I1nT~) An American Nationat Standard

cn:urr
___ ~uJ. _
ItnWRNATIONAL
Designation: D 1066 - 97 (Reapproved 2001)

Standard Practice for

Sampling Steam 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1066; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
ongmal adoption or. in the case of revision. the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (£) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope o 5540 Practices for Flow Control and Temperature Control

1.1 This practice covers the sampling of saturated and for On-Line Water Sampling and Analysis]
superheated steam. It is applicable to steam produced in fossil
3. Terminology
fired and nuclear boilers or by any other process means that is
at a pressure sufficiently above atmospheric to establish repre- 3.1 Definitions:
sentative sample flow. It is also applicable to steam at lower 3.1.1 For definitions of tenns used in this practice, refer to
and subatmospheric pressures for which means must be pro- definitions given in Practice 0 I J 29.
vided to establish representative flow. 3.2 De;finitions (~l Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 For information on specialized sampling equipment, 3.2 .1 isokinetic sampling-a condition wherein the velocity
tests or methods of analysis, reference should be made to the of the sample entering the port or ports of the sample nozzle(s)
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 11.01 and 11.02, is the same as the velocity in the stream being sampled.
relating to water. 2 •3 3.2.2 sample cooler-a small heat exchanger designed to
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units provide cooling/condensing of small process sampling streams
are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, thc inch-pound of water or steam.
units are shown in parentheses. The values statcd in each 3.2.3 sampling- the withdrawal of a representative p011ion
system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system must of the steam flowing in the boiler drum lead or pipeline by
be used independently of the other. Combining values ti·om the means of a sampling nozzle and the delivery of this portion of
two systems may result in nonconfonnance with this specifi- steam in a representative manner for analysis.
cation. 3.2.4 saturated steam-a vapor whose temperature corre-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all ()l the sponds to the boiling water temperature at the pa11icular
safety concerns, il any. associated with its use. It is the existing pressure.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.5 superheated steam-a vapor whose temperature is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- above the boiling water temperature at the particular existing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. pressure.

2. Referenced Documents 4. Summary of Practice

2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 This practice describes the apparatus, design concepts
A 269 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic and procedures to be used in extracting and transpo11ing
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service4 samples of saturated and superheated steam. Extraction nozzle
A 335/A 335M Specification for Seamless Ferritic AlIoy- selection and applieation, line sizing, condensing requirements
Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service4 and optimization of flow rates are all described in detail.
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water3 Condensed steam samples should be handled in accordance
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water in Closed Conduits' with Practices D 3370 and 05540.

5. Significance and Use

, This practice is under the jurisdiction of AS 'I'M Committee D19 on Water. and 5.1 It is essential to sample steam representatively in order
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19_03 on Sampling of Water and to determine the amount of impurities, including moisture, in
Water-Formed Deposits, Surveillance of Water alld Flow Measurement of Water
it. An accurate measure of the purity of steam provides
Samples.
Current edition approved July 10. 1997. Published October 1997. Originally infonnation, which may be used to determine whether the
published as DI066-49T. Last previous edition Dl066-82 (1990). purity of the steam is within necessary limits to prevent
2 Annulil Book olAS1M Standard,. Vol 11.01.
damage or deterioration of subsequent equipment, such as
] Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Vol 11.02.
'Allnual Book 0./ ASTM Standard,. Vol 01.01.
turbines, etc. Impurities in the steam may be derived from

Copyrighl ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA t9428-2959, United States.

Copyright .by ASTM.Int'l (an ~ghts

reserved); Fri Aug 25 EDT 200604:59~54
Reproduction authonzed per LIcense Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 ~ D 1066 - 97 (2001)
WATER
DROPLETS

