E Rathakrishnan Gas Dynamics Solutions

Solutions Mannual for the fourth edition of
Gas Dynamics
Ethirajan Rathakrishnan
Preface
This manual gives the detailed solution for all the problems given at the end
of different chapters of the 3rd edition of Gas Dynamics. My sincere thanks to
my doctoral and masters students who helped me in checking and keying in the
solutions of this manual.
My sincere thanks to the Continuing Education Centre of Indian Institute of
Technology Kanpur for the financial support to prepare this manual.
E Rathakrishnan
i
ii
Contents
1 Some Preliminary Thoughts 1
2 Basic Equations of Compressible Flow 3
3 Wave Propagation 23
4 One-Dimensional Flow 25
5 Normal Shock Waves 79
6 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves 119
7 Potential Equation for Compressible Flow 157
8 Similarity Rules 161
9 Two Dimensional Compressible Flows 165
10 Prandtl-Meyer Flow 169
11 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer 173
12 MOC 205
13 Measurements in Compressible Flow 207
iii
Chapter 1
Some Preliminary Thoughts
1
2 Some Preliminary Thoughts
Chapter 2
Basic Equations of
Compressible Flow
2.1 In the reservoir, the air is at stagnation state. So, the entropy relation
would be ! " ! "
T02 p02
s2 − s1 = cp ln − R ln
T01 p01
But, T01 = T02 for adiabatic process. Therefore,
! "
p01
∆s = R ln
p02
! "
p01
= R ln 1 = R ln 2
2 p01
= 198.933 J/(kg K)
Note: It should be noted that, for entropy only subscripts 2 and 1 are used;
since entropy is not defined like static or stagnation entropy.
2.2 Let the initial state be denoted by subscript 1 and expanded state by sub-
script 2.
(a) Since the cylinder is insulated, preventing any heat transfer what-so-ever,
the process is adiabatic. The governing equation for this process is given by
p1 Vγ1 = p2 Vγ2 = constant (1)
Also, from ideal gas state equation
p1 V1 p2 V2
= =R (2)
T1 T2
3
4 Basic Equations of Compressible Flow
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

! "γ ! "γ/(γ−1)
p1 V2 T1
= =
p2 V1 T2
Therefore,
#
T2 = T1 10(γ−1) = 557.35 K
∆T = − 842.65 K
(b) $ $ $ $
Work = pdv = dh − du − vdp (3)
Also,
pv γ = constant from equation (1)
Differentiating equation (1), we have,
pγv γ−1 dv + v γ dp = 0
Dividing throughout by v γ−1 and integrating, we get

$ $
pγdv + vdp = 0
$
vdp = −γw (4)
Substituting equation (4) in equation (3) and simplifying, we get
(1 − γ) w = R∆T
R∆T 287 × (−842.65)

w = =
1−γ (−0.4)
= 6.04 × 105 J/kg
Note: Since the process undergone is expansion from a high pressure, the work
removed is positive, i.e, work is done by the gas.
(c) Also, from equation (1)

! "γ
p1 V2
= = 101.4 = 25.1189
p2 V1
Therefore, The pressure ratio = 25.1189

5
2.3 p1 v1γ = p2 v2γ , where v is specific volume, i.e. volume per unit mass = V/m.
Therefore, ! "γ ! "γ
V1 V2
p1 = p2
m1 m2
Also, V1 = V2 = V = volume of the tank.
! "γ
m2
p 2 = p1
m1
! "1.4
1
= 5 × 105 ×
2
= 1.8946 × 105 Pa
From equation of state for a calorically perfect gas,

p1 ρ1 T1
=
p2 ρ2 T2
! "! "
p2 m1
T2 = T1
p1 m2
! "
1.8946
= × 2 × 500
5
= 378.92 K
2.4 ! "γ/(γ−1)
p1 T1
=
p2 T2
(a) Therefore,
! "(γ−1)/γ
p2
T2 = T1
p1
= 61/3.5 × 290 = 483.868 K
The change in the temperature is
∆T = T2 − T1 = 483.868 − 290
= 193.868 K
(b) By first law of thermodynamics, we have
du + d(pe) + d(ke) = dq + dw
Here, velocity changes are neglected. Therefore,

d(ke) = 0
Also, assuming
d(pe) = 0
The first law of thermodynamics reduces to
du = dq + dw
But the process is isentropic, thus dq = 0. Therefore,
du = dw = cv ∆T = 717.5 × 193.868
= 1.39 × 105 J/kg
(c) The work done is negative, i.e. work is done on the gas. It has been
computed in (b) above.
2.5 Work done by the weight on the piston goes towards increasing the internal
energy of the gas. From the first law of thermodynamics
E2 − E 1 = Q + W
where, E, Q, and W are respectively the internal energy, heat transfered, and
work done. Since no heat is transfered, Q = 0. Therefore,
$
E2 − E1 = W = F . ds
where, F is force and ds is distance. At the new equilibrium position, the force
acting on the piston face is F = p2 Ap , Ap is the area of the piston face. The
distance traveled by the piston is ds = (V1 − V2 )/Ap , V1 and V2 are the initial
and final volumes. Thus we have,
E2 − E1 = p2 . Ap (V1 − V2 )/Ap
= −p2 (V2 − V1 )
For unit mass,
e2 − e1 = −p2 (V2 − V1 )
For calorically perfect gas, e = cv T . Therefore
! "
RT2 RT1
cv (T2 − T1 ) = −p2 −
p2 p1
! "
c v T2 T2 p2
−1 = − +
R T1 T1 p1
T2 % cv & cv
1+ = + λ (where λ = p2 /p1 )
T1 R R
7
cv 1
But = . Thus,
R γ−1
γ T2 1
= λ+
γ − 1 T1 γ−1
T2 1 + (γ − 1)λ
=
T1 γ
Entropy change for a perfect gas can be written as

! " ! "
T2 p2
∆s = cp ln − R ln
T1 p1
' ( ) γ *
∆s 1 1 + (γ − 1)λ γ−1
= ln
R λ γ
' ( ) γ *
1 1 + (γ − 1)λ γ−1
s2 − s1 = R ln
λ γ
Let λ = 1 + $, where $ # 1. Therefore,

+ ,
∆s γ 1 + (γ − 1)(1 + $)
= ln − ln(1 + $)
R γ−1 γ
+ ,
γ 1 + γ − 1 + $(γ − 1)
= ln − ln(1 + $)
γ−1 γ
+ ,
γ γ−1
= ln 1 + $ − ln(1 + $)
γ−1 γ
Expanding the RHS, and retaining only upto second order terms, we get,
+ , ! "
∆s γ γ−1 (γ − 1)2 2 $2
= $− $ − $ −
R γ−1 γ 2γ 2 2
γ−1 2 $2 $2 $2 $2
= $− $ −$+ =− + +
2γ 2 2 2γ 2
$2
=
2γ
Note: Work has been done by the weight which is equal to p2 Ap on the gas.
The weight has moved by a distance of ds. Therefore, ∆E = W . ds = p2 Ap . ds.
2.6 Since it is an open system,
Work done = −cp (T2 − T1 )

! "
T2
= −cp − 1 T1
T1
-( ) γ−1 .
p2 γ
= −cp − 1 T1
p1
% &
= −1004.5 × 21/3.5 − 1 × 303
= − 66.66 kJ/kg
2.7 Work done is given by
W = p (V2 − V1 ) = 101325 × 6 (2 − 0.3)
= 1.0335 MJ
since 1 atm = 101325 Pa.
2.8 The compression process is given as isentropic. Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer
to initial and final states, respectively. By isentropic process relation, we have
p1 p2
=
ργ1 ργ2
! "1/γ ! "1/1.3
p2 690
ρ2 = ρ1 = × 1.5
p1 150
= 4.85 kg/m3
2.9 As we know, the relation between temperature and pressure for isentropic
change of state may be written as
! "(γ−1)/γ
T2 p2
=
T1 p1
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial and final states, respectively.
! "0.4/1.4 ! "0.286
p2 7
T2 = T1 = 298
p1 1
= 519.9 K
9
2.10 By isentropic relation,

! "(γ−1)
T2 v1
=
T1 v2
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial and final states and v is specific
volume. For air γ = 1.4.
Therefore,
! "0.4
v1
T2 = T1
v2
0.4
= (30 + 273.15) (30) = 1181.7 K
= 908.55◦ C
γ γ−1
2.11 (a) We have cp = R, therefore, the gas constant R = cp
γ−1 γ
0.4
R= × 1000 = 285.7 J/(kg K)
1.4
Also,
Ru 8314
R=
=
M M
where M is the molecular weight and Ru is universal gas constant. Thus,
8314
M= = 29.1
285.7
(b) By ideal gas state equation, we have
p1 V1 = mRT1
p2 V2 = mRT2
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to initial and final states, respectively. But
p1 = p2 and therefore,
V2 T2 50 + 273.15 323.15
= = =
V1 T1 200 + 273.15 473.15
= 0.683
2.12 For an ideal gas, the speed of sound a may be expressed as

/
a = γRT
where γ is the ratio of specific heats and R is the gas constant. For the given
gas,
R = Ru /M = 8314/29 = 286.7 J/(kg K)
Therefore,
/
400 = γ × 286.7 × 373.15
4002
γ = = 1.5
286.7 × 373.15
The specific heat cp and cv can be written as
γ
cp = R
γ−1
R
cv =
γ−1
Therefore,
cp = (1.5/0.5) × 286.7
= 860.1 J/(kg K)
cv = 286.7/0.5
= 573.4 J/(kg K)
Note: The ratio of specific heats γ = cp /cv . For the present case γ = 1.5 =
860.1/573.4 is correct. This way the answer obtained for cp and cv may be
checked.
2.13 At the nozzle exit, V = 390 m/s and T = 28 + 273.15 = 301.15 K. The
corresponding speed of sound is
/ √
a = γRT = 1.4 × 287 × 301.15
= 347.85 m/s
Thus,
V 390
M = =
a 347.85
= 1.12
11
By isentropic relation, we have

T0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
T 2
= 1 + 0.2 × 1.122 = 1.25
T0 = 1.25 × 301.15 = 376.44 K
= 103.29◦ C
For the flow, the stagnation temperature is T0 = 376.44 K.
The static temperature T = 92.5◦ C = 92.5 + 273.15 = 365.65 K

T0 376.44
= = 1.03 = 1 + 0.2 M 2
T 365.65
Thus,
0.03
M2 = = 0.15
0.2
M = 0.387
This is the Mach number at the station where temperature is 92.5◦ C.
2.14 For hydrogen, the gas constant R = 8314/2.016 = 4124 J/(kg K).

! "(γ−1)/γ
T2 p2
=
T1 p1
! "0.286
1
= = 0.573
7
Therefore,
T2 = 0.573 × T1
= 0.573 × 300 = 171.9 K
By energy equation, we have

V22
h2 + = h1 , since V1 = 0
2
V22 = 2 (h1 − h2 )
But h = cp T , therefore,
0
V2 = 2cp (T1 − T2 )
γ 1.4
cp = R= × 4124
γ−1 0.4
= 14434 J/(kg K)
Thus,
/
V2 = 2 × 14434 (300 − 171.9)
= 1923 m/s
The speed of sound is given by

/ √
a2 = γRT2 = 1.4 × 4124 × 171.9
= 996.23 m/s
Thus,
V2 1923
M2 = = = 1.93
a2 996.23
The mass flow rate is given by
ṁ = ρ2 A2 V2
p2
ρ2 = , by state equation
RT2
101325
ρ2 = , since 1 atm =101325 Pa
4124 × 171.9
= 0.143 kg/m3
Thus,
ṁ = 0.143 × 10 × 10−4 × 1923
= 0.275 kg/s
2.15 The given process is a polytropic process with index n = 1.32. Since air
is given as an ideal gas with constant specific heats, we have from isentropic
relations the change of entropy as
! " ! "
T2 p2
T1 p1
13
For a polytropic process,

! " n−1
T2 p2 n
=
T1 p1
Combining these two equations, we obtain
+ ! " , ! "
n−1 p2
s2 − s1 = cp − R ln
n p1
γ
since cp = R for an ideal gas, the above equation may be written as
γ−1
! "
(n − γ) R p2
s2 − s1 = ln
n (γ − 1) p1
With the given data,

γ−1 0.4
R= cp = × 1004 = 287 J/(kg K)
γ 1.4
Therefore,
(1.32 − 1.4) 287 1100

s2 − s1 = ln
1.32 × 0.4 101
= −103.8 J/(kg K)
Note: Since the entropy of the gas decreases for this internally reversible process,
heat must be removed from the gas. This is why the cylinder used for such a
compression process is usually water jacketed. Also, we know that the entropy of
the system and surrounding cannot decrease. But in this problem, the entropy
decreases. It should be noted that, what decreases is entropy of the system
alone and not the combined entropy of the system and surrounding.
2.16 For oxygen, molecular weight M = 32. The gas constant R = 8314/32 =
259.8 J/(kg K). Therefore,
γ
cp = R = 909.3 J/(kg K)
γ−1
cp
cv = = 649.5 J/(kg K)
γ
The increase in internal energy is
%u = cv (T2 − T1 ) = 649.5 (125 − 25)
= 64950 J/(kg K)
The increase in enthalpy is
%h = cp (T2 − T1 ) = 909.3 (125 − 25)
= 90930 J/(kg K)
2.17 Let the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inlet and exit states. At state 1, p1 =
100 kPa,
ρ1 = 1.175 kg/m3 . Therefore,
p1 100 × 103
T1 = = = 296.5 K
Rρ1 287 × 1.175
At state 2, p2 = 500 kPa, ρ2 = 5.875 kg/m3 . Therefore,
p2 500 × 103
T2 = = = 296.5 K
Rρ2 287 × 5.875
Assuming air to be a perfect gas, the enthalpy difference is given by
h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 ) = cp (296.5 − 296.5)
= 0
2.18 The entropy change is given by
δq
ds =
T
where δq is the reversible heat addition per unit mass.
For an ideal gas
δq = dh − vdp
where dh is the enthalpy change and dh = cp dT
δq = cp dT − vdp
Using the above relation, we get
dT v
ds = cp − dp
T T
By state equation pv = RT ,
v R
=
T p
15
Therefore,
dT R
ds = cp − dp
T p
Taking log of state equation and differentiating, we get
dT dp dv
= +
T p v
dT
Substituting for is ds expression, we obtain
T
! "
dp dv dp
ds = cp + −R
p v p
dv dp
ds = cp + (cp − R)
v p
But cp − cv = R, cp − R = cv . Thus,
dv dp
ds = cp + cv
v p
For an isentropic change of state, we have
dv dp
0 = cp + cv
v p
dv dp
cp = −cv
v p
cp dv dp
= −
cv v p
cp
But = γ. Therefore,
cv
dv dp
γ =−
v p
Integrating both sides, we get
γ ln v = − ln p + constant
ln p + ln v γ = constant
ln (pv γ ) = constant
or
pv γ = constant
2.19 For an isothermal process, the change in entropy %s is given by

! "
p1
%s = s2 − s1 = R ln
p2
where the subscripts 1 and 2 stand for the initial and final states, respectively.
By state equation
p1 V1 = mRT1
p2 V2 = mRT2
But T1 = T2 , therefore, p1 V1 = p2 V2 = mRT2 . Hence,
p1 V1 0.7 × 106 × 0.014
p2 = =
V2 0.084
= 0.117 MPa
Thus, the change of entropy is
! " ! "
p1 0.7
%s = R ln = 287 ln
p2 0.117
= 513.4 J/(kg K)
2.20 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to initial and final states, respectively.
For process 1 p2 = 700 kPa.
By state equation, we have

p1 V = mRT1
p2 V = mRT2
Therefore,
p2 700
T2 = × T1 = × 308.15 = 616.3 K
p1 350
The change in entropy is given by
! " ! "
T2 p2
%s = cp ln − R ln
T1 p1
For air cp = 1004.5 J/(kg K) and R = 287 J/(kg K). Thus,
! " ! "
616.3 700
%s = 1004.5 ln − 287 ln
308.15 350
= 497.33 J/(kg K)
17
For 0.3 kg of air,

%s = 0.3 × 497.33 = 149.2 J/K
For process 2
pV1 = mRT1
pV2 = mRT2
Therefore,
V2
T2 = × T1
V1
Initial volume is given by
mRT1 0.3 × 287 × 308.15

V1 = = = 0.0758 m3
p 350 × 103
0.2289
T2 = × 308.15 = 930.55 K
0.0758
The entropy change is given by
! " ! "
T2 930.55
%s = cp ln = 1004.5 ln
T1 308.15
= 1110.163 J/(kg K)
For 0.3 kg of air,

%S = 0.3 × 1110.163 = 333 J/K
2.21 Given flow is adiabatic and frictionless and therefore, isentropic.

V12 V2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
For perfect gas h = cp T , thus,
V12 V2
c p T1 + = cp T2 + 2
2 2
For air cp = 1004.5 J/(kg K). Therefore,
9002 3002
1004.5 × 273.15 + = 1004.5 T2 +
2 2
Solving this, we get T2 = 631.54 K. Therefore, the temperature increase becomes
%T = T2 − T1 = 631.54 − 273.15
= 358.39 K

! " γ−1
γ
p2 T2
=
p1 T1
Thus,
! "3.5 ! "3.5
T2 631.54
p2 = p1 = 140 = 2631 kPa
T1 273.15
= 2.631 MPa
%p = p2 − p1
= 2.491 MPa
2.22 For nitrogen, R = Ru /M = 8314/28 = 297 J/(kg K).
For reversible process, the change in entropy may be expressed as

! " ! "
T2 p2
%s = cp ln − R ln
T1 p1
But T2 = T1 , therefore,
! " ! "
p2 300
%s = − R ln = − 297 ln
p1 100
= − 0.3263 kJ/(kg K)
Note: We know that the entropy of the system and surrounding cannot decrease.
But in this problem, the entropy decreases. It should be noted that, what
decreases is entropy of the system alone and not the combined entropy of the
system and surrounding.
2.23 By isentropic relation,

! " γ−1
γ
p2 T2
=
p1 T1
19
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to initial and final states. That is,
! " γ−1
T2 p2 γ
=
T1 p1
! " 0.4
p2 1.4
T2 = T1
p1
! "0.286
550
= 300 = 475.4 K
110
The change in enthalpy is (h2 − h1 ), and h = cp T . Therefore,
h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 )
γ
Also, cp = R and R = 287 J/(kg K), for air.
γ−1
1.4
cp = × 287 = 1004.5 J/(kg K)
0.4
Thus,
h2 − h1 = 1004.5 (475.5 − 300)
= 176.19 kJ/kg
2.24 Let the initial and final states of air are designated by subscripts 1 and 2,
respectively.
By perfect gas state equation, we have
p1 V = mRT1
p2 V = mRT2
Dividing one by other, we get

p1 T1
=
p2 T2
The change in entropy for a perfect gas is given by
! " ! "
T2 p2
%s = cp ln − R ln
T1 p1
! "
T2
= (cp − R) ln
T1
Given,
T1 = 50 + 273.15 = 323.15 K
T2 = 125 + 273.15 = 398.15 K
γ
cp = R = 1004.5 J/(kg K)
γ−1
Thus,
! "
398.15
%s = (1004.5 − 287) ln
323.15
= 149.75 J/(kg K)
2.25 By energy equation, we have
V2
h0 = h +
2
where subscript 0 refers to stagnation condition. Assuming air to be a perfect
gas, we can express h = cp T . Therefore,
V2
c p T0 = cp T +
2
V2
T0 − T =
2 cp
From standard atmosphere table, at 10000 m, T = 223.15 K. Therefore, the

speed of sound becomes
/ √
a = γ R T = 1.4 × 287 × 223.15
= 299.436 m/s
The flight speed is
V = M a = 2 × 299.436 = 598.872 m/s
Thus, the temperature becomes
598.8722
∆T = T0 − T =
2 × 1004.5
= 178.52
21
2.26 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial and final states. Given,
v1 = 0.06 m3 , T1 = 15◦ C = 288.15 K, v2 = 0.12 m3 , p 1 = p2
By perfect gas state equation,

pv = RT
Therefore,
T1 T2
=
v1 v2
since p1 = p2 .
Thus,
T1 288.15
T2 = v2 = × 0.12 = 576.3 K
v1 0.06
= 303.15◦ C
Chapter 3
Wave Propagation
23
24 Wave Propagation
Chapter 4
One-Dimensional Flow
4.1 Total temperature at “1” is T01 = 300 K. This much temperature is required
as static
temperature at the test-section. Therefore,
TT = 300 K
T0T γ−1 2
= 1+ M
TT 2
T0T 0.4
= 1+ × 2.52
300 2
T0T = 675 K
Hence, the temperature rise required,
∆T = T0T − TT = 675 − 300
= 375 K
4.2 Let the test-section conditions be denoted by subscript 2, and the sonic con-
ditions by
superscript *.
T02 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
T2 2
373
= 1 + 0.2 × 22
T2
T2 = 207.2 K
25
26 One-Dimensional Flow
Further, since we know that

T∗
= 0.8333
T0
T∗ = 373 × 0.8333 = 310.82 K
√
a∗ = 1.4 × 287 × 310.82 = 353.4 m/s = V ∗
p0 = 3.12 × 101325 = 3.16 × 105
p0
ρ0 =
RT0
3.16 × 105
=
287 × 373
= 2.95 kg/m3
ρ∗
= 0.634
ρ0
ρ∗ = 1.8703 kg/m3
ṁ = ρ∗ A∗ V ∗
= 1.8703 × 80 × 10−4 × 353.4
= 5.288 kg/s
4.3 Let subscripts 0, 1, and e refer to stagnation state and states at the nozzle en-
trance and
exit, respectively. We know that,
Te
= 0.8333
T0
This gives,
293
T0 = = 351.6 K
0.8333
Also,
T0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
T1 2
27
351.6
T1 =
1 + 0.2 × 9
= 125.57 K
pe
= 0.5283
p0
0.8
p0 = = 1.5143 atm
0.5283
! " γ−1
γ
p0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
p1 2
1 23.5
= 1 + 0.2 × 32
1.5143
p1 =
36.73
= 0.04123 atm
√
Ve = ae = 1.4 × 287 × 293 = 343.11 m/s
Ae = 40 × 10−4 m2
pe
ρe =
RTe
0.8 × 101325
= = 0.964 kg/m3
287 × 293
ṁ = ρe Ae Ve
= 0.964 × 40 × 10−4 × 343.11
= 1.323 kg/s
Note: It should be noted that the calculation made with equations for pressure,
density, and temperature in the problem can also be done using gas tables. In
fact that procedure will result in considerable time saving.
4.4 Given,
A1 = 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.24 m2
A∗ = 0.3 × 0.4 = 0.12 m2
A2 = h2 × 0.4 = 0.4 h2 m2
M2 = 2.5
T2 = − 10◦ C
p2 = 0.15 atm
For M2 = 2.5, isentropic table gives
A2 T2
= 2.6367 and = 0.4444
A∗ T02
This gives,
A2 = 2.6367 × 0.12 = 0.3164 m2
Thus,
0.3164
h2 =
0.4
= 0.791 m
263
T02 =
0.4444
= 592 K
A1 0.24
= =2
A∗ 0.12
A1
From subsonic part of isentropic table, for A ∗ = 2, we get
T1
M2 = 0.3 and = 0.9823
T01
For isentropic flow, T01 = T02 . Therefore,
T1 = 0.9823 × 592
= 581.5 K
/
V1 = M1 a1 = 0.3 γ R T
= 145 m/s
29
4.5 For M1 = 0.5, from isentropic table, we have

p1
= 0.84
p0
Therefore,
p2 p2 p1 1.0
= × = × 0.84
p0 p1 p0 6.5
= 0.129
For p/p0 = 0.129, from isentropic table, we have
M2 = 2.0
A∗
= 0.6
A2
Mass flow rate is given by
3
γ
ṁ = ρ1 V1 A1 = p1 M1 A1
RT1
3
1.4
= 6.5 × 101325 × 0.5 × 0.016 ×
287.4 × 440
= 17.54 kg/s
4.6 If p0 is the stagnation pressure and A∗ is the critical throat area,

p∗ 1 2−3.5
= 1 + 0.2M 2
p0
! "3
A 1 5 + M2
=
A∗ M 6
With these relation we obtain,
! "−3.5
p1 1 + 0.2M12
=
p2 1 + 0.2M22
! "3
A1 M2 5 + M12
=
A2 M1 5 + M22
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to entrance and throat of venturi. Substituting

proper values into the above two relations, we get
! "−3.5
1.5 1 + 0.2M12
=
1.2 1 + 0.2M22
! "3
4 M2 5 + M12
=
3 M1 5 + M22
! "3.0
M2 1 + 0.2M12
=
M1 1 + 0.2M22
These two simultaneous equations can be solved to get M1 and M2
! "3.0/3.5 ! "−3.0
1.5 1 + 0.2M12
=
1.2 1 + 0.2M22
! "3.0/3.5
4 1.5 M1
=
3 1.2 M2
Therefore,
! "6/7
M2 4 5
= = 1.61
M1 3 4
! "−3.5
5 1 + 0.2M12
=
4 1 + 0.2M22
From above two equations, we get,
M1 = 0.46
M2 = 0.74
4.7 p0 is the total pressure and p∞ is the static pressure.

