Unit 2 Matter TG

Unit 2: Countless and Active Particles of Matter
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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
Unit 2: Countless and Active Particles of Matter
Students learn best when they are given tasks that enable them to discover
and/or experience the science concepts they need to understand. The four modules
in this unit capitalize on this principle. Thus, the four modules in this unit are packed
with different activities which will help you in the development of conceptual
understanding among your students.
Each module in the learners’ materials takes note of the previous lessons
discussed during the grade 7 and 8 chemistry to facilitate the realization of the
spiral progression way of presenting the chemistry concepts included in the K to 12
Curriculum. As a science teacher, your role is to make your students grasp that
each and every topic discussed is interrelated and interconnected with one another
for them to see the bigger picture and how it is like to acquire an interwoven
knowledge where they can draw solutions to real life problems or answers to
queries. This scenario will create satisfaction among students causing them to be
more engaged with the lessons you are facilitating as you progress in the teaching -
learning process.
To create appropriate teaching-learning scenario, make it sure to try all the

activities before you ask your students to perform them.
The title of this unit gives a general idea of what they are going to learn about
matter in grade 9. Countless because of the enormous number of particle present in
one mole and active particles because of the chemical bonds that lead to the
formation of different kinds of substances including carbon compounds.
The modules included in this unit are as follows:
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter

Module 2: Chemical Bonding
Module 3: The Carbon Compounds
Module 4: What’s in a Mole?
The pre-assessment in each module will give you a feedback on the students
prior knowledge of the topic to be discussed, thus, the teacher can gage how to start
and where to start. Formative assessments are incorporated in each activity giving the
teacher a clue on how well the learners go along with the lesson. Finally, the summative
assessment will give a clear cut view of the learning outcome.
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Suggested time allotment: 4 hours
Unit 2
Module
1 Electronic Structure of Matter
Content Standard Learning Competencies

 Understand the development of atomic  Describe how the Bohr model of the
models that led to the description of atom improved Rutherford’s atomic
the behavior of electrons within atoms. model.
 Explain how the Quantum Mechanical
Model of the atom describes the
energies and positions of the electrons.
The module presents further development of the atom structure particularly the
electron. The electron was believed to be a negatively charged particle in an atom.
Scientists continue studying what is the real structure of an atom.
The nuclear atom of Rutherford comprised the proton and neutron and that their
masses are concentrated in the nucleus. For Bohr, these are not the only particles in
the atom because he found other particles. He also found out that electrons moved in
definite orbits around the nucleus.
Further experiments were made, until they came up with the present model of the
atom. Students are also motivated to do simple activities that will increase their interests
in knowing scientific concepts to satisfy their curiosity.
Key questions:
How does Bohr’s atomic model differ from Rutherford’s model?

What is the basis for the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
How are electrons arranged in the atom?
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Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
1. c 6. c
2. c 7. c
3. d 8. d
4. a 9. d
5. d 10. C
Activity
1 The Flame Test
Earlier concepts of the atomic structure appeared when scientists began to study the
emission and absorption of light from different elements. They theorized that emission
of light of these elements have something to do with the structure of their atoms.
Students learned about characteristics and properties of light when they were in
grade 8. Light exhibits properties that when it absorbs energy in the form of heat, it will
display color that corresponds to a certain wavelength.
Perform Activity 1 and find out what happens when metal salts are subjected to heat.
Teaching Tips:
1. Since this is the first activity of the class, the teacher may conduct a pre-lab
discussion on the earlier concepts of the atomic structure.
2. Let the students do the activity.
3. Make sure that all materials needed are ready.
4. The teacher will prepare the 3 M Hydrochloric acid solution ahead of time. (If not
available, use a commercial muriatic acid).
5. Remind the students that boron is not a metal. It is a metalloid.
6. Write the safety and precautionary measures on the board.
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7. For time management, it is ideal that each activity will be given one (1) hour for
both the activity proper and concept processing provided that the teacher has
complete resources.
Safety and Disposal:
 Wear goggles, gloves and a safety apron while performing the activity.
 Do this activity in a well-ventilated area.
 Hydrochloric acid is corrosive.
 Ethanol is flammable and should therefore be handled with care unless
necessary, keep it away from fire
 Be careful to extinguish all matches after use.
The following are the expected results of the flame test.
Note:
In case of unavailability of chemicals you may use common substances in your
locality as alternative, for example you may use apog or calcium oxide in place of
calcium chloride, potassium permanganate instead of potassium chloride, and borax
instead of boric acid. You may also use indigenous materials which contain the needed
metals.
If you do not have concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), you may use the
commercially available muriatic acid in place of the 3M HClaq
If watch glass is not available, you may use any ceramic container for this
purpose.
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Observation:
Metal salt tested Element Color of the flame