CASE 'A'
STEAM FLOW~ GREA TER THAN
ISOKINETIC
FLOW

WA TER
OROPLETS

CASE 'B'
LESS THAN
ISOKINETIC
FLOW

WATER
OR 0 PLETS
FIG. 1 Effect of Nono-Isokinetic Sampling

boiler water carryover, inefficient steam separators, natural salt decreased and the contaminants deposit on the inner surfaces of
solubility in the steam and other factors. the sample line (3). This condition has been found to be
prevalent only in regions of dry wall tube where the tempera-
6. Interferences ture of the tube wall exceeds the saturation temperature of the
6.1 Saturated Steam- Sampling of steam presents difficult steam.
extraction and transport problems that affect the representative- 6.2.1 Interferencc also occurs when the transport tube tem-
ness of the sample. perature is at or below the saturation temperature. The steam
6.1.1 Isokinetic sampling requires that the velocity of the loses superheat and dissolved contaminants deposit on the tube
fluid entering the sample nozzle port(s) is the same as the wall. The sample is no longer representative. Superheated
velocity of the stream being sampled at the location of the steam samples shall be cooled or desuperheated in the sample
sample nozzle. When the sample is not extracted isokinetically nozzle or immediately after extraction to ensure a representa-
the contaminants in the steam are not properly represented in tive sample. See 7.1.3.3 and 7.2.4.
the sample. The effects of non-isokinetic sampling are illus-
7. Materials and Apparatus
trated in Fig. I and can make the sample unrepresentative.
6.1.2 Traditionally, saturated steam samples with initial 7.1 Extracting the Sample:
steam velocities above Ilm/s (36f/s) were considered to 7.1.1 Saturated Steam- Since saturated steam is nomlally
provide adequate turbulent flow to ensure transport of most sampled as a two-phase fluid, made up of steam and small
particulates and ionic components. More recent studies (1)(2)5 droplets of water, isokinetic sampling shall be employed. Since
find that because many sample lines are long and uninsulated, steam velocities vary with boiler load it nonnally is not
steam samples are frequently fully condensed prior to reaching practical to sample isokinetically throughout the load range.
the sample station. Partially or fully condensed samples usually Normally, the load of interest is full load or a guaranteed
have a velocity too low to prevent excessive deposition and the overload. The sampling system shall be designed to provide
sample becomes nonrepresentative of the source. Detailed isokinetic sampling at this design load.
design of the sample line to control vapor and liquid velocity 7.1.1.1 At low velocities, the moisture in wet steam forms a
can minimize this interference but cooling of saturated steam film along the inside surface of the steam line that entrains
samples at the source is recommended to assure a representa- impurities (4). Table 1 shows the minimum steam flow required
tive sample. See Practice D 3370 for further information on for representative samples at various steam pressures.
factors that affect liquid sample transport. 7.1.2 Superheated Steam-Superheated steam is usually
6.2 Superheated Steam-Most contaminants can be dis- regarded as a single phase fluid. Unless particulates are being
solved in superheated steam. However as steam pressure and measured, isokinetic sampling is not required. Most impurities
temperature are reduced the solubility of many contaminants is in superheated steam are present in vaporous form and are
thoroughly mixed with the steam vapor. However, an oxide
layer forms on the steam side of superheater and reheater lines
5 The boldface numbers given in parenlheses refer lo a list of references at lhe
and gets thicker with increased service. Since the physical
end of this standard. properties of the oxide are different from the parent metal,

2
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59:54 EDT 2006
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 cO D 1066 - 97 (2001)
TABLE 1 Minimum Saturated Steam Line Conditions at Point of PIPE
Sampling It
Saturated Steam Pressure Minimum Steam Flow
pslg (kPa) ftls (m/s) I
100 (690) 195 (59.6)
200 (1379) 141 (42.8)
I 0.2 R
300 (2068) 114 (34.8) I
400 (2758) 95 (29.1)
500 (3447) 83 (25.3) I
700
1000
(4826)
(6895)
70
54
(21.2)
(16.6)
FLOW I
DIRECTION R PIPE
1500 (10342) 36 (11.0) I RADIUS
2000 (13790) 26 (7.9)
2500 (17237) 18 (5.5) I
2800 (19300) 13 (4.1)