1 2
q∞ = ρV
2
p0 − p∞ = 490 mm of Hg = 0.653 × 105 Pa
p∞ = (0.35 + 1.0132) × 105 = 1.3632 × 105 Pa
p0 = (0.653 + 1.3632) × 105 = 2.0162 × 105 Pa
T0 = 25◦ C = 298 K
31
Therefore,
! "0.286
p∞
T∞ = T0
p0
! "0.286
1.3632
= 298 × = 266 K
2.0162
But,
1 2
2
T0 = T∞ 1 + 0.2M∞
2 T0 − T∞ 298 − 266
M∞ = = = 0.602
0.2T∞ 0.2 × 266
M∞ = 0.776
/ √
a∞ = γRT∞ = 1.4 × 287 × 266 = 326 m/s
V∞ = 253 m/s
4.8
pi = 1.0 atm T1 = 290 K
pf = 6.0 atm
For isentropic compression, we have

! "γ ! " γ−1
γ
p2 ρ2 T2
= =
p1 ρ1 T1
(a)
! " γ−1
γ
Tf pf 0.4
= = (6) 1.4 = 1.67
Ti pi
Tf = 290 × 1.67 = 484 K
∆T = 484 − 290 = 194 K
(b) Change in the internal energy is given by,

287
de = cv dT = × 194
0.4
= 1.39 × 105 (N m)/kg

(c) Since the process is isentropic, from first law of thermodynamics, we have
de = δq + δw, and δq = 0. Hence, work imparted to the air becomes,
δw = δe = 1.39 × 105 N m/kg
4.9
/
a = γRT = 347.21 m/s
180
M = = 0.518
347.19
The maximum pressure that can be achieved is the isentropic stagnation pres-
sure. Therefore,
! " γ−1
γ
p0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M = 1.201
p 2
p0 = 1.013 × 105 × 1.201 Pa
= 1.217 × 105 pa
4.10 (a) The critical pressure ratio for the sonic condition at the nozzle exit is
p∗
= 0.528
p0
If the nozzle is choked, then
p2 = p∗ = 0.528 × 6.895 × 105
= 3.64 × 105 Pa
since, p2 > patm , the flow is choked. Hence, the pressure in the exit plane is
p2 = p∗
(b) The minimum stagnation pressure for choked flow occurs when
p2 = p∗ = patm
Thus,
p∗ patm
p0min = = = 1.92 × 105 Pa
0.528 0.528
33
(c) For p0 = 1.724 × 105 Pa, p∗ = 0.528 × p0 = 0.91 × 105 Pa. Since p∗ < patm
flow will not be choked. Further, subsonic flow is always correctly expanded,
hence,
p2 = patm = 1.014 × 105 Pa
4.11 Let the reaction force acting on the diffuser be R. Then,

R + p1 A1 − p2 A2 = ṁV2 − ṁV1
R = ṁ(V2 − V1 ) − (p1 A1 − p2 A2 )
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to diffuser inlet and exit, respectively. Given,
p1 = 0.35 × 105 Pa, V1 = 200 m/s, T1 = 230 K, ṁ = 25 kg/s
From the given data, we get

p1 0.35 × 105
ρ1 = = = 0.53 kg/m3
RT1 287 × 230
ṁ 25
A1 = = = 0.236 m2
ρ1 V1 0.53 × 200
200
M1 = √ = 0.66
1.4 × 287 × 230
From isentropic table for M1 = 0.66, we have
p1 T1
= 0.7465, = 0.9199
p01 T01
Thus,
0.35 × 105
p01 = = 0.468 × 105 Pa
0.7465
230
T01 = = 250 K
0.9199
For M2 = 0.2, from isentropic table, we have
p2 T2
= 0.9725, = 0.9921
p02 T02
p2 = 0.9725 p01 (since for isentropic flow p01 = p02 )
= 0.45 × 105 Pa
T2 = 0.9921 T01 = 248 K
√
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.2 1.4 × 287 × 248 = 63 m/s
Therefore,
R = 25 × (63 − 200) − (0.35 × 105 × 0.236 − 0.45 × 105 × 0.5)
= −10.815 kN
4.12 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to entrance and exit of the tank. By energy
equation we have,
1 1
cp T1 + u21 = cp T2 + u22
2 2
u22 − u21 4 × 104 − 1 × 104

T1 − T2 = =
2cp 2 × 1004
≈ 15◦
T2 = T1 − 15◦
4.13
Work
u1 u2
Figure S4.13 Schematic of the work delivering machine.
Work delivered per unit mass is given by
u21 − u22
+ cp (T1 − T2 ) = work delivered
2
Given,
T1 = 373 K u1 = 200 m/s
T2 = 288 K cp = 1004 (N m)/(kg K)
Using this we get,
u22
20000 − + 1004 × 85 = 100000
2
35
u22
20000 − + 85340 = 100000
2
u2 = 103.3 m/s
When the machine is idling,
u22
= 20000 + 85340 = 105350
2
u2idling = 459 m/s
4.14 Let jets “1” and “2” be denoted by the subscripts 1 and 2, and let T0
denote the temperature in the reservoir. For q = 0, adiabatic energy equation
gives,
! 2 " ! 2 "
u2 u1
m + c p T2 + m + cp T1 = 2mcp T0
2 2
This gives,
T1 + T2 u2 + u22
T0 = + 1
2 4cp
(1 + 9) × 104
= 300 +
4 × 1004
= 324.9 K
4.15 Let T0 denote the temperature in the tyre. Since the process is adiabatic,
we have
u2
cp T + = c p T0
2
u2
cp (T0 − T ) =
2
u2 = 2cp (T0 − T )
√
u = 2 × 1004 × 37
= 272.57 m/s
4.16 At 15000 m, we have

T = −56.5◦ C = 216.5 K
p = 1.206 × 104 Pa
/
Speed of sound a = γRT
√
= 1.4 × 287 × 216.5
= 294.94 m/s
Speed of the airplane is,
1000
u = 800 km/hr = 800 ×
3600
= 222.22 m/s
This gives the Mach number as
u 222.22
M = =
a 294.86
= 0.753
(a) Maximum possible temperature of the airplane skin will be the stagnation
temperature, at the nose of the airplane. Thus, it is the total temperature of
the air,
T0
= 1.1134
T
T0 = 1.1134 × 216.5
= 241.05 K
(b) Maximum possible pressure that can be felt by the airplane cannot ex-
ceed the stagnation pressure. This will be felt at the place where air comes to
complete rest, i.e., at the nose of the airplane and other similar places. Thus,
p0
= 1/0.6866
p
1.206 × 104
p0 =
0.6866
= 1.756 × 104 Pa
37
(c) Critical velocity of air relative to the airplane is

3
2
a∗ = a0
γ+1
√ √
∗ γRT0 γRT0
a = √ = √
1.2 1.2
= 284.1 m/s
(d)
3
2
Vmax = ao
γ−1
3
γ+1 ∗
= a
γ−1
√
Vmax = 6a∗
= 695.9 m/s
4.17
M = 0.6
Area = A
Figure S4.17 Schematic of convergent channel.
ṁ = ρAV
p /
= A M γRT
RT
3 3
γ p T0 1
= p0 √ MA
R p0 T T0
From the problem and theory we know that,

p
T0 = 550 K = 0.7840
p0
T
p0 = 2 × 105 Pa = 0.9328
T0
3
T0
ṁ = 29.188 kg/s = 1.0354
T
3 4
γ γ
M = 0.6 =
R cp γ−1
γ
γ
= /
cp (γ − 1)
1.4
= √ = 0.0694
1017 × 0.4
This gives
ṁ
A = /γ 0
p T0 √1
R p 0 p0 T T0
M
= 0.10125 m2
4.18
1 m2
2m2
Ae = 4 m 2
At the mouth of the duct
p = patm = 1.013 × 105 Pa
T0 = 288 K (at sea level)

39
(a) Maximum mass flow rate is given by
1 p
ṁmax = √ 0 A∗
24.741 T0
1 1.013 × 105
= √ ×1
24.741 288
= 241.26 kg/s
(b)
Ae A∗
= 4, = 0.25
A∗ Ae
For this area ratio, from isentropic table, we get

pe
Me = 2.94, = 0.0298
p0
pe = 0.0298 × 1.013 × 105 Pa
= 3018.7 Pa
4.19
p, T, ρ
A∗
M =2
1 m2
Here we have to find ṁ, p∗ , T ∗ , ρ∗ , A, p, T , and ρ.
p0 7 × 105
ρ0 = = kg/m3
RT0 287 × 313
= 7.8 kg/m3
0.6847 × p0 A∗
ṁ = √
RT0
= 1599.133 kg/s
Fluid properties at the throat
T∗
= 0.8333 =⇒ T ∗ = 261 K
T0
p∗
= 0.5283 =⇒ p∗ = 3.7 × 105 Pa
p0
ρ∗
= 0.6339 =⇒ ρ∗ = 4.944 kg/m3
ρ0
For the test-section Mach number 2, from isentropic table, we have

T
= 0.5556 =⇒ T = 173.9 K
T0
p
= 0.1278 =⇒ p = 8.946 × 104 Pa
p0
ρ
= 0.2300 =⇒ ρ = 1.794 kg/m3
ρ0
A 1
= =⇒ A = 1.6875 m2
A∗ 0.5926
4.20
60 m/s
245 m/s
1
Figure S4.20 Schematic of divergent channel.
V1 = 245 m/s V2 = 60 m/s

p1 = 1 × 105 Pa T1 = 300 K
ṁ = 13.6 kg/s
(a)
p1 1 × 105
ρ1 = =
RT1 287 × 300
= 1.1614 kg/m3
/
a1 = γRT1 = 347.2 m/s
41
245
M1 = = 0.7056 ≈ 0.706
347.2
p1
= 0.7171 =⇒ p0 = 1.39 × 105 Pa
p0
T1
= 0.909 =⇒ T0 = 330 K
T0
ṁ 13.6
A1 = = m2 = 0.0478 m2
ρ1 V1 1.614 × 245
1
A1 = πD12 =⇒ D1
4
= 0.2467 m
(b) At the outlet, the energy equation is

V22
c p T2 + = c p T0
2
Therefore,
V22 602
T2 = T0 − = 330 − = 328.2 K
2cp 2 × 1004
/
a2 = γRT2 = 363.1 m/s
V2
M2 = = 0.165
a2
For M1 = 0.706, A1 /A∗ = 1.09 and for M2 = 0.165, A2 /A∗ = 3.57. Thus gives
A2 = 0.1566 m2 and D2 = 0.4465 m
(c) The rise in static temperature is T2 − T1 = 28.2 K
4.21
p02 = 2.0 × 105 Pa
p1 = 0.15 × 105 Pa
By Rayleigh supersonic pitot formula,

% &1/(γ−1)
2γ 2 γ−1
p1 γ+1 M 1 − γ+1
= 1 γ+1 2 2γ/(γ+1)
p02 M
2 1
! "γ/(γ−1)
p02 γ+1 2 1
= Mi % &1/(γ−1)
p1 2 2γ 2 γ−1
γ+1 M1 − γ+1
' * γ−1
1
γ+1 2
γ+1 2 2 M1
= M1 2γ 2 γ−1
2 γ+1 M1 − γ+1
p1 p1
Select M1 and calculate p02 for given p1 . Check that p01 is less than p02 .
Trial and error method gives M1 = 3.16 . Also, check p02 /p01 calculated with
normal shock relation and isentropic relation agree exactly. For this problem
p02 /p01 = 0.286.
4.22
ṁmax = 241 kg/s
A
= 3
A∗
For this area ratio from isentropic table, M = 2.64. This is the Mach number
just upstream of the shock. Let the conditions just upstream and downstream
of the shock be represented by subscripts 1 and 2. From Normal shock table,
for M1 = 2.64, we have
p02 p2
M2 = 0.5 = 0.4452 = 7.9645
p01 p1
Therefore,
p02 = 0.4452 × p01 = 0.4452 × 1.0133 × 105 = 45110 Pa
A2
= 1.3398
A∗2
Therefore,
A2 3
A∗2 = = = 2.239 m2
1.3398 1.3398
Ae 4
= = 1.786
A∗2 2.239
Ae
From isentropic table, for = 1.786, we have
A∗2
Me = 0.35
pe
= 0.9187
p0e
43
But p0e = p02 . Therefore,
pe = 0.9187 × 45110
= 41442.5 Pa
4.23
p1 = 0.7 × 105 Pa
T1 = 300 K V1 = 240 m/s
2
A1 = 0.15 m V2 = 120 m/s
(a)
p1
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = A1 V1
RT1
0.7 × 105
= × 0.15 × 240
287 × 300
= 29.26 kg/s
(b)
/
a1 = γRT1 = 347.5 m/s
V1
M1 = = 0.69
A1
Thus,
p1
= 0.72735
p01
T1
= 0.9131
T01
p01 = 0.9624 × 105 Pa
T01 = 328.6 K
Thus, stagnation pressure at the exit p02 = p01 = 0.9624 × 105 Pa.
(c) From (b) above, the stagnation temperature at the exit is T02 = T01 =
328.6 K
(d)
1
cp T2 + V22 = c p T0
2
V22 1202 )
T2 = T0 − = 328.6 − = 321.4 K
2cp 2 × 1004
/
A2 = γRT2 = 359 m/s
V2
M2 = = 0.334
A2
p2
= 0.9257
p02
Therefore, the static pressure at the exit is p2 = 8.91 × 105 Pa
(e) Entropy change across the diffuser is zero since the flow is isentropic.
A1 A2
(f ) For M1 = 0.69, A∗ = 1.1018, and for M2 = 0.334, A∗ = 1.850. This gives
the exit area,
A2 A∗
A2 = A1 = 0.252 m2
A∗ A1
4.24 The pressure, density, and temperature in the settling chamber can be
taken as stagnation quantities. Therefore,
p0 = 1.014 × 105 Pa, ρ0 = 1.44 kg/m3 , T0 = 35 + 273 = 308 K
Since the effects of viscosity is neglected, the flow in the working section can be
treated
as isentropic. For M = 0.8, from isentropic table, we have
p ρ T
= 0.656, = 0.740, = 0.886
p0 ρ0 T0
Hence,
p = 0.656 p0 = 0.656 × 1.014 × 105
= 0.665 × 105 Pa
ρ = 0.740 ρ0 = 0.740 × 1.144
= 0.847 kg/m2
45
T = 0.886 T0 = 0.886 × 308
= 273 K
4.25
Shock
1 2
M1 = 3
Ath
Ae
Figure S4.25 Schematic of convergent-divergent channel.
Given,
Ae
= 11.91, M1 = 3.0
At
M1 = 3.0 gives, M2 = 0.4752 downstream of the normal shock, and pp02 01
=
0.3281. This gives, p02 = 2.2981 × 105 Pa. Since the flow is adiabatic, T02 =
T01 = 500 K. And since the flow is isentropic between the downstream of the
normal shock and the nozzle exit, T0e = T02 , and p0e = p02 .
A1 A1 A2
For M1 = 3.0, A ∗ = A
t
= 4.2346, and for M2 = 0.4752, A ∗ = 1.390(from
1 2
isentropic table). Also, since the shock is very thin, the area before and after
the shock can be taken as the same, i.e. A1 = A2 . Therefore,
! "
A Ae
=
∗
A e A∗2
Ae At A2
=
At A1 A∗2
= 3.9094
Me = 0.15
Te
= 0.9955
T0e
pe
= 0.9844
p0e
Thus,
pe = 2.2623 × 105 Pa
Te = 497.8 K
4.26
M = 2.5 p0 = 7 × 105 Pa
Ats = 1 m2 T0 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
(a) For M = 2.5 we have,

A
= 2.637
A∗
A∗ = 0.38 m2
(b)
T∗
= 0.833
T0
T∗ = 0.833 × 300 = 249.9 K
= − 23.1 ◦ C
(c)
V
M =
a
/ √
a = γRT = 20.04 × T = 231.5 m/s
V = M a = 578.75 m/s
(d)
ṁ p0 1
= √ × A
A 24.743 T0 A∗
7 × 105 1
= √ ×
24.743 × 300 2.637
47
= 620
ṁ = 620 kg/s
4.27 By definition, we have the pressure coefficient as

p − p∞
CP =
q∞
! ∗ "
p
p∞ −1
p∞
CP∗ =
q∞
! ∗ "
p
2p∞ −1
p∞
= 2
γp∞ M∞
! ∗ "
2 p p0
= 2
−1
γM∞ p0 p∞
'! "− γ−1
γ 1 2 γ *
2 γ−1
2 γ+1 2 + (γ − 1)M∞
= 2 γ −1
γM∞ 2 2 γ−1
1 2 γ 
2 γ−1
2  2 + (γ − 1)M∞
= 2 1 γ+1 2 γ−1
γ γ
− 1
γM∞ × 2 γ−1
2
91 2
2 : γ
2 + (γ − 1)M∞ /(γ + 1) γ−1 − 1
= 2 /2
γM∞
4.28
p0 = 500 kPa, T0 = 30◦ C = 30 + 273.15 = 303.15 K
101325
The nozzle has to choke since pe /p0 = = 0.203, which is well below
500 × 103
the critical pressure ratio of 0.528. Therefore,
0.6847 p0 ∗
ṁ = ṁmax = √ A
RT0
where R = 287 m2 /(s2 K) for air. Thus,
0.6847 × 500 × 103
ṁ = √ × 0.5 × 10−4
287 × 303.15
= 0.058 kg/s
pe 1 pe
4.29 The pressure ratio = = 0.1429. From isentropic table, for =
p0 7 p0
0.1429, we get
Te
Me = 1.93, = 0.57307
T0
T0 = 180 + 273.15 = 453.15 K
Therefore, Te = 259.7 K. √
The speed of sound ae = γ RTe = 323 m/s.
The exit velocity is
Ve = Me ae = 1.93 × 323
= 623.4 m/s
4.30 The pressure ratio p/p0 across the nozzle is 1/5. This is well below the
critical pressure ratio and therefore the flow is chocked at the exit. The flow is
adiabatic and frictionless, therefore, the maximum mass flow rate is given by
0.6847 × 5 × 105
ṁ = √ × 6.5 × 10−4
287 × 288.15
= 0.774 kg/s
Thus, from isentropic table, for M = 1. we get
T
= 0.83333
T0
T = 240.12 K
4.31 The mass flow rate may be expressed as
0.6847 p0
ṁ = √ Ath
RT0
where p0 and T0 are the stagnation pressure and temperature, respectively.
pe 91.4 pe
The pressure ratio = = 0.90495. From isentropic table, for = 0.905,
p0 101 p0
we get
Ae
Me = 0.38 and = 1.6587
Ath
49
0.033
Therefore, Ath = = 0.0199 m2 . Thus,
1.6587
0.6847 × 101 × 103 × 0.0199
ṁ = √ kg/s
287 × 293.15
= 4.74 kg/s
At the section with A = 0.022 m2 , the area ratio is

A 0.022
= = 1.1055
Ath 0.0199
The corresponding Mach number is M = 0.69 and
p
= 0.72735
p0
Thus, the pressure at A = 0.022 m2 is p = 73.5 kPa
4.32 Nozzle is adapted, therefore the exit pressure pe = p16000 at 16000 m

altitude. From standard atmospheric table, we get
p16000 = 10.299 kPa = pe
Therefore,
pe 10299
= , since 1 atm = 101325 Pa
p0 15 × 101325
= 0.0067762
By isentropic relation,
! " γ−1
γ
p0 γ−1
= 1+ Me2
pe 2
! "0.286
1
1 + 0.2 Me2 =
0.0067762
Me = 3.98
For Me = 3.98, from isentropic table, we get
Ae Te
∗
= 10.53 , = 0.23992
A T0
Te = 0.23992 × (2600 + 273.15)
= 689.33 K
The exit velocity becomes

/
Ve = M e a e = Me γRTe
√
= 3.98 1.4 × 287 × 689.33
= 2094.6 m/s
Thrust = ṁe Ve = (ρe Ae Ve ) Ve
9000 = ρe Ae Ve2
By state equation, we have

pe 10299
ρe = = = 0.052 kg/m3
RTe 287 × 689.33
Therefore,
9000
Ae = 2 = 0.0394 m2
0.052 × (2094.6)
Thus,
0.0394
A∗ = Ath = = 0.00374 m2
10.53
4.33 Given, V = 200 m/s and T = 15 + 273.15 = 288.15 K. The speed of sound
is given by
/ √
a = γRT = 1.4 × 287 × 288.15
= 340.3 m/s
The Mach number becomes

V
M= = 0.59
a
From isentropic table, for M = 0.59, we get
p T ρ
= 0.79013, = 0.93491, = 0.84514
p0 T0 ρ0
Thus,
101
p0 =
0.79013
51
= 127.8 kPa
288.15
T0 =
0.93491
= 308.2 K
ρ p 1
ρ0 = = ×
0.84514 RT 0.84514
101 × 103
=
287 × 288.15 × 0.84514
= 1.445 kg/m3
ρ0 is also given by
p0 127.8 × 103
ρ0 = =
R T0 287 × 308.2
= 1.445 kg/m3
Note: This problem may also be solved using the isentropic relations directly,
instead of table.
4.34 The sound speed at station 1 is

/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 303.15 = 349 m/s
V1 90.5
M1 = = = 0.26
a1 349
A1
For this flow with M1 = 0.26 to choke, the area ratio required (from isen-
A∗
tropic table) is
A1
= 2.317
A∗
A2 6.9 A2 A2 A1
The present area ratio = = 0.69. Therefore, ∗
= = 0.69 ×
A1 10 A A1 A∗
2.317 = 1.60.
p2 T2
M2 = 0.4 , = 0.89561, = 0.96899
p02 T02
For M1 = 0.26, from isentropic table, we get
p1 T1
= 0.95408, = 0.98666
p01 T01
100
p01 = = 104.8 kPa
0.95408
303.15
T01 = = 307.25 K
0.98666
For isentropic flow, T01 = T02 and p01 = p02 . Therefore,
p2 = 0.89561 × 104.8 = 93.86 kPa
T2 = 0.96888 × 307.25 = 297.72 K
4.35 For CO2 the molecular weight is 44 and γ = 1.3. The gas constant for
CO2 is
8314
R= = 189 J/(kg K)
44
The stagnation pressure p0 = 6 atm and the back pressure pa = 1 atm. There-
fore, the pressure ratio
pa 1
= = 0.167
p0 6
which is well below the critical pressure ratio of 0.54573, required for the flow
to choke. Hence, the flow is choked at the orifice. That is, M = 1 at the orifice.
From the isentropic table, for M = 1, we get

T
= 0.86957
T0
Thus,
T = 0.86957 × (30 + 273.15) = 263.6 K
= −9.55◦ C
This is the temperature with which CO2 comes out of the orifice. The mass
flow rate ṁ = ρ AV . By state equation,
p 0.54573 × 6 × 101325
ρ = =
RT 189 × 263.6
= 6.66 kg/m3
1 22
π 1 × 10−3 π
A = = × 10−6 m2
4 4
/ √
V = M a = M γ R T = 1 × 1.3 × 189 × 263.6
= 254.5 m/s
53
Thus,
π
ṁ = 6.66 × × 10−6 × 254.5
4
= 0.00133 kg/s
Aliter:
The mass flow rate (for the gas with γ = 1.3) can also be expressed as
0.6672 × p0 × Ath
ṁ = √
R T0
π × 10−6
0.6672 × 6 × 101325 ×
= √ 4
189 × 303
= 0.00133 kg/s
4.36 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to inlet and exit of the nozzle.
ṁ 0.7
V1 = =
ρ1 A1 8 × 12 × 10−4
= 72.92 m/s
V1 V1
M1 = =√
a1 γ RT1
72.92
= √ = 0.18
1.4 × 287 × 400
p1 = ρ1 RT1 = 8 × 287 × 400 = 918.4 kPa

From isentropic table, for M1 = 0.18, we get
p1
= 0.97765
p01
T1
= 0.99356
T01
918.4
p01 = = 939.4 kPa
0.97765
400
T01 = = 402.59 K
0.99356
p2 = ρ2 RT2 = 4 × 287 × 300
= 344.4 kPa
p2 p2
= , since the flow is isentropic. Therefore,
p02 p01
p2 344.4
= = 0.3666
p01 939.4
p2
From isentropic table, for = 0.3666, we get
p01
M2 = 1.29
Therefore,
/
V2 = M2 a 2 = M2 γ R T2
√
= 1.29 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 447.87 m/s
Mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρ2 A2 V2
ṁ 0.7
A2 = =
ρ2 V2 4 × 447.87
= 3.9 cm2
4.37 From energy equation, we have
V12
T0 = T1 +
2 cp
where the subscripts 0 and 1 refer to stagnation and inlet conditions.
1002
T0 = 400 +
2 × 1004.5
= 405 K
55

! " γ−1
γ
p0 T0
=
p1 T1
! "3.5
3 405
p0 = 200 × 10 = 209 kPa
400
pe 150
= = 0.718
p0 209
p0 1 23.5
= 1 + 0.2 Me2
pe
1
1 + 0.2Me2 = (1.393) 3.5
Solving we get,
Me = 0.7
T0 γ−1 2
= 1+ Me = 1.098
Te 2
405
Te = = 368.85 K
1.098
√
The speed of sound ae = γRTe = 385 m/s.
Thus, the exit velocity is
Ve = Me ae = 0.7 × 385
= 269.5 m/s
By continuity, ρ1 A1 V1 = ρe Ae Ve .
or
p1 pe
A1 V1 = Ae Ve
RT1 RTe
p1 T e V 1
Ae = A1
pe T 1 V e
1 22
200 368.85 100 π 75 × 10−3
= × × ×
150 400 269.5 4
= 0.00202 m2
Thus,
3
4 × 0.00202
de = = 0.0507 m
π
= 50.7 mm
The mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1
1 22
p1 π 75 × 10−3
= × 100
RT1 4
200 × 103 π × 752 × 10−6

= × × 100
287 × 400 4
= 0.77 kg/s
With the exit conditions,

ṁ = ρe Ae Ve
150 × 103
= × 0.00202 × 269.5
287 × 368.85
= 0.77 kg/s
4.38 The flow process is described by the relation pVγ = constant. Per unit mass
of air,
pv γ = constant. Therefore,
p1 V1γ = p2 V2γ
! "γ
v2 p1
=
v1 p2
By state equation, we have pv = RT . Therefore,
R T1 287 × (400 + 273.15)
v1 = =
p1 3 × 106
= 0.0644 m3 /kg
Thus,
! " γ1 ! " 1
p1 3 1.4
v2 = v1 = 0.0644
p2 0.5
57
= 0.2316 m3 /kg
p2 v 2 0.5 × 106 × 0.2316

T2 = =
R 287
= 403.4 K
(a) By energy equation
V22 V12
h2 + = h1 +
2 2
where V1 and V2 are the velocity at the entrance and exit of the nozzle. Also,
it is reasonable to assume that V1 is very small and hence can be taken as zero.
Thus,
V2
h2 + 2 = h1
2
Further, for air being a perfect gas, h = cp T . Therefore,
V22 = 2 (h1 − h2 ) = 2cp (T1 − T2 )
= 2 × 1004.5 (673.15 − 403.4)
V2 = 736 m/s
/ √
a2 = γRT2 = 1.4 × 287 × 403.4
= 402.6 m/s
Therefore,
V2 736
M2 = =
a2 402.6
= 1.83
(b) Since the flow at the nozzle exit is supersonic, at the throat the flow is
choked. That is, at the throat Mth = 1. From isentropic table, for M = 1, we
get
p∗
= 0.52828
p0
T∗
= 0.83333
T0
p∗ = 0.52828 × 3 × 106 = 1.58484 MPa
T∗ = 0.83333 × 673.15 = 560.96 K
/
a∗ = γRT ∗ = 474.76 m/s
ṁ = ρ∗ Ath a∗
p∗ 1.584 × 106
ρ∗ = ∗
=
RT 287 × 560.96
= 9.8 kg/m3
Thus,
15.89
Ath =
9.8 × 474.76
= 3415 mm2
(c) The mass flow rate is ṁ = ρ2 A2 V2 .
1
ρ2 = = 4.318 kg/m3
v2
Therefore,
ṁ = 4.318 × 5000 × 10−6 × 736
= 15.89 kg/s
4.39 First of all, let us check whether the flow is isentropic. The change in
entropy (assuming air to be calorically perfect gas) is
! " ! "
T2 p2
T1 p1
! " ! "
290 101
= 1004.5 ln − 287 ln
300 200
= 162 J/(kg K)
59
Hence, the flow is nonisentropic.

