Airbus technical magazine

October 2017

#60

FAST
Flight Airworthiness Support Technology
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 Airbus technical magazine

#60

FAST
Flight Airworthiness Support Technology

Publisher: Alizée GENILLOUD

Chief Editor: Deborah BUCKLER
Design: PONT BLEU Optimise the skies 04
Air Traffic Management
Cover image: Hervé GOUSSET modernisation programmes
Printer: Amadio

Authorisation for reprinting RSC traceability 12

FAST magazine articles Removable Structural Components
should be requested by email:
fast.magazine@airbus.com

Aquarius 18
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Dealing with water in jet fuel
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ISSN 1293-5476 Reference Handbook
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Fleet-wide systems 32
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03 FAST#60

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Photo credits: Airbus Photographic Library, Airbus Corporate Heritage,
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 Optimise
the skies
Air Traffic Management (ATM)
modernisation programmes

Article by (left to right)

Daniel CHIESA
Airline Flight Organisations Expert
AIRBUS
daniel.chiesa@airbus.com

Didier DELIBES
Project Manager
AIRBUS
didier.delibes@airbus.com

With air traffic set to double over the next 15 years,

ATM modernisation programmes around the world
are aiming to ensure a high performance infrastructure
that will allow airlines to expand their business.
In addition to this, airlines are demanding more
cost-efficient air traffic management and more
environmentally-friendly operations are expected.

ATM modernisation is therefore key to the commercial aircraft industry and a priority for both operators and Airbus.
There are however several challenges to be considered:
• Political: The ATM context is fragmented due to states exercising national sovereignty
• Transitional: New ATM concepts have long development cycles, typically 10 to 15 years
• Complexity: ATM covers Air Traffic Control, Network Management systems, airports, airlines’ operational
control centres and aircraft
04 FAST#60
 Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

The stakeholders

Airlines Aircraft manufacturers Air navigation Airports Ground

with avionics service infrastructure
suppliers providers

Several ATM modernisation programmes have been launched to respond to the

specific needs of different regions of the world (see fig.1). It is hoped that many of
these will set ambitious performance objectives along the lines of SESAR and
NextGen, such as 50% reduction of navigation fees, reducing CO2 emissions by 10%,
or having the potential of a 3-fold increase in ATM capacity. These programmes also
have the merit of federating the various ATM stakeholders and of progressing in a
collaborative manner that is beneficial for all.

NextGen SESAR The ICAO GANP

NextGen is the Federal Aviation Single European Sky ATM Research is the The fifth edition of the International Civil Aviation
Administration (FAA) programme to European programme launched in 2009 Organization (ICAO) Global Air Navigation Plan
modernise the air transportation system in order to provide Europe with a high- (GANP) is designed to guide complementary and
for the United States of America. performance ATM infrastructure. sector-wide air transport progress over 2016-2030
This comprehensive initiative relies on and is approved triennially by the ICAO Council.
2016 marked the completion of the first
satellite navigation and advanced digital The GANP represents a rolling, 15-year strategic
phase of SESAR research and innovation
communications, to help improve methodology which leverages existing technologies
(SESAR 1) and the delivery of mature
and evolve the National Airspace System. and anticipates future developments based on an
technological and operational solutions.
harmonisation of SESAR and NextGen concepts
The second phase (SESAR2020) will
and state/industry agreed operational objectives.
support the early deployment of major
improvements, such as the initial-4D This structured approach provides a basis for sound
concept, through very large scale investment strategies and will generate commitment
demonstrations running from 2018 from states, equipment manufacturers, operators
to equip more than 100 aircraft. and service providers.

The advantages that harmonised ATM solutions would bring to worldwide

interoperability has encouraged Airbus (along with other aircraft manufacturers)
to strongly support the ICAO initiative to federate regional ATM modernisation
programmes through the GANP.

Fig. 1 - Leading ATM modernisation programmes

Russia
Federal Investment
Programme

Collaborative Actions for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems

FIANS
05 FAST#60

BRASIL

NZ
New Southern Sky
 Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

Trajectory-Based
Operations enable
airlines to fly their
preferred routes

New concepts in aircraft operations - ready to deploy

Next generation Air Traffic Management system(s) will require more interactions ICAO definition of Trajectory-
and cooperation between the aircraft and the ground. Based Operations (TBO)

By participating in regional modernisation programmes and ICAO harmonisation A concept enabling globally
activities in the GANP, Airbus is ensuring that: consistent performance-based
4D trajectory management by
• The future operational concepts make the best use of existing and future aircraft sharing and managing trajectory
capabilities and that these create value for airlines information. TBO will enhance
• Air and ground development /deployment are synchronised planning and execution of efficient
flights, reducing potential conflicts
As a result, (and thanks to its work with SESAR in particular), Airbus has contributed
and resolving upcoming network
to progress on several topics, among which the following are ready for deployment
and system demand/capacity
and constitute breakthroughs in terms of aircraft operations, with significant benefits
imbalances early. It covers ATM
on ATM capacity, efficiency and safety:
processes starting at the point an
• Trajectory-Based Operations individual flight is being planned
through flight execution to post
• Ground Based Augmentation System
flight activities.
• Airport Surface Indicating and Alerting

Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO)

The overarching concept of ATM modernisation is the move from airspace-based
operations (e.g. traffic separation based on current position and radar plot) to
Trajectory-Based Operations, relying mainly on accurate flight planning data,
and accurate predictions of aircraft positions (the 4D aircraft trajectory), shared
and synchronised between all stakeholders, including the Network Manager,
the Air Traffic Control Units, the Airlines Control Centre and the aircraft.

Video
06 FAST#60

PEGASE, Providing Effective

Ground & Air data Sharing
via Extended Projected Profile
 Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

This paradigm shift will enable conflicting trajectories to be resolved upfront

and the controller’s role will evolve from short term tactical control to more strategic
and monitoring tasks.
As part of the TBO concept, Initial-4D (i4D) and Extended Flight Plan (EFPL)
have been developed over recent years to improve ATM predictability.
While EFPL improves and supports mainly the flight planning phase,
i4D contributes to improve flight predictions during the execution phase.

1 2 Initial-4D
Extended Ground Based
Flight Plan
3 Augmentation System

4 4
Airport Surface Indicating and Alerting

Graphic toolbox

1 Extended Flight Plan (EFPL)

A set of arrows has been developed to point out
Arrows

different stroke weights as well as dotted strokes.

All three colour palettes can be used.
Today, an aircraft operator’s flight plan EFPL as a new flight plan type will be aligned with the upcoming international standard

2
delivered through ICAO FPL 2012 ‘FF-ICE1’ and will mainly provide the following information:
includes only limited information of
• 4D trajectory (altitude, time, aircraft mass and speed at every waypoint)
the 4D trajectory. Light Medium Bold
• Flight specific performance data (optional information)
Both the Network Manager and Air
Traffic Control Units receive the flight • Unconstrained climb and descent profiles
plan and recalculate its profile which

3
may result in misaligned trajectories.
Key parameters of the 4D trajectory,
or flight specific performance data are
Expected benefits:
not all given to both parties who will tend • Potential decrease of 15% for the rate of rejected flight plans
to exercise caution, often leading to a
• More optimised trajectory computation and acceptance processes

4
wrongly rejected or wrongly accepted
flight plan. • Alignment of airlines and ATM planned trajectories
Therefore, the Operational Flight Plan • Enhancement of traffic predictions
released to the crews in some cases
• Improvement of demand/capacity network calculations
does not provide the optimum vertical
profile. This is due to the fact that the The flight dispatcher will have a better understanding of the errors
trajectory is refined to get it accepted and will solve them more efficiently in the case of rejected flight plans
by both parties. while the flight planning procedures should remain the same.
Thanks to the sharing of Extended Deployment is expected to start in 2019 and will gradually integrate
Flight Plan (EFPL) data during the Air Navigation Service Providers until 2021. #03
planning phase, these misalignments Editorial
will gradually disappear. line
Airbus Brand Manual 2014

Video
07 FAST#60

Extended Flight Plan-2015

validation exercise
 1
Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

2 Initial-4D (i4D)

During the flight execution phase, the aircraft downlinks the updated 4D

3
trajectory information that augments the ground trajectory predictions.
The European Commission has
As shown in SESAR i4D demonstrations, the Flight Management System (FMS) mandated the ‘Initial Trajectory
provides the most accu­rate predictions relying on aircraft systems and sensors. information sharing’.
This has been recognised in the European Commission mandating the ‘initial
As part of the deployment plan,
trajectory information-sharing’, i.e. mandating i4D for the airborne and ground
45% of flights in Europe will be
segments.