producing color
Boric acid boron green
Calcium chloride calcium orange
Sodium chloride sodium Yellow orange
Potassium chloride potassium Light violet
Copper(II) sulfate copper Blue-green
Explain to the learners that flame test is a form of qualitative analysis that is used to
visually determine the identity of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on the color
emission. A distinctive color is emitted because the heat of the flame excites the
electrons of the metal ions, causing them to emit visible light. Remind the students of
the limitations of flame test which are as follows:
 It cannot detect low concentrations of almost all ions.

 The intensity of the visible light differs from one sample to another. For example,
the yellow emission from sodium is much brighter than the red emission from the
same amount of lithium.
 Contaminants affect the test results. Sodium, in particular, is present in most
compounds and will color the flame. Sometimes a blue glass is used to filter out
the yellow of sodium.
 The test cannot differentiate between all elements. Several metals produce the
same flame color. Some compounds do not change the color of the flame at all.
Answer to Questions
Q1. Metal salts emitted different colors because of the absorption of heat from
the flame.
Q2. The outermost particles in the metallic element are responsible for the
production of colored light.
Q3. The colors observed is an indication that definite energy transformations

occurs inside the atom emitting light. It follows that electrons must occupy orbits of fixed
energy.
At this point, the teacher will have a post activity discussion on the students’
observation.
Q4. The electrons are moving around the nucleus in circular orbits. When an
electron absorbed extra energy from an outside source (flame), the electron moves to a
higher orbit. Colored light is emitted when the electron falls back to a lower orbit. This
light is the difference between the energies of the two orbits involved.
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Q5. B. The energy levels (orbits) of electrons are like the steps of a ladder. The
lowest step of the ladder corresponds to the lowest energy level. A person can climb up
and down by going from step to step. Similarly, the electrons can move from one energy
level to another by absorbing or releasing energy. Energy levels in an atom are not
equally spaced which means that the amounts of energy are not the same. The higher
energy levels are closer together. The higher energy level occupied by an electron, the
less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level.
You may further discuss the answer in Q5. You may include the different colors seen
in a fireworks display.
Activity
2 Predicting the Probable Location

of an Electron
In Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in orbits of certain amounts of energy.

However, these findings showed that it is not possible to tell the exact position of the
electron at any given instant and how it moves in the atom.
In this activity the student will use an analogy to understand the interpretation of
Schrodinger’s treatment of the atom.
Teaching Tips:
1. You may start by asking the definition of probability and giving an example of
similar circumstance.
2. Let students work in pairs if there are enough materials. Felt-tipped marker is
preferable than pencil.
3. The teacher should demonstrate how the activity will be done. The center of the
circle represents the atom’s nucleus and it is the target when dropping the pencil
or marker. The dots represent the electrons.
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The set up
4. Record the number of dots on the table below.
Shown is a data table with hypothetical values for the last three columns.
Circle Average Area of Difference of Number of Number Percent

Number Distance Circle, Areas of the Two Dots in of Dots Probability
from Center (cm2) Consecutive Circle per cm2 of Finding
(cm) Circles (E)/(D) Dots
(cm2) (%)
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)
1 1.0 3.14 25.13 5 0.1920 19.20
2 3.0 28.27 50.27 44 0.8753 88.53
3 5.0 78.54 75.40 32 0.4244 42.44
4 7.0 153.94 100.53 19 0.1890 18.90
5 9.0 254.47 125.66 0 - -
5. The formula for calculating the area of circle, column (C), is A = π r 2. For
example, for a circle with a radius of 1cm, the area = 3.14 x (1cm)2 = 3.14 cm2
6. The calculated values in column (D) is the difference of the areas of the two
consecutive circles like for Circle 1 & 2 = 28.17 – 3.14 = 25.13.
7. Determine the probability of finding a dot in each of the circles by dividing the
number of dots per cm2 (column F) by the total number of dots (100).
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Example: Percent Probability of Finding Dots = 0.1920/ 100 = 19.20%
8. Values in columns E, F, and G may vary.
9. Make sure the students know how to plot a graph.
Answers to Questions
Q1. (Answers will vary)
Based on the data above, the number of dots increases abruptly and then
decreases as the dots go farther from the center
Q2 (Answer will vary)