Consider the inner surface of the nozzle as the control volume. Let F be the
force acting on the nozzle, due to the flow. By momentum balance, we have
p1 A1 − p2 A2 − F = ṁ (V2 − V1 )
ṁ
V1 =
ρ1 A1
p1 200 × 103
ρ1 = =
RT1 287 × 300
= 2.32 kg/m3
5
V1 = = 10.78 m/s
2.32 × 0.2
V22 V2
h1 − h2 = − 1
2 2
2 cp (T1 − T2 ) = V22 − V12 = V22 − 10.782
2 × 1004.5 (300 − 290) + 10.782 = V22
V2 = 142.15 m/s
The exit area is given by

ṁ
A2 =
ρ2 V2
where
p2 101 × 103
ρ2 = =
RT2 287 × 290
= 1.214 kg/m3
5
A2 = = 0.029 m2
1.214 × 142.15
Using these values in the momentum equation, we get
200 × 103 × 0.2 − 101 × 103 × 0.029 − F = 5 (142.15 − 10.78)
Thus,
F = 40000 − 2929 − 656.85

= 36414.15 N
4.40 Let us solve the problem by using relations and also by using gas tables.
The speed of sound at the flight altitude is given by
/ /
a = γRT = 1.4 × 287 × (−15 + 273.15)
= 322.1 m/s
The flight speed V = M a = 0.8 × 322.1 = 257.68 m/s.
The stagnation enthalpy h0 is given by
V2
h0 = h +
2
V2
For an ideal gas h0 = cp T + and therefore,
2
V2
c p T0 = c p T +
2
or
V2
T0 = T +
2cp
Thus,
2
(257.68)
T0 = 258.15 +
2 × 1004.5
= 291.2 K
! " γ
p0 T0 γ − 1
=
p T
! "3.5
291.2
p0 = 44
258.15
= 67.08 kPa
Using gas tables

61
For M = 0.8, from isentropic table, we get

p T
= 0.65602 = 0.88652
p0 T0
Thus,
44
p0 = = 67.07 kPa
0.65602
258.15
T0 = = 291.2 K
0.88652
Note: From the above solution it is seen that, use of the gas tables has tremen-
dous advantage over using equations directly.
4.41 Static temperature T = 216 K. Total temperature T0 = 40 + 273.15 =

313.15 K. From isentropic relation, we have
T0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
T 2
1.45 = 1 + 0.2 M 2
0.45
M2 = = 2.25
0.2
M = 1.5
The pressure ratio p0 /p given by isentropic relation is

! " γ−1
γ
p0 γ−1 2
= 1+ M
p 2
9 :3.5
= 1 + 0.2 × 1.52 = 3.671
p0 = (3.671)(0.55) = 2.019 atm
Note: This problem can be solved by using gas tables instead of solving the
isentropic relations, as follows.
T
For = 0.689655, from isentropic tables, we get
T0
M = 1.5 and p/p0 = 0.2724
Therefore,
0.55
p0 = = 2.019 atm
0.2724

V12
T01 = T02 = T1 +
2cp
1002
= (70 + 273.15) +
2 × 1004.5
= 348.13 K
Similarly,
V22
T2 = T02 −
2cp
4002
= 348.13 − = 268.49 K
2 × 1004.5
/ √
a2 = γRT2 = 1.4 × 287 × 268.49
= 328.45 m/s
Therefore,
V2 400
M2 = =
a2 328.45
= 1.218
/ √
Vmax = 2 cp T01 = 2 × 1004.5 × 348.13
= 836.3 m/s
By isentropic relation,
1 23.5
p01 = p1 1 + 0.2 M12
V1
M1 = √ = 0.269
γRT1
1 23.5
p01 = 2.5 1 + 0.2 × 0.2692 = 2.63 atm
% &3.5
2
p02 = p2 1 + 0.2 × (1.218) = 1.24 atm
Thus,
p02 1.24
= = 0.471
p01 2.63
63
4.43 Given,
p0 = 350 kPa, T0 = 420 K
Ae = 0.22 m2 , Ve = 525 m/s
By energy equation we have
Ve2
T0 = Te +
2cp
Ve2 5252
Te = T0 − = 420 −
2 cp 2 × 1004.5
= 282.8 K
√
Therefore, the speed of sound at nozzle exit ae = γRTe . That is,
√
ae = 1.4 × 287 × 282.8 = 337.01 m/s
Thus,
Ve 525
Me = =
ae 337.01
= 1.56
p0 350
pe = 3.5 =
(1 + 0.2Me2 ) 4.007
= 87.35 kPa
pe 87.35 × 103
ρe = =
RTe 287 × 282.8
= 1.076 kg/m3
ṁ = ρe Ae Ve = 1.076 × 0.22 × 525
= 124.3 kg/s
From isentropic table, for Me = 1.56, we get

Ae
= 1.219
A∗
Thus,
0.22
A∗ = = 0.18 m2
1.219
4.44 The speed of sound at 1 is

/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 315
= 355.76 m/s
V1 150
The Mach number at 1 is M1 = = = 0.42.
a1 355.76
Now, for M1 = 0.42, the corresponding area ratio A1 /A∗ may be calculated using
the area–Mach number relation for isentropic flow, or the value of A1 /A∗ may
be read directly from isentropic table. From isentropic table for M1 = 0.42, we
get
A1 /A∗ = 1.52891
Thus,
A1 = 1.52891 × 25 = 38.22 cm2
The mass flow rate ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1
p1 152 × 103
ρ1 = =
RT1 287 × 315
= 1.681 kg/m3
Therefore,
ṁ = 1.681 × 38.22 × 10−4 × 150 = 0.9637 kg/s
4.45
T0 = 40◦ C = 40 + 273.15 = 313.15 K, γ = 1.4
√
The exit velocity Ve = 200 m/s = Me γRTe .
By isentropic relation we have

p0 1 23.5
= 1 + 0.2 Me2
pe
By energy relation, we have
Ve2
T0 = Te +
2cp
2002
Te = 313.15 − = 293.24 K
2 × 1004.5
The speed of sound is
/ √
ae = γRTe = 1.4 × 287 × 293.24
= 343.25 m/s
65
The Mach number at the exit is

Ve 200
Me = =
ae 343.25
= 0.584
p0 1 23.5
= 1 + 0.2 × 0.5832 = 1.259
pe
For the convergent nozzle, pexit has to be equal to the atmospheric pressure, since
the subsonic flow exiting a convergent nozzle will always be correctly expanded.
pe = ρgh = 13.6 × 103 × 9.81 × 22.7 × 10−3
= 3028.54 Pa (gauge)
= 101325 + 3028.54 = 104353.54 Pa (absolute)
Thus, pa = 104353.54 Pa
The storage pressure is given by
p0 = 1.259 × 104353.54
= 131381.11 Pa
= 224.7 mm of Hg (gauge)
Note: The standard atmospheric pressure is patm = 101325 Pa = 760 mm of

Hg.
4.46 Let the first and second sections are represented by subscripts 1 and 2,
respectively. At section 1,
V1 365
M1 = √ =√
γRT1 1.4 × 287 × 305.15
= 1.04

p1
= 0.50389
p0
T1
= 0.82215
T0
Therefore, p0 = 158.76 kPa, T0 = 371.16 K.
At station 2,
p2 120
= = 0.7559
p0 158.76
From isentropic table, for p2 /p0 = 0.7559, we get
T2
M2 = 0.64 = 0.92428
T0
T2 = 343.06 K = 69.91◦ C
/
a2 = γRT2 = 371.27 m/s
Therefore,
V2 = M2 a2 = 237.6 m/s
4.47 For M = 3.0, from isentropic table, we get

p T A
= 0.027224, = 0.35714, = 4.23456
p0 T0 A∗
Thus,
0.05
A∗ = = 0.0118 m2
4.23456
0.2 × 101325
p0 = = 744.4 kPa
0.027224
300
T0 = = 840 K
0.35714
0.6847 p0 A∗
ṁ = √
RT0
0.6847 × 7.444 × 105 × 0.0118
= √
287 × 840
= 12.25 kg/s
4.48 The velocity at nozzle entrance is very low. Hence, the pressure and tem-
perature at the entrance can be taken as the stagnation pressure and stagnation
temperature. That is,
p0 = 1 MPa, T0 = 300 K
67
From isentropic table, for M = 2, we have

p T ρ
= 0.1278, = 0.55556, = 0.23005
p0 T0 ρ0
Therefore,
p = 0.1278 × 1 × 106 = 127.8 kPa
T = 0.55556 × 300 = 166.67 K
ρ = 0.23005 × ρ0 = (0.23005) (p0 /RT0 )

! "
106
= 0.23005 = 2.672 kg/m3
287 × 300
√ √
The speed of sound a = γRT = 1.4 × 287 × 166.67 = 258.78 m/s. There-
fore,
V = M a = 517.56 m/s
ṁ = ρAV = 2.672 × 0.15 × 517.56
= 207.43 kg/s
4.49 Given,
p0 = 3.5 MPa, T0 = 500◦ C = 773.15 K
pe = 0.7 MPa, ṁ = 1.3 kg/s
At the nozzle exit, the pressure ratio is
pe 0.7
= = 0.2
p0 3.5
From isentropic table, for this pressure ratio, we get
Te Ae
Me = 1.71 , = 0.63099, = 1.3471
T0 Ath
Therefore,
Te = 0.63099 × 773.15 = 487.85 K
The corresponding speed of sound ae is
/ √
ae = γRTe = 1.4 × 287 × 487.85 = 442.74 m/s
The exit velocity Ve = Me ae = 757 m/s

pe
ρe = , by state equation
RTe
Therefore,
0.7 × 107
ρe = = 4.9 kg/m3
287 × 487.85
The mass flow rate ṁ = ρe Ae Ve . Thus,
ṁ 1.3
Ae = =
ρe Ve 4.9 × 757
= 3.5 cm2
Ae 3.5
Ath = =
1.3471 1.3471
= 2.6 cm2
4.50 Given, T0 = 25◦ C = 298.15 K, Ae = 15 cm2 .
Applying momentum analysis to the control volume considered, we get
F = 100 N = ρe Ae Ve2
Assuming air to be an ideal gas,
Ae pe 2 Ae γpe 2
Ae ρe Ve2 = Ve = V = Ae γpe Me2
RTe γRTe e
Also,
γ Ae pe Me2 = 100 N
The nozzle exit flow is subsonic and hence has to be correctly expanded with
pe = patm = 101325 Pa. Thus,
100
Me2 = = 0.47
1.4 × 15 × 10−4 × 101325
Me = 0.69
From isentropic table, for Me = 0.69, we get
Te pe
= 0.91306, = 0.72735
T0 p0
69
Thus,
Te = 298.15 × 0.91306 = 272.23 K
= −0.92◦ C
101325
p0 = = 139.3 kPa
0.72735
= 1.37 atm
/
Ve = Me a e = Me γRTe
√
= 0.69 × 1.4 × 287 × 272.23
= 228.2 m/s
4.51 Given, ṁ = 1 kg/s, pe = 101.325 kPa.

The mass flow rate may be expressed as
0.6847 p0 ∗
ṁ = √ A
RT0
Thus,
√
∗ RT0
A =
0.6847 p0
√
287 × 325
=
0.6847 × 700 × 103
= 6.37 cm2
pe 101325
At the exit, = = 0.14475
p0 700 × 103
From isentropic table, the corresponding Mach number Me and temperature

ratio are the following.
Me = 1.92
Te
= 0.57561
T0
Te = 0.57561 × 325 = 187 K

√
The speed of sound ae = γ RTe = 274.1 m/s.
Thus,
Ve = Me ae = 1.92 × 274.1
= 526.27 m/s
4.52 Assuming air to be a perfect gas, we have γ = 1.4 and R = 287 J/(kg K).
The speed of sound at nozzle inlet is
/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 347.2 m/s
The inlet Mach number is

V1 100
M1 = = = 0.29
a1 347.2
p1
= 0.94329
p01
T1
= 0.98346
T01
101325
p01 = = 107416.6 Pa
0.94329
300
T01 = = 305 K
0.98346
The flow is supersonic at the exit, therefore at the throat M ∗ = 1. For M = 1,
from isentropic table we have
p∗
= 0.52828
p0
T∗
= 0.8333
T0
Thus,
p∗ = 0.52828 × 107416.6, since p∗0 = p01
= 56746 Pa
71
= 0.56 atm
T∗ = 0.8333 × 305
= 254 K
Since the flow is isentropic,
T02 = T01 = 305, K
p02 = p01 = 107416.6 Pa
= 1.06 atm
The mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = ρt At Vt
p1 101325
= A1 V1 = × 5 × 10−4 × 100
RT1 287 × 300
= 0.0588 kg/s
Thus,
0.0588
At =
ρt Vt
pt 56746
ρt = =
RTt 287 × 254
= 0.78 kg/m3
/ √
Vt = at = γRTt = 1.4 × 287 × 254
= 319.5 m/s
Therefore,
0.0588
At = = 2.36 cm2
0.78 × 319.5
4.53 Let subscripts 01 and 02 refer to properties at reservoirs 1 and 2, respec-

tively. Pressure p02 is the back pressure for the nozzle. Therefore, the nozzle
pressure ratio (NPR) becomes
p02 3
= = 0.5
p01 6
Also,
! "(γ)γ−1
p∗ 2
= = 0.528
p01 γ+1
where p∗ is the pressure corresponding to sonic speed. The NPR is less than
the critical pressure ratio of 0.528. Therefore, the nozzle must experience sonic
condition at the exit. Thus, the mass flow through the nozzle ṁ is
ṁ = ρ∗ V ∗ A∗
where ρ∗ and V ∗ are the density and velocity at M = 1. From isentropic table,
for M = 1, we get
T∗
= 0.8333
T01
Thus,
T∗ = 0.8333(30 + 273.15) = 252.6 K
/ √
V∗ = a∗ = γRT ∗ = 1.4 × 287 × 252.6
= 318.58 m/s
From state equation, we have
p∗ 6 × 101325 × 0.528
ρ∗ = ∗
=
RT 287 × 252.6
= 4.428 kg/m3
Thus,
ṁ 0.5
A∗ = =
ρ∗ V ∗ 4.428 × 318.58
= 0.0003544 m2 = 3.544 cm2
Aliter:
This problem can also be solved without going into the details at the nozzle
exit, as follows.
We know that in terms of reservoir pressure and temperature, the mass flow
rate ṁ is given for a gas with γ = 1.4 as
0.6847
ṁ = √ p01 A∗
RT01
73
Thus,
ṁ /
A∗ = RT01
0.6847 p01
= 0.0003543 m2 = 3.543 cm2
100 × 103
4.54 The overall pressure ratio pe /p0 = = 0.1.
106
This is well below the critical pressure ratio of 0.528. Therefore, the flow is a
choked flow.
The area ratio Ae /Ath = 13.5/8 = 1.6875.
From isentropic table, for Ae /Ath = 1.6875, the corresponding exit Mach number
Me = 2.0
4.55 Given, p0 = pa = 101325 Pa and T0 = 288.15 K. For the flow to choke,

pb /p0 ≤ 0.528. Therefore, the pressure in the tank pb has to be
pb ≤ 0.528 × 101325 ≤ 53.5 kPa
This implies that pbmax = 53.5 kPa.
0.6847 p0 Ath
ṁ = √
RT0
0.6847 × 101325 π
= √ × (0.04)2
287 × 288.15 4
= 0.303 kg/s
4.56 Given, Ae /Ath = 4 and Me > 1. Therefore, the supersonic solution of

the area Mach number relation is the answer for the problem. That is, the
supersonic value of M given by the following equation is the exit Mach number.
! "3
Ae 1 5 + M2
=
Ath M 6
This equation may be solved directly to get Me or the value of Me corresponding

to Ae /Ath = 4 can be read directly from isentropic table. From isentropic table,
we get
pe
Me = 2.94 and = 0.029795
p0
This is the pressure ratio required.
4.57 (a) For Me = 1.63, from isentropic table, we have

Ae pe
= 1.275 = 0.22501
A∗ p0
For correct expansion, pe = pb . Therefore,
pb = 0.22510 × p0 = 0.22501 × 10 × 101325 Pa
since 1 atm = 101325 Pa.
Thus, pb = 228 kPa
(b) The flow will remain supersonic at the exit for all back pressures below
228 kPa
(c) For choking, M = 1 at the throat. After choking the flow can expand as a
subsonic flow at the divergent portion of the nozzle. From isentropic table, for
Ae /A∗ = 1.275, we have
Me = 0.54 p/p0 = 0.82 (approx)
Therefore, the nozzle will remain choked for all back pressures below
pb = 0.82 × 10 × 101325 = 830.87 kPa
4.58 From normal shock theory, we have

1 2
ρ2 2 M12 − 1
= 1+ 2
ρ1 M1 (γ − 1) + 2
'1 2 1 2 *1/2
γM12 + 1 − M12 − 1
M2 =
2 (γM12 + 1) − (γ + 1)
where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to states upstream and downstream of the shock,
respectively. Given, M1 is very large. Also, γ = 1.4 for air. The density ratio
can be written as % &
1
ρ2 2 1 − M12
=1+
ρ1 (γ − 1) + M22
1
when M1 → ∞, we get
75
ρ2 2 1
= 1+ =1+
ρ1 γ−1 1.4 − 1
2
= 1+ =1+5
0.4
= 6
Similarly,
% & % & 1/2
γ + M12 − 1 − M12
M2 =  % 1 & 1 
1 γ+1
2 γ + M2 − M2
1 1
In the limit M1 → ∞, it reduces to

3 3
γ−1 0.4
M2 = =
2γ 2.8
= 0.378
4.59 From isentropic table, for M = 2.0, we get

p
= 0.1278
p0
Therefore,
p = 0.1278 × 3 × 101325 = 38848 Pa
since, 1 atm = 101325 Pa.
Given, 101325 Pa = 760 mm Hg, therefore,

38848
p = × 760
101325
= 291.384 mm of Hg
This is absolute pressure. The gauge pressure, shown by the manometer, will
be
pg = pabs − patm = 291.384 − 760
= − 468.61 mm
The negative sign indicates that the measured pressure is below the atmospheric
pressure or subatmospheric.
4.60 The difference between the measured pressures is 500 mbar. That is,
∆p = 0.5 bar
We know that,
1 bar = 105 Pa
Therefore,
∆p = 0.5 × 105 Pa
Also,
∆p = ρair g h
where h is the vertical height climbed. Therefore,
0.5 × 105
h =
9.81 × 1.1
= 4633.49 m
4.61 Let subscript ‘0& refer to stagnation state. Given that the total pressure
of air is p0 . For maximum velocity, the limiting pressure is zero.
Assuming the flow as incompressible, by Bernoulli equation, we have

1
p + ρV 2 = p0
2
For Vmax , p = 0, thus,
1 2
ρV = p0
2
Also, for incompressible flow, ρ = ρ0 , thus,
3
p0
Vmax, incomp. = 2
ρ0
For compressible flow, the Bernoulli equation, we have
γ p V2 γ p0
+ =
γ−1ρ 2 γ − 1 ρ0
Therefore, 3
γ p0
Vmax, comp. = 2
γ − 1 ρ0
That is,
3
γ
Vmax, comp. = Vmax, incomp.
γ−1
3
1.4
= Vmax, incomp.
1.4 − 1
= 1.87 Vmax, incomp.