4
operated by aircraft fitted with
With i4D, the aircraft Flight Management System computes flight trajectory the Initial-4D function in 2025.
predictions, enhanced with estimates of altitude and time (4D trajectory).
By 1st January 2026, ATC
These predictions are updated with ATC clearances as the flight progresses
systems in Europe will be able
and benefit from real-time aircraft data (weight, cost index, actual wind…)
to receive and use aircraft 4D
specific to each individual flight. Then, these FMS trajectories are sent to ATC
trajectory predictions sent via
using datalink, (through Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract (ADS-C)),
the datalink infrastructure.
either on ATC request, or periodically or on event, where they are processed
to augment ground trajectory predictions.

Top of Descent
With i4D there is a 13:03:02
reduction in aircraft
turn uncertainty. Arrival Airport
13:18:04
12:54:37
12:45:30

12:35:47 12:58:22

12:20:03 Current uncertainty for Top of Climb and

Top of Descent prediction by ground Air Traffic
W3 W4 W5
Top of Climb Control can be up to 100 Nautical Miles.
12:04:18 W2
i4D can reduce uncertainty by 90%.
Waypoints
W1
Top of Climb

Departure Airport
11:13:40

uncertainty with i4D

uncertainty without i4D
08 FAST#60
 Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

Expected benefits:
• Reduction of aircraft delays by using ATC enhanced tools (better aircraft
trajectory prediction, enhanced conflict detection…)
• Reduction of fuel burn / CO2 emissions and noise (flying optimum trajectories
including continuous climb and descent operations)
• Increase of capacity due to better predictability of ATC sectors load, enabling
a reduction of ATC margins while maintaining safety

#03
Editorial
line
Airbus Brand Manual 2014

Longitudinal
uncertainty
Trajectory prediction with i4D
without i4D
and conflict detection
improved thanks to
initial-4D function
Area of possible conflict
is reduced (solid dark blue
compared to dotted line)
thanks to accurate
and reliable projection
provided with i4D

Airbus and partners of the European ATM modernisation programme SESAR

have been working on the research and prototyping phase of i4D, with initial
demonstrations and flight trials performed in 2012 to validate the concept. The next
step will be the full validation of the function in a real environment. This will be possible
thanks to the very large-scale demonstrations planned in 2018/2019 with commercial
revenue aircraft exchanging data with the Air Navigation Services of UK (NATS),
Germany (DFS), Italy (ENAV) and Maastricht-controlled area (MUAC). As planned
by the SESAR Pilot Common Project, this function will be fully operational in 2025
on nearly half of the European flights.
Outside Europe, Airbus has recently signed a contract with Chinese partners
to promote the i4D technology. It is planned that in 2019, a China Southern Airlines
A320neo equipped with i4D capable systems will fly in Chinese airspace with an
i4D-equipped Air Traffic Control (ATC) centre.
Video
Further cooperation concerning i4D technology is being explored with other ATM
i-4D, Introducing a new world partners.
dimension of flight
Using the Initial-4D function to support trajectory-based operations is foreseen
as a game changer in Air Traffic Management, with an impact on aircraft systems
limited to software upgrade.
Operational benefits will get stronger as the ATC ground systems progressively
extend use of data from the flight planning phase to arrival traffic sequencing.
09 FAST#60
 2
Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

Light Medium Bold

3 Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)

The Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) is a safety-critical system

Expected benefits:
4
that augments the Global Positioning System (GPS) and provides enhanced
levels of service that support all phases of approach, landing and departure.
• GBAS provides a cost-efficient
GBAS overcomes some Instrument Landing System (ILS) challenges and
solution, since only one ground
meets the more demanding needs of the future in a more cost-efficient way.
station is needed to service multiple
The function on board Airbus aircraft called GBAS Landing System (GLS) approaches to all runways at an
respects an ‘ILS look-alike’ concept. It means that the pilots fly these airport and requires less maintenance
approaches with the same type of Human Machine Interface in the cockpit and flight inspection compared
as conventional ILS approaches. with ILS.
Most Airbus aircraft types have been certified for existing GBAS CAT I • GBAS-optimised low visibility
operations. operations primarily address busy
airports which have capacity
The SESAR programme has validated the development of GBAS to support
limitations, as they need smaller
low visibility operations (so-called CAT II/III).
protection zones than with ILS.
• GBAS advanced procedures can
directly support airports seeking
to address noise issues and to use
efficient arrival paths.
• With the ILS look-alike concept,
GPS no additional flight crew training
constellation
is required.

With regard to airports, GBAS advanced

operations based on increased glide
slopes and Multiple Runway Aiming
Points are expected to:
Fina • Reduce runway occupancy times and
l Ap
proa lower the risk of wake vortex encounter
ch S
egm problems, due to displaced runway
ent
FAS & (FAS
) thresholds
corrections
• Increase runway throughput in low
visibility conditions and adverse
weather conditions by supporting
reduced spacing on final approach
VHF
• Reduce noise concerns in the vicinity
of airports through GBAS increased
GBAS ground station at airport
glide slopes and curved approaches

Increased Glide Slope Multiple Runway Aiming Points

Ma
x.
IG
S
IGS (4. MR
pro 49 AP
ced °) Con pro
ure ven ced
tion ure
Conv al G
ention lide
al Glid Slo
e Slo pe
pe
10 FAST#60

Noise benefit Noise benefit

 3 Air Traffic Management modernisation programmes

Light Medium Bold

4 Airport Surface Indicating and Alerting (SURF-IA)

Runway incursions are a major hazard with around 2 occurrences a day

in Europe. Most of these events could be avoided by providing flight crews
Expected benefits:
with relevant information to make the right decision in a timely manner. SAFETY
Runway Incursion Traffic Alert is a safety net which provides both an aural alert • Being primarily designed to prevent
and an intuitive visual cue in the primary field of view of each pilot. It is visible high speed collisions with another
whatever the situation in the vicinity of the runway. aircraft or vehicle, Runway Incursion
Traffic Alert constitutes a major safety
It requires Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) In data
enhancement in surface operations.
(position, ground speed, altitude, direction) from aircraft or other vehicles in
the vicinity, as well as airport runway data. No infrastructure or interaction • The prevention of situations of collision
with ground is required. or quasi-collisions will also contribute to
reducing the disruption of operations.

ALERT
Lining up
Runway Incursion Traffic Alert is a safety
net which provides both an aural alert
and an intuitive visual cue in the primary
ALERT field of view of each pilot.

short final

ALERT

Starting take-off run

CONCLUSION
Increased Glide Slope Multiple Runway Aiming Point
ATM modernisation is underway with key players, including Airbus, actively participating in both
Ma and develop­ment programmes around the world and in the industrialisation of new airborne
research
x.
capabilities IGrequired by ATM concepts, enabling safer operations in the future.
S
IGS (4. MR
p
The overall 49 is to accelerate the transition to a performance-based ATM, Aallowing
Pp
roc objective °) Con roc
operators
edu v eBest
re
to fly their preferred e
trajectories. Airbus thereby supports the inclusion ofnt‘Best Equipped d ure Served’
ion
Conv operational incentives within the new ATM concepts in order to make currentalATC Glid practices (such as
ention eS
al G
altitude constraints,
lide S holding stacks, tactical vectoring, time and fuel consuming open-loop lop instructions)
lope e
the exception.
Noise benefit Noise benefit
Airbus is also urging for worldwide interoperability of the new ATM concepts in order to coordinate
aircraft development, and enable seamless flight around the world.
11 FAST#60
 RSC traceability
Removable Structural Components

Article by

Marc BOZZOLO
Business Development Manager
Maintenance Programmes Engineering
AIRBUS
marc.bozzolo@airbus.com

Removable Structural Components (RSC) – such as doors,

flaps, slats – may be transferred between aircraft, resulting in
a different utilisation profile than the airframe on which they were
originally installed. Controlling and/or tracking maintenance
requirements or limitations associated with these components
are essential to ensure continuing airworthiness management.