Shown in the table Percent probability = [No. of dots /cm2] X 100
= [0.1920 X 100 = 19.20%
Q3 (Answer will vary) 3 cm
Q4. (Answer will vary) 44 dots
Q5. The results of the activity are similar to the structure of the atom because the
probability of finding an electron (dot) increases abruptly then decreases as it goes
farther from the nucleus (target).
Q6. There are three types of orbitals (s, p, and d) in the principal energy level three.
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Q7. There are five atomic orbitals in the highest sublevel of the principal energy level
three.
Activity
3 P Electron Configurations
The properties of elements depend mainly on the arrangement of electrons outside

the nucleus. Although there are other known particles in an atom, only the electron is
located outside the nucleus.
The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called electron

configuration. It is important for us to work out electron arrangement to be able to
understand more and predict the properties of elements.
Teaching Tips:
1. You may describe an atom by its principal energy levels, sub-energy levels and
atomic orbitals. Make illustrations other than the table below.
2. Guide the students while doing the activity.
3. The electron configurations of the elements in the third period of the periodic
table is shown below.
Symbol O R B I T A L Electron Configuration

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s 3px 2py 2pz
11Na ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s1
12Mg ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2
13 Al ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23 px13py 3pz
14Si ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px13py13pz
15P ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px13py13pz1
16S ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px23py13pz1
17Cl ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s2 3px23py23pz1
18 Ar ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2
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Answers to Questions:
Q1. Yes
Q2. Some patterns are:
1. An orbital has a maximum of two opposite spins.
2. An orbital in the same sublevel is filled with one spin before pairing.
3. Filling the orbitals with electron starts from the lowest energy level to
the highest energy level. (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p…)
4. The total number of electrons on the outermost energy level is the

same as the group number in the periodic table of elements.
Q3. Some rules are:
1. An electron can be represented by a spin.
2. In filling the orbitals with electron, it should start with the lowest
energy level.
3. An orbital in the same sublevel should be filled with one electron

before pairing.
4. An orbital has a maximum number of two electrons.
Summative Assessment:
I.
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. C
6. A
II.
1. 2px2 : 1s22s22px12py1
2. 3d113d21: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2
3. 4s1 : 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py2 3pz1
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4. 3px2 3d11: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px13py13pz1
5. 3d12 3d22: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2
References:
Brown, Theodore, LeMay, H.Eugene,Bursten, Bruce, Murphy, Catherine, Woodward,

Patrick (2009) Chemistry: The Central Science 11th Edition Pearson Education,
South Asia PTE. LTD. Singapore
Carmichaels, H. (1983). Laboratory chemistry,. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Co.
Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (2004).Chemistry:Science and

Technology textbook for 3rd year. (Revised Ed.). Quezon City: Author.
Kotz, John C. , Treichel, Paul M. Townsend, John R. (2010) Chemistry and Chemical
Reactivity Enhanced Ed. Canada: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
LeMay, E, Beall, H., Roblee, K. & Browser, D..(1996). Chemistry Connection to Our
Changing world, Teacher Edition.New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Mendoza, E. & Religioso,T. (2001). Chemistry. . Quezon City:Phoenix-SIBS Publishing

House,Inc..
Silberberg, Martin S., (2009) Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 5 th
Edition, International Edition 2010 McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
New York
Smoot, R.C. Smith, R.G & Price, J.(1995) Chemistry Wraparound Teachers Edition,
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Merril Publishing Co., Ohio
The ekShiksha Team, Affordable Solutions Lab(ASL), Indian Institute of Technology,

Bombay, India (n.d). Matter in our surroundings. Retrieved: October 3, 2013.
http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/ekshiksha/eContent-Show.do?document!d=88
University of the Philippines National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education
Development. (2001). Practical work in high school chemistry: Sourcebook for
teachers. Quezon City: Author.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., & Matta, M.S.(1997). Chemistry expanded.(4th