FIG. 2 Single Port Nozzle

changing pressure and temperature cause the oxide layer to

information on port location, port sizing and internal passage
crack and exfoliate (3). The exfoliated material can retain
sizing for multi-port nozzles.
significant amounts of impurities, such as sodium, which can
be leached into the sample when the material contacts the 7.1.3.3 Sampling Nozzles for Superheated Steam-The
liquid phase of the sample (5) (6). nozzles described for use with saturated steam can also be used
for superheated steam. However, isokinetic sampling is nor-
7.1.2.1 Because the dissolved contaminants in high pressure
mally not required for superheated steam unless particulates
superheated steam deposit on the inner surfaces of the nozzle
and sample lines as the sample desuperheats, superheated arc measured.
steam samples shall be rapidly desuperheated or condensed 7.1.3.4 In order to minimize the deposition of contaminants
near the point of extraction. See 7.2.4. from superheated steam several experts currently recommend
7.1.3 Sampling Nozzles- Stratification of suspended solids injecting condensed and cooled. sample directly into the super-
in horizontal steam pipes can influence the composition of the heated steam sampling nozzle (1). Due to concern for induced
steam samples. To minimize the effects of stratification it is therma I stresses, few power plants have instaned nozzles with
recommended that steam sampling nozzles be located in long integral condensate injection. An acceptable alternative is to
vertical pipes. To ensure that all water droplets are carried in condcnse the sample immediately after extraction. See 7.2.4
the flow stream, downward flow is preferred. Nozzles which for sample line and condensing design criteria.
must be located in a horizontal pipe should be ncar the top of 7.1.3.5 Materials and Installation-Sampling nozzles shall
the pipe (1). Sampling nozzles can be either of a single port or be adequately supported and shall be designed to prevent
multipart configuration as specified or recommended by the failure due to flow-induced vibration, thermal stress cyeling
boiler manufacturer or design engineer. and other possible causes. Nozzles arc most often made of AISI
7.1.3.1 Single Port Nozzles-A single port nozzle which is 316 (7) or other austenitic stainless steel or alloy 600 (1)(6).
positioned at a known distance from the inner surface can also Weld joints used for dissimilar metals arc subject to high
be used when it is at a location where a predictable velocity thennal stresses due to diilerent coefficients of thermal expan-
gradient exists. Normally this would be at a location where sion. Care should be used in weld rod selection and inspection
fully developed turbulent flow exists which enables the deter- of all dissimilar metal weld joints.
mination of velocity at any location in the steam line. Single 7.1.3.6 Sample ports shall be drilled cleanly, using the
port nozzles are most frequently located at a distance from the standard drill size nearest to the calculated port diameter. The
pipe wall where the actual velocity equals the average velocity, port inlet ends shall not be chamfered or rounded, and the
~pically 0.2 R of the pipe (1)(6). Fig. 2 depicts this typical outlet ends shall be free of burrs. The smallest recommended
smgle port nozzle. This type of single port nozzle can be easy p011 diameter is 3.18 mm (I/R) in. Port diameters of less than
to install and provides good results at a reasonable cost. Fig. 3 2.38 mm (-Y31) in. are subject to plugging and shall not be used.
shows another single port nozzle used to sample saturated Total port area shall be determined to maintain isokinetic
steam in superheater supply tubes. sampling in the nozzle p0l1(S) at the desired sampling rate and
7.1.3.2 Multi-Port Nozzles-Multi-port nozzles which design steam load.
sample at various locations across the pipe cross section can 7.1.3.7 At least one shut off valve (commonly referred to as
also be used. These nozzles may be used only at locations a root valve) shall be placed immediately after the point from
where the velocity profile across the pipe can be detennined which the sample is withdrawn so that the sample line may be
(1). Ports shan be located so that each port samples from an isolated. In high pressure applications two root valves arc often
equal fraction of the cross-sectional area of the pipe being used. The valve(s) selected should be rated for the pressure/
sampled. Since the steam velocity varies across the pipe temperature of the sample source.
section, each p0l1 diameter must be sized to result in isokinetic 7.2 Transporting the Sample:
sampling with the proper fraction of sample conccted from 7.2.1 General-Sample lines should be designed so that the
each port. Table 2 and Fig. 4, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6 detail sample remains representative of the source. See 6.1 and 7.1.1.

Copyright .by ASTM.Int'! (all~ghts

reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59~54
EDT 2006
Reproduction authonzed per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 ~ D 1066 - 97 (2001)

ENLARG(O SECTION A-A

NOTE I-Sampling nozzle shall be centered on superheater supply tube.

