2010 NATIONAL MODEL CONSTRUCTION CODES

Lateral Load Resistance

– NBC Part 9
Cathleen Taraschuk, P. Eng.
NRC Canadian Codes Centre
February 2011

1
Introduction

• Presentation is part of a series on the 2010 National

Model Construction Codes
• Model codes developed by Canadian Commission
on Building and Fire Codes
• These codes must be adopted by provincial/territorial
authorities to become law

2
Overview

• General Background
• Technical Principles
• Summary of Basic Code Change Proposals
• Trade-Off Code Change Proposals

3
Part 9 Lateral Loads

• General Background
• Technical Principles
• Summary of Basic Code Change Proposals
• Trade-Off Code Change Proposals

4
General Issue

• Conventional house
construction
– Exterior and interior walls
– Redundant paths of travel

5
General Issue – cont’d

• Narrow lots, panoramic views

– Small wall area in front
• Open concept
– Few interior walls

6
Background

• 2005 NBC Part 9 does not contain explicit requirements

for resistance against lateral loads
• Proposed code changes for 2005 NBC deferred
• Province requested more time
• Lateral Load Task Group formed
– Reviewed material from last code cycle, CWC Guide,
consultant reports, recent research

7
Part 9 Lateral Loads

• General Background
• Technical Principles
• Summary of Basic Code Change Proposals
• Trade-Off Code Change Proposals

8
Lateral Load
Resisting System Components

• Diaphragms
• Shear walls
• Connections
– Wall-to-wall
– Roof-to-wall
– Diaphragm-to-wall
– Wall-to-foundation

9
Shear Force
Transfer Through Building

Froof

Shear Forces
“F”
Froof +Ffloor

Froof +Ffloor2 +Ffloor1

10
Performance Under Wind Load

Uplift failure of Racking failure of wall

sheathing panels
from framing
Uplift and shear
failure of roof truss
to wall connection

Velocity
V (m/s)

Force is
related to V Shear failure of wall-to-
foundation and wall-to-wall
connection
11
Performance Under Seismic Load

Racking failure
of wall
Shear failure of roof-to- wall
connection

Force is
Shear failure of wall-to-wall
proportional
Ground acceleration and wall-to-foundation
to A and mass connection
A (m/s2) of structure 12
Potential Failure Locations

Roof-to-wall connection
and uplift of roof sheathing

Racking failure

13
Potential Failure Locations

anchor bolt
Storey-to-storey connection
Building anchorage – exterior and interior wall
14
Part 9 Lateral Loads

• General Background
• Technical Principles
• Summary of Basic Code Change Proposals
• Trade-Off Code Change Proposals

15
Categories of Wind and Seismic

Category Wind Seismic – light Seismic – heavy Requirement

1 in 50 yr hourly Spectral Spectral

wind press, kPa response response
acceleration acceleration

Low HWP < 0.8 Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.7 Sa(0.2) ≤ 0.7 Same as 2005
NBC

High 0.8 ≤ HWP <1.2 0.7 < Sa(0.2) 0.7 < Sa(0.2) Requirements in
≤ 1.2 ≤ 1.1 new Subsection
9.23.13.

Extreme HWP  1.2 Sa(0.2) > 1.2 Sa(0.2) > 1.1 Part 4 or
accepted
practice

Sa(0.2) – Spectral Acceleration at 0.2 seconds

HWP – Hourly Wind Pressure (1-in-50 year return)

16
Compliance Options

HWP
0.00 kPa 0.80 kPa 1.20 kPa

0.095 NBC Part 4 or

Same as 2005 NBC New 9.23.13
CWC Guide

0.70

Sa(0.2) NBC Part 4 or

New 9.23.13. New 9.23.13.
CWC Guide
(1.10*)
1.20
NBC Part 4 or NBC Part 4 or NBC Part 4 or
CWC Guide CWC Guide CWC Guide

* heavy construction
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High Wind Locations –
0.8 kPa  1 in 50 HWP < 1.2 kPa

Total : 9 locations
in Table C-2

1.2 kPa
– engineering
1 1 design

5
3

18
High Seismic Locations –
0.7 < Sa(0.2)  1.2

Total : 45 locations
in Table C-2

2
>1.2
– engineering
design

15 25 3
3

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New Subsection

• Bracing to resist lateral loads due to wind and earthquake

– Braced wall panels aligned in vertical braced wall bands

Braced wall panel:

Portion of a wood-frame wall where bracing, sheathing, cladding
or interior finish is designed and installed to provide required
resistance to lateral loads due to wind or earthquake

Braced wall band:

Imaginary continuous straight band extending vertically and
horizontally through the building or part of the building, within
which braced wall panels are constructed

20
New Subsection –
General Requirements

• Requirements given for

– Alignment of braced wall panels
– Materials used to construct braced wall panels
– Spacing and dimensions of braced wall panels and braced
wall bands

21
Braced Wall Band

Space

Clause (1)(c) :
Lap at both
ends

22
Braced Wall Panel Materials

• On exterior walls:
– Plywood, oriented strandboard (OSB) or diagonal lumber
sheathing
• On interior walls:
– Required interior braced wall panels shall be sheathed
or finished on both sides
– Gypsum board interior finish allowed
– Plywood, OSB or diagonal lumber sheathing within
any 15 m interval