Ed.)Teacher Edition. California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
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Suggested Time allotment: 12-14 hours
Unit 2
MODULE
2 Chemical Bonding
Content Standard Learning Competencies

 How atoms combine with other  Explain the formation of ionic and
atoms by transferring or by sharing covalent bonds.
electrons  Recognize different types of
 Forces that holds metals together compounds (ionic or covalent) based
on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity and
electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Explain properties of metals in terms
of their structure.
 Explain how ions are formed.
Chemical bonding is a complex topic for Grade 9 students. Its complexity is

aggravated by the fact that students cannot observe what is going on at a sub-
microscopic level wherein atoms react to form a compound. As a Science teacher you
need to present this topic in such a way that the students will understand. Asking the
students to prepare a representation of the bonds existing between or among atoms will
make you assess their mental models about the topic. You should be very careful with
the analogy you are going to use because it might lead to misconceptions and/or
alternative conceptions.
Overview:
The students already have knowledge about the particle nature of matter from
Grade 8. It is helpful for the students to provide scenarios or activities that will enable
them to connect these bits of information to cope up with the new lesson.
In this module, you will introduce the forces of attraction between atoms that lead
to chemical bonding. This may result in the sharing or complete transfer of electrons
causing the atoms to become isoelectronic with the noble or inert gases, indicating that
they have attained stability.
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In the course of the discussion, it would be better if you will focus and direct the
discussion of this module towards the discovery of concepts that will answer the
following focus questions:
How are ionic and covalent compounds formed?

Why is an ionic compound different from a covalent compound?
How is a metallic bond formed?
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
1. b. electronegativity
2. b. molecule
3. d. A metallic element like sodium transfers an electron to a non-metallic element
like fluorine.
4. d. nonpolar covalent bond
5. c. metallic bond
6. c.They are malleable.
7. a. it take place when atoms share electrons with one another.
8. c. 3
9. a. sodium chloride (salt)
10. d. having 8 valence electron
Activity
1 Mapping the Periodic Table
This activity highlights the location of the metals, non-metals, and noble gases in
the periodic table of elements. This is important for the students to realize that with the
use of the periodic table they can easily determine the kind of atom they are dealing
with. This will also help you in teaching the students the concept that metals tend to
donate electrons while non-metals tend to gain electrons.
Q1. Where can you find metals, non-metals, and noble gases in the periodic table of
elements?
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Facing the periodic table, metals are located before the metalloids, on the
left side of the periodic table of element (Groups I -13).
Facing the periodic table, non-metals are found after the metalloids, on the
right side of the periodic table (Groups 14-17).
Noble gases are at the rightmost column of the periodic table (Group 18).
Q2. Which number tells you the number of valence electrons?

The representative elements or main group elements are found in the s-
block and p-block of the periodic table. The group number of the s-block (Groups
1 and 2) elements tells us the number of valence electrons. For example, all
elements belonging to Group 2 have two (2) valence electrons. An exception is
helium in Group 18. For the p-block elements (Groups 13 to 18), the number of
valence electrons is the group number minus 10. This pattern does not include
the transition elements.
Q3. What do you notice in the number of valence electrons of metals, non-metals, and
noble gases?
Metals have lesser valence electrons than non-metals. All noble gases have
8 valence electrons except for helium, which has 2 valence electrons.
Q4. What kind of element has:

a. less than 4 valence electrons?
Metals have valence electrons less than 4.
b. more than 4 valence electrons?
Non-metals have valence electrons of more than 4.
c. low electronegativity?
Generally, metals have low electronegativity.
d. high electronegativity?
Generally, non-metals have high electronegativity.
e. low ionization energy?

Metals have low ionization energy.
f. high ionization energy?

Non-metals have high ionization energy.
Process this activity in such a way that the students will realize the strength of
non-metals in attracting the valence electrons and what will happen to the atom if it
loses or gains electrons.
Reiterate to the students that the valence electrons are the outermost electrons
directly involved in chemical bonding. Thus, they need to know how to represent the
valence electrons through the Lewis symbol.
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Activity
.
2 Lewis Symbol
Table 1. Lewis Symbols

