Design Standards and Specifications

Design Standards and Specifications
The Standards used in the design are as per the National Structural Code of the
Philippines and Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015.
A. Loadings
1. Combinations of Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 203.3)
Strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions
thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored
loads.
1.4(D+F)
1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(LR or R)
1.2D + 1.6(LR+R) + (f1L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(LR or R)
1.2D + 1.0E+ f1L
0.9D + 1.6W + f1L + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
2. Dead Loads
Dead loads are constant load with value depends on the weight of all materials or
members involved in a structure. This members includes wall, roof, ceilings, stairways,
cladding finishes, floor and other architectural and structural items incorporated in one
building.
The minimum standard design dead loads are presented in Table 204-1 and 204-2 of
the National Code of the Philippines 2015 edition.
3. Live Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 205)
Live loads are loads that are determined through the function and occupancy of the
building. Loads include the weights of all temporarily placed items on the structure. All
loads shall be maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case
shall be less than the loads required by this section. (NSCP 2015 Section 205.1)
The minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads are presented in Table 205-1 of
the National Structural Code of the Philippines.
4. Wind Load
Wind load is the most significant consideration in the computation of a structure’s
stability. The velocity used in a computations depends on the location of the structure.
Since the location of the project is in Batangas province, it is classified as Zone II with a
velocity of
For the main wind force resisting system: Determine Ps for the horizontal pressures
which is the combination of the windward and leeward net pressures and shall be
determined by the following equations:
Ps = λKZTIwPs9
The net design wind pressure, Pnet, for the components and cladding of buildings
shall be determined by the following equation:
Pnet = λKztIwPs9
5. Seismic load
B. Reinforced Concrete
1. Design Assumptions for Moment and Axial Strength (Code Section 422.2)
a) Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section.
b) Strain in concrete and non-prestressed reinforcement shall be assumed
proportional to the distance from neutral axis.
2. Design Assumptions for Concrete
a) Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be
assumed equal to 0.003.
b) Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial strength
calculations.
c) The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be
represented by rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that results
in prediction of strength in other substantial agreement with results of
comprehensive tests.
d) Equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
i. Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over
an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section
and a line parallel to the neutral axis located a distance α from the fiber
of maximum compressive strain, as calculated by:
𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐
ii. Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral
axis, c, shall be measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
iii. Values of 𝛽1 shall be in accordance with:

a. 17 ≤ f’c ≤ 28, 𝛽1 = 0.85
0.85(𝑓’𝑐−28)
b.28 < f’c < 55, 𝛽1 = 7
c. f’c ≥ 55, , 𝛽1 = 0.65
3. Axial Load Capacity of Columns
For a columns that are exposed to purely axial load, the nominal load Pn that it
can carry is the sum of the strength of concrete and the strength of steel. In equation,
it can be presented as:
𝑃𝑛=0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔−𝐴𝑠𝑡 +𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is
multiplied by 0.80 for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the
ultimate axial strength of the column is expressed as ΦPn ( NSCP: Φ = 0.65 for tied
columns and Φ = 0.75 for spiral columns).
4. Reinforcement Details (NSCP Section 425)
a) Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement (NSCP 425.2)
i. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear
spacing shall be at least the greatest of 50mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.
ii. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestal, struts and boundary
elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest
of 40mm, 1.5db, and (4/3)dagg.
b) Standard Hooks Inside bend Diameter

i. Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension shall
conform to Table 425.3.1 (NSCP 2015).
ii. Minimum inside bend diameter for bars used as transverse reinforcement
and standard hooks for bars used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals
shall conform to Table 425.3.2 (NSCP 2015). Standard hooks shall
enclose longitudinal reinforcement.

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Design Standards and Specifications

Philippines and Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015.

1. Combinations of Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 203.3)

1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(LR or R)

1.2D + 1.6(LR+R) + (f1L or 0.8W)

1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(LR or R)

1.2D + 1.0E+ f1L

0.9D + 1.6W + f1L + 1.6H

0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

the National Code of the Philippines 2015 edition.

3. Live Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 205)

the National Structural Code of the Philippines.

Wind load is the most significant consideration in the computation of a structure’s

determined by the following equations:

shall be determined by the following equation:

a) Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section.

b) Strain in concrete and non-prestressed reinforcement shall be assumed

proportional to the distance from neutral axis.

2. Design Assumptions for Concrete

a) Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be

assumed equal to 0.003.

b) Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial strength

c) The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be

represented by rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that results

in prediction of strength in other substantial agreement with results of

d) Equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution

i. Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over

an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section

of maximum compressive strain, as calculated by:

axis, c, shall be measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.

iii. Values of 𝛽1 shall be in accordance with:

c. f’c ≥ 55, , 𝛽1 = 0.65

3. Axial Load Capacity of Columns

it can be presented as:

𝑃𝑛=0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔−𝐴𝑠𝑡 +𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is

columns and Φ = 0.75 for spiral columns).

4. Reinforcement Details (NSCP Section 425)

a) Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement (NSCP 425.2)

i. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear

spacing shall be at least the greatest of 50mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.

ii. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestal, struts and boundary

of 40mm, 1.5db, and (4/3)dagg.

b) Standard Hooks Inside bend Diameter

conform to Table 425.3.1 (NSCP 2015).

shall conform to Table 425.3.2 (NSCP 2015). Standard hooks shall

enclose longitudinal reinforcement.

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