As the world fleet of aircraft grows and ages, movements

of RSCs are increasing. The industry has recognised that more
focus on the traceability of RSCs on and off the aircraft must
be brought to the attention of operators, MROs (Maintenance,
Repair and Overhaul organisations), suppliers and manufacturers
to satisfy continuing airworthiness.
12 FAST#60
 RSC traceability

Traceability steps in the life cycle of components

Some of these RSCs contribute

to the airworthiness of the aircraft.
Indeed, they may be subject to
Component Component
technical
mandatory requirements, such as production justification
inspections, modifications, repairs and limitations
or any other limitation (i.e.: Flight - Component
Cycles (FC), Flight Hours (FH) service goal
or calendar, weighing, etc.). Design justifications,
maintenance
The life monitoring and control
requirements
of these structural parts and their
and limitations.
instructions for continuing
airworthiness is a need, especially Engineering
Industrialisation/
when RSCs have been removed
production
from the first aircraft on which
- Component
they were installed. It ensures that
identification,
these parts meet their associated Production marking and
mandated requirements and
production
limitations, and ensures safe
tracking.
operation.
Concessions
if required

Data Management
Management of associated
technical
documentation
Tech - Technical
data documentation
management
adapted to RSCs (AMM,
NTM, SB, SRM, ALS...).
Delivery

Component
service life
Support to operations S
Support - New support or services -
proposals on demand.

Repairs R
- RSC specificities -
Repairs vs Repair limitations
considered.

Spares management S
Spares & out-of- - Parts availability -
production parts and traceability
13 FAST#60

in case of used parts.

 ATA

Removable Structural Components

Main RSCs (high level assemblies) that Airbus recommends controlling

5450
Pylon assembly
Pylon to wing attachment links, pins and bearings
Pylon to engine mounts attachment spigot fitting assy (applicable to A380 only)
Rear secondary structure

5450
Aft pylon fixed fairing assembly
Aft pylon movable fairing assembly
Front pylon fairing assembly

5220
Emergency exit doors assembly

5230
Cargo compartment
doors assembly

5220
Escape hatch assembly
(A350 only)
5280
Centre landing gear doors
5310
Radome

5220
Emergency exit
doors assembly

5210
Passenger / crew
5240 doors assembly
Avionics access doors

7110
5280 Nose cowl / air intake
Nose landing gear doors
7110
Nacelle - fan cowls
14 FAST#60

7830
Thrust reverser structure assembly
 5380
Tailcone
5530
Vertical stabiliser

5540
Rudder assembly

5230
Bulk cargo compartment 5520
doors assembly Elevator assembly

5510
Horizontal stabiliser
assembly

5260
Entrance stair door

5750
Flaps
Flap track carriage
Flap track beam

5770
Spoilers

5760
Ailerons

5730
Wing tip, winglets, sharklets

5280
Main landing gear doors
(incl. leg fairing door)
assembly 5740
Slats
Slats tracks
7120 Droop nose assembly (A350 and A380 only)
Forward engine mounts assembly Droop nose arms (A350 and A380 only)
Rear engine mounts assembly
Engine mounts thrust link assembly
(Applicable to A380 and A350 only)
Tracking recommended
7810
Exhaust nozzle assembly Economical or logistical related
Some significant subassemblies do not contain
7820 Flight Control System or Primary Structure Elements
Fan exhaust cowl assembly but are routinely interchanged by operators.
(Applicable to A380 only) Based on previous experience, it is preferable
to control these elements to ease their management.
15 FAST#60

No transfer permitted
without Airbus involvement
 RSC traceability

Current context of continuing airworthiness regulations

In accordance with applicable regulations, the continuing Due to different approaches used by airworthiness authorities,
airworthiness record system put in place for each individual both operators and manufacturers have worked together
aircraft (including components installed) is an operator in different industrial forums.
responsibility.
The Airworthiness Assurance Working Group (AAWG) jointly
For example, an operator may control an RSC: with the Airline for America (A4A)) issued ATA Spec 120
to provide recommendations and guidance to operators.
• At aircraft level when RSCs follow the life of the aircraft
Mandated limitations (Airworthiness Directive (AD) and
• At component level when an RSC follows a different life
Airworthiness Limitation Section (ALS)) are expressed at
than the aircraft it was initially installed on
component level. This implies controlling the component
Whatever recording system an operator puts in place, parameters (Flight Cycles, Flight Hours, calendar, etc.)
the control of these RSCs is an essential element to meet and means the history records of RSCs versus mandated
mandatory maintenance requirements such as inspections requirements should be continuously maintained.
or modifications, and/or component limitations such as repairs,
This was further confirmed by the EASA and FAA representatives
service goals or life limits.
who contributed to the development of ATA Spec 120.

An RSC can follow

a different life than
the aircraft on which
it was initially installed
16 FAST#60
 RSC traceability

Adapting RSC recording practices

The industry has now recognised that, in order to satisfy continuing airworthiness,
more focus on the traceability of RSCs must be brought to the attention of operators,
Maintenance Repair and Overhaul organisations, suppliers and manufacturers.
During Airbus structure task groups, as well as regional seminars and symposiums,
it was determined that the industry may need to adapt some of its recording practices,
especially in the frame of transfers of RSCs.
Airbus therefore launched a comprehensive exercise in order to tackle the main aspects
related to the traceability of RSCs, enhance its level of management and anticipate
operators’ needs for support.

A320 identification plate

New support, communications and deliverables are expected to result from this
exercise. For example:
• Airbus has identified the baseline RSC list (high level assemblies) recommended
for operator control, i.e.: doors, control surfaces, engine mounts, nacelles.
This will be published in the 4th quarter of 2017.
• Several In-Service Information (ISI) documents have been published by Airbus
to provide operators with a methodology and guidance to rebuild the life of
a component when its history has been partially or totally lost.
• New supports are being developed by Airbus to retrieve component data back
to its entry into service.
• The Repair Design Approval Sheet (RDAS) review process on RSCs is being
developed by Airbus.
• Airbus is further confirming the robustness of the component tracking chain
throughout the production line up to delivery to the customer.

CONCLUSION
The life cycle of a Removable Structural Component can be different from the life cycle of the aircraft
on which it was originally installed, which can lead to de-synchronisation of airworthiness checks.
The responsibility for the necessary RSC control and tracking is incumbent on the airline,
and to this end ATA Spec 120 was recently published to provide guidance to operators.
Airbus has identified the baseline RSC list that is recommended for operator control, has issued
In-Service Information to provide operators with a method to rebuild the life of a component,
and can offer on-demand specific support.
The recommended baseline list of RSC will be issued via an OIT.
17 FAST#60
 Aquarius
Dealing with water in jet fuel

Ask any airline and they will say that the drainage
of water in their fuel tanks is one of the most costly
maintenance burdens they face.

Article by
Roy DEAN
Project Manager
AIRBUS
roy.r.dean@airbus.com

Why is water drainage a costly

maintenance burden?
• The aircraft is cold on landing and any free water* in the fuel tanks will be frozen. * The term free water is used
Consequently, it cannot be drained until it has thawed. This increases aircraft to contrast with tiny proportion
downtime, often overnight, in a heated hangar or using heating blankets or other of water that has been dissolved
heat sources to accelerate the thawing process. Apron and hangar space is very into the fuel.
much in demand and costly.
• Drainage of water results in small quantities of a fuel-water mixture that has to be
disposed of by suitable means, which can be quite expensive.
• Whilst the aircraft is on the ground, it is not in the sky earning money!
Consequently anything that can reduce the cost of draining water or increase
the time between events is welcomed by airlines.
• Water can also lead to unwanted substances such as microbiological contamination,
which can require maintenance with biocides or even deep cleaning.

Some aircraft need draining more frequently than others, as specified in the AMM
or agreed with the airline’s local airworthiness organisation, dependent on the
environment of routes and fuel quality. It is possible to extend this interval if evidence
can be given to show that alternative means have been utilised.
18 FAST#60
 Aquarius

Where does water come from?

Water enters the aircraft tanks in two ways:
• With the uplifted fuel. Filter water separators or filter monitors will reduce the free
water to low levels but the supplied fuel will contain dissolved water. In hot climates
this could be up to 100 parts-per-million (ppm). But as the ambient temperature
reduces in flight, the dissolved water will separate from the fuel-water solution
and become free water.
1000

Concentration: parts-per-million by volume 100

Water solubility
in jet fuel
10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature / °C

• In-breathing. As the aircraft ascends, the pressure will decrease and the vapours
above the fuel in the tank will be expelled. As the fuel level decreases, the volume
above the fuel will be replaced by air, and as the aircraft descends, more air will enter
to fill the tank due to the reduced volume of vapours at the increased pressure.
Since this will usually involve descending through clouds, the air will be very humid
resulting in condensation and freezing on the cold surfaces inside the tank.
On thawing, this ice will add to the free water at the bottom of the tank.