77
That is, the error in treating this compressible flow as incompressible is 87

percent.
4.62 Let the inlet and the exit of the nozzle be denoted by subscripts 1 and 2,
respectively.
(a) By energy equation, we have
V12 V22
h1 + = h2 +
2 2
602 V22
3025 × 103 + = 2790 × 103 +
2 2
V22 = 473600
V2 = 688.2 m/s
(b) The mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρAV
A1 V1
=
v1
0.1 × 60
=
0.19
= 31.58 kg/s
(c) Mass flow rate is also given by
A2 V2
ṁ = ρ2 A2 V2 =
v2
Thus,
ṁ v2
A2 =
V2
31.58 × 0.5
=
688.2
= 0.0229 m2
Chapter 5
Normal Shock Waves
5.1
Vg 500 m/s 500 − Vg 500 m/s
(a) Stationary observer (b) Observer moving with the shock
Figure S5.1
Mach number of the air stream, M1 is given by

500
M1 = √ = 1.51
1.4 × 287 × 273
From Normal shock table, for M1 = 1.51, we have
p2 T2
= 2.493, = 1.327
p1 T1
Therefore,
p2 = 1.745 atm
T2 = 362.27 K
Also,
V2 500 − Vg 1
= =
V1 500 1.879
500 − Vg = 266.1 m/s
Vg = 233.9 m/s
79
80 Normal Shock Waves
Since the velocity of the observer does not affect the static properties,
pb = p2 = 1.745 atm
Tb = T2 = 362.3 K
The Mach number of the flow behind the shock wave is

Vg 233.9
Mb = √ =
γRTb 381.5
= 0.613
From isentropic table, for M = 0.613, we have

p T
= 0.7760, = 0.9301
pt Tt
Therefore, after passage of shock the stagnation pressure is
1.745
p tb =
0.7760
= 2.25 atm
362.3
T tb =
0.9301
= 389.5 K
Note:
• For a stationary observer the stagnation temperature after passage of the

wave is greater than that before passage of the wave.
• For an observer sitting on the wave, however, there is no change of stag-

nation temperature across the wave.
81
5.2
up Cs u2 = C s − up u1 = C s
2 1
Figure S5.2 Shock wave motion in a tube.
/
a1 = γRT1 = 347 m/s
u1 Cs (γ + 1)M12
= =
u2 Cs − u p (γ − 1)M12 + 2
Cs
M1 =
a1
Therefore,
% &2
Cs (γ + 1) C s
a1
= % &2
Cs − u p
(γ − 1) C s
a1 +2
Cs2 Cs
(γ − 1) +2 = (γ + 1) (Cs − up )
a21 a21
(γ − 1)Cs2 + 2a21 = (γ + 1)Cs2 − (γ + 1)up Cs
2Cs2 − (γ + 1)up Cs − 2a21 = 0

! "
γ+1
Cs2 − up Cs − a21 = 0
2
γ + 1 up
M12 − M1 − 1 = 0
2 a1
 4! 
"2
1  γ + 1 up γ + 1 up
M1 = ± + 4
2 2 a1 2 a1
= 1.19
Positive sign is taken here, since M1 cannot be less than 1. Hence, Cs = M1 a1 =
413 m/s . From Normal shock table, for M1 = 1.19, pp21 = 1.485. Thus, the
pressure on the face of the piston is p2 = 1.485 × 1.0133 × 105 = 1.505 × 105 Pa
5.3
up
2 1
Figure S5.3a The flow field.
(a)
! " 2γ
p2 γ − 1 |up | γ−1
= 1−
p1 2 a1
/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 20.04 300
= 347 m/s
Therefore,
! "7
p2 120
= 1 − 0.2 = 0.606
p1 347
p2 = 0.606p1
= 0.606 atm
(b)
up Cs u2 = C s − up u1 = C s
2 1
Figure S5.3b Schematic of the flow field.
u1 Cs
=
u2 Cs − u p
(γ + 1)M12
=
(γ − 1)M12 + 2
83
up
(γ − 1)M12 + 2 = (γ + 1)M12 − (γ + 1) M1
a1
γ + 1 up
M12 − M1 − 1 = 0
2 a1
γ + 1 up 120
= 1.2 × = 0.415
2 a1 347
Therefore, M12 − 0.415 M1 − 1 = 0. Solving for positive value of M1 , we get
M1 = 1.228
p2 2γ 1 2 2
= 1+ M1 − 1
p1 γ+1
= 1.595
Therefore,
p2 = 1.595 atm
5.4
Cs Gas at
rest
up Cs
u2 = 0
u1 = C s + up u2 = C s
Figure S5.4 Schematic of the flow field.
The velocity of the wave relative to the pipe = Cs . Velocity of air entering the
normal shock wave relative to the shock wave is
u1 = Cs + up
Cs + u p
M1 =
a1
u1 (γ + 1)M12
=
u2 2 + (γ + 1)M12
Cs + u
=
Cs
Cs = M1 a 1 − u p
From this we get
(γ + 1)M12 M1 a 1
=
2 + (γ − 1)M12 M1 a 1 − u p
M1
= u
M1 − a1p
! "
γ+1 up
M12 − M1 − 1 = 0
2 a1
/
a1 = γRT1 = 347 m/s
Solving for M1 , we get M1 = 1.2924, taking only the positive sign, since M1 is
supersonic. Hence,
Cs = M1 a1 − up = 1.2924 × 347 − 150
= 298.5 m/s
From shock tables, for M1 = 1.294, we have

p2 T2
= 1.775, = 1.185
p1 T1
Therefore,
p2 = 1.775 × 1.5 × 105
= 2.66 × 105 Pa
T2 = 1.185 × 300
= 355.5 K
Also, since the gas is at rest,
p02 = p2
T02 = T2
5.5
85
Vp Cs u1 = Cs + Vp u2 = C s
1 2
u1 (γ + 1)M12
=
u2 2 + (γ − 1)M12
u1 = Cs
Cs
M1 =
a1
u2 = Cs − Vp
Therefore,
% &2
Cs
(γ + 1) a1 Cs
% &2 =
Cs Cs − u p
2 + (γ − 1) a1
Cs
a1
= Cs Vp
a1 − a1
+ , ! "2
Cs Cs Vp Cs
(γ + 1) − = 2 + (γ − 1)
a1 a1 a1 a1
Cs
Solving for a1 , we get,
! " ' ! "2 ! "2 *1/2

Cs γ+1 Vp 1 γ+1 Vp
= + 1+
a1 4 a1 4 2 a1
Vp Cs Vp Cs
In the limit as a1 → ∞, a1 → ∞. In the limit as a1 → 0, a1 → 1.
5.6
a4
Cs
3 4
up = 300 m/s
Figure S5.6a Schematic of the flow field.
(a)
up = 300 m/s
! " 2γ
p3 γ − 1 |up | γ−1
= 1−
p4 2 a4
! " 2.8
300 0.4
= 1 − 0.2 ×
360
! "7
5
=
6
! "7
5
p3 = × 1 = 0.2791 atm
6
+ ,
a3 γ − 1 |up | 5
= 1− =
a4 2 a4 6
5
Therefore, a3 = 6 × 360 = 300 m/s. Slope of the terminating characteristic is
dx γ+1
= C3 = a4 − |up |
dt 2
2.4
= 360 − × 300 = 0
2
For the pressure on the face of the piston,
! "- 2γ
. 12
a3 p2 γ+1
up = −1 p2 γ−1
γ p3 p3 + γ+1
up = a3 = 300 m/s
Therefore,
! "2 ' p2 γ−1
*
p2 2 p3 + γ+1
−1 = γ 2γ
p3 γ+1
! "2
p2 p2
− 3.68 + 0.72 = 0
p3 p3
Therefore,
p2
= 3.473
p3
p3 = 0.2791 atm
87
Therefore, pressure at the piston face p2 = 3.473 × 0.2791 = 0.969 atm
(b) The velocity of the shock with respect to a stationary observer is

+ , 12
γ − 1 γ + 1 p2
C s = a3 + = 529.88 m/s
2γ 2γ p3
Therefore, time for the shock to hit the terminating characteristic after the
piston has stopped is
30
t1 = = 0.0566 s
529.88
(c)
t
Cs 300 m/s
0 Cs
Piston
path 0
300 m/s
p2 p3
dx/dt = 0
ock
Sh
a4
t=
/d
dx
Terminating
Pis
characteristic
dx ton
/dt pa
=| th
up
|
30 m
Figure S5.6c
5.7 Given, MS = 5.0, T1 = 27c ircC = 300 K, p1 = 0.01 atm, T4 = 300 K.

From normal shock table, for MS = 5, we have
p2
= 29.0
p1
+ ! ", −2γ 4
p4 2γ1 MS2 − (γ1 − 1) γ4 − 1 1 γ4 −1
= 1− MS −
p1 γ1 + 1 γ4 + 1 MS
= 2.26 × 106
p4 = 2.26 × p1 = 2.26 × 104 atm

Note: Instead of above equation for p4 /p1 , equation (5.57) also can be used for
solving this problem.
5.8
(a) p2 /p1 = 29. Therefore, static pressure behind the shock is, p2 = 29p1 =
0.29 atm. From normal shock table for M1 = 5, we get
T2
= 5.8
T1
Therefore, static temperature behind the shock T2 is,
T2 = 5.8 × 300 = 1740 K
(b) Particle speed u2 is given by,

! "
2 1
u2 = a 1 MS −
γ1 + 1 MS
= 1388.71 m/s
/
a2 = 20.04 × T2
= 836 m/s
1388
M2 =
836
= 1.66
From isentropic tables, for M2 = 1.66, we have
T2
= 0.6447
p02
p2
= 0.215
p02
Thus,
T02 = 2699 K and p02 = 1.349 atm
(c) Testing time available is

8 8
∆t = t2 − t1 = −
u2 Cs
89
u2 = 1388.71 m/s
Cs = Ms a1 = 5 × 347 = 1735.9 m/s
t2
2
u
=t
/d
dx
t1
Cs
dt =
dx/
x
8m
Figure S5.8c
Therefore,
8 8
∆t = −
1388 1735
= 1.15 × 10−3 s
(d)
1 1
µ = sin−1 = sin−1
M2 1.66
= 37 deg
5.9
2
up Cs 1
2 up uR
5
up + uR uR
2 5
(a)
uR uR up
=
Cs up Cs
up + uR ρ5
= , from continuity
uR ρ2
ρ5 ρ1
= ×
ρ1 ρ2
ζ
=
η
Therefore,
up ζ −η
=
uR η
Also, (refer to Example 5.5)

up 1
= (1 − )
Cs η
From this, we get
! "
uR η 1
= × 1−
Cs ζ −η η
η−1
=
ζ −η
(b)
! "
p2 ρ1
= 1+ γ1 MS21−
p1 ρ2
! "
1
= 1 + γ1 MS2 1 −
η
Similarly,
2 ! "
p5 (up + uR ) ρ2
= 1 + γ2 × 1 −
p2 a22 ρ5
! "2 ! "
a2 u p + u R η
= 1 + γ2 12 1−
a2 a1 ζ
91
! "2 ! "
a21up uR Cs η
= 1 + γ2 + 1−
a22a1 Cs a1 ζ
! "2 ! "
γ1 p1 ρ2 η−1 η−1 ζ −η
= 1 + γ2 MS + MS
ρ1 γ2 p2 ζ − η η ζ
p1 (η − 1)2 ζ
= 1 + γ1 η M2
p2 η2 ζ −η S
Therefore,
p5 p5 p2
=
p1 p2 p1
p2 (η − 1)2 ζ
= + γ1 MS2
p1 η ζ −η
! "
1 (η − 1)2 ζ
= 1 + γ1 MS2 1 − + γ1 MS2
η η ζ −η
! "
η−1 (η − 1)ζ
= 1 + γ1 MS2 1+
η (ζ − η)
η − 1 η(ζ − 1)
= 1 + γ1 MS2
η ζ −η
(η − 1)(ζ − 1)
= 1 + γ1 MS2
(ζ − η)
(c)
! "
h2 γ1 − 1 2 1
= 1+ MS 1 − 2
h1 2 η
! "2 ! "
h5 γ2 − 1 up + uR ρ2
= 1+ 1 − 22
h2 2 a2 ρ5
! "
γ2 − 1 a21 2 (η − 1)2 ζ2 η2
= 1+ M S 1− 2
2 a22 η2 (ζ − η)2 ζ
a22
h2 =
γ2 − 1
a21
h1 =
γ1 − 1
Therefore,
a21 γ 1 − 1 h2
=
a22 γ 2 − 1 h1
Therefore,
h5 γ1 − 1 h1 2 (η − 1)2 ζ + η
= 1+ M
h2 2 h2 S η 2 ζ −η
h5 h5 h2
=
h1 h2 h1
h2 γ1 − 1 2 (η − 1)2 ζ + η
= + MS
h1 2 η2 ζ −η
! "
γ1 − 1 2 η − 1 ζ +η
= 1+ MS 2 (η + 1) + (η − 1)
2 η ζ −η
(η − 1)(ζ − 1)
= 1 + (γ1 − 1)MS2
η(ζ − η)
5.10 Given that, the stagnation pressure and temperature are

p0 = 1 atm = 101325 Pa, T0 = 15◦ C = 288.15 K
From isentropic table, for M = 3.0, we have
p
= 0.02722
p0
Therefore, the static pressure at the test-section is
p = 0.02722 p0
= 0.02722 × 101325
= 2758 Pa
The pitot pressure measured by a pitot tube placed in the test-section is the
pressure behind a normal shock.
From normal shock table, for M = 3.0, we have
p02
= 0.3283
p01
Thus, the pressure that a pitot tube at the test-section will measure is
p02 = 0.3283 p01
= 0.3283 × 101325
= 33.265 kPa
93
5.11 From normal shock table, for M1 = 2.5, we have

p2 T2 ρ2 p02
= 7.125, = 2.1375, = 3.3333, = 8.5261
p1 T1 ρ1 p1
Therefore,
M2 = 0.51299
p2 = (7.125)(1) = 7.125 atm
ρ2 = (3.3333)(1.225) = 4.083 kg/m3
p02 = (8.5261)(1) = 8.5261 atm
T2 = (2.1375)(T1 )
From state equation, we have

p1 101325
T1 = =
ρ1 R 1.225 × 287
= 288.2 K
Therefore,
T2 = (2.1375)(288.2) = 616.03 K
/
a2 = γ R T2 = 497.51 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = (0.51299)(497.51)
= 255.22
From isentropic table, for M2 = 0.51299, we have

T2
= 0.950
T02
Therefore,
T2 616.03
T02 = =
0.950 0.950
= 648.45 K
5.12 For nitrogen, molecular weight is 28.02 and γ = 1.4. Thus, the gas constant
is
γ
R = 8314/28.02 = 297 J/(kg K) and cp = γ−1 R = 1.4
0.4 × 297 = 1039.5 J/(kg
K).
The speed of sound upstream of the shock is

/ √
a = γ R T = 1.4 × 297 × 303
= 354.95 m/s
Therefore, the upstream Mach number M1 is
V1 923
M1 = =
a1 354.95
= 2.6
Also, since the flow process across a normal shock is adiabatic, T01 = T02 . Now,
from normal shock table, for M1 = 2.6, we have
p2 T2
= 7.72 M2 = 0.504 = 2.2383
p1 T1
Therefore,
p2 = 7.72 × 300 = 2.316 MPa
/ √
a2 = γRT = 1.4 × 297 × 2.2383 × 303
= 531.03 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.504 × 531.03
= 267.64 m/s
When the flow slows down isentropically from V1 to V2 , by energy relation, we

have
V12 − V22
T2 = T1 +
2cp
9232 − 267.642
= 303 +
2 × 1039.5
= 678.32 K
95

! " γ−1
γ
p2 T2
=
p1 T1
! "3.5
678.32
=
303
= 16.786
Thus,
p2 = 5.036 MPa
5.13 For blunt nosed model at Mach 3, there will a detached bow-shock standing
in front of the nose. This shock can be approximated to a normal shock at the
nose of the model around the stagnation point. Therefore, pressure at the
stagnation point is the total pressure behind the normal shock.
From normal shock table, for M1 = 3, we have
p02
= 0.32834
p01
Thus,
p02 = 0.32834 p01 = 0.32834 × 10
= 3.2834 atm
= 332.69 kPa
The flow process across the shock is adiabatic. Hence, T02 = T01 . Therefore,
T02 = 315 K
After the normal shock, the flow decelerates isentropically to stagnation condi-
tion at the nose. Hence, the stagnation density ρ02 can be expressed as
p02 332690
ρ02 = =
R T02 287 × 315
= 3.68 kg/m3
5.14 Let us make the shock stationary and look at the field. The flow field with
stationary shock will look like that shown in Fig. s5.14.
T1 = 300 K
p2 = 5000 kPa
p1 = 101 kPa
V1 V2
Shock
Figure S5.14
p2
= 49.5
p1
2γ 1 2 2
= 1+ M1 − 1
γ+1
= 1 + 1.167 M12 − 1.167

Thus,
49.5 + 0.167
M12 = = 42.55
1.167
M1 = 6.52
The velocity becomes
√
V1 = M1 a1 = 6.52 1.4 × 287 × 330
= 2374.16 m/s
By normal shock relation, we have
' *1/2
γ−1 2
1+ 2 M1
M2 =
γ M12 − γ−1
2
= 0.4
1 2
T2 2(γ − 1) γ M12 + 1 1 2 2 48.41
= 1+ 2 2 M1 − 1 = 1 + × 41.5 = 9.205
T1 (γ + 1) M1 244.86
T2 = 9.205 × 330 = 3037.65 K

The speed of sound downstream of the shock is
/ √
a2 = γ R T2 = 1.4 × 287 × 3038.34
= 1104.9 m/s
97
Thus, the velocity V2 is
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.4 × 1104.8
= 441.92 m/s
= Cs − Vg
Vg = 2374.16 − 441.92
= 1932.24 m/s
Aliter
The above problem can also be solved using gas tables, as follows.
From normal shock tables, for pp21 = 49.5, we have
M1 ≈ 6.5
M2 ≈ 0.4
T2
≈ 9.2
T1
T2 ≈ 3036 K
a2 = 1104.47 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.4 × 1104.47
= 441.8 m/s
√
a1 = 1.4 × 287 × 330
= 364.13 m/s
V1 = M1 a1 = 6.5 × 364.13
= 2366.84 m/s
Vg = 2366.84 − 441.8
= 1925.04 m/s
5.15 Upstream of the shock, the speed of sound a1 is

/ √
a1 = γ RT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 347.2 m/s
V1 412
The Mach number M1 = = = 1.19.
a1 347.2

p1 T1
= 0.41778, = 0.77929
p01 T01
Therefore,
p1 92
p01 = =
0.41778 0.41778
= 220.21 kPa
T1 300
T01 = =
0.77929 0.77929
= 384.96 K
From normal shock table, for M1 = 1.19, we get
p2 T2 p02
= 1.4854, = 1.1217, = 0.99372, M2 = 0.84846.
p1 T1 p01
Therefore,
p2 = 1.4854 × 92
= 136.66 kPa
T2 = 1.1217 × 300
= 336.51 K
99
T02 = T01 = 384.96 K , since flow process across a shock is adiabatic
p02 = 0.99372 × 220.21
= 218.83 kPa
√ √
The speed of sound is a2 = γRT = 1.4 × 287 × 336.51 = 367.7 m/s. There-
fore,
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.84846 × 367.7
= 311.98 m/s
The entropy rise across a normal shock is given by

! "
p01
∆s = R ln
p02
! "
220.21
= 287 ln
218.83
= 1.8042 J/(kg K)
5.16 Let the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions upstream and downstream
of the normal shock, respectively. From normal shock table, for M1 = 2.5, we
get
p2 p02
= 7.1250, = 8.5261.
p1 p1
The static pressure in the flow just downstream of the shock is,
p2 = 7.125 × 1.0 = 7.125 atm
If a normal shock has to be positioned at the nozzle exit, the back pressure to
which the nozzle discharges has to be equal to the total pressure downstream
of the shock. The total pressure downstream of the shock is
p02 = 8.5261 × 1.0 = 8.5261 atm
= 863.91 kPa
i.e. the back pressure has to be 863.91 kPa to position a normal shock at the
nozzle exit.
5.17 From isentropic table, for Me = 2.5, we have

pe Ae
= 0.058528, = 2.637
p0e A∗
where subscripts 0, e, and ∗ refer to stagnation, exit and throat, respectively.
The throat area is
Ae 4
A∗ = =
2.637 2.637
1.517 cm2
=
1
p0e = = 17.09 atm
0.058528
For the normal shock, the upstream Mach number is 1.5. From isentropic table,
for M1 = 1.5,
A1 p1 T1
= 1.176, = 0.2724, = 0.68966
A∗ p01 T01
Thus,
A1 = 1.176 × 1.517 = 1.784 cm2
p1 = 0.2724 × 17.09 = 4.655 atm
T1 = 0.68966 × 500 = 344.83 K

From normal shock table, for M1 = 1.5,
p2 T2 p02
= 2.40583, = 1.3202 = 3.4133, M2 = 0.70109
p1 T1 p1
The back pressure required is p02 , thus,
p02 = 3.4133 × 4.655 = 15.89 atm
Downstream of the shock, the flow is isentropic upto the nozzle exit. However,
for this flow the effective throat area is not the same as A∗ , since p02 < p01 .
Let the effective throat area downstream of shock to be A∗2 . From isentropic
table, for M2 = 0.70,
A2
= 1.09437
A∗2
where A2 is the area at the shock location, which is same as A1 . Thus,
1.784
A∗2 = = 1.63 cm2
1.09437
Ae 4
= = 2.454
A∗2 1.63
101
Ae
From isentropic table for A2 ∗ = 2.454, we have
T2
= 0.98, Me = 0.245
Te
Thus,
Te = 0.98 × 500 = 490 K
The speed of sound is
√
ae = 1.4 × 287 × 490 = 443.71 m/s
The flow velocity is
Ve = Me × ae = 0.245 × 443.71
= 108.71 m/s
5.18 Since the Mach number upstream of the shock is 2.32, the area ratio
corresponding to this Mach number will give the area at the shock location.
(a) For M1 = 2.32, from isentropic table,
A1
= 2.23
A∗
Thus, area at shock location is A1 = 2.23 × 5 = 11.15 cm2
(b) The Mach number downstream of the shock M2 given by normal shock
table for M1 = 2.32 is
M2 = 0.53
A2
= 1.29
A∗
Since A1 = A2 = area at the shock location, we have
A2 11.15
A∗2 = = = 8.64 cm2
1.29 1.29
Therefore,
Ae 12.5
= = 1.447
A∗2 8.64
Ae
From isentropic table, for = 1.447, the exit Mach number Me = 0.45
A∗2
Ae
(c) For the given nozzle, the area ratio is
Ath
Ae Ae 12.5
= ∗ = = 2.5
Ath A 5
Ae
From isentropic table, for = 2.5, we have
A∗
p2
Me = 2.44 and = 0.064261
p02
For complete isentropic flow, p02 = p0 = 700 kPa. Thus, p2 = 0.064261×700 =
44.98 kPa.
The back pressure range for the flow to be completely isentropic is pb ≤ 44.98 kPa .
5.19 Given, T1 = 22 K and T01 = 400 K, where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to

conditions ahead of and behind the shock, respectively.
T1 22
For = = 0.055, from isentropic table,
T01 400
M1 = 9.2
From normal shock table, for M1 = 9.2, we have
M2 = 0.3893
T2
= 17.4
T1
T2 = 382.8 K
5.20 Upstream of the normal shock, the Mach number M1 is

V1 500
M1 = =√
a1 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 1.44
From normal shock table for M1 = 1.44, we get

p2 T2 p02
M2 = 0.72345, = 2.2525, = 1.2807, = 0.9476
p1 T1 p01
Thus,
p2 = 2.2525 × 100 = 225.25 kPa

103
T2 = 1.2807 × 300 = 384.21 K
√
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.72345 × 1.4 × 287 × 384.21
= 284.25 m/s
The entropy increase is

! "
p01
∆s = R ln = 287 ln (1.0552)
p02
= 15.432 J/(kg K)
5.21 The flow velocity at nozzle entrance is low. Therefore, the pressure and
temperature of the flow at the entry can be treated as the stagnation quantities.
Thus,
p01 = 1 MPa, T01 = 300 K
From isentropic table, for M1 = 2, we have
p1 T1
= 0.1278 and = 0.55556
p01 T01
Therefore,
p1 = (0.1278)(1) = 0.1278 MPa
T1 = (0.55556)(300) = 166.67 K
From normal shock table, for M1 = 2, we get

p2 T2 p02
= 4.5, = 1.6875, = 0.72087 and M2 = 0.57735
p1 T1 p01
Thus,
p2 = 4.5 × 0.1278 = 0.5751 MPa
T2 = 1.6875 × 166.67 = 281.3 K
p02 = 0.72087 × 1 = 0.72087 MPa
√
a2 = 1.4 × 287 × 281.3 = 336.19 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.57735 × 336.19
= 194.1 m/s
5.22 Given, p0 = 101 kPa and T0 = 30 + 273.15 K. A normal shock at the

nozzle exit implies that the entire nozzle flow is isentropic and also the flow is
choked at the throat.
The area ratio is

Ae 0.0724
∗
= = 2.896
A 0.025
Ae
From isentropic table, for A∗ = 2.896, we have
p1 T1
M1 = 2.6, = 0.050115, = 0.42517
p0 T0
This is the Mach number upstream of the shock. Thus,
M1 = 2.6
p1 = 0.050115 × 101 = 5.06 kPa
T1 = 0.42517 × 303.15 = 128.9 K
p01 = 101 kPa
Let the conditions downstream of the shock be referred to by subscript 2. From

normal shock table, for M1 = 2.6, we get
M2 = 0.504
p2 T2 p02
= 7.72, = 2.2383, = 0.46012
p1 T1 p01
p2 = 39.06 kPa
T2 = 288.5 K
p02 = 46.47 kPa

105
5.23 Given, p0 = 200 kPa and T0 = 350 K. Let subscripts 1 2 and 3 refer
to locations upstream and downstream of the shock wave and the nozzle exit,
respectively.
Ath = A∗1 = 0.2 m2
At the shock location, A1 = 0.6 m2 , thus,
A1 0.6
∗ = = 3.0
A1 0.2
A1
A∗1
p1
M1 = 2.64, = 0.04711
p01
Up to the shock the flow in the nozzle is isentropic and therefore, p01 = p0 .
Thus,
p01 = 200 kPa
p1 = 200 × 103 × 0.04711
= 9.422 kPa
where, p1 and p01 are the static and total pressures, respectively, ahead of the
shock. Let subscript 2 refer to condition behind the shock.
Now, from normal shock table, for M1 = 2.64, we have

p2 p02
M2 = 0.50, = 7.9645, = 0.44522
p1 p01
Thus,
p2 = 7.9645 × 9.422
= 75.04 kPa
p02 = 0.44522 × 200
= 89.04 kPa
Also, from normal shock theory we have (Section 4.6)
p01 A2 ∗
= = 2.25
p02 A1 ∗
Thus,
A∗2 = 2.25 × 0.20 = 0.45 m2
A∗2 may also be obtained from M2 . From isentropic table, for M2 = 0.5,
A2
= 1.34
A∗2
Thus,
0.6
A2 ∗ = = 0.448 m2
1.34
This A∗2 is the equivalent throat area for the flow downstream of the shock.
Therefore, at the nozzle exit,
A3 0.8
∗ = = 1.786
A3 0.448
A3
Now, from isentropic table, for = 1.786,
A∗3
p3 T3
M3 = 0.35, = 0.91877, = 0.97609
p03 T03
Here, p03 = p02 and T03 = T02 = T0 . Thus,
p3 = 0.91877 × 89.04 = 81.81 kPa
p03 = 89.04 kPa
T3 = 0.97609 × 350 = 341.63 K
For area ratio A3 /A∗3 the subsonic solution from the isentropic table was used
since after a normal shock the flow becomes subsonic and this flow is further
decelerated in the divergent portion of the duct.
5.24 Given, p01 = 5 atm and p02 = 3.6 atm. Therefore,

p02 3.6
= = 0.72
p01 5
p02
Assuming γ = 1.4, from normal shock table, for = 0.72, we have
p01
p2
M1 = 2.0, = 4.5
p1
Now, from isentropic table, for M1 = 2.0, we get
p1
= 0.1278
p01
107
Hence, the pressure just behind the normal shock at the nozzle exit is
p2 = 4.5 p1 = 4.5 × 0.1278 × 5
= 2.8755 atm
5.25 The pitot tube will read the actual total pressure in a subsonic stream.
But in a supersonic flow, the pressure measured by a pitot probe is the total
pressure downstream of a detached shock which stands at the nose of the pitot
tube. Therefore, it is essential to find out whether the flow is subsonic or su-
personic.
It can be easily seen from the isentropic relations that for M = 1, the pressure
p 0.95
ratio pp0 = 0.528. Hence, p0 = = = 1.8 atm.
0.528 0.528
Thus, when p0 < 1.8 atm, the flow is subsonic, and when p0 > 1.8 atm, the flow
is supersonic.
(i) p0 = 1.1 atm. The flow is subsonic and hence the pitot tube is measuring
the actual total pressure of the flow.
p 0.95
= = 0.8636
p0 1.1
p
p0
M = 0.465
(ii) p0 = 2.5 atm. The flow is supersonic and the pitot tube measures p02
behind a normal (detached) shock.
p02 2.5
= = 2.63
p1 0.95
p02
From normal shock table, for = 2.63, we get
p1
M = 1.275
(iii) p0 = 10 atm. The flow is supersonic.

