KMES’S

G.M MOMIN WOMEN’S COLLEGE

AFFILIATED TO UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
RAIS HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS OLD THANA ROAD
BHIWANDI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SHAIKH FAUZIYA ZAFRUDDIN of G.M

MOMIN WOMEN’S COLLEGE studying in M.Sc-II-SEM-III
successfully completed the project entitled “HISTORY, SCOPE AND
IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE” as part of internal assignments
under my supervision during the academic year 2016 – 2017.

---------------------------- -------------------------------
Dr. Nisar Shaikh Dr. Nisar Shaikh (H.O.D)

---------------------------------
Internal Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have a great pleasure in presenting my project on “HISTORY,

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE”

I sincerely thank with deep sense of gratitude to Dr. NISAR

SHAIKH, my guide for her kind co-ordination for the fulfillment of
this project.

I am highly indebted to our PRINCIPAL M.J. KOLET

and HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT DR. NISAR SHAIKH who
took keen interest and allowed me to perform this project.

I would also like to thank our seniors, librarians who sincerely

helped me getting this information and, last but not the least my
college for the big reason that I am here in front of you in presenting
this project.
 AQUALCULTURE

INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish,

crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other aquatic organisms.
Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under
controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is
the harvesting of wild fish. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine
environments and in underwater habitats.

According to the FAO, aquaculture "Farming implies some form of

intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular
stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies
individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated." The reported
output from global aquaculture operations in 2014 supplied over one half of the
fish and shellfish that is directly consumed by humans; however, there are
issues about the reliability of the reported figures. Further, in current
aquaculture practice, products from several pounds of wild fish are used to
produce one pound of a piscivorous fish like salmon.

Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish farming, shrimp farming,

oyster farming, mariculture, algaculture (such as seaweed farming), and the
cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics and
integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, both of which integrate fish farming and
plant farming.
 HISTORY

The indigenous Gunditjmara people in Victoria, Australia, may have

raised eels as early as 6000 BC. Evidence indicates they developed about 100
km2 (39 sq mi) of volcanic floodplains in the vicinity of Lake Condah into a
complex of channels and dams, and used woven traps to capture eels, and
preserve them to eat all year round.

Aquaculture was operating in China circa 2500 BC. When the waters
subsided after river floods, some fish, mainly carp, were trapped in lakes. Early
aquaculturists fed their brood using nymphs and silkworm feces, and ate them.
A fortunate genetic mutation of carp led to the emergence of goldfish during the
Tang dynasty.

Japanese cultivated seaweed by providing bamboo poles and, later, nets

and oyster shells to serve as anchoring surfaces for spores.

Romans bred fish in ponds and farmed oysters in coastal lagoons before
100 CE.

In central Europe, early Christian monasteries adopted Roman

aquacultural practices. Aquaculture spread in Europe during the Middle Ages
since away from the seacoasts and the big rivers, fish had to be salted so they
did not rot. Improvements in transportation during the 19th century made fresh
fish easily available and inexpensive, even in inland areas, making aquaculture
less popular. The 15th-century fishponds of the Trebon Basin in the Czech
Republic are maintained as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Hawaiians constructed oceanic fish ponds. A remarkable example is a

fish pond dating from at least 1,000 years ago, at Alekoko. Legend says that it
was constructed by the mythical Menehune dwarf people.
 In first half of 18th century, German Stephan Ludwig Jacobi
experimented with external fertilization of brown trouts and salmon. He wrote
an article "Von der künstlichen Erzeugung der Forellen und Lachse". By the
latter decades of the 18th century, oyster farming had begun in estuaries along
the Atlantic Coast of North America.

The word aquaculture appeared in an 1855 newspaper article in reference

to the harvesting of ice. It also appeared in descriptions of the terrestrial
agricultural practise of subirrigation in the late 19th century before becoming
associated primarily with the cultivation of aquatic plant and animal species.

In 1859, Stephen Ainsworth of West Bloomfield, New York, began

experiments with brook trout. By 1864, Seth Green had established a
commercial fish-hatching operation at Caledonia Springs, near Rochester, New
York. By 1866, with the involvement of Dr. W. W. Fletcher of Concord,
Massachusetts, artificial fish hatcheries were under way in both Canada and the
United States.[19] When the Dildo Island fish hatchery opened in
Newfoundland in 1889, it was the largest and most advanced in the world. The
word aquaculture was used in descriptions of the hatcheries experiments with
cod and lobster in 1890.

By the 1920s, the American Fish Culture Company of Carolina, Rhode

Island, founded in the 1870s was one of the leading producers of trout. During
the 1940s, they had perfected the method of manipulating the day and night
cycle of fish so that they could be artificially spawned year around.