Effects of water
As well as carrying unnecessary additional weight, the presence of free water
in the fuel tank is not good for a number of reasons.
• An excessive amount of water may intersect one or more of the capacitance
gauging probes resulting in ‘out of range’ gauging errors which at worst
may prevent dispatch of the aircraft.
• Water needs to be drained and disposed of, leading to increased maintenance
and downtime costs.
• Water will form ice on cooling and this ice may detach and may restrict or block
the fuel supply to the engine. (This was the cause of the B777 incident at Heathrow
in January 2008).
• Water may result in additional corrosion in the fuel tanks.
• The presence of water and fuel encourages the growth of microbiological
proliferation. In extreme cases this would have to be cleaned either by shock
biocide treatment or by manual in-tank cleaning.
19 FAST#60
 Aquarius

The solution: INV

ERSE MICELL
E

Kerojet® Aquarius additive

Many aircraft are equipped with low-level suction pickups that
scavenge free water and feed it with the fuel to the engine but
there is still a residual amount of water to be dealt with.
Aquarius is an additive that has been developed to sequester
the free water into the fuel.

How does Aquarius work?

Aquarius binds the water molecule into the fuel using a ‘micelle’
(or molecular cage) rendering the water molecule physically inert.
Kerojet® Aquarius will maintain the solubility of the dissolved water Water
molecule
in the aircraft fuel tanks down to the fuel’s freeze point.
In addition, the Aquarius micelle cannot bind salts, bacteria or other
contaminants that might usually be found in the water with the fuel,
only the water molecule itself. The normal dose rate of Kerojet®
Aquarius is 250ppm by volume and, depending on the type of fuel,
temperature and humidity levels can increase the solubility of water hydrophilic
to around 230ppm which is sufficient to handle the in-breathed (polar)
moisture even at low tank levels.

hydrophobic
(nonpolar)

ASTM D4054 Industry Fuel & Additive ‘clearing process’

NO

Tier 1 Tier 2
Tier 1 & 2
New fuel preliminary Properties
Test of Fit for
or additive report acceptable
specification purpose
for approval for engine/
properties testing
testing aircraft
use
OEM review
panel
DATA REPORT Phase 1 review

Note: Additives can also require specific equipment approval through each OEM (not shown)
20 FAST#60
 Aquarius

Route to Approval of Kerojet® Aquarius

Aquarius was invented by Palox Ltd The Airbus Corporate Innovation team has encouraged the development of Aquarius
and has been licensed to BASF, one of since 2014, putting in place a Technical Co-operation Agreement to enable BASF
the world’s leading chemical companies. and Palox (the inventor) to submit Kerojet® Aquarius to the ASTM for approval as
Palox have invested heavily in the testing an additive for jet fuel. Airbus has continued to support this project as it has
required by the American Society for progressed through the various milestones and as new unforeseen requirements
Testing & Materials (ASTM) D4054 have emerged. The project is now in its final stages with ASTM approval and an
process. This testing includes the usual anticipated final incorporation into the list of approved additives by early 2018.
D1655 specification properties (density,
Kerojet® Aquarius is at the stage where all Original Equipment Manufacturers
viscosity, etc.) and D4054 Fit-for-
(including Airbus, Boeing, Rolls Royce, Pratt & Whitney, GE and Honeywell), should
purpose properties. In addition several
read the D4054 research report summarising the results of all the test work and then
tests have been carried out on engines
vote whether or not Aquarius should be included in the D1655 specification.
and Airbus has carried out extensive
Currently, the OEMs are reviewing the report and submitting any questions/
testing looking at the accretion of ice
comments. An ASTM subcommittee will then vote on approving the additive. If this
in cold fuel. Additionally Airbus has
ballot is successful, a larger subcommittee will ballot its inclusion in the specification.
carried out a confidence flight using
These ballots are anticipated before end of 2017.
A340-600 flight test aircraft MSN360
to verify the calculations and rig test BASF plan to introduce Kerojet® Aquarius to the market in a phased approach,
observations. starting with an in-service evaluation with Lufthansa to confirm the performance of
the additive and optimise the dosing equipment.
Aquarius will be metered into the fuel at refuel hence each airport served will require
dosing equipment. BASF and Faudi* have developed a trailer-mounted dosing skid
which interfaces with the refuel bowser to ensure that the Kerojet® Aquarius is dosed
at the correct concentration.

*Dosing equipment
manufacturer

Revised
specifications

NO

Tier 3 Tier 4
Final ASTM Fuel/
Component/ Full research Additive Recommendation
rig/ engine/ report(s) test results validate for the Committee
materials aircraft suitability for to vote on
testing testing use on engines/ its inclusion
aircraft in the fuel
OEM review specification
panel
TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS Phase 2 review
21 FAST#60
 Aquarius

What has been Airbus’s role?

Airbus was engaged in 2014 to investigate the effect of Aquarius on the threat of ice forming -
a certification requirement following the B777 incident at Heathrow in 2008 - and any other fuel
system level effects to support BASF conducting an in-service evaluation and to support the
ASTM process for approval of the additive.
Airbus was able to use its A330/A340 engine feed test rig at the fuel test facility at Airbus, UK.
This is an actual size replica of ribs 1-4 of an A330 wing and features genuine A330 feed pumps.
However, it is fabricated from steel and equipped with cooling facilities to allow its use under
vacuum, simulating elevation up to 43,000 feet and temperatures down to and beyond -40°C.
Several test runs were carried out using different concentrations of Aquarius and water to simulate
various operating conditions following temperature profiles typical of long haul flights. It became
clear that the use of Aquarius significantly improved the ice threat reducing the amount of ice
deposited on the cold surfaces - the increased amount of water remained in solution rather than
precipitating out as would occur without the use of Aquarius.
Whilst there was little doubt that Aquarius would not increase the threat of ice formation, a remark
by one of the rig operators, plus the observance of some white emulsions, led to further
investigation.
The operator, who had run many ice tests on this same test rig following the Heathrow crash,
noted that the rig was much cleaner and suggested that the surfactant* nature of Aquarius
had cleaned the test rig! Likewise, the formation of the emulsion was initially thought also to be
a result of the surfactancy*. This led to much further laboratory work which showed that the *Also called: surface-active agent,
a substance such as a detergent,
emulsion formation was a result of the test method – at the end of the test most of the fuel and any that can reduce the surface tension
liquid water is drained off and then any deposited ice is allowed to thaw, resulting in a mixture which of a liquid and thus allow it to foam
is excessively high in water content. Laboratory tests have proved that this accumulation of or penetrate solids; a wetting
agent.
emulsion only occurred in a radically out-of-balance mixture which is excessively high in water, of
the order of 50% water, which would never happen in-service. In flight, the water content is unlikely
to exceed 250ppm (0.025%). In addition, measurements of the key transport properties of the
emulsion have shown that they are no different to that of fuel or water.
The remark about the cleaning of the test rig also needed investigation. Palox Ltd showed by theory
that Aquarius could not act as a cleaning fluid. The rig operator explained that in previous
campaigns the test rig needed cleaning every 5 or 6 tests due to build-up of microbial
contamination and other interfacial debris due to the presence of free water. In the case of
the Aquarius tests, the rig started and remained clean throughout the programme. This supported
the observation that the use of Kerojet® Aquarius reduces the likelihood of microbial growth.