p02 10
= = 10.526
p1 0.95
p02
From normal shock table, for = 10.526, we have
p1
M = 2.79
5.26 The shock will be only at the divergent portion of the nozzle, since only
after the throat the flow becomes supersonic.
The Mach number M1 just upstream of the shock will be given by the area ratio
Ashock
.
Ath
Ashock 2000
= =2
Ath 1000
From isentropic table, for area ratio 2, we have
p1
M1 = 2.2 , = 0.093522
p01
Up to the shock, the stagnation pressure does not change and therefore,
p01 = 200 kPa
p1 = 200 × 0.093522 = 18.7 kPa
Now, from normal shock table, for M1 = 2.2, we get

p2 p02
M2 = 0.55, = 5.48, = 0.62814
p1 p01
where subscript 2 refer to condition just downstream of the shock. Therefore,
p2 = 5.48 × 18.7 = 102.48 kPa
p02 = 0.62814 × 200 = 125.63 kPa
For M2 = 0.55, from isentropic table, we get

A2
= 1.255
Ath2
where Ath2 is the throat area required for the flow downstream of the shock to
choke.
A2
Ath2 =
1.255
2
But A2 = A1 = Ashock = 2000mm , therefore,
2000
Ath2 = = 1593.63 mm2
1.255
Thus,
Ae 3000
= = 1.8825
Ath2 1593.63
For this area ratio, from isentropic table (subsonic part), we get
Me = 0.325
109
Therefore,
p02 1 23.5
= 1 + 0.2 × 0.3252 = 1.076
pe
p02 125.63
pe = =
1.076 1.076
= 116.76
The pressure loss occurs only across the shock and the loss of pressure ∆p0 is
∆p0 = p01 − p02 = (200 − 125.63)
= 74.37 kPa
5.27 Let the subscripts i, 1, 2 and e refer to the inlet, just upstream and just
downstream, and the nozzle exit, respectively. It can be shown for this flow
that,
p01 A∗1 = p02 A∗2 (1)
For Mi = 2.0, from isentropic table, we get
Ai
= 1.6875
A∗i
Therefore,
A1 A1 Ai
=
A∗1 Ai A∗1
A1 Ai
= , since A∗1 = A∗i
Ai A∗i
= 2 × 1.6875 = 3.375
M1 = 2.76
For M1 = 2.76, from normal shock table, we have

p02
= 0.40283
p01
Using this in Eq. (1), we get
A∗1
= 0.40283
A∗2
Ae Ae Ai A∗1
=
A∗2 Ai A∗1 A∗2
= 4 × 1.6875 × 0.40283 = 2.7191
For this area ratio, from isentropic table (subsonic solution), we get
Me = 0.22
The exit pressure pe may be expressed as

pe p02 p01
pe = pi
p02 p01 pi
pe p02 p0i
= pi , since p01 = p0i
p02 p01 pi
1
= 0.96684 × 0.40283 × × 80
0.1278
= 243.8 kPa
Thus, the back pressure required is 243.8 kPa.
5.28 When a pitot tube is placed in a supersonic stream, there will be a de-
tached shock standing at its nose. At the nose where the pressure tap is located,
the shock may be treated as a normal shock and hence what the pitot tube mea-
sures is the pitot pressure p02 downstream of the shock.
The wall pressure measured by a pressure tap may be treated as the actual
static pressure of the stream. Thus we may take the static pressure upstream
of the shock as p1 = 112 kPa. Thus,
p02 2895
= = 25.848
p1 112
p02
From normal shock table, for = 25.848, we get
p1
T2
M1 = 4.44 , = 4.7706
T1
Now from isentropic table, for M1 = 4.44, we get
T1
= 0.2023
T01
T1 = 0.2023 × 500 = 101.15 K
/
a1 = γ R T1 = 201.6 m/s
111
Thus,
V1 = M1 a1 = 895.1 m/s
5.29 At 10,000 m altitude, from standard atmospheric table, we have
p = 26.452 kPa, T = 223.15 K
During steady–state operation, mass flow through the test–section is given by
p /
ṁ = ρ AV = A M γRT
RT
26.452 × 103 π(0.25)2 √

= × × 2.4 1.4 × 287 × 223.15
287 × 223.15 4
= 14.57 kg/s
The stagnation temperature during steady–state operation is
T0
T0 = T
T
For,
T0 1
M = 2.4, = = 2.152
T 0.46468
Thus,
T0 = 2.152 × 223.15 = 480.22 K
For the present geometry of fixed angle diffuser, the optimum condition for
steady state operation is a normal shock at the diffuser throat. The diffuser
throat area is
A∗
A∗ = A
A
From normal shock table, for M1 = 2.4, M2 = 0.52.
A2
= 1.3
A∗2
Here A∗2 is the area of the second throat and A is the area of test-section.
A2
Therefore, looking in to the corresponding supersonic Mach number for ∗ =
A2
1.3, we get
M = 1.66
This is the Mach number just upstream of the second throat with a shock. From
normal shock table, for M1 = 1.66, we have
p02
= 0.872
p01
This pressure loss must be compensated by the compressor.
(a) The power required for the compressor is given by

Power = h0 − hi = Cp (T0 − Ti )
where the subscripts 0 and i refer to outlet and inlet conditions. For an isentropic
compression,
! " γ−1
T0 p0 γ
=
Ti pi
'! " γ−1 *
p0 γ
T0 − Ti = Ti −1
pi
'! "0.286 *
1
= 480.22 − 1 = 19.18 K
0.872
Thus, the power input required for mbox mass of air becomes
Power = 1004.5 × 19.18 = 19.266 kJ/kg
The total power required for the compressor is
ṁ 19266
Power =
746
= 376.3 hp
This is the running power required for the compressor.
(b) During start-up, M1 = 2.4 in the test-section. The corresponding total

pressure ratio across the normal shock is
p02
= 0.5401
p01
The isentropic work required for the compressor during start-up to drive the
shock out of the test-section per mbox mass of air is
'! "0.286 *
1
Power = Cp T0i −1
0.5401
'! "0.286 *
1
= 1004.5 × 480.22 −1
0.5401
= 92929.87 J/kg
113
The power required to start the tunnel is

ṁ × 92929.87 14.57 × 92929.87
Power = =
746 746
= 1815 hp
5.30 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions just upstream and downstream
of the normal shock. The Mach number just upstream of the shock is 1.85.
p1 A1
= 0.1612, ∗ = 1.495
p01 A1
p1 = 0.1612 × 400 = 64.48 kPa
A1 = 1.495 × 10 = 14.95 cm2
Now from normal shock table, for M1 = 1.85, we have
p02
M2 = 0.60, = 0.79023
p01
Again from isentropic table, for M1 = 0.6, we get
A2
= 1.1882
A∗2
But A2 = A1 = 14.95 cm2 . Therefore,

14.95
A∗2 = = 12.58 cm2
1.1882
We want the Mach number and pressure at a state 3 where A3 = 2 A1 =
2 × 14.95 = 29.9 cm2 .
Downstream of the shock, A∗2 = A∗3 . Thus,
A3 29.9
= = 2.377 ≈ 2.4
A∗3 12.58
From isentropic table, for this area ratio (from subsonic solution),
p3
M3 = 0.25 and = 0.95745
p03
But p03 = p02 = 316.1 kPa. Therefore,
p3 = 0.95745 × 316.1 = 302.65
Note: This problem has been solved using isentropic table and hence the results
obtained are only approximate. For exact results, we have to use the actual
relations.
5.31 (a) Given, ṁ = 0.9 kg/s, p0 = 4×101325 = 405300 Pa, T0 = 30+273 = 303
∆p
K and = 2.
p1
The pressure ratio across the shock is
p2 − p 1
= 2
p1
p2
= 2+1
p1
= 3
p2
For = 3, from normal shock table,
p1
T2
M1 = 1.65, M2 = 0.654, = 1.4228
T1
From isentropic table, for M1 = 1.65,
T1 A
= 0.6475, ∗ = 1.292
T0 A
Therefore,
T1 = 0.6475T0
= 0.6475 × 303
= 196.19 K
T2 = 1.4228T1
= 1.4228 × 196.19
= 279.14 K
The mass flow rate is 0.9 kg/s, therefore,
0.6847 p0 Ath
ṁ = 0.9 = √
RT0
√
0.9 RT0
Ath =
0.6847 p0
√
0.9 287 × 303
=
0.6847 × 405300
= 9.56 cm2
115
Therefore, the exit area becomes
Ae = 1.292 Ath = 1.292 × 9.56
= 12.35 cm2
(b) The exit velocity is

/
V2 = M2 a 2 = M2 γRT2
√
= 0.654 × 1.4 × 287 × 279.14
= 219 m/s
5.32 a) Given, (p2 −p1 )/p1 = 3.5, where p1 and p2 are the pressures ahead of and
behind the shock. Therefore, the pressure ratio across the shock is p2 /p1 = 4.5.
For p2 /p1 = 4.5, from normal shock table,

ρ2
M2 = 2, = 2.67
ρ1
Therefore, the shock speed becomes
/
Cs = M1 a 1 = 2 × γRT
√
= 2× 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 694.4 m/s
The piston speed is given by

! "
V2
Vp = V1 − V2 = V1 1−
V1
! "
ρ1
= Cs 1 −
ρ2
! "
1
= 694.4 × 1 −
2.67
= 694.4 × (1 − 0.375)
= 434 m/s
(b) Given (p2 − p1 )/p1 = 7. Therefore, p2 /p1 = 8.
For p2 /p1 = 8, from normal shock table,

ρ2
M2 = 2.65, = 3.5047
ρ1
Therefore, the shock speed becomes
√
Cs = 2.65 × 1.4 × 287 × 300
= 920.05 m/s
Thus,
! "
1
Vp = 920.05 × 1 −
3.5047
= 920.05 × 0.7147
= 657.56 m/s
5.33 (a) Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to states ahead of and behind the shock,
respectively and subscript e refer to the nozzle exit.
Given,
p01 − p02
× 100 = 12.4
p01
p02
1− = 0.124
p01
p02
= 0.876
p01
From normal shock table, for p02 /p01 = 0.876,
T2
M1 = 1.65 , M2 = 0.654, = 1.4228
T1
(b) For M1 = 1.65 from isentropic table, we have

T1
= 0.6475
T01
T1 = 0.6475 × T01
= 0.6475 × 330
= 213.7 K
117
Therefore,
T2 = 1.4228 × 213.7 = 304 K
Ve2
he + = h0e
2
Ve2
c p Te + = cp T0e
2
But the flow process across the shock is adiabatic, therefore, T01 = T02 = T0e .
Hence the flow speed at the nozzle exit becomes
0
Ve = 2 × cp (T0e − Te )
/
= 2 × 1004.5 × (330 − 300)
= 245.5 m/s
The flow speed behind the shock is

/
V2 = M2 a 2 = M2 × γ R T2
√
= 0.654 × 1.4 × 287 × 304
= 228.57 m/s
(c) The mass flow rate is
0.6847 p01 Ath

ṁ = √
RT01
0.6847 × (5 × 101325) × (5 × 10−4 )
= √
287 × 330
= 0.5636 kg/s
Chapter 6
Oblique Shock and

Expansion Waves
6.1 Given, M1 = 2 and β = 40◦ , therefore, M1n = 2.0 sin 40 = 1.29. From
normal shock tables, for M1n = 1.29, we have
p2
= 1.775
p1
T2
= 1.185 and
p1
M2n = 0.7911
Therefore,
p2 = 0.5 × 1.775 × 105
= 0.8875 × 105 Pa
T2 = 1.185 × 273
= 323.5 K
For the adiabatic process, Tt1 = Tt2 . From isentropic tables, for Mach 2, we
have T1 /Tt = 0.556. Thus,
273
T1t = T2t = = 491 K
0.556
From isentropic table, for T2 /T2t = 0.659, we have
M2 = 1.61
119
120 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves
Also,
u2 0.791 0.791
sin (β − θ) = = = = 0.4913
w2 M2 1.61
β−θ = 29.43
=⇒ θ = 10.57 deg
Thus, the wedge angle = 2θ = 21.14◦
6.2 For M1 = 2.0, from isentropic table, we have ν1 = 26.38◦ . Prandtl-Meyer

function after expansion is
ν2 = ν1 + θ = 26.38 + 5 = 31.38 deg
Therefore, for ν2 = 31.38◦ the corresponding Mach number from isentropic table
is M2 ≈ 2.18 . From isentropic tables for M2 = 2.18, we have
p2 p1
= 0.0965; = 0.1278
p02 p01
T2 T1
= 0.5127; = 0.5556
T02 T01
ρ2 ρ1
= 0.1882; = 0.2300
ρ02 ρ01
0.0965 0.0965
p2 = p1 × = 98 ×
0.1278 0.1278
= 74 kPa
0.5127
T2 = 300 ×
0.5556
= 276.8 K
74 × 103
ρ2 =
287 × 276.8
= 0.9315 kg/m3
6.3 (a)
121
pe = 1 atm
p0 = 70 × 105 kPa Me = 3
Figure S6.3a
p1
M1 = 3.0 =⇒ = 0.02722
p01
1.01325 × 105
With p1 = pe = patm , p01 = = 37.2 × 105 Pa.
0.02722
Therefore, the supply pressure for which oblique shock wave will first appear in
the exhaust jet is
≤ 37.2 × 105 Pa
(b)
0.45 D
p0 = 70 × 105 kPa
0.1 D
0.45 D
D
97 D
1.0
0.45 D
Figure S6.3b
0.45
sin β = = 0.41
1.097
M1n = M1 sin β = 3 × 0.41 = 1.23
p2
= 1.5984; p2 = pe
p1
Therefore,
pe atm
p1 = =
1.5984 1.5984
= 0.634 × 105 Pa
p1
M1 = 3.0 =⇒ = 0.02722
p01
Therefore,
0.634 × 105
p01 =
0.02722
= 23.3 × 105 Pa
Therefore, minimum supply pressure for obtaining the desired test region is
23.3 × 105 Pa.
(c)
pe = 1 atm
p0 = 70 × 105 kPa M1 = 3
1 2
Figure S6.3c
patm
M1 = 3.0 p1 = = 0.098105 Pa
p2 10.333
= 10.33 p2 = pe = patm
p1
p1 0.098 × 105
= 0.02722 p01 = = 3.6 × 105 Pa
p01 0.02722
Therefore, the minimum supply pressure for which a normal shock will appear
at the nozzle exit is
3.6 × 105 Pa
Note: The static pressure after the shock has to be equal to the back pressure,
namely the atmospheric pressure. This is because, subsonic jets are always
correctly expanded. Thus, the total pressure of this subsonic flow is higher than
123
its static pressure. Hence, the flow will move some distance downstream of the
nozzle exit before coming to rest.
6.4 The relation between θ and β is

1 2
2 cot β M12 sin2 β − 1
tan θ =
M12 (γ + cos 2β) + 2
For θ = 15◦ , M1 = 2.0, solution by iteration yields β = 79.8◦ . This is the

strong shock solution.
(a)
β = 79.8 deg
(b)
p2 2γ γ−1
= M 2 sin2 β −
p1 γ+1 1 γ+1
= 4.354
(c)
T2 p2 ρ2
= /
T1 p1 ρ1
= 1.662
(d)
β−θ = 64.8◦
ρ2 tan β
=
ρ1 tan (β − θ)
= 2.615
(e)
γ−1 2 2
1+ 2 M1 sin β
M12 sin2 (β − θ) = γ−1
γ M12 sin 2 β − 2
1 + 0.2 × 4 × (sin 79.8◦ × sin 79.8◦ )
=
1.4 × 4 × (sin 79.8◦ )2 − 0.2
1.775
= = 0.34
5.224
0.34 0.34
M22 = = = 0.415
(sin 64.8)2 0.819
M2 = 0.644
Weak shock
(a) Solving θ − β − M relation we can obtain βweak = 45.3◦
(b)
p2 2γ γ−1
= M 2 sin2 β −
p1 γ+1 γ+1
= 2.191
(c)
T2
= 1.267
T1
(d)
β−θ = 45.3 − 15 = 30.3 deg
ρ2 tan 45.3◦
=
ρ1 tan 30.3◦
= 1.729
(e)
M2 = 1.446
Aliter:
Using Normal shock tables:
M1n = M1 sin β , 1.97
Strong shock solution Weak shock so-

lution
125
γ = 1.4 M1n = 1.97 γ = 1.4 M1n = 2sin 45.3 deg = 1.42
p2
= 4.361 M2n = 0.7314
p1
T2 p2
= 1.663 = 2.186
T1 p1
ρ2
M2n = 0.583 = 1.724
ρ1
ρ2 T2
= 2.622 = 1.268
ρ1 T1
M2n = M2 sin (β − θ) M2n

M2 =
sin (β − θ)
M2 n 0.7314
M2 = = = 1.45
sin (β − θ) sin 30.3
0.583
= = 0.644
sin(79.8 − 15)
Note: The solution obtained with oblique shock relations may also be obtained
using oblique shock tables, which will result in considerable time saving.
6.5
Figure S6.5

p1 p2
= 0.1278. Since, pt1 = pt2 for this isentropic expansion, =
pt1 pt2
0.75
0.1278 × = 0.0599.
1.60
For this pressure ratio, from isentropic table, we get M2 = 2.48 .

From isentropic table, the Prandtl-Meyer function for Mach 2.0 and 2.48, re-
spectively are
ν1 = 26.38◦
ν2 = 38.655◦
Therefore, the flow turning angle becomes ν12 = ν2 − ν1 = 12.275◦
6.6 (a) Angles for which the oblique shock remains attached to the wedge (from
oblique shock table) are
At M1 = 2.0
θmax = 22◦
At M1 = 3.0
θmax = 34◦
(b)
θd M1min
15◦ 1.65
25◦ 2.11
40◦ 4.45
6.7
θ
M1 = 3.5
M2
45◦
θ
Figure S6.7
M1 = 3.5
β = 45 deg
127
=⇒ θ = 28.158◦
M1n = M1 sin β = 3.5 sin 45 = 2.47
M2n = 0.51592
M2n
M2 =
sin (β − θ)
= 1.78
6.8
M2 = 4.0
ν2 = 65.785◦
ν2 = ν1 + |∆θ|
Therefore,
ν1 = ν2 − |∆θ|
(a)
|∆θ| = 60 deg −15 deg = 45 deg
Therefore,
ν1 = 65.785 deg −45 deg = 20.785 deg
=⇒ M1 = 1.8022
(b)
|∆θ| = 60 deg −30 deg = 30 deg
Therefore,
ν1 = 65.785 deg −30 deg = 35.785 deg
=⇒ M1 = 2.360
(c)
|∆θ| = 0 deg
Therefore,
nu1 = ν2 = 65.785 deg
For this value of Prandtl Meyer function, from isentropic table, we get M1 =
4.0 .
(d)
|∆θ| = 60 deg +15 deg = 75 deg
ν1 = 65.785 deg −75 deg = − 9.215 deg
A negative ν is not possible. The flow downstream can exist only upto |∆θ| =
65.785 deg for which ν1 = 0 =⇒ M1 = 1.0.
6.9
p1 , M 1
p2 ,
M2
Figure S6.9
For M1 = 2.0, from isentropic table, we have p1 /p0 = 0.1278. Therefore,

p2 p2 p1 1
= × = × 0.1278 = 0.0639
p0 p1 p0 2
For p2 /p0 = 0.0639, from isentropic table, we have M2 = 2.444 .
M1 = 2.0 =⇒ ν1 = 26.38 deg
M2 = 2.444 =⇒ ν2 = 37.81 deg
ν2 = ν1 + |∆θ| = ν1 + θ2
θ2 = ν2 − ν1 = 37.81 − 26.38
= 11.43 deg
129
6.10
p0 M 1 , p1
θ
Me
Figure S6.10
(a)
M1 = 3.0
p1
=⇒ = 0.02722
p0
pe 1.01325 × 105
and =
p0 70 × 105
p1
= 0.0145 <
p0
Hence, there will be expansion at the nozzle exit to reduce the pressure from p1
to pe . From isentropic table, for pp0e = 0.145 =⇒ Me = 3.431.
M1 = 3.0 =⇒ ν1 = 49.75◦
Me = 3.431 =⇒ νe = 57.42◦
For expansion,
νe = ν1 + |∆θ|
Therefore,
|∆θ| = 57.42 − 49.75 = 7.67◦
(b) For θe = 0,
νe = ν1 ,pe = p1 = 1.0133 × 105 Pa
p1 pe
= = 0.02722
p0 p0
Therefore, stagnation pressure required for θe = 0 is
1.0133 × 105
p0 =
0.02722
= 37.226 × 105 Pa
6.11 From isentropic table, for M1 = 1.5, we have

p1
= 0.2724
p01
T1
= 0.6897
T01
Therefore,
p2 p2 p1
= ×
p01 p1 p01
0.13
= × 0.2724 = 0.118
0.30
=⇒ M2 = 2.05
T2
= 0.5433
T02
(a) From Prandtl-Meyer function table, we have
M1 = 1.5
=⇒ νM1 = 12◦
M2 = 2.05
=⇒ νM2 = 27.75◦
The deflection angle required is θ = νM1 − νM2 = −15.75◦
(b)
M2 = 2.05
(c)
T2 T01 0.5433
T2 = × × T1 = × 350
T02 T1 0.6897
= 275.7K
6.12
131
#1
1
2 #2
A1 3 #3
A2 4
5◦ A3
10◦
A4
15◦
Figure S6.12
Flow deflection in regions (2), (3) and (4) as measured from flow deflection in
region (1) are − 5 deg, − 15 deg and − 30 deg.
For expansion, ν2 = ν1 + |∆θ|
A
Region |∆θ| ν M µ Fan angle (deg) A∗
(deg) (deg) (deg) ξ1 = µ1 − (µ2 − ∆θ)
(1) 0 26.38 2.000 29.928 7.73 1.688
(2) 5 31.38 2.187 27.200 14.60 1.980
(3) 10 41.38 2.60 22.600 20.34 2.896
(4) 15 56.38 3.370 17.260 6.012
Therefore,
A1 : A2 : A3 : A4 = 1.688 : 1.980 : 2.896 : 6.012

= 1 : 1.173 : 1.716 : 3.562
6.13 From oblique shock table, for M1 = 2.4 and θ = 7 deg, we get β =
30.25 deg.
M1n = M1 sin β
= 2.4 sin 30.25 = 1.21
From normal shock table for M1n = 1.21, we have
p2
= 1.539
p1
T2
= 1.134
T1
a2
= 1.065
a1
p02
= 0.9918
p01
M2n = 0.830
M2n
M2 = = 2.12
sin (β − θ)

p3
= 5.077
p2
T3
= 1.7875
T2
a3
= 1.337
a2
p03
= 0.6649
p02
M3 = 0.5583
p2 = 1.57 × p1 = 0.77 × 105 Pa
T2 = 1.134 × 280 = 317.52 K
p3 = 4.881 p2 = 3.91 × 105 Pa
T3 = 1.7875 × 317.52 = 567.57 K
(a)
ṁ = ρ3 A3 V3
Therefore,
ṁ
Ai = A3 =
ρ3 V3
p3
ρ3 =
RT3
= 2.4 kg/m3
V3 = M3 a3 = 0.5583 × 477.6
= 266.64 m/s
Hence,
20
Ai =
2.385 × 266.64
= 0.03125 m2
(b) At the exit, Me = Ve /ae . By energy equation, we have
Ve2 a2e a2
+ = 0e
2 γ−1 γ−1
133
0
ae = a20e − 0.2Ve2
/
a0e = a03 = a01 = 20.04 T01
From isentropic table, for M1 = 2.4, for Me =

0.061
T1
= 0.4647
T01
280
T01 = = 602.5K
0.4647√
Thus, a0e = 20.04 602.5 = 492 m/s
/
Hence ae = 4922 − 0.2 × 302 = 492 m/s
30
Me = = 0.061
492
For Me = 0.061,
pe
= 0.9975
p03
Te
= 0.9993
T03
For M3 = 0.5583
p3
= 0.809
p03
T3
= 0.941
p03
Therefore,
pe p03
pe = p3
p03 p3
0.9975
= × 3.91 × 105
0.809
= 4.82 × 105 Pa
0.9993
Te = × 567.57 = 602.7 K
0.940
pe 4.75 × 105
ρe = =
RTe 287 × 595
= 2.79 kg/m3
20
Hence, Ae = = 0.240 m2
2.78 × 30
6.14 (a)
p02
For normal shock diffuser, at M1 = 3.0, p01 = 0.3283
(b) For the wedge shaped diffuser,
M1 = 3.0, θ = 8◦
Therefore,
β = 25.5◦
M2 = 2.6
θ = 8◦
For M2 = 2.6 and θ = 8◦ , we have
β = 29.0◦ ,
M3 = 2.26
Therefore,
M1n = M1 sin β
= 3.0 sin 25.5
= 1.3
M2n = 2.6 sin 29 = 1.26
From Normal shock table, for M1n = 1.3,

p02
= 0.9794,
p01
M2n = 1.26
p03
= 0.986,
p01
M3 = 2.26
p04
= 0.60105
p03
Therefore, the overall stagnation pressure ratio is
p04
= 0.9794 × 0.986 × 0.60105 = 0.5804
p01
Note: The first diffuser with a single normal shock, the pressure loss is 67.2%
but for the wedge shaped diffuser it is only 41.96%.
135
6.15 The wave pattern over the plate will be as shown in the Fig. S6.15a.
(a)
1 2
M1
θ=α
β=
42 ◦
Figure S6.15a
M1 = 2.0
β = 42 deg
=⇒ θ = α = 12.3◦
(b)
1
2
4
M1
β
Slipstream
δ
3
5
Figure S6.15b
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.338
For M1 = 1.338, from normal shock table, From isentropic table,
for M1 = 2.0,
p3 M3n
= 1.928 M3 = = 1.55
p1 sin (β − θ)
M3n = 0.7664 ν1 = 26.38◦
Therefore, p3 = 1.928 atm |∆θ| = 12.3◦
For expansion,
ν2 = ν1 + |∆θ|
= 26.38 + 12.3 = 38.68◦
The corresponding Mach number from isentropic table is