Electronegativity Ionization
Element Family/Group Lewis Value Energy
Symbol (kJ/mol)
lithium 1 Li . 0.98 520
..
fluorine 7 :F: 4.0 1681
.
..
sulfur 6 :S: 2.5 1000
calcium 2 Ca: 1.0 590
.
nitrogen 5 :N: 3.0 1402
.
aluminum 3 Al: 1.5 578
Q1. Arrange the elements in increasing:

a. valence electrons
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
b. electronegativity values.
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
c. Ionization energy.
Li<Ca<Al<N<S<F
Q2. What do you notice with the number of valence electrons, electronegativity values,
and ionization energies of the elements?
As the number of valence electron increases, electronegativity, and
ionization energy also increase.
Q3. What kind of element has the greatest tendency to attract electrons? Why?
Non-metals have the greatest tendency to attract electrons because they
have high electronegativity.
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Q4. What kind of element requires high energy to remove its valence electrons? Why?
Non-metals have high energy requirement to pull its valence electrons.
Make it clear to the students that electrons move and atoms may gain or lose
electrons. You may also discuss that there is an electrostatic force of attraction existing
between and among atoms. For them to experience how electrostatic force of attraction
works, you may use a magnet or rub plastic and place it above small pieces of paper.
Activity
3 Bonding by Transfer of Electrons
Bonding by transfer of electrons is ionic bonding. It is good to emphasize to the

learners that this kind of chemical bond only exists between metals and non-metals.
Knowledge acquired from the first two activities can be used to represent ionic bonding.
You may guide your students in choosing the metallic and the non-metallic
elements for this activity. Remind them that they need to consider metals from Groups 1
and 2 and the non-metals from the halogen group (Group 7). Tell your students that the
best way in choosing the combination that will form ionic bond is by computing the
electronegativity difference between the two elements. A combination which has an
electronegativity difference of above 1.9 will result to ionic bond.
Q1. What kind of element forms cation after ionic bonding? Why?
Metals form cations because they completely transfer or give away
electrons.
Q2. What kind of element forms anion after ionic bonding? Why?
Non-metals form anions because they attract electrons toward
themselves.
Q3. Why do ions form after ionic bonding?

Ions form after ionic bonding because this type of bond involves
complete transfer of electrons.
Q4. Did the atoms attain stability after ionic bonding? Explain you answer.
Yes, after ionic bonding the participating atoms attain the stable
electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Q5. How can you tell that ionic bonding will take place between metals and non-metals?
Ionic bonding will take place between metal and non-metal with
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electronegativity difference of greater than 1.9.
Q6. Will all combinations of metals and non-metals form ionic bond? Why?
Not all metal-nonmetal combinations will result in an ionic bond.

Only those with electronegativity difference of more than 1.9 will result to
an ionic bond.
The best example of a metal-non-metal combination which did not result to ionic bond is
AlCl3 because the electronegativity difference is only 1.5. Thus, instead of ionic bond
the chemical combination formed a polar covalent bond.
Activity
4 Bonding by Sharing of Electrons
Reiterate to the learners that there are compounds where the combining atoms
do not transfer electrons or accept electrons. Instead, the combining atoms are held
together by shared electrons. At this point you can now introduce the concept of
bonding by sharing of electrons which is called a covalent bond.
Ask your student to recall Activity 2, the Lewis symbols or electron dot formulas
do not include the inner electrons of the atom. Tell them that it only shows the valence
electrons as dots. For example, fluorine has seven valence electrons. Thus, to form the
fluorine molecule, the two fluorine atoms will share electrons. Each fluorine atom has
eight electrons (an octet) in its valence shell, just like the electronic configuration of the
nearest noble gas element, neon (Ne). It is important to emphasize to the learners that
after chemical bonding atoms became isoelectronic with noble gases. Discuss also that
there is a pair of bonding electrons between the two F atoms and three pairs (six
electrons) of nonbonding electrons belonging to each atom as shown below:
.. ..
:F:F:
.. ..
The bonding electrons are counted as belonging to both atoms. The nonbonding
electrons are those that are not shared with another atom.
You can detect the number of bonding and nonbonding electrons through a
computation based on octet rule. Introduce to your students a mind-set of determining
the total available valence electrons and detecting electrons needed to attain stability. It
will help them identify the number of shared electrons (bonds) and unshared electrons
through the following computations:
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a. Get the total available valence electrons in a compound (TAVE).
For H2S
hydrogen atom has 1 valence electron
sulfur atom has 6 valence electrons
Total Available Valence Electrons = (2 H atoms x 1) + (1 S atoms x 6)