A trailer-mounted
dosing skid which
interfaces with the
refuel bowser to
ensure that Aquarius
is dosed at the correct
concentration.
22 FAST#60
 Aquarius

Flight evaluation
The original plan was to perform the in-service evaluation with Lufthansa using two
A340-600 over a 6-month period of revenue service. However, in order to achieve
this, airframe, equipment and engine suppliers would have to undertake a risk
assessment and give clearance.
As a result of their own previous engine tests and hearing of the cleaning effect/
emulsions, the engine manufacturer required more evidence to support revenue flights
with an unapproved additive. Consequently it was agreed to undertake some flight
testing using an Airbus flight test aircraft, MSN360 rather than revenue flights - these
will follow after ASTM approval.
A series of ground tests were carried out using Aquarius at four times the normal
dosage to investigate the possible cleaning effect. There was concern that
the Aquarius dosed fuel would release any dirt and debris that may have accumulated
in the aircraft fuel tanks. An internal inspection was carried out before and after
the circulation and ground engine runs (Rejected Take Off tests). One wing was fuelled
with Jet A-1 dosed with Aquarius while the remaining wing’s fuel did not contain
the additive. Samples were taken from the water drain valves for laboratory analysis
and particle counting. Since no increase in contamination was observed from
the particle counting (dirt etc), a test flight was carried out over a 3-hour period.
This featured the routine tests carried out in all flight test programmes (such as engine
relight and gravity flow tests*). No difference was detected between the dosed and
un-dosed wings. A final internal inspection showed no evidence of cleaning or of the
formation of lasting emulsions. It was agreed that the flight test demonstrated that the
concerns over cleaning and emulsion formation were unfounded.
A bonus from the flight test
*Engine relite, routine procedure
BASF/Faudi took their dosing equipment carried out in flight test programmes
involves switching off one of the engines
to Airbus, France and were able to identify in mid-air and switching it on again.
some minor improvements before going to
Gravity flow tests check the flow
a commercial operation with a flight test of fuel without pump at different
using the Aquarius dosed fuel. altitudes and angles

CONCLUSION
Water in fuel tanks is a regular and costly maintenance burden for airlines. On freezing
at altitude, this can even become a safety issue.
A new jet fuel additive named Kerojet® Aquarius is being developed that allows free water
at the bottom of fuel tanks to be absorbed by the fuel, then expelled through the engines.
Aquarius has performed well on a test rig and in full engine/aircraft testing. The research
report is now being analysed by OEMs before a final ballot. If the ballot goes through, Airbus
and engine/APU suppliers would then be able to add Aquarius to the Consumable Materials
List (CML) before using it on aircraft.
23 FAST#60
 eQRH
electronic Quick Reference Handbook
making the paperless
cockpit a reality

Pilots used to be seen carrying a heavy flight bag on board Article by

each time they flew. Then came digital transformation which Jaouad BERRAJAA
eQRH Project Leader
drastically reduced technical documentation and changed AIRBUS
their ways of working. jaouad.berrajaa@airbus.com

Today, the last step of digital transformation has been reached

with the introduction of the electronic QRH (eQRH)
in the cockpit.
24 FAST#60
 eQRH

Why go digital?
To appreciate the main advantages of digital documentation over paper
documentation, consider how a simple update to the Flight Operations manuals
used to be done.
Before digitalisation, Airbus used to print, prepare, and ship tons of paper documents
at each update of the Flight Operations manuals and for each Airbus aircraft.
The airline had to receive, prepare and update this paper documentation on each
operated aircraft, for potentially hundreds of aircraft and thousands of pilots.
Compare this laborious, costly, and risk-ridden method to the automated, instant,
free, digital updates sent to the Electronic Flight Bag (EFB). And updates are only
the beginning of the advantages of digitalisation; cockpit operations are also
significantly enhanced: searching is instant rather than having to thumb through
hundreds of pages, and hyperlinks direct pilots to relevant sections.
Information is now given on a need-to-know basis.

Timeline of paperless cockpit operation on Airbus aircraft

2020
2000 2005 2010 2015

A380 A400M A350 A320

A330
A340

Moving standards from paper to digital

across the fleet
Digitalisation of Flight Operations documentation is being adopted across all Airbus
families, the more recent families having already integrated it from the start.
Back in the 1980s, A320 and A330/A340 families were initially designed with a Flight
Operations standard based on the use of paper documentation. Then, in the 1990s,
Airbus started the transformation of most of this paper documentation into an
electronic format.
In 2005, Airbus implemented a new standard of Flight Operations on the A380.
This standard was based on the use of electronic devices, namely EFB and ECAM
(explained below) to compute aircraft performance, browse operational documentation
and manage the flight. The A380 Flight Operations standard enhanced the cockpit
Flight Operations and enabled significant cost savings in the management of the Flight
Operations documentation. This same standard was then adopted for the Airbus
A400M and A350.
More recently, Airbus has introduced further enhancements to the A320 and A330/
A340 families’ electronic documentation to be closer to the A380 and A350 standard.
In fact, until end of 2016, most of the operational documentation of the A320 and
A330/A340 families could be displayed and used on an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB).
However, one operational document remained in paper format: The Quick Reference
Handbook (QRH).
The flight crews use this document to check aircraft operations in normal situations.
They also use it to manage some abnormal situations that are not monitored by the
Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM).
In order to implement a paperless operational standard on A320 and A330/A340
families, with full electronic documentation, the QRH can now be managed in a new
25 FAST#60

EFB application: The electronic Quick Reference Handbook (eQRH).

 eQRH

Flight Operations standards on A350 and A380

The Flight Operations standard on the A350 and A380 is based on the use
of electronic devices in the cockpit, instead of paper, as follows:
• The Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) provides the flight crew with:
- Performance applications to compute the aircraft loadsheet and performance
in take-off, cruise and landing
- A browser to access the Flight Operations documentation,
e.g. Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM), Flight Crew Techniques
Manual (FCTM), Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
- Mission data, e.g. flight plan, navigation charts, flight folder
• The checklists and procedures are managed on an avionic system:
the ECAM. This system displays to the flight crew the normal checklists
and abnormal / emergency procedures. The flight crew can interact with
this system in order to manage these checklists and procedures.
The ECAM system is part of the aircraft definition and is therefore part
of the aircraft certification.
A slim paper Quick Reference Handbook (QRH) is used for a very limited number
of critical or specific procedures such as smoke-related procedures and emergency
evacuation.
The use of an EFB on A350 and A380 provides significant benefits in the cockpit
operations and in the management of Flight Operations documentation.
The flight crew benefits from many smart features, such as:
• Enhanced documentation consultation thanks to the search function,
the contextual access, the interactive display, the use of hyperlinks,
coloured and more comprehensive illustrations, bookmarks, etc.
• Integration of the EFB applications. For example, in case of an aircraft system
failure, the performance applications can automatically take into account
the corresponding performance penalties and provide the crew with the relevant
performance computation for the take-off, cruise and landing.
Not only the flight crew on board the aircraft benefit from this new standard
of operations, but it also provides significant savings to the airlines in terms of time,
logistics and cost to manage the documentation.
The documentation updates are provided on the AirbusWorld portal and the operators
can customise this documentation thanks to comprehensive electronic tools such
as ADOC or FODM. Finally, the electronic documentation can be dispatched wirelessly
to the flight crew tablets/laptops or to the aircraft. This electronic process replaces
paper printing, thus reducing the preparation and distribution costs, and enhancing
the ecological footprint of Airbus and operators.

On the A380 and A350, checklists and

procedures are available in the ECAM
26 FAST#60
 eQRH

Initial Flight Operations standard on A320,

A330/A340 families
A320 and A330/A340 families were initially designed with a Flight Operations standard
based on the use of paper documentation. Then, as laptops and tablets became
standard in the 1990s and 2000s, most of the Flight Operations data was transformed
from printed manuals to electronic operational documentation in Airbus’ pioneering
EFB product: the Less Paper Cockpit (LPC). This first step of digitalisation included:
• Loadsheet computation
• Take-off and landing performance computation
• The Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) and the Master Minimum Equipment
List (MMEL) in an electronic format
Finally, after the development of eDOC concept (XML data) on A380 in the 2000s,
Airbus generalised this concept on A320 and A330/A340 families with the ‘Less Paper
Cockpit - New Generation’ (LPC-NG) and later with ‘FlySmart with Airbus’ on Windows
and iPad. These Airbus EFB products brought the Flight Operations standard on A320
and A330/A340 families closer to the A350 and A380. However, the management of
the checklists and non-ECAM procedures remained in paper format inside the QRH.
27 FAST#60
 eQRH

New Flight Operations Standard on A320, A330/A340 families

Airbus then launched a study in 2015 to digitalise the A320 and A330/A340 QRH, being the
last paper document onboard these aircraft. The ambition was to get rid of the paper QRH
and to provide flight crew with a smart way to electronically manage checklists and procedures,
with two main objectives:
• Enhance cockpit operations compared to the paper QRH
• Alleviate the process for the operators to manage the QRH document
The ECAM of the A320 and A330/A340 families could not be upgraded in the short or mid-term
to replace the paper QRH as the ECAM is a certified system with a long development cycle
inherent to avionics systems. In addition, the current A320 and A330/A340 ECAM technologies
are not compatible with such an industrial step. The solution was therefore to replace the paper
QRH operations in the cockpit by an EFB application.
Airbus developed a demonstrator for iPad tablets to assess the feasibility of the concept.
Thorough testing was conducted by flight test and training expert pilots, Human Factors experts
and flight operations engineers. The European and American aviation authorities (EASA & FAA)
were also involved in this assessment to ensure alignment from a regulation standpoint.
These assessments, evaluations and discussions with the aviation authorities were conclusive
and resulted in the launch of the definition of a new Flight Operations concept on A320 and A330/
A340 families: a cockpit with no paper. This new concept is based on the following:
• As on the A350 and A380, the FlySmart applications are used by the flight crew:
- To compute the aircraft loadsheet and performance in all the flight phases
(take-off, cruise, and landing)
- To access the Flight Operations documentation (FCOM, FCTM, MEL, etc.)
- To manage the mission (flight plan, navigation charts, flight folder)
• The EFB includes a new application that enables the electronic management of the checklists
and non-ECAM procedures: the electronic QRH (eQRH).
The ambition was to define and validate the first concept of paperless cockpit (no paper) operations
worldwide: the eQRH was on its way.

