DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

SBL 1023

TECHNIQUE IN BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 7 : HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

NAME: NOR HAIZATUL BINTI SABIDI

NO MATRIC: E20161015640

GROUP : B

LECTURE NAME : PROFESOR MADYA DR. SHAKINAZ BINTI DESA

TITLE

Experiment 7: Human Physiology

INTRODUCTION

The blood is vital for carrying oxygen (in the haemoglobin) to the muscle to produce
energy and for carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Changes in total blood flow are
reflected in heart rate and arterial pressure. Blood pressure can easily be measured.
Contraction happen when the blood is pushed out of the heart which called systole while
when it is relaxed called diastole. Blood pressure can be measured by using various blood
pressure monitors. In this experiment, we are use blood pressure sensor. In blood pressure
sensor there are two numbers that usually given which is systolic show the highest pressure
and diastolic show the lowest pressure. 120/80mmHg is a normal blood pressure in adults.
Children’s blood pressure is usually lower and is dependent on height as well as age. During
rhythmic exercise like walking or cycling, the systolic pressure usually increases whilst the
diastolic pressure stays at a similar level. During strenuous exercise, such as weight lifting,
both the systolic and diastolic values increase.

We will compare blood pressure taken before and after exposure to cold. The cold
stimulus activates the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in hemodynamic changes that
prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response. The sensitivity of blood pressure to harmful
external or internal injuries makes it useful as a vital sign, an indicator of health, disease,
excitement and stress.

We would also examine our respiratory volumes using spirometer provided in

laboratory. The total capacity of lungs is divided into various volumes and capacities
according to the function of these in the intake or exhalation of air. The total amount of air
one’s lung can possible hold can be subdivided into for volumes, as shown in figure 1.
OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the blood pressure and heart rate reading.

2. To measure the respiratory volume

MATERIALS

1. Blood pressure sensor

2. Cold water
3. Spirometer

METHODS

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

1. The subject have to be sit quietly in a chair with his or her forearm resting on a
table surface. It is advisable that the person who was been tested to remain calm
and static.
2. The blood pressure and heart rate stated in Blood Pressure Sensor of the subject is
recorded in a table.
3. The blood pressure and heart beat have been checked in laying position and
recorded the reading.
4. Two person in our group have been climb up and down the stairs for three times in
five minutes. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) is recorded
immediately for every 1 to 5 minutes then recorded the reading.
5. Other two person in our group doing ice water test. They placed their hand into a
large container filled with ice water. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)
is recorded for 30 second for 3 minutes.

B. Human respiratory volume

1. Tidal volume (TV)
a. The spirometer dial is set at xero (0). The normal inspiration is taken using
spirometer. The mouth is placed over the mouth-piece and exhale a normal
expiration into the spirometer.
b. The amount of exhale is read on the dial.
c. My lab partner has been counted my respiratory rate per minute by
counting respiratory cycles for 1 minute while seated at rest.
d. Tidal volume is multiped by respiratory rate per minute to give resting
respiratory minute volume.

2. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

a. The spirometer dial is set at xero (0)
b. After a normal expiration, I placed my mouth over the mouth-piece and
forcefully exhale as much air as possible into the spirometer.
 3. Vital Capacity (VC)
a. The spirometer dial is set at xero (0)
b. It has inhale as deeply as possible I can then I placed my mouth again over
the mouth-piece, the nose is holded then exhale into spirometer with a
maximal effort.
c. The measurement is repeated for 3 times and the largest volume is
recorded.

4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiration Capacity (IC)

a. The IRV and IC is calculated from 3 previous volume measurements.

RESULTS

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A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

Table 1. Blood pressure and heart rate readings

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

pressure pressure pressure (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg)
Sitting on chair 98 69 79 85
Supine (laying on 97 70 79 81
back)

Table 2. Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to climb up & down
stairs

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

pressure pressure pressure (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg)
Min 1 123 69 87 82
Min 2 107 51 70 83
Min 3 117 71 86 89
Min 4 107 67 80 86
Min 5 110 72 85 86
 Table 3. Blood pressure and heart rate readings response to cold water

Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial Heart rate

pressure pressure pressure (beats/min)
(mmHg) (mmHg) (mmHg)
30 second 108 66 80 81
60 second 114 66 82 79
90 second 108 63 78 81
120 second 109 66 80 76
150 second 108 61 77 82
180 second 107 61 76 76

B. Human respiratory volume

Table 4. Respiratory volume.