23
Spacing Requirements
A – Distance
between
centre lines
of braced wall
bands
B – Distance
between
Plan view braced wall
panel edges
C – Distance
from end of
braced wall
band to end
of 1st braced
wall panel

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Spacing Requirements
A – Maximum distance
between centre lines
of adjacent braced
wall bands

1.0  Sa(0.2)  1.2 or

0.70 < Sa(0.2) < 1.0
0.80  HWP <1.2 kPa

A max. 10.6 m 7.6 m

25
Spacing Requirements
B – Maximum distance
between ends of adjacent
required braced wall
panels

1.0  Sa(0.2)  1.2 or

0.70 < Sa(0.2) < 1.0
0.80  HWP < 1.2 kPa

B max. 6.4 m 6.4 m

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Spacing Requirements
C – Maximum distance
from end of braced wall
band to edge of required
braced wall panel

1.0  Sa(0.2)  1.2 or

0.70 < Sa(0.2) < 1.0
0.80  HWP < 1.2 kPa

C max. 2.4 m 2.4 m

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Minimum Cumulative Length
of Braced Wall Panels

Braced
Tile roof
Wall Panel

25%

25%
25%

40% 40%

75% 75%

Soil Light Soil Heavy Concrete

topping 28
Minimum Length
of Individual Braced Wall Panels

600 mm minimum 750 mm minimum

length when connecting length, otherwise
to intersecting braced
wall panel
29
Relaxation of Bracing Requirement
(1) – Basement and Crawl Space

• Max. distance between braced wall bands, and between

braced wall band and foundation wall in basement / crawl
space is 15 m

30
Relaxation of Bracing Requirement
(1) – Basement and Crawl Space

Cannot be omitted
since braced wall
panel above is a
‘strong’ panel

Can be omitted since braced wall panel

above is not a ‘strong’ panel and within
15 m there is a ‘strong’ panel

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Relaxation of Bracing Requirement
(2) – Porches

• Do not apply to perimeter of a single open or enclosed

space
– e.g. porches not projecting more than 3.5 m from building
and not supporting a floor above

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Relaxation of Bracing Requirement
(3) – Garages

• Exemption for detached garages

• Exemption for front wall of attached garage
serving single dwelling unit
– Criteria for both is don't support floor

• Allow one large opening under certain conditions

for attached garages
– Adequate bracing on other 3 walls
– Supporting no more than one floor above

33
Specifications to Address
Connections for Framing

• Tie roof trusses to wall framing for 1 in 50 yr HWP >0.8 kPa

• New nailing details – attach required braced wall panels
to floor joists, rim joists or blocking, and to framing above
and below
• Insert rim joist

Rim joist:
Outermost member in floor framing, other than blocking,
be it parallel, perpendicular or on an angle to floor joists

34
Specifications for Fastening
of Sheathing to Framing

• Enhanced requirements for roof and wall sheathing

in high wind and seismic
– Longer fastener
– Higher fastening density for roof sheathing within
1 m of roof edges

35
Specifications to Anchor Building
to Foundation

• Enhanced anchor bolt detailing for high wind and seismic

and more than one storey

36
Other Changes

• Modify "Support of Walls" where braced wall panels are

required
• Modify "Bracing and Lateral Support" to prevent buckling
of stud when unfinished interior wall blocking/strapping

37
Part 9 Lateral Loads

• General Background
• Technical Principles
• Summary of Basic Code Change Proposals
• Trade-Off Code Change Proposals

38
Design Issues

• Open concept – 7.6 m between braced wall bands

• Upper storey setback limit to 1.2 m
• Ability to achieve percentage of braced wall panels
in exterior walls
• Open concept – 6.4 m between braced wall panels

• Need to allow greater flexibility in design – achieve same

performance level → trade-off approach

39
Flexible Design – Trade-Off
Provisions

• Open concept – 7.6 m between braced wall bands

• Can increase spacing of braced wall bands from
7.6 m up to 10.6 m
– Braced wall band is "strong wall"

10.6 m max.

15 m max. 40
Flexible Design – Trade-Off
Provisions – Cont'd

• Upper storey setback limit to 1.2 m

• One exterior upper storey wall in each
orthogonal direction can be set back provided
– Is a "strong wall" below, within 10.6 m of exterior wall
– Floor supporting setback is sheathed with wood-based
– Reinforced connection to exterior perpendicular walls

1.2 m

strong wall 41
Flexible Design – Trade-Off
Provisions – Cont'd

• Ability to achieve percentage of braced wall panels

in exterior walls
• Can reduce length of braced wall panels from 40%
to 25% in one exterior wall each orthogonal direction
– Construct extra
"strong wall“ within 10.6 m
– Limit ratio of upper
to lower braced wall
panels to 2:1
– Strengthen diaphragm,
more fasteners

42
Flexible Design – Trade-Off
Provisions – Cont'd

• Open concept – 6.4 m between braced wall panels

• Can increase spacing between braced wall panels
to 7.3 m
– Minimum length of braced wall panel increased to 1.2 m

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Questions?
Send them to us at codes@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

Thank you!

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