= 2+6
=8
b. Compute for the Octet Rule requirement that each atom should have 8
valence electrons to become stable except for hydrogen, it only needs
2electrons to become stable.
Number of Electrons based on Octet Rule = (2 H atom x 2) + (1 S atom x 8)
=4+8
= 12
c. Subtract a from b, then divide the difference by 2 because a pair of shared
electron is equal to 1 bond. The quotient will give you the number of bonds
around the central atom.
(12 – 8)
Number of bonds =
2
= 2
Thus, there will be two pairs of shared electrons and two pairs of unshared
electrons. ..
H S:
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Completion of Table 2 will facilitate the acquisition of the above-mentioned skills.
Table 2. Types of Covalent Bonds
Compound Chemical Lewis Structure Type of Bond
Formula (polar covalent/nonpolar
covalent)
..
H:N:H
ammonia NH3 .. polar covalent
H
..
H O:
water H2O polar covalent
H
..
H:Cl:
hydrogen chloride HCl .. polar covalent
.. ..
Fluorine gas F2 :F:F: nonpolar covalent

.. ..
.. ..
:O: : O:
oxygen gas O2 .. .. nonpolar covalent
H
..
methane CH4 H:C:H nonpolar covalent
..
H
hydrogen gas H2 H:H nonpolar covalent
..
H:P:H
phosphine PH3 .. polar covalent
H
.. .. ..
sulfur dioxide SO2 :O::S::O: polar covalent
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.. ..
:Cl:Cl:
chlorine gas Cl2 .. .. nonpolar covalent
Note:
Emphasize to the students that there are molecules and ions which have more
than eight (8) valence electrons around the central atom. These are elements which are
non-metals from Period 3 or higher, which have d orbitals that are available for the two
extra electrons to occupy. Thus, sulfur (S) in sulfur dioxide is surrounded by 10
electrons.
Q1. How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

Covalent bonds form between atoms due to the sharing of electrons
to attain stability.
Q2. What kind of element usually forms covalent bond? Is it possible for metals and
non-metals to form nonpolar covalent bonds? Why? How about polar covalent bonds?
Why?
Generally, non-metals form covalent bonds. However, there are
cases that metals and non-metals also form polar covalent bond. It is
impossible for a metal and a non-metal to form a nonpolar covalent bond.
Q3. Why is it that diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent bonds?
Diatomic molecules always form nonpolar covalent bonds because
of the equal electronegativity values resulting to equal sharing of electrons.
Q4. Differentiate polar covalent bond from nonpolar covalent bond.

Polar covalent bond involves unequal sharing of electrons while
nonpolar covalent bond involves equal sharing of electron.
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Activity
5 Bonding Among Metals
Metals have low ionization energy so they easily lose their outermost electrons. A
large number of metal atoms can share their valence electrons through a special type of
bond called metallic bonding. This type of bonding is different from the covalent and the
ionic bond. In metallic bonding, the electrons are not moving around one nucleus. The
positive atomic nuclei of the metal are surrounded by electrons moving freely
throughout the piece of metal. These moving electrons in metals are called a “sea of
electrons.” So, what holds the metal together are the strong forces of attraction between
the positive nuclei and the freely moving electrons.
You may ask your students to draw how a metallic bond looks like. This is in
order for you to find out their mental models about metallic bonding after you have
explained what takes place in metallic bonding.
This is a simplified model of metallic bonding. It cannot account for the

differences in properties of individual metals. The bond theory of metals will be able to
explain the individual differences among metals. This bond theory will be explained in
chemistry lessons at the university level.
Q1. What do you think will make bonding among metals possible?
Metals tend to lose electrons to become stable. This property makes
metallic bonding possible the positive atomic nuclei are surrounded by
moving electrons. Since the latter are negatively charged, they are
attracted to the positively charged nuclei.
Table 3. Metallic Properties
Metallic Property Explanation