M2 = 2.48 For M2 = 2.48

p2
For M1 = 2.0 = 0.0604
p1 p0
= 0.1278 p2 p0
p0 Therefore, p2 = p1
p0 p1
= 0.473 atm
(c)
Trial 1 2 Trial 1 2
δ 12 deg 12.5 deg ν5 = ν3 + |∆θ| 25.38 25.88

β 34 34.5 M5 1.96 1.98
p5
M2n = M2 sin β 1.387 1.405 0.136 0.132
p0
M4 0.744 0.740 p3
p4 0.534 0.521
2.09 2.12 p5
p1
p5 1.03 1.005
p4 0.989 1.003
p5(1) p5(2)
0.041 ∆p
p4(1) p4(2)
12◦ δ 12.5◦
Fig. S6.15c
∆p − 0.041 −0.002 − 0.041

=
δ − 12 0.5
For ∆p = 0
δ = 12.5◦
For which p4 = p5 = 1 atm
6.16
137
1 2
M1
15◦
Figure S6.16
For θ = 15◦ , M1 = 3.0 =⇒ β = 32.2 deg.
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.60
M2n = 0.6684
p2
= 2.82
p1
ρ2
= 2.03
ρ1
T2
= 1.388
T1
p02
= 0.8952
p01

p1
= 0.0272
p01
T1
= 0.3571
T01
Therefore,
p1 = 1.904 × 105 Pa
T1 = 107.13 K
p1
ρ1 = = 6.19 kg/m3
RT1
/
a1 = γRT1 = 207.5 m/s
Using ratios of flow properties, we obtain,

(a)
p2 = 5.37 × 105 Pa
ρ2 = 12.57 kg/m3
T2 = 148.7 K
(b)
p02 = 62.66 × 105 Pa
(c)
M2n
M2 = = 2.26
sin (β − θ)
/
a2 = γRT2 = 244.4 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = 552.3 m/s
6.17
! "
dz
λu =
dx u
1
= − α 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3c
3
1
= − − α 0.3c ≤ x ≤ c
!7 "
dz
λl =
dx l
= −α
$ c
2
CL = − (λu + λl ) dx
βc 0
+$ 0.3c ! "
2 1
= − − α dx
βc 0 3
$ c ! "
1
+ − − α dx
0.3c 7
$ c ,
+ −αdx
0
+! "
2 1
= − − α 0.3c
βc 3
139
! "
1
− + α 0.7c − αc ]
7
2
= − [−2αc]
βc
4α
=
β
4 π
For α = 0 deg, CL = 0 and for α = 2 deg, CL = − √ × = 0.049365
8 90
$ c
2 1 2
CD = λ2u + λ2l dx
βc 0
$ 0.3c ! "2
2 1
= [ − α dx
βc 0 3
$ c ! "2 $ c
1
+ − − α dx + −α2 dx ]
0.3c 7 0
! "2
2 1 π
= [ − 0.3c
βc 3 90
! "2 % π &2
1 π
+ + 0.7c + c]
7 90 90
2
= [0.02672 + 0.02212 + 0.0012185]
β
2
= × 0.05006
β
CD = 0.0354
λu = λt + λc − α
λl = −λt + λc − α
(λu + λl )
λc = +α
11 2 2
3 −α−α
= +α 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3c
2
1
=
6
1 1 2
−7 − α − α
λc = +α 0.7c ≤ x ≤ c
2
1
= −
14
$ c
4
Cmac = λc xdx
βc2 0
$ 0.3c $ c
4 1 1
= [ xdx − xdx ]
βc2 0 6 0.3c 14
+ <,
4 1 2 1 ; 2 2
= (0.3c) − c − (0.3c)
βc2 12 28
+ ,
4 0.09 1
= √ − (1 − 0.09)
8 12 28
= −0.0354
xcp Cmac 1
= − +
c CL 2
(−0.0354) 1
= − +
0.049365 2
xcp = 1.217 c
6.18
1
M1 = 3 2
3
1" "
2
3"
Figure S6.18
Upper Surface

ν1 = 49.757 deg
Therefore,
ν2 = 49.757 + 12 = 61.757 deg
For ν2 = 61.757◦ , from isentropic table, we get
M2 = 3.71
Flow Mach number normal to the oblique shock is
M2n = M2 sin β
where β is shock angle. From oblique shock chart for M2 = 3.71 at θ = 12 deg,
we have
β2 = 26 deg
141
Therefore,
M2n = 3.71 sin 26 = 1.626
From normal shock table, for M2n = 1.63, we get
M3n = 0.6596 Therefore,

M3n 0.6596
M3 = =
sin (β − θ) sin 14
= 2.726
Lower Surface
For M1 = 3.0, and θ = 12◦ , from oblique shock chart, we get
M 1# n = M1 sin β
β 1# = 29.25 deg
Therefore,
M 1# n = 3 sin 29.25 = 1.47
From normal shock table, for M1# n = 1.47, we have
M 2# n = 0.712
Therefore,
0.712
M 2# = = 2.4
sin (29.25 − 12)
From isentropic table, for M2# = 2.4, we have
ν 2# = 36.75 deg
Therefore,
ν 3# = 36.75 + 12 = 48.75 deg
The corresponding Mach number is
M 3# = 2.95
6.19
1
2
12◦
M1 = 3 3
10◦
4
2"
3" 4"
Figure S6.19
θ12 = 2 deg M1n = 1.93

p 2#
ν2 = 51.75 deg = 4.179
p1
M2 = 3.105 p 2#
p2 = 0.115
= 0.02326 p01
p01 p02#
θ23 = 20 deg = 0.7535
p01
ν3 = 71.75 deg M2# n1 = 0.5899
M3 = 4.493 0.5899
M 2# = = 1.91
p3 sin18
= 0.003484 ν 2# = 23.85
p01
θ34 = 22 deg θ 2# 3# = 20
β34 = 33.5 deg ν 3# = 43.87 deg
M3n4 = 2.48 M 3# = 2.71
p4 p3
= 7.009 = 0.0423
p3 p02#
p4 p 3#
= 0.0245 = 0.0319
p01 p01
M4n = 0.5149 θ 3# 4# = 2 deg
0.5149 ν 4# = 45.87 deg
M4 = = 2.58
sin11.5 M4 = 2.8058
θ12# = 22 deg
p 4#
$12# = 40 deg = 0.0366
p02#
p 4#
= 0.0276
p01
p4 p4 #
Comparing p01 and p01 , it can be seen that, the slipstream is very weak.
6.20
143
p2 p3
M1 10◦
p1
Figure S6.20
M1 = 3.0 θ3 = 20◦
p1 = 1.0133 × 105 Pa ν3 = ν 2 + θ3
θ = 10◦ = 39.24◦ + 20◦
β = 27.38◦ = 59.24◦
M2 = 2.505 M3 = 3.545
p2
= 2.054 M2 = 2.505
p1 p2
= 0.05808
ν2 = 39.24◦ p02
M3 = 3.545
p3
= 0.0123
p03
Therefore,
p3 p2 p3 p02
=
p1 p1 p03 p2
0.01230
= 2.055 × = 0.435
0.05808
; c< ; c<
L = −p2 1 × − p3 1 × + p1 [1 × c]
2 2
L
CL =
q1 c
L
= γ 2
2 M1 p1 c
2 L
=
γM12 cp1
+ ! " ,
2 p2 p3 1
= − + + 1
γM12 p1 p1 2
+ ,
2 1
= 1 − (2.055 + 0.435)
1.4 × 9 2
= − 0.0389
c c
Drag, D = p2 tan 10◦ − p3 tan 10◦
2+ , 2
p1 c p2 p3
= − tan 10◦
2 p1 p1
D
CD = 1 2
2 γM1 p1 c
+ ,
1 p2 p3
= − tan 10◦
γM12 p1 p1
1
= (1.62 × 0.1763)
1.4 × 9
= 0.02267
6.21 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to states upstream and downstream of the
expansion fan. We know that the flow across the Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan
is isentropic. Therefore, p01 = p02 . From isentropic table, for M1 = 2.0, we
have
p1
= 0.1278, µ1 = 30◦ , and ν1 = 26.37◦
p01
Therefore,
p2
p2 p02
= 0.5 = p1
p1 p01
Thus,
p2
= 0.5 × 0.1278 = 0.0639
p02
p2
Again from isentropic table, for = 0.0639, we have
p02
M2 = 2.44, µ2 = 24.19◦ , and ν2 = 37.71◦
Thus, the flow turning angle is
θ = ν2 − ν1 = (37.71 − 26.37) = 11.34◦
For the first Mach line the angle relative to the freestream is µ1 = 30◦ . For
the last Mach line the angle relative to the freestream is
µ2 − θ = 24.19 − 11.33 = 12.86◦
6.22 From oblique shock table, for M1 = 2.2 and θ = 5◦ C, we have

p2
β = 31.09719 and = 1.3397
p1
145
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.136. From normal shock table, for M1n = 1.136, we have
p02
= 0.99726
p01
6.23 Assuming air to be a perfect gas, γ = 1.4. From oblique shock table, for
M1 = 3.0 and θ = 8◦ , from gas tables, we have the shock angle as
β = 25.61◦
p2
Also, = 1.7953, where p2 is the pressure behind the shock, which is also the
p1
pressure at the cone surface. Thus,
p2 = 0.05 × 1.7953 = 0.0898 atm
= 0.0898 × 101.325
= 9.1 kPa
6.24 Basically the given stream passes through an expansion fan and a oblique
shock at the convex and concave corners, respectively, as shown in Fig. S6.24.
1 2
3
15◦
15◦
Figure S6.24

p1
ν1 = 49.757◦ , = 0.02722
p01
Given, θ1 = 15◦ , thus,
ν2 = ν1 + 15◦ = 64.757◦
For ν2 = 64.757◦ , from isentropic tables, we have
p2
M2 = 3.92, = 0.0073316
p02
From oblique shock chart, for M2 = 3.92 and θ2 = 15◦ , we have β = 28◦ .
Therefore,
M2n = M2 sin β = 3.92 sin 28 = 1.84
From normal shock table, for M2n = 1.84, we have

p3
M3n = 0.6078, = 3.7832
p2
Thus,
M3n 0.6078
M3 = =
sin (β − θ) sin (28 − 15)
= 2.7
p3 p2
p3 = p1
p2 p1
Now,
p2 p2 p02 p01
=
p1 p02 p01 p1
p2 p01
=
p02 p1
since p01 = p02 across an expansion fan. Therefore,
p2 0.0073316
=
p1 0.02722
= 0.269346
Thus,
p3 = (3.7832)(0.269346)(1)
= 1.019 atm
6.25 By Ackerets theory,

4α
CL = /
M∞2 −1
Also,
L
CL = 1
2 γ M2 A p
where A = 1 × 1 = 1 m2 is the wing area. Thus,
/
C L M∞ 2 −1
α =
4
√
0.228 1.62 − 1
=
4
= 0.0712 radians = 4◦
147
Again by Ackerets theory,

4 α2
CD = / = α CL
M∞2 −1
Thus,
CD = (0.228)(0.0712) = 0.0162
The aerodynamic efficiency of the plate is
CL 0.228
= = 14
CD 0.0162
6.26 For M1 = 2.4 and β = 33◦ , from oblique shock table, we get
θ = 10◦
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.31
p2
= 1.8354
p1
T2
= 1.1972
T1
M2n = 0.78093
M2n 0.78093
M2 = =
sin (β − θ) sin 23◦
= 2.00
6.27 The pressure ratio across an oblique shock is given by

p2 2γ 1 2 2 2
=1+ M1 sin β − 1
p1 γ+1
That is,
p2 2γ 1 2 2 2
−1 = M1 sin β − 1
p1 γ+1
! "
2γ 1
p2 − p1 = p1 M12 sin2 β − 2
γ+1 M1
! "
2γ u21 1 u2
= p1 2 sin β − 2 , since M12 = 21
2
γ+1 a1 M1 a1
! "
p2 − p1 2 γ p1 u21 1
= sin2 β − 2
ρ1 γ + 1 ρ1 a21 M1
γp
But ρ = a2 , from isentropic relations. Therefore,
! "
p2 − p1 4 1
1 2
= sin2 β − 2
ρ u
2 1 1
γ + 1 M1
6.28 Given, p2 /p1 = 5. From normal shock table, for p2 /p1 = 5, we get the Mach
number normal to the oblique shock at the compression corner as M1n = 2.1.
But,
M1n = M1 sin β
where β is the shock angle. Thus,
! "
M1n
β = sin−1
M1
! "
−1 2.1
= sin = 44.427◦
3.0
From oblique shock chart, for M1 = 3.0 and β = 44.427◦ , we get
θ = 25.5◦
6.29 From oblique shock table, for M1 = 2 and θ = 10◦ , we get
β = 39.3◦
Therefore, the Mach number normal to the shock becomes
M1n = M1 sin β1 = 1.27
M2n = 0.80167
Therefore,
M2n
M2 = = 1.64
sin (β1 − θ)
For M2 = 1.64 and θ = 10◦ , from oblique shock chart, we get
β3 = 49.5◦
Thus, the angle of the reflected shock relative to the flat wall is
φ = β3 − θ = 49.5 − 10 = 39.5◦
M2n = M2 sin 49.5 = 1.25

149
M3n = 0.81264
Thus,
M3n 0.81264
M3 = =
sin (β3 − θ) sin 39.5◦
= 1.28
6.30 For M1 = 2 and θ = 7◦ , from oblique shock table, we get
M2 = 1.75
For M2 = 1.75, from oblique shock table, we have
θmax = 18◦
This is the maximum of θ up to which the second shock will remain attached.
6.31 The given flow is through an oblique shock. Therefore, there are two
solutions possible for the flow. One is called the weak solution, for which the
flow downstream of the shock will continue to be supersonic with a reduces Mach
number. The second is strong solution for which the Mach number downstream
of the shock will be subsonic.
I. Weak solution
Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions upstream downstream of the shock.

For M1 = 2 and flow turning angle θ = 15◦ , from oblique shock table, we have
β = 45.34 deg and M2 = 1.45
The Mach number normal to the shock M1n = M1 sin β.
M1n = 2 sin 45.34 = 1.42
Now, the shock may be treated as a normal shock with upstream Mach number
1.42.
From normal shock relations, the change in entropy across the shock is given by
! "
p01
∆s = R ln
p02
p01
= 1.049
p02
Thus,
%s = 287 ln (1.049)
= 13.73 J/(kg K)
II. Strong solution
For M1 = 2 and flow turning angle θ = 15◦ , from oblique shock table, we have
β = 79.83◦
M2 = 0.64
M1n = 2 sin (79.83◦ ) = 1.97

p01
= 1.36
p02
Thus,
%s = 287 ln (1.36)
= 88.25 J/(kg K)
The shock will be attached up to θmax = 22.97◦
6.32 Since the flow is turned at a compression corner, the problem is effec-
tively getting the flow field downstream of a oblique shock. From oblique shock
table(or chart), for M1 = 3.0 and θ = 10◦ , we have
β = 27.38◦
The Mach normal to the shock is
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.38

p2 T2 p02
M2n = 0.74829, = 2.0551, = 1.2418, = 0.96304
p1 T1 p01
Thus,
M2n
M2 =
sin (β − θ)
151
0.74829
=
sin (17.38◦ )
= 2.5
p2 = (2.0551)(1)
= 2.0551 atm
T2 = (1.2418)(200)
= 248.36 K
For M1 = 3, from isentropic table,
p1 T1
= 0.027224, = 0.35714
p01 T01
p02 p01
p02 = p1
p01 p1
= (0.96304) (1/0.027224) (1)
= 35.37 atm
T01
T02 = T01 = T1
T1
200
=
0.35714
= 560 K
6.33 Note that for a given Mach number and turning angle, the oblique shock
can have a weak and a strong solutions. Further, the Mach number downstream
of the shock is supersonic for weak solution and subsonic for the strong solution.
Let us solve this problem with oblique shock table as well as with oblique shock
charts.
From oblique shock table, for γ = 1.4 and M1 = 3.0 and θ = 10◦ , we have
For weak solution

p2
β = 27.38256◦ M2 = 2.505 , = 2.0545
p1
For strong solution
p2
β = 86.40836◦ M2 = 0.48924 , = 10.292
p1
From oblique shock chart I, for M1 = 3.0 and θ = 10◦ , we have
β = 27.4◦ as weak solution
β = 86.3◦ as strong solution

Using oblique shock chart II, the pressure ratio across and Mach number down-
stream of the shock are obtained as
For weak solution

p2
M2 = 2.5, = 2.05
p1
For strong solution
p2
M2 = 0.49, = 10.3
p1
From the above solutions the elegance of oblique shock tables is obvious. Fur-
ther, the solutions obtained with oblique shock charts are only approximate
whereas, the oblique shock table gives accurate results.
6.34 (a) From oblique shock table, for M1 = 2.2 and θ = 6◦ , we have
β = 31.98◦
Therefore, the Mach number normal to the shock is
M1n = M1 sin β = 1.16

p02
= 0.99605, M2n = 0.86816
p01
Therefore,
M2n
M2 = = 1.98
sin (β − θ)
p03
= 0.73021
p02
153
Thus,
p03 p03 p02
=
p02 p02 p01
= (0.73021)(0.99605) = 0.727
Thus,
Pressure loss = (1 − 0.727) × 100%
= 27.3 per cent
(b) From oblique shock table, for M2 = 1.98 and θ = 6◦ ,
β = 35.8◦
Therefore, the Mach number normal to the shock is
M2n = M2 sin β = 1.1582 ≈ 1.16

p03
= 0.99605, M3n = 0.86816
p02
Therefore,
M3n
M3 = = 1.7468
sin (β − θ)
p04
= 0.83457
p03
Thus,
p04 p04 p03 p02
=
p01 p03 p02 p01
= (0.83457)(0.99605)(0.99605) = 0.8279
Thus,
Pressure loss = (1 − 0.8279) × 100%
= 17.2 per cent
6.35 For M1 = 2.4 and β12 = 30◦ , from oblique shock chart, we have
θ12 = 6.2◦
The Mach number normal to the incident shock is
M1n = M1 sin β12 = 2.4 × sin 30◦ = 1.2
M2n = 0.84217
Therefore,
M2n
M2 =
sin (β − θ)
0.84217
=
sin (30 − 6.2)
= 2.09
For M2 = 2.09 and θ23 = 6.2◦ , from oblique shock chart, we have
β23 = 34◦
The Mach number normal to the reflected shock is
M2rn = M2 sin β23 = 2.09 sin 34◦ = 1.17
From normal shock table, for M2rn = 1.17, we get
M3n = 0.86145
M3n
M3 =
sin (β − θ)
0.86145
=
sin (34 − 6.2)
= 1.84
Hence the Mach numbers upstream and downstream of the reflected shock are
2.09 and 1.84, respectively.
6.36 Let the state ahead of and behind the first shock be represented by sub-
scripts 1 and 2, respectively, and those behind the second shock by 2 and 3,
respectively.
Given M1 = 2.3 and θ1 = 8◦ . For this Mach number and turning angle, from
oblique shock table, we get
β1 = 32.42◦ , M2 = 1.99
155
Therefore,
M1n = M1 × sin β
= 2.3 × sin (32.42◦ )
= 1.23
From normal shock table for Mn1 = 1.23,

p02
= 0.9896
p01
The pressure loss caused by the second shock is
! "
1 p02 1
1− = (1 − 0.9896)
2 p01 2
= 0.0052
Thus,
p03
= 1 − 0.0052 = 0.9948
p02
For p03 /p02 = 0.9948, from normal shock table,
M2n = 1.18
Thus,
! " ! "
M2n 1.18
β2 = sin−1 = sin−1
M2 1.99
= 36.37◦
For M2 = 1.99 and β2 = 36.37◦ , from oblique shock chart I,
θ2 ≈ 7◦
Chapter 7
Potential Equation for

Compressible Flow
7.1 (a) We know from Eq. (7.6) that,
ds dh0
T = uζ +
dn dn
dT0
= uζ + cp (1)
dn
1
T ds = dh − dp
ρ
1
i.e., T0 ds = dh0 − dp0
ρ0
1
= cp dT0 − dp0
ρ0
ds dT0 1 dp0
T0 = cp − (2)
dn dn ρ0 dn
T0
Multiplying Eq. (1) by , we get
T
ds T0 T0 dT0
T0 = uζ + cp (3)
dn T T dn
From Eqs. (2) and (3), we get
dT0 1 dp0 T0 T0 dT0

cp − = uζ + cp
dn ρ0 dn T T dn
157
158 Potential Equation for Compressible Flow
! "
1 dp0 T0 T0 dT0
i.e., − = uζ + − 1 cp
ρ0 dn T T dn
! "
γ−1 2 γ − 1 2 dT0
= 1+ M uζ + M cp
2 2 dn
7.2 For supersonic flows,by Eq. (7.37), we have
1 2
2 ∂ 2 φ 1 ∂φ ∂ 2 φ
M∞ −1 − − 2 =0
∂x2 r ∂r ∂r
or
∂ 2 φ 1 ∂φ
+ − β2 = 0
∂r2 r ∂r
/
where, β = M∞ 2 − 1. The solution for the above equation, valid over a slender
body of revolution with a closed nose and arbitrary (smooth) meridional section
(Ref. Liepmann and Roshko) is,
! " $ x
U 2 U
φ(x, r) = − S & (x) ln − S && (ξ) ln (x − ξ)dξ
2π βr 2π 0
where, S(x) = πR2 is the cross sectional area of the body at x and ξ = x − βr.
Therefore,
+ ! " $ x ,
∂φ S & (x) 2 1 d &
u = U∞ = U∞ − ln − S (ξ) ln (x − ξ)dξ
∂x 2π βr 2π dx 0
∂φ R dR
and, v = U∞ = U∞ i On the body, r = R, the pressure coefficient is
∂r r dx
given by
! " $ x ! "2
S && (x) 2 1 d && dR
Cp = ln + S (x) ln (x − ξ)dξ −
π λR π dx 0 dx
For the given body, R = $x3/2 0≤x≤1
Therefore, S = πR2 = π$2 x3
dS(x)
S & (x) = = 3π$2 x2
dx
S && (x) = 6π$2 x
dR 3 1/2
= $x
dx 2
159
Substituting the above relation into the CP expression, we obtain

! " $ x
2 2 d 9
Cp = 6$2 x ln + 6$ ξ ln (x − ξ) dξ − $2 x
β$x3/2 dx 0 4
+ ! " , $ x
Cp 2 d 9
= 6x ln − ln x3/2 + 6 ξ ln (x − ξ) dξ − x
$2 β$ dx 0 4
d
=x
Now consider the term dx 0
ξln (x − ξ) dξ. Express this as
$ x + $ x $ x ,
d d
6 ξ ln (x − ξ)dξ = i6 − (x − ξ) ln (x − ξ) dξ + x ln (x − ξ) dξ
dx 0 dx 0 0
Now use the rule,

$ a $ a
f (a − t)dt = f (t)dt
0 0
Therefore, we have
$ x +$ x $ x ,
d d
6 ξ ln (x − ξ) dξ = −6 ξ ln ξ dξ − x ln ξ dξ
dx 0 dx 0 0
+! "
2 x
,
d ξ2 ξ x
= −6 ln ξ − − x (ξ ln ξ − ξ)0
dx 2 4 0
+ ,
d x2 x2
= −6 ln x − − x2 ln x + x2
dx 2 4
ξ2
since lim ξ → 0 both 2 ln ξ and ξ ln ξ tend to zero. Therefore,
$ x % &
d x x
6 ξ ln (x − ξ)dξ = −6 x ln x + − − x − 2x ln x + 2x
dx 0 2 2
= 6x ln x − 6x
Hence,
+ ! " ,
Cp 2 9
= 6x ln − ln x3/2 + 6x ln x − 6x − x
$2 β$ 4
! "
2 3 33
= 6x ln − 6x ln x + 6x ln x − x
β$ 2 4
Cp % &
2 33
= 6x ln β% − 3x ln x − 4 x
$2
160 Potential Equation for Compressible Flow
Drag Coefficient
The drag coefficient can be expressed as,
$ L
CD S(L) = Cp (x)S & (x)dx
0
S& = 3π$2 x2
Therefore,
$ L ! "
CD S(L) 3 2 3 33 3
= 6x ln − 3x ln x − x dx
3π$4 0 β$ 4
+ ! 4 " ,L
6 4 2 x x4 33 x4
= x ln −3 ln x − −
4 β$ 4 16 4 4 0
+ ,
3 3 2 L L 11
= L L ln − ln L + −
2 β$ 2 8 8
S(x) = π$2 x3
Therefore,
S(L) = π$2 L3
Thus,
+ ,
CD π$2 L3 3 3 2 L L 11
= L L ln − ln L + −
3π $4 2 β$ 2 8 8
With L = 1, we get,
+ ,
CD 3 2 10
= ln −
3$2 2 β$ 8
+ ,
2 3 2 15
CD = 3$ ln −
2 β$ 8
√
But, β = M 2 − 1 = 1 and $ = 0.1. Therefore,
CD = 0.03 [1.5 ln 20 − 1.875]
= 0.0786
Chapter 8
Similarity Rules
8.1 By Prandtl-Glauert rule, we have
dCL (dCL /dα)inc

