig. 9.21, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
_______ transformation + 2nd edition, Vol. 2, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of
ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

Chapter 9 - 26

Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

2 important T(C)
1600
points
- ________ (A): 1400 L
L + Fe3C +L
A
- ________ (B): 1200 (austenite)
1148C L+Fe3C
Fe3C (cementite)

+ Fe3C
1000
+Fe3C
+

800
B 727C = Teutectoid

600
+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
120 m (Fe) 0.76 4.30 C, wt% C
Result: _______ = alternating
layers of and Fe3C phases Fe3C (cementite-hard)
Fig. 9.27, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
Fig. 9.24, Callister
& Rethwisch 10e.
(ferrite-soft)
(From Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted
Reproduced by permission of ASM by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]
International, Materials Park, OH.) Chapter 9 - 27

9
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
+L
1200 1148C L+Fe3C System)
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
1000
+ Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.29, Callister &
Rethwisch 10e.
800
727C [Figure 9.24 adapted from

Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
+ Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

pearlite

100 m _____________
______

pearlite __________ ferrite

Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9 - 28

Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
+L
1200 L+Fe3C System)

1148C
(austenite)
Fe3C (cementite)

1000
+ Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
W = s/(r + s) and 9.29, Callister &
Rethwisch 10e.
800 r s 727C
W =(1 - W) [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
RS 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
600
+ Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
pearlite Park, OH.]
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76

Wpearlite = W
W = S/(R + S) 100 m ________________
_______
WFe3C =(1 W)
pearlite __________ ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9 - 29

Hypereutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
+L
1200 1148C L+Fe3C System)
(austenite)
Fe3C (cementite)

1000
+ Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32, Callister &
Fe3C Rethwisch 10e.
800 727C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
600
+ Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
pearlite

60 m_______________
steel
pearlite ____________ Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9 - 30

10
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Hypereutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
Fe3C +L
1200 1148C L+Fe3C System)
(austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
1000
+ Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32, Callister &
W =x/(v + x) Rethwisch 10e.
800 v x 727C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
WFe3C =(1-W) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
V X 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
600
+ Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
pearlite of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
Wpearlite = W
_______________
60 mHypereutectoid
_______________ steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.) Chapter 9 - 31

Example Problem
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel at a
temperature just below the eutectoid,
determine the following:
a) The compositions of Fe3C and ferrite ().
b) The amount of cementite (in grams) that
forms in 100 g of steel.
c) The amounts of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite () in the 100 g.

Chapter 9 - 32

Solution to Example Problem

a) Using the RS tie line just below the ______________
C = _______ wt% C
Fig. 9.24, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
CFe3C = ________ wt% C [From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

b) Using the _____ rule with 1600

the tie line shown
1400 L
R C C T(C)
WFe C = = 0 +L
R + S CFe C C
Fe3C (cementite)

3 1200 1148C L+Fe3C

3 (austenite)
0.40 0.022 1000
= = 0.057 + Fe3C
6.70 0.022
800 727C
R S
Amount of Fe3C in _____ g 600 + Fe3C
= (100 g)WFe3C 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C C0 C , wt% C CFe
3C
= (100 g)(0.057) = ____
Chapter 9 - 33

11
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Solution to Example Problem (cont.)

c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and
realizing that
Fig. 9.24, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
C0 = 0.40 wt% C [From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.

C = 0.022 wt% C Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission

of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

Cpearlite = C = _______ wt% C1600

1400 L
V C C T(C)
Wpearlite = = 0 1200 +L

Fe3C (cementite)
V + X C C (austenite)
1148C L+Fe3C

0.40 0.022 1000

= = 0.512 + Fe3C
0.76 0.022 800
727C
VX
Amount of pearlite in 100 g 600
+ Fe3C
= (100 g)Wpearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C C0 C C , wt% C
= (100 g)(0.512) = _____
Chapter 9 - 34

VMSE: Interactive Phase Diagrams

Microstructure, phase compositions, and phase fractions respond interactively

Change alloy composition

Chapter 9 - 35

Alloying with Other Elements

Teutectoid changes: Ceutectoid changes:

C eutectoid (wt% C)

Ti Si
T Eutectoid (C)

Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements

Fig. 9.34, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. Fig. 9.35,Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
(From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements (From Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying Elements
in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM in Steel, 1939. Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.) International, Materials Park, OH.)

Chapter 9 - 36

12
Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

Summary

Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:

-- the number and types of phases present,
-- the composition of each phase,
-- and the weight fraction of each phase
given the temperature and composition of the system.
The microstructure of an alloy depends on
-- its composition, and
-- whether or not cooling rate allows for maintenance of
equilibrium.
Important phase diagram phase transformations include
eutectic, eutectoid, and peritectic.

Chapter 9 - 37

13