FIG. 3 Steam Sampling Nozzle, Single-Port Type

TABLE 2 Calculations for Steam Sampling Nozzles for Lines 6 in. (152 mm) and Larger, Equal Size Ports, Unequally Spaced
Nominal pipe size In. em
Do = Pipe OD In. em
0, = Pipe ID In. em
T = Pipe wall thickness In. em
N = Total number of ports
Radii of port circles:
',=(0,12) y'fTliI In. cm
,,=(0,12) y"JTlii in. cm
'3=(0,12) yIOTN in. cm
F = Flow rate of fluid through pipe Iblh mls
f = Flow rate of total sample extracted Iblh mls
A = = o'!
Traverse area of pipe 0.7854 in.2 cm'
a = =
Total port area AfiF in2 em'
in.A cm
d = Diameter of ports = yalO.7854N Use drill Use drill
in. cm
b = Diameter of nozzle bore =~ Use drill Use drill

Aport diameter shall be not less than 0.0625 in. To increase the port diameter, increase the flow rate of sample extracted, or if this is not practical, decrease the number
of ports.

"NO PORT MOLES TO

BE ON SAMf t
AND SHA.~ LIN E
SlOt Of TUBE, NOZZH.
TO BE INSTAolLED WITH
PORTS FACING flOW
OF STEAM

ITEAM PIPE" PLUG

END CONNECTION
TO BE COMPATI8U;: BOHE HOLE IN
WITH SAMPLING
LINE '4taUIREMENlS APPROXIMATE LV
BORE. PORT!;, SEt:. NOTES a020" LAAGER
THAN SHAM LINI:
00

NOTE I-The design, materials, construction, welds, heat treatment, and non-destructive test requirements shall be in accordance with all applicable
codes. The dimensions given are only a b'Uide and should be checked for each case.
NOTE 2-For actual inside pipe diameters of 51 mill (2 in.) to 152 mm (6 in.) inclusive, the number of sampling POlts shall be four (4).
NOTE 3-Sampling ports shall be cleanly drilled. using a drill of proper size. The entrance end shall not be chamfered. The bore of the sampler shall
be reamed after ports are drilled to insure that all burrs are removed.
NOTE 4--The bore of the nozzle and tap size of the ports shall be in accordance with calculated data (Fig. 6). The ports shall face steam flow, and the
diameter of each port shall not be less than 1.5875 mm (\1'6 in.).
NOTE 5-As a guideline, the first mode natural frequency of vibration of the sampling nozzle should be at least 25 % above the exciation frequency.
NOTE 6--The sampling nozzle shall not occupy more than 25 % of the cross-sectional area of the stearn pipe.
FIG. 4 Steam Sampling Nozzle, Multiport Type for Line Internal Diameters from 51 mm (2 in.) through 152 mm (6 in.)

They shall be as short as feasible and of the smallest practi- requirements are met to prevent structural failure. Small tubing
cable bore to facilitate flushing, minimize conditioning require- is vulnerable to mechanical damage and should be protected.
ments, reduce lag time and changes in sample composition, and 7.2.1.1 Traps and pockets in which solids might settle shall
provide adequate velocity and turbulence. The designer is be avoided, since they may be partially emptied with changes
responsiblc for ensuring that applicable structural intcgrity in flow conditions and may result in sample contamination.

4
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59:54 EDT 2006
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 o 01066 - 97 (2001)
11'11"' ~ MIN IMUM f'll_Ln
LOCAtiON MARK "X"
AND POAT HOLES TO
RF ON SAME ~_ AND
SIDf. 01- lUIJE , NOZZLE
TO BE INS1ALlEDW ITH
ponTS FACING HOW
or· STEA M