= /
dα 2
1 − M∞
! " ! "
dCL dCL
= = 0.108 deg
dα inc dα M∞ =0.2
Therefore,
dCL 0.108
= / per degree
dα 1 − M∞2
1 dC 2 1 dC 2
M∞ L
dα measured dα
L
P −G rule
0.2 0.108 0.1080

0.3 0.113 0.1132
0.4 0.115 0.1178
0.5 0.124 0.1247
0.6 0.130 0.1350
0.7 0.127 0.1512
0.75 0.100 0.1633
8.2 For hypersonic flow, M∞ tan (θ + α) ≥ 0.5.
When (θ + α) is small, M∞ (θ + α) ≥ 0.5.
where, θ is the half angle at the vertex of the model and α is the angle of attack.
For hypersonic similarity,
M∞1 (θ1 + α1 ) = M∞2 (θ2 + α2 )

M∞1 = 10
161
162 Similarity Rules
α1 = 3 deg
θ1 = 3 deg
π
M∞1 (θ1 + α1 ) = 10 × (3 + 3) × >1
180
Hence the flow is hypersonic. When the test Mach number is small, the angle
involved will be large.
(a)
M∞2 = 3.0
θ2 = 12 deg
M∞1 tan (θ1 + α1 ) = 10 tan 6 deg = 1.05
M∞2 tan (θ2 + α2 ) = 3 tan (12 + α2 ) = 1.05
tan (12 + α2 ) = 0.35
12 + α2 = 19.3
Therefore,
α2 = 7.3 deg
(b)
M∞3 = 3.0
θ3 = 3 deg
M∞3 tan (θ3 + α3 ) = 3.0 tan (3 + α3 ) = 1.05
tan (3 + α3 ) = 0.35
3 + α3 = 19.3
Therefore,
α3 = 16.3 deg
8.3 Hypersonic similarity factor K = M θ. In order to apply the results of

model to the missile, K should be same for the model and the missile. That is,
K 1 = K2
that is,
M 1 θ 1 = M2 θ 2
Given, M1 = 12, θ1 = 4 deg and M2 = 2.5.
Therefore,
M1 θ 1
θ2 =
M2
163
12 × 4
=
2.5
= 19.2 deg
That is, the semi-vertex angle of model = 19.2deg
8.4 For supersonic flow past thin wedge with semi-wedge angle δ, the linearized
theory yields,
! "
2 dz
CPu =
β dx u
2 2
= tan δ ≈ δ
β β
Therefore,
(γ + 1)1/3 CP 2δ 1/3 (γ + 1)1/3
= /
δ 2/3 M∞ 2 −1
4
2/3
[(γ + 1) δ]
= 2 2 −1
M∞
or
9 :
2 1/3
CP (γ + 1) M∞ 2
=
δ 2/3 χ
2
M∞ −1
where, χ = [δ(γ+1)M∞2 ]3/2
∗
8.5 (a) Given M∞ = 0.3. Therefore, by Equation (8.57), we have the minimum
Cp over the profile as
'! "3.5 *
2 2 + 0.2.32
Cp = −1
1.4 × 0.32 2.4
'! "3.5 *
2.018
= 15.873 × −1
2.4
= −7.22
∗
(b) Given M∞ = 0.4. Therefore,
'! "3.5 *
2 2 + 0.2.42
Cp = −1
1.4 × 0.42 2.4
164 Similarity Rules
'! "3.5 *
2.032
= 8.929 × −1
2.4
= −3.94
Chapter 9
Two Dimensional
Compressible Flows
9.1 The linearized perturbation velocity potential equation for two-dimensional

supersonic flow Eq.(9.1) is
β 2 φxx − φyy = 0 (1)
/
where β = M∞ 2 − 1 and φ is the perturbation velocity potential. Equation
(1) may also be written as,
∂2φ 1 ∂2φ
− =0 (2)
∂x2 2 − 1 ∂y 2
M∞
2
Keeping in mind that (M∞ − 1) > 0 for supersonic flow, it can be visualized
that equation (2) is also of the form of the classical wave equation. Hence, a
solution to equation (2) can be expressed as,
/ /
φ(x, y) = f (x − M∞ 2 − 1y) + g(x + M∞ 2 − 1y) (3)
For the problem under consideration, only left running waves are present and
therefore, /
g(x + M∞ 2 − 1y) = 0
Thus, /
φ(x, y) = f (x − 2 − 1y)
M∞ (4)
and
∂φ ; # <
= f (x − βy) (−β) (5)
∂y
∂φ
By boundary condition, at the wall ∂y = U∞ dy
dx
w
dyw x x x
= k(1 − ) − k = k − 2k
dx l l l
165
166 Two Dimensional Compressible Flows
Therefore,
∂φ % x&
= U∞ k − 2k
∂y l
Substituting this into Eq.(5), we get,
% x& #
U∞ k − 2k = −βf (x − βy) (6)
l
# U∞ % x&
f (x) = − k − 2k (7)
β l
Integrating Eq.(7) with respect to its argument, [Note that the argument is
(x − βy), but with y = 0], we have
! "
U∞ x2
f (x) = − kx − k + constant (8)
β l
At x = 0, f = 0, which gives constant = 0. Therefore,

! "
U∞ x2
f (x) = − kx − k (9)
β l
Since f (x) is defined throughout the flow, not just at the wall, and because it
has the form of Eq.(8a), where x represents the argument of f , Eq.(4) can be
written as
% &
x−βy
φ(x, y) = f (x − βy) = − U∞ k
β (x − βy) 1 − l
9.2
! "
dz 1
λu = = −α 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7c
dx u 7
1
= − −α 0.7c ≤ x ≤ c
3
! "
dz
λL = = −α
dx l
$ c
2
CL = − (λu + λL ) dx
βc 0
+$ 0.7c ! " $ c ! " $ c ,
2 1 1
= − − α dx + − − α dx + −αdx
βc 0 7 0.7c 3 0
+! " ! " ,
2 1 1
= − − α 0.7c − + α 0.3c − αc
βc 7 3
167
4α
=
β
/
β = M 2 − 1 = 2.29
2π
α = 2 deg = = 0.0349
180
Thus,
4 × 0.0349
CL =
2.29
= 0.06096
$ c
2 1 2
CD = λ2u + λ2L dx
βc 0
'! "2 ! "2 *
2 1 1 2
= −α 0.7c + +α 0.3c + α c
βc 7 3
2
= [0.0081583 + 0.0406787 + 0.001218]
2.29
2 × 0.050055
=
2.29
= 0.04372
9.3
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3c 0.3c ≤ x ≤ c
! " ! "
0.1 0.1
λu = −α λu = − −α
0.3 0.7
= 0.333 − α = −0.143 − α
! " ! "
0.03 0.03
λl = −α λl = − −α
0.3 0.7
= 0.1 − α = −0.043 − α
π
α = 2 deg = 2 ≈ 0.035 radian
180
√
β = 8 = 2.83
168 Two Dimensional Compressible Flows
φ(x, y) = f (x − βy)
∂φ
| = −βf & (x) = U∞ λ
∂y y=0
Therefore,
U∞
f & (x) = − λ
β
φx (x, y) = f & (x − βy)
U∞
φx (x, 0) = f & (x) = − λ
β
φx λ
Cp = −2 =2
U∞ β
For 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3c
λu 0.298 × 2
Cpu = 2 =
β 2.83
= 0.211
λl 0.065 × 2
C pl = 2 =
β 2.83
= 0.046
For 0.3 ≤ x ≤ c
λu 0.178 × 2
C pu = 2 =−
β 2.83
= − 0.1258
λl 0.078 × 2
C pl = 2 =−
β 2.83
= −0.0551
Chapter 10
Prandtl-Meyer Flow
10.1 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions upstream and downstream of

the Prandtl-Meyer fan.
p0 = 33.5 × 105 Pa
M1 = 2.0
From isentropic table, for M1 = 2.0,
ν1 = 26.38 deg
p1
= 0.1278
p0
p2 1.0133
= = 0.03025
p0 33.5
where subscript 2 refer to conditions downstream of the expansion fan. From

p2
isentropic table, for = 0.03025,
p0
M2 = 2.93
ν2 = 48.388 deg
But ν2 = ν1 + ∆θ
Therefore,
∆θ = 48.388 − 26.38
= 22 deg
169
170 Prandtl-Meyer Flow
That is, after initial expansion, the flow direction is 22 deg with respect to nozzle
axis.
10.2 For M1 = 2.3 and θ = 12 deg, from oblique shock chart, β = 36.5 deg.
M1n = M1 sin β = 2.3 × sin 36.5 deg
= 1.368
T2
For M1n = 1.368, normal shock table gives: M2n = 0.7527, and T1 = 1.235.
Thus,
M2n
M2 =
sin (β − θ)
= 1.815
T2 = 1.235 × 500
= 617.5K
For M2 = 1.815, from isentropic table, ν2 = 21 deg. Also, |θ| = 24 deg. There-
fore,
ν3 = ν2 + |θ| = 21 + 24
= 45 deg
T3
For ν3 = 45 deg, isentropic table gives, M3 = 2.764 , and = 0.396. There-
T0
fore,
T3 T3 T02
=
T2 T02 T2
But T02 = T03 , thus, we have
T3 0.396
= = 0.657
T2 0.603
T3 = 0.657 × 617.5
= 405.7 K
For M3 = 2.764 and θ = 12 deg, oblique shock chart gives, β = 32 deg, and
M3n = 2.764 × sin 32 = 1.465. Now, for M3n = 1.465, the normal shock table
171
T4
gives M4n = 0.7157, and = 1.2938. Thus,
T3
0.7157
M4 = = 2.09
sin 20 deg
T4 = 524.9 K
Note: In this problem, oblique shock table may be used in places where oblique
shock chart is used.
10.3 Let the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions upstream and downstream
of expansion.
M1 = 2.0
p1
= 0.1278
p01
For isentropic compression p02 = p01 . Therefore,

! "
p2 760 − 240
= 0.1278 × = 0.0642
p02 760 + 275
=⇒ M2 = 2.44
=⇒ ν1 = 26.38 deg
=⇒ ν2 = 37.71 deg
or, the flow has been turned through ν2 − ν1 = 11.33 deg .
Note: Compare this problem with 6.8.

172 Prandtl-Meyer Flow
Chapter 11
Flow with Friction and

Heat Transfer
11.1
M 1 , p1 M∗ = 1
p∗
p01 p02
Figure S11.1
p1
This problem has to be solved by trial and error. The pressure ratio can be
p∗
written as
p1 p1 p01 p02
=
p∗ p01 p02 p∗
p01 p02
Given, = 10. We want ∗ = 1.893 (critical pressure ratio). Thus,
p02 p
p1 p1
= 18.93
p∗ p01
or
p1 /p∗
= 18.93
p1 /p01
p1 p1
Calculate ∗
and for different M1 and check for the ratio to be 18.93. For
p p01
that, use the relations
! " 12
p1 1 1.2
=
p∗ M1 1 + 0.2M12
173
174 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer
! "− γ−1
γ
p1 γ−1 2
= 1+ M1
p01 2
% &
p1 p1
Trial M1 p∗ / p01
1 0.1 10.944/0.99 = 11.05
2 0.06 18.25/0.977 = 18.29
3 0.055 19.90/0.998 = 19.95
4 0.059 18.56/0.998 = 18.60
5 0.058 18.88/0.998 = 18.92
It is seen that M1 = 0.058 is the required Mach number. Now use the relation
' *
γ+1
4f¯L∗ 1 − M12 γ+1 2 M 2
1
= + ln
D γM12 2γ 1 + γ−1
2 M1
2
to calculate L∗ ,
! "
4f¯L∗ 0.0040368
= 211.6 + 0.857 ln
D 1.0006728
= 211.6 − 4.72 = 206.88
206.88 × 0.1
L∗ =
4 × 0.005
= 1034.4 m
11.2
p1 = 3.5 × 105 mboxP a
T1 = 300 K
p2 = 1.4 × 105 mboxP a
ṁ = 0.09 kg/s
L = 600 m
f¯ = 0.004
ṁ = ρ1 V1 A
p1 / π
γRT1 M1 D2 = 0.090
RT1 4
3.5 × 105 √ π
× 20.04 300 × × M1 D2 = 0.090
287 × 300 4
M1 D 2 = 8.12 × 10−5
175
For an isothermal flow with friction, it can be shown that

' ! "2 * ! "2
4f L 1 p2 p2
= 2 1− + ln
D γM1 p1 p1
' ! "2 * ! "2
4 × 0.004 × 600 1 1.4 1.4
= 1 − + ln
D γM12 3.5 3.5
9.6 1
= 0.6 − 1.832
D M12
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we obtain
9.6 0.6
= D4 − 1.832
D (8.12)2 × 10−10
9.6
= 9.10 × 107 D4 − 1.832
D
Solving equation (3), We obtain D = 0.0402 m .
11.3 Energy equation gives,

V2
h+ = h0 = constant
2
Also, for a perfect gas,
a2 V2 a20
+ =
γ−1 2 γ−1
! "
2 γ−1 2
a 1+ M = a20
2
! "
γ−1 2
T1 1 + M = T0
2
From continuity equation for a perfect gas,
ṁ
G = = ρ1 V1 = ρ1 a1 M1
A
p1 /
= γRT1 M1
RT1
3
γ 1
= √ p1 M1
R T1
From Eq. (2), we have
γp21 M12
T1 =
RG2
Using this in Eq. (1), we get

! "
γ p21 M12 γ−1 2
1+ M1 = T0
R G2 2
! "
γ−1 2 R G2
M12 1 + M1 = T0 2
2 γ p1
! " 12 4
γ−1 2 R G
M1 1+ M1 = T0
2 γ p1
Now,
ṁ ṁ∗
G = =
A A
Γ A∗
= √ p0
γRT0 A
where
! " 2(γ−1)
γ+1
2
Γ = γ
γ+1
Using Eq. (4) in Eq. (3), we get,

! " 12 4
γ−1 2 R Γ A∗ 1
M1 1+ M1 = T0 p0
2 γ γRT0 A1 p1
Γ p0 A∗
=
γ p1 A1
i.e.
! "1
γ γ−1 2 2 p0 A∗
M1 1 + M1 =
Γ 2 p1 A1
p1 2.38 × 105
= = 0.0354
p0 67.3 × 105
! "2 ! "2
A D 0.0127
= = = 2.082 = 4.33
A∗ D∗ 0.0061
Therefore,
p1 A
= 0.0354 × 4.33 = 0.1533
p0 A∗
177
=⇒ M1 = 2.51
! "
4f L∗
=⇒ = 0.4341
D 1
p2 4.85 × 105
= = 0.072
p0 67.3 × 105
Therefore,
p2 A
× ∗ = 0.072 × 4.33 = 0.312
p0 A
=⇒ M2 = 1.53
! "
4f L∗
=⇒ = 0.147
D 2
Therefore,
! "
4f L∗
= 0.4341 − 0.147
D
∆L
= 29.60 − 1.75 = 27.85
D
Hence, the average friction coefficient is
0.2871
f¯ =
4(27.85)
= 0.002577
11.4 (a)
Ae /A∗ = 2 pb
p0 1
T0 Shock
M =1
A∗
L
Figure S11.4a
Normal shocks can exist only for M1 > 1. Therefore, the interpretation that a
normal shock stands in the throat implies M = 1 at the throat and downstream
is subsonic. Therefore, At = A∗ .
A∗ ρ1 T1 a1 p1
Ae M1 ρ0 T0 a0 p0
0.50 0.306 0.9547 0.9816 0.9907 0.9371
p0 7 × 105
ρ0 = = = 8.13 kg/m3
RT0 287 × 300
/ √
a0 = γRT0 = 1.4 × 287 × 300 = 347 m/s
ρ1 = (0.9547)ρ0 = (0.9547) × (8.13) = 7.7617 kg/m3
a1 = (0.9907)a0 = (0.9907) × (347) = 343.8 m/s
p1 = (0.9371)p0 = (0.9371) × (7 × 105 ) = 6.5597 × 105 Pa

% ¯ ∗&
4f L p1
M1 D p∗
M1
0.306 5.0776 3.547
p1
p∗ = = 1.849 × 105 Pa
3.547
Therefore, p∗ < pB =⇒ duct length L < L∗ and p2 = pB at L.
p2 pB 2.8 × 105
= = = 1.514
p∗ p∗ 1.849 × 105
% ¯ ∗&
p2 4f L
p∗ D
M2
1.514 0.220
Therefore,
! ¯ " ! ¯ "
4f¯L 4f L 4f L
= −
D D M1 D M2
= 5.0776 − 0.220
= 4.8576
G = ρ1 V1 = ρ1 a1 M1
= (7.7617)(343.8)(0.306)
= 816.5 kg/m2 s
179
(b)
1
Shock
M =1
A∗
L
Figure S11.4b
Upstream of normal shock wave
A∗ p ρ T a
M
Ae p0 ρ0 T0 a0
0.5 0.09396 0.1847 0.5088 0.7133 2.197
p = (0.09396)(7 × 105 ) = 0.6577 × 105 Pa

ρ = (0.1847)(8.13)
= 1.5 kg/m3
T = (0.5088)(300) = 152.6 K
a = (0.7132)(347) = 247.5 m/s
Downstream of normal shock wave
This zone is referred by subscript 1.
p1 ρ1 T1 a1
M M1
p ρ T a
2.197 5.465 2.947 1.854 1.362 0.5475
Therefore,
p1 = (5.465)(0.6577 × 105 ) = 3.5943 × 105 Pa

ρ1 = (2.947)(1.5) = 4.4205 kg/m3
T1 = (1.854)(152.6) = 282.9 K
a1 = (1.362)(247.5) = 337.1 m/s
% ¯ ∗&
4f L p1
M1 D p∗
M1
0.5475 0.7451 1.9434
Thus,
p1 3.5943 × 105
p∗ = = = 1.85 × 105 Pa
1.9434 1.9434
Since p∗ < pB =⇒ duct length L < L∗ and p2 = pB at L.
p2 pB 2.8 × 105
= = = 1.514
p∗ p∗ 1.85 × 105
% ¯ ∗&
p2 4f L
p∗ D
M2
1.514 0.220
Therefore,
! ¯ " ! ¯ "
4f¯L 4f L 4f L
= −
D D M1 D M2
= 0.7451 − 0.220
= 0.5251
G = ρ1 V1 = ρ1 a1 M1
= (4.4205)(337.1)(0.5475)
= 815.9 kg/m2 s
(c)
Shock
M =1
A∗
Figure S11.4c
Properties at station 1 are the same as properties in Part-b.
Upstream of normal shock wave
Therefore,
p1 = 0.6577 × 105 Pa
ρ1 = 1.5 kg/m3
T1 = 152.6 K
a1 = 247.5 m/s
M1 = 2.197
181
% & p1
4f¯L∗
M1 D
M1 p∗
2.197 0.36011 0.35566
p1
Thus, p∗ = = 1.849 × 105 Pa.
0.35566
Therefore, p∗ < pB =⇒ duct length L < L∗ and p2 = pa at L downstream
of normal shock wave.
From the diagram in Fig. s11.4d, it is clear that the Mach number Mx at
point x jumps.
a
h kP
0
28
=
pb
Figure S11.4d
The normal shock pressure jump and the Fanno line equation are given by
p3 2γ γ−1
= Mx2 −
px γ+1 γ+1
- .1/2
γ+1
px 1 2
= γ−1
p∗ Mx 1+ 2
2 Mx
! "1/2
2.8 × 105 1 1 2 1.2
= 1.1667Mx2 − 0.1667
1.849 × 105 Mx 1 + 0.2Mx2
! "1/2
1 1 2 1.2
Let f (Mx ) = 1.1667Mx2 − 0.1667 − 1.5143
Mx 1 + 0.2Mx2
Use Secant method to find Mx as follows.
! "
xj − xj−1
xj+1 = xj − f (xj )
f (xj ) − f (xj−1 )
Trial 1
x1 = 1.6
x0 = 1.5
! "
1.6 − 1.5
x2 = 1.6 − 0.0559
0.0559 − (−0.0236)
x2 = 1.53
f (x2 ) = 0.000752
! "
1.53 − 1.6
x3 = 1.53 − 0.000752
0.000752 − 0.0553
x3 = 1.53,
Therefore, Mx = 1.53.
! ¯ ∗"
4f L
M2
D M2
1.53 0.14699
Therefore,
! ¯ " ! ¯ "
4f¯L 4f L 4f L
= −
D D M1 D M2
= 0.36011 − 0.14699
= 0.21312
G = ρ1 V1 = ρ1 a1 M1
= (2.197)(247.5)(1.5)
= 815.6 kg/(m2 s)
11.5 The speed of sound a1 is given by,

/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 20.04 333.3
= 366 m/s
V1 73.15
M1 = =
a1 366
= 0.2
183
From tables Rayleigh flow tables, for M1 = 0.2, we have

T01
= 0.17355
T0∗
T1
= 0.20611
T∗
p01
= 1.2346
p∗0
p1
= 2.2727
p∗
V1
= 0.09091
V∗
p1
= 0.97250
p01
Therefore,
0.5516 × 105
p01 =
0.9725
= 5.672 × 104 Pa
T1
= 0.99206
T01
Therefore,
333.3
T01 = = 336 K
0.99206
(a)
T02 = stagnation temperature after combustion
∆h = cP (T02 − T01 )
Therefore,
∆h
T02 = T01 +
cP
1395.5 × 103
= 336 +
1004.5
= 1725.2 K
(b)
T02 1725.2
= = 5.1345
T01 336.0
T02 T01 T02

=
T0∗ T0∗ T01
= (0.17355)(5.1345) = 0.89109
=⇒ M2 = 0.68
T2
= 0.98144
T∗
p02
= 1.0489
p∗0
p2
= 1.4569
p∗
V2
= 0.67366
V∗
(c)
T2 T ∗
T2 = T1
T ∗ T1
0.98144
= × 333.3
0.20661
= 1583.2 K
(d)
p02 p∗
p02 = p01
p∗ p01
1.0489
= × 5.672 × 104 = 4.819 × 104 Pa
1.2346
∆p0 = p02 − p01 = (4.819 − 5.672) × 104
= −8530 Pa
(e)
! " ! "
T02 p02
T01 p01
! "
4.819
= 1004.5 ln (5.1345) − 287 ln
5.672
= 1690.1 J/kg.K
185
(f )
V2 V ∗
V2 = V1
V ∗ V1
0.67366
= × 73.15
0.09091
= 542.1 m/s
(g) The initial conditions can be maintained till the flow is choked at the duct
T01
exit after combustion. That is, M2 = 1 and TT02∗ = 1 and since ∗ = 0.17355,
0 T0
and T01 = 336K, we have
T02 T0∗
T02 = T01
T0∗ T01
336.0
=
0.17355
= 1936 K
Maximum heat of reaction q is given by
q = cP ∆T0 = 1004.5(1936 − 336)
= 1607.2 kJ/kg
11.6 The flow process is adiabatic and therefore, it can be treated as a Fanno
flow. The velocity at station 1 is
/
V 1 = M1 a 1 = M1 γ R T 1
√
= 0.2 1.4 × 287 × 300 = 69.44 m/s
From Fanno flow table, for M1 = 0.2, we have
p1 T1 V1 p01
= 5.4554, = 1.1905, = 0.21822, = 2.9635
p∗ T∗ V∗ p∗0
Again, from Fanno flow table, for M2 = 0.5, we have
p2 T2 V2 p02
= 2.1381, = 1.1429, = 0.53452, = 1.3398
p∗ T∗ V∗ p∗0
Thus,
p2 p∗ 2.1381
p2 = p1 = × 5 × 101325
p∗ p1 5.4554
= 198.558 kPa
T2 T ∗ 1.1429
T2 = ∗
T1 = × 300
T T1 1.1905
= 288 K
V2 V ∗ 0.53452
V2 = V1 = × 69.44
V ∗ V1 0.21832
= 170.09 m/s
p02 p∗0 1.3398

p02 = p01 = × 520.951
p∗0 p01 2.9635
= 235.52 kPa
11.7 For, M1 = 0.2, from isentropic table, we have,

