Preparation of Bromine in Lab

Preparation of
Bromine in Lab
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Summary
Bromine is the third lightest halogen element with

characteristic fuming red-brown fumes at room
temperature. Bromine can easily evaporate readily to
form a similarly coloured gas. Elemental form of bromine
is very reactive and thus does not occur free in nature.
Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists,
Carl Jacob and Antoine Balard, in 1825 and 1826,
respectively.
Bromine Properties
Bromine being a non-metal, positioned in group 17 of the periodic
table. Its properties are thus similar to those of neighbouring
elements like fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, and tend to be
intermediate between those of the two neighbouring halogens,
chlorine and iodine. Bromine has the electron configuration
[Ar]3d104s24p5, with the seven electrons in the fourth and
outermost shell acting as its valence electrons.
Bromine has two stable isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. These are the only
two natural isotopes, with 79Br making up 51% of natural bromine
and 81Br making up the remaining 49%.
The simplest compound of bromine is hydrogen bromide (HBr). It is
mainly used in the production of inorganic bromides and alkyl
bromides and as a catalyst for many reactions in organic chemistry.
BROMINE OCCURRENCE
Bromine is significantly less abundant in the crust than fluorine or

chlorine. It is the forty-sixth most abundant element in Earth's crust.
It is significantly more abundant in the oceans, resulting from long-
term leaching process.
Bromine Synthesis
To make bromine in the laboratory we need to find a

chlorine source and react it with a solution of bromide
ions. After formation of the bromine, it must be
separated from the solution in a suitable way.
Bromine is obtained by oxidation of bromide ions:
2Br-(aq) -> Br2(l)+2e-
The process occurs in two stages:
a) oxidation of bromide ions to bromine
b) purification of bromine
(a) Oxidation of bromide ions
to bromine
Chlorine and water are pumped up a
tower, down which hot brine, rich in
bromide ions, is flowing.
Bromine is liberated from the solution by
oxidation of the bromide ions by the
chlorine gas:
Cl2(g) + 2Br-(aq) -> 2Cl-(aq) +Br2(g)
(b) Purification of bromine
The crude bromine, containing water, chlorine and organic matter, is

purified by distillation. The bromine in the solution is 'stripped out'
with steam. It is necessary to heat the system to prevent the
bromine from remaining in solution. Heating is provided by steam. In
one process, steam is pumped through the liquid, under reduced
pressure, until it is boiling. The bromine is collected together with
the condensed steam and separated into two layers as bromine is
only slightly soluble in water.
The gas mixture containing the bromine vapours, residual chlorine
and steam rises to the top of the tower, while the liquid brine
accumulates at the bottom of the tower. The tower is packed with
suitable filling materials to increase the contact area and the
reaction time between the gases and the solution.
Bromine Separation Steps
A mixture of hot gases containing bromine, chlorine and

water vapour leaves the top of the tower. This mixture
undergoes a number of work-up steps.
1. Condensation
2. Separation
3. Purification and Drying
Condensation
The first step is to cool the gas mixture. The hot gas
mixture arrives in the condenser, which has a
temperature at which bromine, but not chlorine,
condenses. At the temperature conditions in the
condenser, the chlorine gas is separated from the liquid
and after leaving the bromine and water-rich condenser
it is returned to the reaction tower. The liquid phase
containing chlorine and water-containing bromine is
transferred to a separator.
Separation
Two layers are formed in the separator. The

heavy, lower layer is the bromine. The lighter,
upper layer is the aqueous layer. The aqueous
layer contains bromine and chlorine, which are
slightly soluble in water. After separation, this
layer is recycled to the reaction tower. The
bromine layer, which contains chlorine and water
as impurities, is further purified as necessary.
PurificationandDrying
Bromine obtained after the separation step

is not completely pure and contains
chlorine and water. The chlorine and most
of the water are separated by distillation
and recycled to the reaction tower.
Residual water is removed by a drying
process, such as by treatment of wet
bromine with concentrated sulphuric acid.
Blowing-OutProcess
The blowing-out process uses air rather than steam. (The cost of steam to
heat ocean water, with its very low bromine content of 65 mg/L, is
prohibitively expensive.) In this process, bromide-containing water is
pumped to the top of blowing-out towers. Sulphuric acid and chlorine are
added above the pumps to ensure that mixing occurs in the brine during its
ascent. An excess of about 15% chlorine is used over the theoretical
amount required. Air is drawn through the towers, thus sweeping out a
mixture of bromine and chlorine (or bromine chloride) from the descending
water.
The bromine-laden air is drawn next through the absorber towers in which it
is scrubbed counter currently with a sodium carbonate solution. To remove
the spray from the air, small packed chambers are interposed between the
absorber towers and the fans. When the alkalinity of the scrubber solution is
nearly depleted, the solution is transferred to a storage tank and then to a
reactor where it is treated with sulphuric acid and steamed to release
bromine. Subsequently, the bromine is condensed.
Thank You
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Preparation of

Bromine is the third lightest halogen element with

Bromine is significantly less abundant in the crust than fluorine or

To make bromine in the laboratory we need to find a

The crude bromine, containing water, chlorine and organic matter, is

A mixture of hot gases containing bromine, chlorine and

Two layers are formed in the separator. The

Bromine obtained after the separation step

Follow this link to read the article:

Presentation Created & Published By:

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