END CONNECTION
TO liE COMPA n8L~
WITH SAMPLING HaRE · pOlns. SloE: NOTES
LINE AEaUIA£MENTS

fe--- - J - 1Iii21111 mIn .6'· , - - - -.oj

N02:.lLf 00

______~--------~---='ND-fES--~
_ _'_Nr._.H_FS
un. .! - )19 1-2 S-9/16 _ 13 JIB INCl 266.'/ 105 ... II II(AVY PIPF
34 13. 1 - SlO) ,!) 1:1 -7/16 ·20 1!01 INCL
3"
e,'59 fI lnO.1 20 -ri/1 Fi 28 SI8 INCL !jOB ,.
1288 I) - 9 144.0 28-" 1116 - 36 INCl 635

NOTE 1-·- The design, materials, construction, welds, heat treatment, and non-destructive test requirements shall be in accordance with all applicable
codes. The dimensions given are only a b'1.lide and should be checked for each case.
NOTE 2- Sampling ports shall be cleanly drilled, using a drill of proper size. The entrance end shaH not be chamfered. The bore of the sampler shall
be reamed after ports are drilled to insure that all burrs are removed.
NOTE 3- The bore of the nozzle and tap s ize of the ports shall be in accordance with calculated data (Fig. 6). The ports shall face steam flow. and the
diameter of each port shall not be less than 1.5875 mm (0.0625 in.).
NOTE 4 - As a guideline, the first mode natural frequency of vibration of the sampling nozzle should be at least 25 % above the exciation frequency.
NOTE 5- ·--lnsert sample probe into steam line so that probe penetrates hole on opposite side to proper depth. Check penetration by measuring through
plug hole from outside of steam line or top of weld path to end of probe.
NOTE 6- lnsert plug until probe is reached, withdraw 1.5875 ('/ ", in.) and weld to steam line.
N OTE 7- The sampling nozzle shall not occupy more than 25 % of the cross-sectional area of the steam pipe.
FIG. 5 Steam Sampling Nozzle, Multiport Type for Line Internal Diameters Larger than 152 mm (6 in.)

...
.... IM)l olMl ft IllOrP'll " I . _

"
- - . . : , - - - - ' - -- -,---,! ~ low points are avoided, thus preventing particulates from
collecting. Expansion loops or other means shall be provided to
prevent undue buckling and bending when large temperature
changes occur. Such buckling and bending may damage the
lines and allied equipment. Routing shall be planned to protect
sample lines from exposure to extreme temperatures.
7 .2.2 Materials-The material from which the sample lines
are made shall confonn to the requirements of the applicable
specifications as follows: Specification A 335 for pipe and
"/-- ..,----.----,--
... Specification A 269 for tubing.
" 7.2.2.1 For sampling steam, the sampling lines shall be
made of stainless steel that is at least as corrosion resistant as
18 % chromium, 8 % nickel steel (AISI 304 or 316 austenitic
stainless steels are commonly used (7».
7.2.3 Saturated Steam- Many power generating stations
.. cool their steam samples at a central sampling station, most
- »
frequently located in the chemistry laboratory. This practice
, . , ~. has resulted in many sampling lines exceeding 400 ft (120 m)
in length and in samples being unrepresentative of the source.
FIG. 6 Radii of Circles for Dividing a Circular Pipe into Annuli of This mcthod requires strict adherence to detailed design of the
Equal Areas sample line to maintain condensed liquid sample velocity. See
7.2.3 . 1 and 7.2.3.2. The preferred method to sample saturated
Sample tubing shall be shaped so that sharp bends, dips, and steam is to condense the sample as near to the source as is