Double-layer display mechanism In a normal operation (left), both the main

layer and secondary layer are perfectly aligned, whereas spurious loss of data or spurious
errors result in a misalignment of displayed data that is easily detectable by the flight crew.
The error to the right illustrates the loss of one challenge/response line in the ‘main layer’.

LDG GEAR UP LDG GEAR

FLAPS RETRACTED FLAPS

PACKS
PACKS ON PACKS

BARO REF
BARO REF SET (BOTH)
// END BARO REF // END
28 FAST#60

Normal operation display

 eQRH

How the eQRH concept was developed

Challenges and objectives of the eQRH concept:
• Developing the eQRH concept presented a few serious challenges:
- Regulation aspects: A specific assessment had to be performed to demonstrate
to the EASA and the FAA that the eQRH met the requirements of the applicable
regulation. The main objective was to demonstrate that the eQRH operations were
at least equivalent to paper QRH operations in terms of ‘reliability, accessibility, and
usability’ (EASA AMC 20-25 and FAA AC 120-76 C requirements).
- Specific cockpit operations for the eQRH compared to other EFB applications:
Most of the EFB operations rely on the use of the applications by both flight crew
members and on the crosscheck to ensure a high reliability of the displayed information
and results. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of Airbus define two roles
in the cockpit: the Pilot Flying (PF) who is in charge of flying the aircraft, and the Pilot
Monitoring (PM) who is in charge of actively monitoring the flight parameters.
The QRH operation is therefore based on a single pilot use: the Pilot Monitoring (PM)
reads the procedures and checklists in the QRH while the Pilot Flying (PF) either
checks the aircraft status or performs the requested actions.
This specific method of operation means that the eQRH cannot rely on crosschecks
to ensure the reliability of the displayed information. This operational constraint required
a solution to ensure a high level of reliability of the displayed information.
- QRH content: This was adapted to paper operations and part of it was therefore
not fully compatible with electronic display and operations.
• The eQRH had to respond to the following objectives:
- Enhance cockpit operations thanks to electronic devices and ensure commonality
of operations on all Airbus aircraft families
- Ease the management of QRH updates without affecting savings.
Therefore, the eQRH had to be compatible with the existing ground administration
and update tools of the EFB
- Avoid printing and shipping tons of paper every year

Finding the solution

To achieve these objectives, and to meet the challenges, the eQRH implements
some new, innovative and smart features. For example, the eQRH includes
the following:

Reliability of the displayed information

UP The eQRH display is based on a double-layer mechanism that enables the crew
to detect spurious erroneous display of the data. In normal operations, both layers
are displayed but only the main layer is visible to the crew. The secondary layer
is perfectly hidden behind this main layer.
RETRACTED
ON
Airbus demonstrated that spurious loss of data or spurious errors in the displayed
data cannot coherently impact both layers. A shift between the two layers is easily
ON detectable by the flight crew in this case and pilots are trained to use backup means
(e.g. opposite pilot device or additional device in the cockpit) to continue the flight.

SET (BOTH) Airbus submitted a patent on this mechanism.

SET (BOTH)
29 FAST#60

Spurious erroneous display

 eQRH

The lighter, easier-to-use,

automatically updated
eQRH application
gradually replaces
the printed handbook

Airbus aircraft commonality

The eQRH benefits from the design of the A350 and A380 ECAM. Whenever
applicable, the eQRH implements the same display, colour coding, and logics
as the A350 and A380 ECAM. It remains also consistent with the A320 and
A330/A340 ECAM. The eQRH is therefore fully in line with the Airbus cockpit
philosophy.
From paper to electronic

New display features to ease operations

Some smart display features are included in the eQRH application, such as:
• The smart search function that displays only the procedures or checklists
that contain the searched word in their title.
• The shaded display of non-applicable exclusive conditions.
The QRH content was also reviewed for the A320 and A330/A340 families to
make it fully compatible with electronic display and operations. The objective
was to keep only the ‘need to know’ information and to have an ECAM-like
layout in the eQRH.
For example:
• The explanations that are not required for an immediate execution of the
procedures were removed. This information is kept in the FCOM/FCTM for
the crew to understand the procedural steps and intent, if necessary and
when time permits.
• The classification of the abnormal chapter of the QRH was reviewed to
reference aircraft systems rather than ATA chapters. This provides more
pilot-oriented information.
• The performance section was set as applicable to paper QRH only. As the
eQRH is meant to be associated with electronic performance computation,
this section is therefore not displayed by the eQRH.
30 FAST#60

• Hyperlinks were added in the procedures where reference to another

procedure or operational data is provided.
 eQRH

Accessibility
A rapid access mechanism is always The eQRH application and content went through extensive evaluations and
displayed to the flight crew to enable validations, with Airbus flight test pilots, Training expert pilots and Human Factors
quick access to some critical experts, in order to ensure a mature, operational and user-centric concept
procedures like the Emergency of operations.
Evacuation.
In addition, Airbus involved end-users from four airlines in the development of
This mechanism demonstrates to the the eQRH: Brussels Airlines, easyJet, South African Airways and Smart Lynx
aviation authorities that the access to Airlines. These airlines provided Airbus with very useful feedback that was taken
these specific procedures is even into account in the eQRH application.
faster than in paper operations.
Finally, the eQRH was evaluated by the European (EASA) and the American
(FAA) aviation authorities. Early 2017, both authorities provided their status
of satisfaction, respectively in the EASA Operational Evaluation Board (OEB)
Report and in the FAA Operational Suitability Letters (OSL). Airbus also validated
the eQRH application with the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC).
Having received validation by the aviation authorities, eQRH has been available
since March 2017 and has already been delivered to over 90 customers so far.

Link to the EASA

OEB report

*GLOSSARY

ECAM - Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring MEL - Minimum Equipment List

EFB - Electronic Flight Bag OEB - Operational Evaluation Board

eQRH - electronic Quick Reference Handbook OSL - Operational Suitability Letter

FCOM - Flight Crew Operating Manual PF - Pilot Flying

FCTM - Flight Crew Techniques Manual PM - Pilot Monitoring

FODM - Flight Ops Documentation Manager QRH - Quick Reference Handbook

LPC - Less Paper Cockpit SOP - Standard Operating Procedures

LPC-NG - Less Paper Cockpit – New Generation

CONCLUSION
The eQRH provides a new Flight Operations standard, moving to full electronic Flight Operations.
The eQRH is available today on the A320 and A330/A340 families. It is gradually being deployed
on all Airbus commercial and military aircraft, including the next Airbus helicopter: The H160.
As a long term objective, it will be upgraded to enable the management of other aircraft
manufacturers’ QRHs.
31 FAST#60
 Fleet-wide systems
maintenance
Priorities and status at a glance

Article by

Pascal CHABRIEL Nicolas ANDRE

Field Service Manager Subject Matter Expert
AIRBUS AIRBUS
pascal.chabriel@airbus.com nicolas.n.andre@airbus.com

Operators need to manage and follow up on numerous fault

messages and maintenance tasks with different priorities
across their fleet. Managing the sheer volume of tasks,
deciding how to prioritise them and following up on each
one’s status requires time and organisation.
Close on-site collaboration between an operator and its local
Airbus field service team resulted in an automated process
contributing to a significant improvement of the Operational
Reliability.
32 FAST#60
 Fleet-wide systems maintenance

The challenge for Maintenance Control Centres (MCC)

and fleet management
If too many repeat issues are left unattended for too long, there is an increasing
risk of combined failures and operational disruptions. Tracking down every fault
message assists in keeping an optimal OR. This is the permanent challenge for
an airline’s Maintenance Control Centre (MCC) which needs to monitor its fleet
and ensure all these faults are properly managed in a timely manner.
Nowadays, MCC teams have to cope with stringent aircraft schedules, short
transit times and aircraft operating away from the main base. At the same time,
the fleet may generate system fault messages which have different priorities,
inducing maintenance work in various statuses. In addition, with teams working
on shifts, engineers may not always have a complete overview of fleet health.
The accumulation of all these conditions makes it difficult for an MCC to achieve
its task.