Californians harvested wild kelp and attempted to manage supply around

1900, later labeling it a wartime resource.
 SCOPE

The freshwater aquaculture systems in the country has primarily confined

to three Indian major carps, viz., rohu, catla and mrigala, with exotic species:
silver carp, grass carp, and common carp forming the second important group.
Among the catfishes, magur (Clarias batrachus) has been the single species that
has received certain level of attention both from the researchers and from
farmers due to its high consumer preference, high market value and most
importantly its suitability for farming in shallow and derelict water bodies with
adverse ecological conditions. Recent years, however witnessed increasing
interest for farming of Pangasius spp., especially in Koleru lake region of
Andhra Pradesh due to its higher growth potential and ready market. Other
potential species include Labeo calbasu, Labeo gonius Labeo bata, Labeo
dussumeri, Labeo fimbriatus, Barbodes carnaticus, Puntius pulchellus, Puntius
kolus, Puntius sarana, and Cirrhinus cirrhosa. Some of these species are being
cultured at a very low level in different parts of the country, mostly based on
wild seed collection. The freshwater air-breathing and non air-breathing species,
Channa marulius, Channa striatus, Channa punctatus, Channa gachua, Channa
stewartii have not been taken up for the aquaculture activities in serious way.
With the technology available for seed production and culture of air breathing
(Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis) and non air breathing catfish like
(Wallago attu, Mystus seenghala, Mystus aor, Horabagrus brachysoma,
Pangasius pangasius), scientific organized catfish farming can be taken up in
extensive and semi intensive way (Ponniah and Sundaray, 2008). The giant
freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii has been the principal species,
adopted both under monoculture and under mixed farming of freshwater prawn
production of about 43,000 tonnes in the country at present. However,
M.malcomsonii and M. gangeticum have not been taken up in a big way
 In the brackishwater sector, the aquaculture development is mostly
contributed by shrimp, Penaeus monodon culture only. The other shrimp species
like Fenneropenaeus indicus, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, Penaeus pencillatus,
Marsupenaeus japonicus and Penaeus semisulcatus are not cultured on a
commercial level large-scale culture. Recently Fenneropenaeus vannamie
culture is developing in India. The finfish species like the seabass (Lates
calcarifer) and grouper (Epinephelus spp.), grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), pearl-
spot (Etroplus suratensis), milk fish (Chanos chanos) which are promising and
ideal for aquaculture has not been exploited. The potential marine finfish
species are Epinephelus malabaricus, Epinephelus coioides, Epinephelus
tauvina, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus polyphekadion, Cromileptis
altivelis, Rachycentron canadum, Seriola quinqueradiata, Trachinotus blochii,
Coryphaena hippurus, Psettodes erumei, Lutjanus argentimaculatus, and
Pampus argenteus. Mariculture is expected to be a major activity in the Indian
coastal areas in the years to come. Given the wide spectrum of cultivable
species and technologies available, the long coastline and favorable climate,
mariculture is likely to generate considerable interest among the coastal
population and entrepreneurs.

In the present era of food insecurity, aquaculture shows enormous

potential to feed not only the ever increasing human population but also the
aquaculture products can be utilized as a feed ingredient in the diets of different
domesticated animals of high commercial value. The aquaculture sector has
become a modern, dynamic industry that produces safe, high valuable and high
quality products, and has developed the means to be environmentally
sustainable aquaculture is currently the need in India as elsewhere. Eco-friendly
aquaculture in harmony with environmental and socioeconomic needs of the
society has to be evolved.
 IMPORTANCE
Health Benefits

All over the world, the demand for seafood has increased because people
have learned that seafoods s part of regular diets are healthier and help fight
cardiovascular disease, cancer, alzheimer’s and many other major illnesses.

Aquaculture is currently estimated to account for approximately 13

percent (10.2 million t) of world fish production.source1

Aquaculture will add to wild seafood, and make it cheaper and accessible
to all, especially in regions where there depend on imported seafood products.

Economic Benefits

Fish farms in regions without significant water bodies will provide

additional job opportunities, as people will be involved in the entire business
chain — researchers, breeders, fish food manufacturers, equipment
manufacturers, marinas, storage facilities, processors, transportation and
marketing companies as well as restaurants. Regions with poor soils and
farming lands can also engage in aquaculture as a form of agriculture.

More than 100 million people — from farmers to fish processors and
retailers—rely on the aquaculture industry for their livelihoodssource1

Aquaculture business provides tax and royalty revenue to local

governments. There is also potential revenue from exports.

Environmental Benefits

There are real advancements in all types of aquaculture systems.

Especially for offshore systems, there are bio-security systems, cameras and
surveillance infrastructure, as well as trained inspectors who ensure that farms
are complying by environmentally safe practices. This helps to reduce diseases
transfer in the waters and so on.
 Capture overfishing has been a major environmental issue. Aquaculture
helps to reduce the reliance and impact on wild stock. The use of unsustainable
fishing methods such as bottom trawlers is also reduced.

Aquaculture systems often take advantage of harvested runoffs, storm

water and surface water. This reduces the need to depend on other sources of
water supply. In addition to this, ponds maintain soil moisture in their vicinity
thereby conserving natural resources.