Respiratory volumes Value

Tidal volume (TV) 233
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 167
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1100
Residual Volume (RV) 1100
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) 2600
Vital Capacity (VC) 1500
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) 2200
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) 400

TV = 500 X 28/60

= 233

IRV = VC – (TV+ERV)

= 1500 – (233+1100)

= 167

IC = IRV + TV

= 167 + 233

= 400

FRC = RV+ERV

= 1100 + 1100

= 2200
 TLC = TV+IRV+ERV+RV

= 233 + 167 + 1100 + 1100

= 2600

DISCUSSION

A. Blood pressure as a vital sign

In this experiment, we have conducted two different situations to calculate blood

pressure which is sitting VS lying. Based on our observation, the heart rate for sitting is
higher compare to lying. My heart rate in sitting position is 85 while in lying is 81. It is
harder for our heart to get blood to our head when we are sitting. The heart is pumping in
upright position. So the heart has to pump uphill because the head is located at a higher level
than the heart. When lying down, the heart and head are at same level, so the heart does not
need to pump as hard so the blood pressure is lower.

For this activity, our group have been doing climbing the stairs to record the blood
pressure. Usually when doing exercise, we can reduce the blood pressure. For the first
minuets based on my recorded, the blood pressure is 123/69 and pulse 82. The second
minutes, the blood pressure is decrease to 107/51 and pulse 83. The heart rate reading from
first minutes to third minutes is increasing but it is decreasing start in fourth minutes. The
reading is not consistent because the sphygmomanometer did not always properly read the
subjects blood pressure and pulse properly.

For the second activity, we have to held a cup of cold ice water for several minutes to
see the response the blood pressure and heart beat to the contact. As can be seen from table 3,
the systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart beat decreases as
time passed on. This is because of the cold stimulus will activate the sympathetic nervous
system,resulting in hemodynamic change that prepares the body for a “fight or flight”
response

B. Human respiratory volume.

For the second part of experiment, the human respiratory volume or the capacity of air
that our lungs can take is carried out using spirometer. A spirometer is an apparatus for
measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs. A spirometer measures
ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Based on the table, my tidal
volume is 233mL. Tidal volume (TV) is the amount of air entering or leaving the lungs in a
single normal, resting breath. The average of tidal volume is approximately 500mL but my
tidal volume is less than 500mL. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of extra air
that can be forcibly inspired beyond the tidal volume. My IRV reading in this experiment is
167mL while the average of IRV for females is 2100mL while for males is 3000mL.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of the extra air that can be forcibly expired
beyond the tidal volume. My ERV reading is 1100. Based on the table, the residual volume
(RV) is 1100 where show the amount of air left in the lungs even after forcible exhalation.

In pulmonary capacities, there is a few types in pulmonary capacities that have to be

calculated based on pulmonary volumes. Firstly, total lung capacity (TLC) which show the
maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold. Total lung capacity is the total volume of
inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and residual volume.
Based on the table, the TLC volume is 2600 which not accurate with the standard TLC for
females. The average of TLC volume for females is 4300mL while for males is 5800mL.
Next, the vital capacity (VC) where the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a
maximum inspiration. The vital capacity is the total volume of inspiratory reserve volume,
expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume. My VC volume for this experiment is 1500mL.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is total volume of residual volume and expiratory
reserve volume. In this experiment, my FRC volume is 2200mL. The standard FRC for
females is 2600mL and for males is 3500mL. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal, resting exhalation. Inspiratory Capacity
(IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be taken in by the lungs which is the total volume
of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. The average of IC for males is about 3500ml
and for females is 2600ml. But my IC value is 400mL from 2600ml for females. Mybe there
is some mistake or error while handling this respiratory volume.

CONCLUSION

In the conclusion, we can say that the heart rate reading in sitting position is high
compare to lying down. The blood pressure and heart rate will sharply increase after doing
the exercise because the heart pump fast to get back the oxygen that has been lost. When one
is in contact with cold water, their blood pressure and heart rate will drop. The human
respiratory volume of the subject is much lower than the average adult female should be,
meaning the respiratory volume differs from person to person. The blood pressure is different
in various conditions, whether it be position, temperature or even during exercise.

REFERENCE

 Articles. Blood pressure levels sitting up VS lying down. 20 November 2013. From

http://www.resperate.com/blood-pressure-levels-sitting-up-vs-laying-down

 Human Physiology, Jerome A. Montvilo. Respiratory Volumes. 15 November

2012.From

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/jmontvilo/335files/335(28)respirationvol.htm

 laboratory manual, Dr Shakinaz Desa, Faculty Science and Mathematics

REFLECTION

This experiment was very interesting. I enjoy while doing this experiment. I gain new
experience and learn how to read the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure on blood
pressure sensor. We all know that high blood pressure can be unpredictable, and even light-
to-moderate exercise can cause an increase in blood pressure. I hope I can do some regular
excerise and become healthy person after learning this chapter.