5
Copyright by ASTM lnt'l (all rights reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59:54 EDT 2006
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 cO D 1066 - 97 (2001)
possible then size the condensate portion of the line to maintain Areas of tubing that are liquid at one flow rate have two phase
the recommended liquid velocity in accordance with Practice flow at a higher flow rate. Calculations show that flow rate
D 3370. changes of about 10 % can cause velocity changes by a factor
7.2.3.1 Long Steam Sample Line Phenomena-A saturated of two or three in regions near the fully condensed length. This
steam sample originates at the sampling nozzle as vapor with region experiences 'slug' flow with fluctuating velocities
entrained liquid droplets (2). As flow proceeds down the tube, which tends to scrub previously deposited material from the
heat loss from the outside tube surface causes a liquid film to wall. Similarly decreased flow reduces the condensing length
form on the inside surface of the tube. The liquid film moves with liquid flow occupying portions oftubing which previously
down the tube at significantly slower velocity than the steam had 'slug' or 'bubbly' flow. Therefore, constant sample line
vapor. The surface of the liquid has moving waves that vary flow should be maintained or results should be interpreted
with the liquid and vapor velocities. If the steam velocity is accordingly.
sufficiently high then droplets of liquid are entrained into the 7.2.4 Superheated Steam-Superheated steam samples
moving steam from the wave crests. Simultaneously droplets originate at the sample source as a single phase fluid with
carried by the steam flow impinge on the liquid film and dissolved contaminants. See 6.2 for a detailed discussion of the
become entrapped in it. The film thickness gradually increases problems in getting representative superheated steam samples.
with additional condensation. When the film reaches sufficient To minimize loss of contaminants superheat shall be removed
thickness the flow develops to slug or churn flow where large in the sample nozzle or the sample condensed immediately
bubbles of stearn flow faster than the accompanying liquid and after extraction. If the sample is condensed immediately after
bypass the liquid between the bubbles. Gradually the size of extraction, the sample cooler must be sized to fully condense
the bubbles decreases until all stearn condenses and single and sub cool the sample to avoid the potential to reheat the
phase liquid flow results. If the sample line is short then all sample above saturation as it flows through downstream
phases may not be encountered (2). The tenn ' condensing sample tubing. Also, the sample line and exterior appurte-
length' refers to the length of tube where the entire steam nances of the sample nozzle, must be insulated to avoid any
sample has condensed. desuperheat prior to condensation of the sample. Note: if the
7.2.3.2 A second scenario can also occur with saturated sample is only desuperheated it will behave in the same manner
steam samples. When the steam velocity entering the sample as saturated steam samples discussed previously until fully
line is high, then pressure drop can altcr the flow characteristics condensed.
of the sample. High steam velocity is accompanicd by high 7.3 Sample Cooler or Condenser:
pressure drop. The high pressure drop results in expansion of 7.3.1 Sample coolers or condensers used for steam sample
the stearn which causes higher stearn velocity with higher condensation should be capable of reducing the incoming
incremental pressure drop. This condition causes a compound- sample temperature to within 10°F (5.6°C) of the cooling water
ing effect of both increased velocity and increased pressure inlet temperature at sample flows that are sufficient to provide
drop. Depending upon the stearn pressure a saturated stearn a representative sample. See 6.1, 7.1.1 and 7.2.3. Cooling water
sample can deviate from the saturation curve and enter the requirements should be as low as possible to minimize water
superheat region. These conditions do not nonnally exist at consumption, therefore high efficiency sample coolers are
pressures above 500 psig (35 Bar). Combined eyele plants with recommended. The tube through which the sample will flow
multiple pressure heat recovery stearn generators typically shall be one continuous piece and shall extend completely
produce steam at pressures less than (35 Bar) 500 psig. These through the cooler without defonnation and so there is no
samples will experience extremely high pressure drop, which possibility of sample contamination or dilution from the
can be maintained only for shorter sample tube lengths cooling water. The tube shall be of sufficient strength to
(typically less than 200 ft (60 m)), unless the inside diameter of withstand the full pressure and temperature of the steam being
the sample line is adequately sized for the pressure. See 8.2.1. sampled.
7.2.3.3 Steam Sample Line Sizing-Sample lines for satu- 7.3.2 The cooler or condenser tube shall be made of
rated stearn can best be designed by using computer programs stainless steel that is at least as corrosion resistant as 18 %
because of the multiple iterations required to optimize the line chromium - 8 % nickel steel. Specific water chemistry could
size(s). The computer programs can determine heat loss and dictate different materials for improved corrosion resistance,
pressure drop for any flow condition. It can then detennine for example, Alloy 600 for high chlorides. The diameter of the
changes resulting from expansion or differing flow regimes in tube shall be as small as practicable based on representative
a two phase flow model. This sizing is critical to obtaining a sample flows so that storage within the coil is low and the time
representati ve samp Ie6 . lag of the sample through the cooler is minimal. See Practice
7.2.3.4 Sample Flow Rate---- A change in flow rate of a D 3370 for further infonnation on sample coolers.
saturated stearn sample results in a change in velocity at the
stearn inlet proportional to the change in flow rate. However, it
8. Other Requirements
also produces a change in the condensing length. The various
regions of two phase flow then shift along the sample line. 8.1 When sampling saturated steam from a boiler drum or
header arranged with multiple tubular connections to a super-
heated header, samples shall be taken from selected tubes at
h A Iwo phase flow compuler program developed by Senlry Equipment Corp. has
regularly spaced points. A single-port sampling nozzle installed
been found suitable for this purpose. in individual tubes (see Fig. 3) is preferable to the multi-port