Operational Reliability (OR)

OR is the percentage of revenue flights which depart and arrive without incurring
a delay. This is an indication of an aircraft’s profitability and a driver of passenger
satisfaction. Achieving the highest Operational Reliability is therefore a priority,
both for airlines and for Airbus. It is computed as follows:

DY + CN + IFTB + DV
OR% = ( 1 - ) x 100
TO rev
DY = Delay CN = Cancellation IFTB = In flight Turn Back DV = Diversion TO rev = Revenue Take-Off

Enhancing Operational Reliability:

The Qantas/Airbus cooperation
Together, Qantas and Airbus developed a plan to enhance the Operational
Reliability of the Qantas A380 fleet. One action was to integrate an Airbus Field
Service Representative (FSR) - see insert - into the Qantas MCC to optimise
fault management processes.
Following an auditing period during which the FSR worked alongside the MCC
engineers, the outcome showed that the MCC was struggling with tracking fleet
fault messages and managing the associated maintenance work. An automated
process seemed an ideal solution to optimise the task.

Airbus Field Service

The frontline contact for customers
Mission:
• Maintain high customer satisfaction
• Represent Airbus Customer Services to all levels of the airline
• Identify the airline’s technical priorities and other operational needs
• Facilitate at Entry-Into-Service
• Provide 24-hour technical assistance and AOG support
33 FAST#60

• Maintain highest level of customer relationship

• Ensure feedback to Airbus
 Fleet-wide systems maintenance

The Fault & Work Management (FWM) concept

The MCC workflow was first translated into a process whereby the ‘life’ of a fault and
its associated work were broken down into a series of statuses. This process provided
a second level of prioritisation in addition to the classification of the fault messages.

Workflow management process

Fault Work Work Work Fault

occurs launched assigned done fixed

Review Open Assigned Monitor Closed

The fault needs A work The work is The fault The fault
Work to be reviewed is launched planned disappeared disappeared
Status A work has MiS reference A target date Monitor during Monitor during Experience
to be launched is entered is defined 15 flights 15 flights capitalised

Fault
Message

Fault NOT RECEIVED in Post Flight Report If the fault remains after the work is done
Fault RECEIVED in Post Flight Report resume the process until the fault is fixed...

R O A M R O A M C

This process was transformed into an algorithm to develop a software solution

for implementation within the MCC. The programming language Visual Basic
and the platform Excel were chosen to develop a prototype, as they were readily
available on every workstation.

How the Fault & Work Management was applied

There were three basic requirements to meet the objectives of FWM:
- The application had to be fed with fault messages sent by the aircraft via
the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS).
This was achieved by connecting FWM to the AIRMAN-web database.
- Qantas maintenance information needed gathering. For this, an automatic routine
was created in the Qantas Maintenance Information System, which sent regular
updates maintenance actions and pilot reports to FWM.
- Last but not least, FWM had to work on a network so that all stakeholders
(MCC team members, fleet management, technical services…) could access
the data according to their profile. This was achieved by giving users access
to a shared FWM database installed on the Qantas network.
The FWM project involved teams from Airbus and Qantas, with support from their
respective programme and fleet management. The MCC and FSR teams collaborated
on the concept, design and development of the FWM application. The Qantas IT
department assisted with the network implementation and the interface with
the Maintenance Information System.
34 FAST#60
 Fleet-wide systems maintenance

To ensure successful integration into the Qantas MCC A380 process, the Human-
Machine Interface (HMI) was designed to fulfil end-user requirements. As it was
developed in close cooperation with Qantas MCC teams, it was exactly adapted
to their needs:
• Intuitive Fault & Work Management
• All information available in a single display
• One-click access to all functionalities
Intuitive
Fleet sweep Workflow Fault & Work
Customisation process management management
Fault dashboard
prioratisation

Toolbox Fleet Sweep Work Fault & Effect Messages Occurence Aircraft ATA Quick Views
Cockpit Pending Minor

? 12 3 Review Open ECAM Warning Class 4 Class 3

(Cabin)
One Off
Fleet A B C D E F All 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Fuel SATCOM PWS

Class 1 Timer > 600 FH

Assign Monitor G H IJ K L M N 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 SCS APU Bleed leak
(Cockpit effect)
Synchro Class 5 Class 6
AM Closed Ignore Class 0 Priority > Low
(Minor) Live
O P Q R S T U V 44 45 46 49 52 7i 8i 9i PCU Hyd filter NSS
(Unknown effect)

Timer ? Last Work

History getter
Att.
Aircraft Code Class Message Source & Event
( 15 Sectors )
Priority Date Status S Reference Date Information
VCS 1
VH-OQC 2121F3K1 5 FAN-RECIRC HP 4LD RH(300HG4) HIGH 88. 111888. 888888 29-Apr-16 R
(FWD)1
VH-OQC 2328F3M4 6 HDM-SATCOM 1(79RV1)
SATCOM 1
88. 288888. 888888 30-Apr-16 I BS NO ACTION 25-Dec-16 IGNORE

VH-OQE 2328F3M4 6 HDM-SATCOM 1(79RV1) SATCOM 1 2526. . 2526262622 30-Apr-16 I BS NO ACTION 25-Dec-16 IGNORE

VH-OQE 2474F2MF 0 DIR-CIDS 3(100RH3) SPDB 1 8787. 7878787878. 28-Apr-16 R

VH-OQE 2610F0EG 4 DIR-CIDS 3(100RH3) SDF0 609FH 1111. 1111111111. 28-Apr-16 M BrSa T00AAOAN 29-Apr-16

VH-OQE 5271F2N4 5 DIR-CIDS 3(100RH3) / AFDX NETWORK DSMS0 LOW 8888. 8888888118. 28-Apr-16 M BrSa T00AAOAN 29-Apr-16 REFER PREVIOUS T00A9D7Z 22APR16

VH-OQE 2851F2NV 5 P/BSW-FUEL /CROSSFEED 4(2804YM) EOMS 1 HIGH 2222. 22 22222222 30-Apr-16 R

Work information
(knowledge database
building) All follow-up
One click access to engineering, One click access Workflow Automatic information
maintenance and tech log information to flight report process stamp signature provided in
one single
display

The advantages of using Fault & Work Management

Once implemented, the FWM application was quickly adopted by the MCC teams
as it provided more efficiency and capacity inside their teamwork environment.
The FWM concept allows constant monitoring of work over time and across MCC shifts.
This concept also optimises work planning and prevents duplication. The filtering
dashboard enables MCC engineers to ‘sweep’ the fleet fault messages faster
and tackle them proactively according to priority. It was not long before the number
of open fault messages over the fleet was reduced and consequently kept down
to a manageable level.
The FWM concept fulfils the airline fleet management business objectives by
enhancing the management of maintenance actions and by reducing unnecessary
component removals and maintenance burdens. Above all, it enables increased
focus on fleet health and ultimately reduces the risk of operational disruption events,
hence assisting in maintaining an optimum Operational Reliability.
35 FAST#60
 Fleet-wide systems maintenance

Moving forward with fleet management

On top of the fleet-sweeping feature, which enables better tracking and efficient
management of issues, the FWM concept raises another question: How can
capitalising on experience be made easier for airlines?

Simplicity and efficiency - the keys to success

Capitalising on experience is a key aspect to improving operations, but remains Skywise is Airbus’ open aviation
complex to put in place and hard to maintain up-to-date. The main reason is the digital platform, aiming at centralising
human factor. Indeed, the task of logging experience can be seen as a short-term and analysing data coming from
waste of time if there is no direct added value or if it requires extra effort. the whole aviation ecosystem.
Knowledge is spread throughout the whole maintenance organisation, from Skywise provides a robust and
mechanics and engineers to the MCC; however, information may not be stored secured infrastructure coupled with
or it may be long to retrieve. This results in investigations and decisions relying best-in-class analytical environ­ments
exclusively on the experience of the maintenance team on duty, as opposed to and tools to explore and visualise
relying on the accumulated knowledge from the whole maintenance organisation. data. Some of the world’s most
innovative airlines are already
Experience may be available from different sources such as spreadsheets, locally benefiting from the platform to
developed applications, Maintenance Information Systems (MIS) or software such as support their cross-do­main digital
AIRMAN-web. Unfortunately, there is no link between all these sources of information operations (Maintenance, Flight
and no way to easily correlate both faults and work experience or to easily log Operations, Fleet manage­ment,
experience. Material management, Cabin,
In the case of the FWM concept, a direct benefit for end-users of the ‘log experience’ Passenger management, etc.).
function is that it facilitates their work with a direct and rapid positive impact.