T1
= 0.99206
T01
Therefore,
T1 72 + 273.15
T01 = = = 347.9 K
0.99206 0.99206
Since the tube is perfectly insulated, T01 = T02 , thus,
T02 = 347.9 K
The initial density is

p1 2 × 101325
ρ1 = =
R T1 287 × 345.15
= 2.046 kg/m3
since, 1 atm = 101325 Pa. Thus, the mass flow rate through the tube is
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ1 A1 M1 a1
/
= 2.046 × (0.1 × 0.1) × 0.2 × γ R T1
187
√
= 0.004092 1.4 × 287 × 345.15
= 1.524 kg/s
Now, assuming a control volume between the sections 1 and 2, we can write the
force balance equation as
(p1 − p2 ) A + F = ρ1 A1 V1 (V2 − V1 )
where F is the frictional drag and A is the cross-sectional area of the tube.
T2
= 0.89644
T02
Therefore,
T2 = 0.89644 T02 = 0.89644 × 347.9
= 311.87 K
√
a2 = 1.4 × 287 × 311.87
= 354 m/s
V2 = M2 a2 = 0.76 × 354
= 269.04 m/s
For obtaining p2 , let us use the Fanno flow table. For M1 = 0.2 and M2 = 0.76,
respectively, from Fanno flow table, we have
p1 p2
= 5.4554, = 1.3647
p∗ p∗
Therefore,
p2 p∗
p2 = p1
p∗ p1
1.3647
= × 2 = 0.5 atm
5.4554
Thus,
F = ρ1 A1 V1 (V2 − V1 ) − (p1 − p2 ) A
= 1.524(269.04 − 74.52) − (2 − 0.5) × 101325 × (0.1 × 0.1) = 296.45 − 1519.88
= − 1223.43 N
Hence,
Drag = 1223.43 N
11.8 Given, L/D = 50, V1 = 195 √m/s, T1 = 310 K and Me = 1. The speed
of sound at the entrance is a1 = γRT1 . For carbon dioxide, γ = 1.3 and
molecular weight is 44, thus,
Ru 8314
R = =
M 44
= 188.95 J/(kg K)
Therefore,
√
a1 = 1.3 × 188.95 × 310
= 275.95 m/s
V1 195
M1 = =
a1 275.95
= 0.71
From Fanno flow table for γ = 1.3, for M1 = 0.71, we have
4 f Lmax
= 0.20993
D
Thus,
0.20993
f =
50 × 4
= 0.00105
11.9 From Fanno flow table, for M2 = 0.8, we have

4 f L∗2
= 0.07229
D
p2
= 1.2893
p∗
T2
= 1.0638
T∗
4 f L∗1 4 f L∗2 4 fL
= +
D D D
4 × 0.005 × 51
= 0.07229 + = 40.87229
0.025
189
4 f L∗
From Fanno flow table, for D
1
= 40.87229, we have
M1 = 0.13
p1
= 8.457
p∗
T1
= 1.1959
T∗
p1 p∗ 8.457
p1 = ∗
p2 = ×1
p p2 1.2893
= 6.56 atm
T1 T ∗ 1.1959
T1 = T2 = × 270
T ∗ T2 1.0638
= 303.52 K

V12
h0 = h1 +
2
Treating air as a perfect gas, we can express h = cp T and hence
V12
c p T0 = c P T1 +
2
V12
T1 = T0 −
2cp
! "
1352
= 359 − K = 349.9 K
2 × 1004.5
/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 349.9
= 374.95 m/s
Therefore,
V1 135
M1 = = = 0.36
a1 374.95
(a) For M1 = 0.36, from Fanno flow table, we have

4f Lmax
= 3.1801
D
Thus,
3.1801 × 5 × 10−2
Lmax =
4 × 0.02
= 1.99 m
This is the minimum length of the tube for the flow to choke.
(b) For L2 = 0.6 m,

! " ! " ! "
4f L 4f L 4f L
= −
D 2 D 1 D 12
where 1 and 2 stands for the inlet and exit of the tube
! "
4f L 4 × 0.02 × 0.6
= 3.1801 −
D 2 5 × 10−2
= 3.1801 − 0.96 = 2.22
The corresponding Mach number, from Fanno flow table, is

p02
M2 ≈ 0.41 and = 1.5587
p∗0
p02
For M1 = 0.36, from Fanno flow table, = 1.7358. Therefore,
p∗0
p02 p∗0
p02 = p01
p∗0 p01
1.5587
= × 135
1.7358
= 121.23 kPa
For M1 = 0.36, from isentropic table,

p1
= 0.91433
p01
p1 = 0.91433 × 135 = 123.43 kPa
p1 123.43 × 103
ρ1 = =
RT1 287 × 349.9
= 1.229 kg/m3
191
Thus, the mass flow rate through the tube ṁ is
π × 52 × 10−4
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = 1.229 × 135 ×
4
= 0.326 kg/s
11.11 For hydrogen, M = 2.016 and γ = 1.4

8314
R= = 4124 J/(kg K)
2.016
At the tube inlet, the Mach number is
V1 V1 200
M1 = =√ =√
a1 γRT1 1.4 × 4124 × 303
= 0.15
From Fanno flow table, for M1 = 0.15, we get
4f¯Lmax
= 27.932
D
p1
= 7.2866
p∗
Thus, the tube length required for the flow to choke is
27.932D
Lmax =
4f¯
27.932 × 25 × 10−3
=
4 × 0.03
= 5.82 m
p1
pexit = p∗ =
7.286
250
=
7.2866
= 34.31 kPa
V1
11.12 At the pipe entrance, Mach number M1 = a1 , where
V1 = 200 m/s
and
/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 303.15
= 349 m/s
Thus,
200
M1 =
= 0.57
349
4f Lmax
= 0.62288
D
Therefore,
0.62288 × 20 × 10−3
Lmax = = 0.156 m
4 × 0.02
Thus, the length of the pipe at which the flow would be sonic is 15.6 cm
11.13 For methane, γ = 1.3,

Ru 8314
R = =
M 16.04
= 518 J/(kg K)
V1 V1
M1 = =√
a1 γRT1
25 25
= √ =
1.3 × 518 × 320 464.2
= 0.0538
From Fanno flow equations, we have
4f¯L∗1 1 − M12 γ+1 (γ + 1) M12
= 2 + ln 1 2
D γM1 2γ 2 1 + γ−1
2 M1
2
! "
0.997 0.00666
= + 0.8846 ln = 265.16 − 5.046
0.00376 2
= 260.114
The pipe length at which the flow chokes is
260.114 × 25 × 10−3
L∗ =
4 × 0.004
= 406.4 m
193
Again by Fanno flow relations, we have

' * 12
p1 1 γ+1
= 1 2 2
p∗ M1 2 1 + γ−1
2 M1
! " 12
1 2.3
=
0.0538 2
= 19.93
Thus,
p1 1 × 106
p∗ = =
19.93 19.93
= 50.18 kPa
T1 γ+1 2.3
= 1 2=
T∗ 2 1 + γ−1
2 M 2
1
2
= 1.15
Thus,
T1 320
T∗ = =
1.15 1.15
= 278.16 K
/ √
V∗ = a∗ = γRT ∗ = 1.3 × 518 × 278.26
= 432.87 m/s
11.14 For argon, γ = 1.67. The given flow is a Fanno flow. From Fanno flow
table, for M1 = 0.6, we have
! "
4f Lmax
= 0.4908
D 1
p1
= 1.76336
p∗
T1
= 1.1194
T∗
For the given duct,
4f L 4 × 0.02 × 1.1194
= = 0.2984
D 0.3
Also,
! " ! "
4f L 4f Lmax 4f Lmax
= −
D D 1 D 2
= 0.2984
where subscript 2 refers to duct exit. From the above equation, we have
! "
4f Lmax
= 0.4908 − 0.2984
D 2
= 0.1924
! "
4f Lmax
For = 0.1924, from Fanno flow table, we get
D 2
M2 = 0.73
p2
= 1.426
p∗
T2
= 1.084
T∗
Thus,
p2 p∗ 1.426
p2 = ∗
p1 = × 90
p p1 1.76336
= 72.81 kPa
T2 T ∗ 1.084
T2 = T1 = × 300
T ∗ T1 1.1194
= 290.62 K
11.15
-! " ! " .
D 4f l 4f l
%L = −
4f D M1 D M2
D
= (14.533 − 0)
4f
50 × 10−3
= × 14.533
4 × 0.006
= 30.277 m
195
11.16
π × 0.12
A = = 78.539 × 10−4 m2
4
p
ρ = = 1.94 kg/m3
RT
Therefore, the inlet velocity becomes
ṁ
V = = 177.2 m/s
ρA
M = 0.49
From Fanno flow table, for M = 0.49, we have

4f l
= 1.1539
D
p
= 2.1838
p∗
T
= 1.145
T∗
Thus,
1.1539 × 40.1
L =
4 × 0.006
= 4.8 m
1.8 × 105
p∗ =
2.1838
= 82.4 kPa
323.15
T∗ = = 282.23 K
1.145
= 9.08◦ C
At half way before the chocking location, L = 2.4 m. Thus,

4f L 4 × 0.006 × 2.4
= = 0.576
D 0.1
4f L
From Fanno flow table, for D = 0.576, we get
p
= 1.8282
p∗
T
= 1.1244
T∗
p = 150.6 kPa
T = 44.19◦ C
11.17 (a) From Fanno flow table, for M = 0.2, we have
4f Lmax
= 14.533
D
where Lmax the distance from the Mach 0.2 location at which the Mach number
becomes unity. Therefore,
14.533 × 0.05
Lmax =
4 × 0.00375
= 48.44 m
(b) This problem has to be solved by finding the chocking location for initial
Mach numbers 0.2 and 0.6.
LM =0.6 = (Lmax )M =0.2 − (Lmax )M =0.6
From Fanno flow table, for M = 0.6, we have
4f Lmax
= 0.49082
D
0.49082 × 0.05
Lmax = = 1.64 m
4 × 0.00375
Thus,
LM =0.6 = 48.44 − 1.64 = 46.8 m
11.18 (a) Given, T0 = 380 K. By energy equation, we have
V12
h0 = h1 +
2
where h0 is the stagnation enthalpy and h1 and V1 are the static enthalpy and
velocity, respectively, at the duct entrance. Treating air to be a perfect gas, we
197
have, h0 = cp T0 and h1 = cp T1 . Therefore, the energy equation becomes,
V12
T0 = T1 +
2 cp
V12 302
T1 = T0 − = 380 −
2 cp 2 × 1004.5
= 379.6 K
since cp = 1004.5 J/(kg K) for air. The speed of sound is

/
a1 = γ R T1 = 390.54 im/s
V1 30
M1 = = ≈ 0.08
a1 390.54
From Fanno flow table, for M1 ≈ 0.08, we have
! "
4f L
= 106.72
D 1
Thus,
4 × 0.02 × 55
D = m
106.72
= 4.12 cm
(b) The inlet velocity V1 = 90 m/s. Therefore,
902
T1 = 380 − = 376 K
2 × 1004.5
/
a1 = γ R T1 = 388.7 m/s
90
M1 = = 0.23
388.7
4f L
= 10.416
D
4 × 0.02 × 55
D =
1046
= 0.422 m
(c) The inlet velocity V1 = 425 m/s. Therefore,

4252
T1 = 380 − = 290.1 K
2 × 1004.5
/
a1 = γ R T1 = 341.4 m/s
425
M1 = = 1.24
341.4
4f L
= 0.04547
D
4 × 0.02 × 55
D =
0.04547
= 96.77 m
Note: For the supersonic flow at the duct entrance, the diameter comes out to
be more than the length, for the present data.
11.19 The hydraulic diameter of the duct is

4 × cross-sectional area 4 × 0.03 × 0.03
Dh = =
perimeter 4 × 0.03
= 0.03 m
At the duct entrance the flow velocity is V1 = 1000 m/s. The local speed of
sound is
/ √
a1 = γRT1 = 1.4 × 287 × 350
= 375 m/s
Thus, the Mach number at duct entrance is
V1 1000
M1 = == = 2.67
a1 375
For M1 = 2.67, from Fanno flow table, we have
! "
4f Lmax
= 0.46619
D 1
Therefore, the duct length required to decelerate the flow to Mach 1.0 is
0.46619 × 0.03
Lmax =
4 × 0.0025
= 1.40 m
199
11.20 For mass flow rate ṁ to be maximum, the exit Mach number M2 should
be unity, i.e. the flow is choked. For the given duct,
4f L 4 × 0.023 × 0.25
=
D 0.025
= 0.92
4f L
For this value of D , if the flow at the exit has to choke, from Fanno flow table,
we have
M1 = 0.52. From isentropic table, for M1 = 0.52, we have
p1
= 0.83165
p01
T1
= 0.94869
T01
p1 = 0.83165 × 50 × 101325 = 4.21 MPa
T1 = 0.94869 × 320 = 303.58 K

Therefore,
ṁmax = ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ1 A1 M1 a1
π1 22 /
= 48.32 × 25 × 10−3 × 0.52 × γRT1
4
√
= 0.012334 1.4 × 285 × 303.58
= 4.3 kg/s
Further,
p∗ 1
= = 0.487
p1 2.0519
Thus,
p∗ = 0.487 × 4.21 = 2.05 MPa
Therefore, the mass flow rate will remain maximum for the back pressure range
0 < pb < 2.05 MPa
11.21 (a) Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to duct entry and exit conditions. The
duct length ∆L required to accelerate the from Mach 0.2 to 0.5 can be deter-
mined from
! ∗" ! ∗"
f ∆L fL fL
= −
D D M =0.2 D M =0.5
where f is friction factor, D is duct diameter and M is Mach number. From

Fanno flow table, we have
! ∗"
fL
= 14.533
D M =0.2
! ∗"
fL
= 1.0691
D M =0.5
Thus,
0.025∆L
= 14.533 − 1.0691
30 × 10−3
∆L = 16.157 m
(b) From Fanno flow table, we have

! ∗"
fL
≈ 0
D M =1
Thus,
f ∆L
= 14.533
D
14.533 × 30 × 10−3
∆L =
0.025
= 17.44 m
11.22 For the given pipe, we have
4f Le 4 × 0.02 × 18
=
De 5 × 10−2
= 28.8
For 4fDLe e = 28.8, from Fanno flow table, Me = 0.15. The speed of sound at pipe
exit is √
ae = 1.4 × 287 × 468 = 433.74 m/s
The exit velocity and density are
Ve = 0.15 × 433.74 = 65.062 m/s
pe 101325
ρe = = = 0.754 kg/m3
RTe 287 × 468
201
Therefore,
π × 0.052
ṁ = ρe Ae Ve = 0.754 × × 65.062
4
= 0.096 kg/s
11.23 Let subscripts 1 and 2 refer to conditions at inlet and exit of the tube,
respectively. Given, pe = 0 Pa, T01 = 300 K and p01 = 6 × 101325 Pa, since 1
atm = 101325 Pa.
(a) L = 0 m and pp01 2

is much lower than the choking limit of 0.48667(for γ =
1.67), therefore, the flow is choked. Thus, the mass flow rate is
1 22
0.7266 × 6 × 101325 π 30 × 10−2
ṁ = √
RT01 4
For argon, molecular weight is 39.944, gas constant R is 208 J/(kg K) and
γ = 1.67. Therefore, the mass flow rate becomes
ṁ = 125 kg/s
(b) L = 2.22 m. Therefore,

4f Lmax 4 × 0.005 × 2.22
=
D 30 × 10−2
= 0.148
4f Lmax
From Fanno flow table, for γ = 1.67 and D = 0.148, we have M1 = 0.71.
Now, from isentropic table, for M1 = 0.71(γ = 1.67), we have

p1
= 0.67778
p01
T1
= 0.85552
T01
p1 = 6 × 101325 × 0.67778 = 412056.35 Pa
T1 = 300 × 0.85552 = 256.66 K

The density at the inlet is
p1 412056.35
ρ1 = =
RT1 208 × 256.66
= 7.72 kg/m3
Thus, the mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ1 A1 M1 a1
π0.32 √
= 7.72 × × 0.71 1.67 × 208 × 256.66
4
= 115.68 kg/s
11.24 Given, p1 /p2 = 15 and p1 = 150 atm. Therefore,
150
p2 = = 10 atm
15
where p1 is the storage tank static pressure and p2 is the settling chamber static
pressure. Let p2 be the pressure at which the flow chokes, i.e. p2 = p∗ . Thus,
p1
= 15
p∗
From Fanno flow table, for p1 /p∗ = 15, we have
4f L∗
= 140.66
D
Thus,
140.66 × 0.1
L∗ =
4 × 0.005
= 703.3 m
That is, the pipe will choke at a length of 703.3 m.
11.25 For the given piping system,
p01 600
= = 13.33
p4 45
This pressure ratio is much more than the pressure ratio required for the flow
to choke. Therefore, at the exit, the Mach number M4 can be taken as unity.
Also,
! "
4f L 4 × 0.013 × 1.1
=
D B 3.10 × 10−2
= 1.845
203
For this value, from Fanno Table, we get M3 ≈ 0.43. From isentropic table, for
M3 = 0.43, we have
A3
= 1.5
A∗
Also,
! "2
A2 6
= = 3.75
A3 3.1
A2 A2 A3
= , since A2 ∗ = A3 ∗
A2 ∗ A3 A3 ∗
Thus,
A2
= 3.75 × 1.5 = 5.625
A2 ∗
From isentropic table, for AA22∗ = 5.625, we have M2 ≈ 0.1 and from from Fanno
flow table, for M2 = 0.1, we have
4f L
= 66.922
D
For tube A,
! "
4f L 4 × 0.015 × 0.9
=
D A 6 × 10−2
= 0.9
Also,
! " ! " ! "
4f L 4f L 4f L
= −
D 1−2 D 1 D 2
Therefore,
! " ! " ! "
4f L 4f L 4f L
= + = 0.9 + 66.922
D 1 D 1−2 D 2
67.822=
% &
From Fanno flow table, for this 4fDL = 67.822, we have M1 ≈ 0.1. From
isentropic table, for M1 = 0.1, we get
ρ1
= 0.99502
ρ01
T1
= 0.998
T01
The stagnation density is
p0 600 × 103
ρ0 = =
RT0 287 × 390
= 5.36 kg/m3
Thus,
ρ1 = 0.99502 × 5.36 = 5.33 kg/m3
T1 = 0.998 × 390 = 389.22 K
/
a1 = γRT = 395.5 m/s
V1 = M1 a1 = 39.55 m/s
π × 0.062
A1 = = 28.27 × 10−4 m2
4
Thus, the mass flow rate is
ṁ = ρ1 A1 V1 = 5.33 × 28.27 × 10−4 × 39.55
= 0.596 kg/s
Chapter 12
MOC
205
206 MOC
Chapter 13
Measurements in
Compressible Flow
13.1 (a)
p = (760 − 500) = 260 mm of Hg
p0 = (760 − 350) = 410 mm of Hg
p 260
= = 0.634
p0 410
From isentropic table the corresponding Mach number is M = 0.835
(b)
p0 = 760 + 275 = 1035 mm of Hg
p 260
= = 0.251
p0 1035
From isentropic table the corresponding Mach number is M = 1.56
13.2
pgauge = 3.6 × 104 Pa
patm = 0.756 × 9.81 × 13.6 × 103
= 1.0086 × 105 Pa
207
208 Measurements in Compressible Flow
p0 − p = 50 cm of Hg = 0.5 × 9.81 × 13.6 × 103
= 6.67 × 104 Pa
T0 = 300 K
p0,gauge = 1.027 × 105 Pa
p0abs = (1.027 + 1.0086) × 105 Pa
Therefore,
p0 2.0356 × 105
ρ0 = =
RT0 287 × 300
= 2.36 kg/m3
(a) By compressible Bernoulli equation, we have
u2 γ p γ p0
+ =
2 γ−1ρ γ − 1 ρ0
! " γ1
ρ p
=
ρ0 p0
! " 1.4
1
1.3686 × 105
= = 0.753
2.0356 × 105
ρ = 0.753 × 2.36 = 1.78 kg/m3

! "
u2 2.0356 1.3686
= 3.5 − × 105
2 2.36 1.78
u = 256.06 m/s
(b) For incompressible flow, ρ = ρ0 . Therefore,

4 3
2 (p0 − p) 2 × 6.67 × 104
u = =
ρ 2.364
= 237.55 m/s
209
Note: The error committed in assuming the flow to be incompressible in this

problem is 7.23%.
13.3 From isentropic table, for M1 = 0.9, we have

p1
= 0.5913
p0
For M2 = 0.2, again from isentropic table, we have
p2
= 0.9725
p0
Therefore,
p2 0.9725
= = 1.6448
p1 0.5913
p2 = 1.6447 × 4.15 × 105 = 6.826 × 105 Pa

Therefore,
p2 − p1 = (6.826 − 4.15) × 105 = 2.676 × 105 Pa
13.4 (a) T = 500◦ C = 773 K. Therefore,

√
a = 1.4 × 287 × 773 = 557.3 m/s
V 400
M = = = 0.718
a 557.3
p0
From isentropic table, for M = 0.718, we have p = 1.4098. Therefore,
p0 = 1.4098 × 1.01325 × 105
= 1.428 × 105 Pa
(b)
T = −50◦ C = 273 − 50 = 223 K
√
a = 1.4 × 287 × 223 = 299.33 m/s
400
M = = 1.336
299.33
; <3.5
2
p0 = p 1 + 0.2 (1.336)
p0 = 2.949 × 105 Pa
Note: Note the time saving in using tables instead of actual relations.
13.5 (a) From Standard atmospheric table, at 10, 000 m altitude, T∞ = 223.15 K.
The speed of sound is given by,
√
a∞ = 1.4 × 287 × 223.15 = 299.44 m/s
The aeroplane velocity is

900
V∞ = = 250 m/s
3.6
The flight Mach number is
V∞
M∞ = = 0.835
a∞
From isentropic table, for M∞ = 0.835, we get
T0
= 1.139
T∞
Thus, the temperature at the stagnation region is
T0 = 1.139 × 223.15 = 254.17 K
(b) The temperature caused by impact is given by,
∆T = T0 − T = 254.17 − 223.15 = 31.02 K
13.6 The test section Mach number is M = 4. At 1650 m, from standard

atmospheric table, ρ0 = 1.0425 kg/m3 . From isentropic table, for M = 4, we
have
ρ
= 0.0277
ρ0
Therefore, the test-section density is
ρts = 0.0277 × 1.0425 = 0.0289 kg/m3
13.7 The probe measures the stagnation temperature T0 as 100◦ C. That is,
T0 = 100 + 273.15 = 373.15 K
V2
h0 = h+
2
211
V2
c p T0 = cp T +
2
V2
T0 = T+
2 cp
V2
T = T0 −
2 cp
where T is the actual temperature(static temperature) of the air.

2502
T = 373.15 − = 373.15 − 31.11
2 × 1004.5
= 342.04 K = 68.9◦ C
13.8 Let the subscripts ‘TS’, ‘i’ and ‘0’ refer to the test-section, nozzle inlet and
stagnation state, respectively.
Given MTS = 2.5 and pTS = 100 kPa. From isentropic table, for MTS = 2.5,
pTS ATS
= 0.0585, = 2.637
p0 Ath
where Ath is the nozzle throat area.
Therefore,
Ai ATS
= 2
Ath Ath
= 2 × 2.637
= 5.274
100
p0 =
0.0585
= 1.71 MPa
For Ai /Ath = 5.274, from isentropic table (subsonic solution),

pi
Mi ≈ 0.11 , = 0.9916
p0
Thus, the pressure at the nozzle inlet is
pi = 0.9916 × 1.71
= 1.696 MPa

E Rathakrishnan Gas Dynamics Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

E Rathakrishnan Gas Dynamics Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

E Rathakrishnan Gas Dynamics Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solutions Mannual for the fourth edition of

1 Some Preliminary Thoughts 1

2 Basic Equations of Compressible Flow 3

5 Normal Shock Waves 79

6 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves 119

7 Potential Equation for Compressible Flow 157

8 Similarity Rules 161

9 Two Dimensional Compressible Flows 165

10 Prandtl-Meyer Flow 169

11 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer 173

13 Measurements in Compressible Flow 207

Some Preliminary Thoughts

p1 Vγ1 = p2 Vγ2 = constant (1)

Also, from ideal gas state equation

From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

Dividing throughout by v γ−1 and integrating, we get

Substituting equation (4) in equation (3) and simplifying, we get

R∆T 287 × (−842.65)

= 6.04 × 105 J/kg

(c) Also, from equation (1)

Therefore, The pressure ratio = 25.1189

From equation of state for a calorically perfect gas,

= 61/3.5 × 290 = 483.868 K

The change in the temperature is

(b) By first law of thermodynamics, we have

Here, velocity changes are neglected. Therefore,

= 1.39 × 105 J/kg

Entropy change for a perfect gas can be written as

Let λ = 1 + $, where $ # 1. Therefore,

2.6 Since it is an open system,

Work done = −cp (T2 − T1 )

2.7 Work done is given by

W = p (V2 − V1 ) = 101325 × 6 (2 − 0.3)

since 1 atm = 101325 Pa.

2.10 By isentropic relation,

(b) By ideal gas state equation, we have

2.12 For an ideal gas, the speed of sound a may be expressed as

R = Ru /M = 8314/29 = 286.7 J/(kg K)

By isentropic relation, we have

= 1 + 0.2 × 1.122 = 1.25

T0 = 1.25 × 301.15 = 376.44 K

For the flow, the stagnation temperature is T0 = 376.44 K.

The static temperature T = 92.5◦ C = 92.5 + 273.15 = 365.65 K

This is the Mach number at the station where temperature is 92.5◦ C.

By isentropic relation, we have

= 0.573 × 300 = 171.9 K

By energy equation, we have

The speed of sound is given by

For a polytropic process,

With the given data,

(1.32 − 1.4) 287 1100

The increase in internal energy is

%u = cv (T2 − T1 ) = 649.5 (125 − 25)

The increase in enthalpy is

%h = cp (T2 − T1 ) = 909.3 (125 − 25)

At state 2, p2 = 500 kPa, ρ2 = 5.875 kg/m3 . Therefore,

Assuming air to be a perfect gas, the enthalpy difference is given by

h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1 ) = cp (296.5 − 296.5)

2.18 The entropy change is given by