6
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59:54 EDT 2006
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);
 ~ D 1066 - 97 (2001)
nozzle. Some boiler manufacturers provide internal sample problems. For steam samples at pressures below 20 Bar (300
collection piping to facilitate steam drum sampling (1). psig), the sample shall be condensed near the source and either
8.2 When the steam to be sampled is at a pressure high analyzed there or pumped to a central analyzing location.
enough above atmospheric pressure (typically 35 Bar (500 8.2.2 Atmmpheric and Subatmospheric Steam Samples-A
psi g» to provide an adequate sample flow rate, the extraction small sample pump capable of low net positive suction head
of the sample usually presents no problem. At lower and (NPSH) may be used to draw these types of steam samples
subatmospheric pressures, special provisions may be required through a sample cooler to condense it prior to being pumped
to establish sample flow and to deliver a flowing or batch to a sample container or analytical instrument. Care should be
sample. Several methods of providing sample flow may be taken in selecting the wetted materials of the pump and its
employed as follows: sealing mechanism to avoid contamination of the sample. See
8.2.1 Low Pressure Steam Samples-Due to the significant Practice D 3370. Other methods of withdrawing the sample to
difference in the density of steam at lower pressures, substan- draw it through the sample cooler can also be acceptable, for
tially greater velocities with accompanying pressure drop can example, ejector. It is virtually impossible to assure represen-
occur in the sample transport piping/tubing. Care must be taken tative sample velocities for these conditions.
to properly size the transport piping/tubing to avoid excessive
pressure drop. See 7.2.3.1. Steam samples from boilers used
9. Keywords
for industrial processes, utility boiler reheaters, and intermedi-
ate and low pressure steam drums in combined cycle heat 9.1 isokinetic sampling; sample cooler; sampling; sampling
recovery steam generators usually present difficult transport nozzles; saturated steam; superheated steam

REFERENCES

(I) Coulter, E., "Sampling Stearn and Water in Thermal Power Plants," Purity Measurement caused by Deposition of Impurities in Sampling
Electric Utility Workshop, University of Illinois, March 1988. Lines", Proceedings (~f'the American Society for Testing and Maleri-
(2) Rommelfaenger, E., "Design Criteria for Steam Sample Lines", als, Vol 61, 1961, pp 1386-1395.
presented at EPRI Fourth Inlernational Conference on Cycle Chem- (6) Jonas, 0., Mathur, R. K., Rice, J.K., and Coulter, E.E., "Development
istry in Fossil Plants, September 1994. of Steam Sampling", EPRI Research ProjecI27IZ-8, June 1991.
(3) Stringer, J., "Steamside Oxidation and Exfoliation", McMaster Uni-
(7) Steel Products Manllal: Stainless and Heat Resisting Steels, American
versity, May 4-5, 1983.
(4) Goldstein, P. and Simmons, F.B., "An Experimental Investigation of Iron and Steel Institute, December 1974.
Factors Which Influence the Accuracy of Steam Sampling-Series II", (8) Guideline Manual on Instrumentation and Control jor Fossil Plant
Proceedings of the American Power Conf'erence, Vol. XXVI, 1964. Cycle Chemistry, Electric Power Research Institute, April 1987, EPR]
(5) Cobb, R.Y., and Coulter, E.E., "The Prevention of Errors in Steam CS-5164.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of allY patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Inlernational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor DnVe. PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States, Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of Ihis standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

7
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Fri Aug 25 04:59:54 EDT 2006
Reproduction authorized per License Agreement with Junichiro Terashita (Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd.);