The first steps

The FWM concept success story with Qantas and the interest raised by the airline
community have placed these principles at the core of future developments.
Now that the concept has been proven with a customer, Airbus is preparing it for
the market and is considering further opportunities to propose new ways to improve
fleet performance.
Airbus believes that, in order to bring more efficiency, such a capability must be
integrated into daily software where experience can be shared and accessed by
the whole maintenance organisation. In addition, such a concept could easily be
extended to cover the MCC activities with real-time data to ease decision-making.

FLEET SWEEP ?
WORK STATUS ? EVENT RANK ? OCCURENCE ?
1 2 3 A M R O A M C I W L 1 0 4 5 2 3 G P ONE OFF LIVE

FLEET SWEEP ?
WORK STATUS ? EVENT RANK ? OCCURENCE ?
1 2 3 A M R O A M C I W L 1 0 4 5 2 3 G P ONE OFF LIVE

The ‘Work Status’, the ‘Event Rank’

and the ‘Occurrence’ contribute to the prioritisation.
36 FAST#60
 Fleet-wide systems maintenance

11:22 AM John DOE

FLEET SWEEP ?
WORK STATUS ? EVENT RANK ? OCCURENCE ?
1 2 3 A M R O A M C I W L 1 0 4 5 2 3 G P ONE OFF LIVE

QUICK FILTERS ? ATA A/C A/C Type

FUEL SCS IPCU SATCOM APU HDYFDS PWS BL NSS ALL x ALL x ALL x

44 EVENTS & WORKS Search

A/C CL Title History Date Status Reference Date Information

3451 - XLB 23-Feb

FW-XXC L RH SIDE COCKPIT LOUDSPEAKER INDP 6 22:58 R

2051F736 - FQMS 2 23-Feb Fault is still present after wiring check.

FW-XXC I PROBE-OUTER TANK RIGHT(42QT2) 4 1 8 8 22:58 R T0045WY 12-Feb
Replace probe.

2051F73E - FQMS 2 23-Feb T000XY3M 25-Feb

FW-XXC I PROBE-VENT TANK RIGHT(44QT2) 4 1 8 8 22:58 A Check wiring to probe.

3471F00G - AESS0 23-Feb O

FW-XXC I RTU-1(75E1) / AESU-1(15E1) 4 1 8 88 22:58 TO0073XY Check wiring RTU/AESU.

3471F01M - AE550 23-Feb O TO0073XY

FW-XXC I AE5U-1(15E1) 4 2 1 2 2 2 22:58 Check wiring RTU/AESU.

3471F01N - AE550 23-Feb O TO0073XY Check wiring RTU/AESU.

FW-XXC W AE5U-2(15E2) 4 2 1 2 2 2 22:58

Event - PRM 23-Feb A WO123456 25-Feb Replace PRV

FW-XXC P ENG 2 PRV SLOW TO CLOSE 4 1 1 22:58

Future possibilities
Airbus is now fine-tuning the concept with real-time data on A320 and A330 Family
aircraft, with the participation of a low-cost airline in October 2017.
The FWM concept is now taken as a basic principle of the next AIRMAN starting
definition that will also benefit from the Skywise platform (see insert).
The combination of both the Skywise digital platform capabilities, and the experience
that could be captured on over 7,300 aircraft, could leverage and accelerate
decision-making for MCCs by providing ‘Advice for Dispatch’ and ‘Possible Causes’
prioritisation to improve fleet performance management.
From the initial integration in the MCC and back office support, the concept will be
extended thanks to Skywise to other areas such as structural issues, predictive
events, logbook entries and servicing.

CONCLUSION
To help an operator manage fault messages and corresponding maintenance tasks
across its fleet, Airbus developed a fault and work management function, thanks to
a collaborative effort between the operator and the local Airbus field service team.
The result was an automated prioritisation process which has facilitated fleet tracking
for the operator and has contributed to significant Operational Reliability improvement.
This function also presents advantages for other voluminous MCC data management
areas such as structural issues, predictive events, logbook entries and servicing. It is now
destined to be integrated in Airbus’ AIRMAN and Skywise digital platforms, bringing even
greater capabilities for fleet management in the future.
37 FAST#60
 FAST
There wouldn’t be any future
from the past

without the experience of the past.

A paperless cockpit?
Almost 100 years ago, this Junkers F13 cockpit may have been ‘no paper’ - it was also ‘no electronics’!
The primary navigational instruments were simply an airspeed indicator, an altimeter, a clock, and a compass.

Photo courtesy of Airbus Corporate Heritage

38 FAST#60
Around the clock, around the world

Airbus has more than 300 field representatives, based in over 130 cities

Technical, Material & Logistics

USA/CANADA Airbus Technical AOG Centre (AIRTAC) Spares In-Flight orders outside the Americas:
Tel: +1 703 834 3484 Tel: +33 (0)5 6193 3400 Tel: +49 (0)40 5076 4002
Fax: +1 703 834 3464 Fax:+33 (0)5 6193 3500 Fax: +49 (0)40 5076 4012
airtac@airbus.com ifd.spares@airbus.com
CHINA
Tel: +86 10 8048 6161 Ext. 5020 Spares AOG/Work Stoppage Spares related HMV issues outside the Americas:
Fax: +86 10 8048 6162 • Outside the Americas: Tel: +49 (0)40 5076 4003
Tel: +49 (0)40 5076 4001 Fax: +49 (0)40 5076 4013
FIELD SERVICE SUPPORT Fax: +49 (0)40 5076 4011 hmv.spares@airbus.com
ADMINISTRATION aog.spares@airbus.com
Tel: +33 (0)5 6193 3936 Spares RTN/USR orders in the Americas:
• In the Americas:
Fax: +33 (0)5 6193 4964 Please contact your dedicated customer spares
Tel: +1 70 3729 9000
account representative
Fax: +1 70 3729 4373
csr.na@airbus.com
aog.na@airbus.com

Training centres
Airbus Training Centre Airbus Training Centre Americas Training by Airbus Jakarta
Toulouse, France Miami, Florida - U.S.A. antoine.renaud@airbus.com
Tel: +33 (0)5 62 11 82 24 Tel: +1 (305) 871-3655 (switchboard)
or +33 (0)5 61 93 39 75 Fax: +1 305 871 4649 Airbus Asia Training Centre Singapore
Fax: +33 (0)5 6193 2094 miamicustomertrainingsales@airbus.com Tel: +65 6877 4300 (reception)
training.commercial@airbus.com contact.info.aatc@airbus.com
customercare.atc-europe@airbus.com Airbus Training Centre Beijing
Tel: +86 10 80 48 63 40 - 3017/3016 Airbus Mexico Training Centre
Airbus Maintenance + 86 10 80 48 65 Tel: +52 55 57 86 80 50
Training Centre (communication and marketing)
Hamburg, Germany Airbus Training Centre Bangalore training.commercial@airbus.com
Tel: +49 (0)40 7438 8288 Tel: 91-080-6638230 (reception)
Fax: +49 (0)40 7438 8598 Training by Airbus Korea,
training.commercial@airbus.com Airbus Training Centre Delhi Seoul, South Korea
atc.hamburg@airbus.com Tel: +91 9880065511 Tel: +82 (0)32 882 5425
andrew.rapson@airbuskorea.com
43 FAST#60

Training by Airbus Dubai,

UAE - Airbus Middle East FZE Dubai
Tel: +971 4 602 78 62
mary-knoll.garcia@airbus.com
39
THE GROUND.

FLY
WE MAKE IT
No matter how busy the flight, your
passengers will feel like they’re in a
world of their own thanks to our
beautifully designed Airspace cabins.
HD in-flight entertainment throughout,
quieter, and with soothing LED ambient
lighting, Airspace delivers first class
comfort for every passenger. And not
only is it available across our newest
widebody fleet, it’s also being rolled
out across our single aisle A320
family too.

Tranquility. We make it fly.