Luster Metals are lustrous because when light strikes the surface of the metal, the
free valence electrons reflect the light giving the metal a shiny appearance.
Malleability Metals can be flattened or can be formed into sheets when being
hammered because of the ability of the metal atoms to slide over one
another without breaking the metallic bond.
Ductility Metals can be drawn into fine wire because of the free moving electrons
which enable the metal atoms to slide over each other.
Good Conductor of Metals are good conductors of electricity because the electrons are free to
electricity move within the metal.
Good thermal Metals are good conductors of heat because the positive metal nuclei are
conductor close together and can easily transfer the heat. The motions of the moving
electrons also transfer heat.
22
Table 4: Uses of Metals
Metal Uses
1. copper Electrical wiring, metal sculpture and component of jewelry
2. aluminum Cookware, housing and building materials
3. gold Jewelry
Manufacturing of machine and equipment;
4. iron housing and building materials
5. nickle Production of alloy
6. silver Jewelry
Table 5: Types of Chemical Bonds
Material Type of Chemical Bonds

BH3 (borane) Polar covalent bond
CaF2 (calcium fluoride) Ionic bond
KCl (potassium chloride) Ionic bond
Al (aluminium foil) Metallic bond
Cu (copper wire) Metallic bond
I2(iodine gas) Nonpolar covalent bond
CO (carbon monoxide) Polar covalent bond
Activity
Differences between Ionic and Covalent Compounds
6
The Electrical Conductivity Apparatus is used to test whether a solution can
conduct electricity. The improvised electrical conductivity apparatus can be made out of
a piezo buzzer which can be obtained from a musical card. Electrical wire is attached to
the piezo buzzer connection and the dry cell which serves as the positive and negative
electrodes. When the electrodes are dipped in the aqueous solution, sound is produced
which indicates that the solution is a good conductor of electricity.
If you cannot find a musical card in your place you can construct an open circuit just like
in the piezo buzzer with the use of 1.5 volts LED. The long leg of the LED is connected
to the negative terminal of a 1.5 volt-dry cell. Attach the wire to the positive end of the
dry cell and strip its end exposing the copper wire. Connect wire to the short leg of the
LED. This will serve as the end to be dipped in the sample solution. Once the positive,
and the negative electrodes (jumper wire in both ends) are dipped in the solution, the
LED will produce light. This means the solution can conduct electricity (See figure 8).
23
Refer to the following figures for your guidance in the construction of electrical
conductivity apparatus.
battery case
jumper wire
AA battery
LED
150 ohm
resistor Figure 1
Place the batteries inside the battery case.
Figure 2
NOTE: Consider the polarity in placing the battery.
24
Solder 1 end of the
150 ohm resistor to the long
leg of the LED.
Figure 3
Solder the other end of the 150 ohm

resistor to the positive terminal (red
wire) of the battery case.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Cut the jumper wire 2:1 length ratio.
25
Figure 6
Solder the short jumper wire to

the negative terminal
(black wire) of the battery case.
Solder the long jumper wire

to the short leg of the LED.
Figure 7
Figure 8
Bright light
means that the
solution
conducts
electricity.
26
In performing this activity, remind your students to wash the electrodes after
every use. While supervising your students, see to it that the two electrodes are not
touching each other in doing the electrical conductivity test.
For further investigation, you may ask the learners to bring different samples of
beverages and ask them to test its electrical conductivity. They will find out that the
beverages with ions (usually energy drinks) can conduct electricity.
Table 6: Properties of Some Compounds

Reaction to Solubility in Type of
Compound Heat Electrical Water Compound
(melted easily/ Conductivity (soluble/ (ionic/polar
did not melt (2) not soluble covalent/
easily) (3) nonpolar
(1) covalent)
(4)
conducts
electricity when
salt did not melt dissolved in water
easily soluble ionic bond
does not conduct
electricity in solid
form
conducts
electricity when
dissolved in water
vetsin did not melt soluble ionic bond
easily does not conduct
electricity in solid
form
does not conduct nonpolar

wax melted easily electricity in solid insoluble covalent bond
form
does not conduct
electricity both in polar covalent
sugar melted easily aqueous and solid soluble bond
form
Q1. What type of compound:

a. dissolves easily in water?
polar covalent and ionic compounds
27
b. conducts electricity in solution?
ionic compounds
c. melts easily?
covalent compounds have low melting temperature
Q2. Explain why salt and vetsin can conduct electricity in solution.
Ionic compounds, like salt and vetsin, give off positive (cations) and
negative (anions) ions in solution that is why they can conduct electricity.
Salt and vetsin release sodium cation (Na+). Salt also releases chloride
anion (Cl -) in aqueous solution while vetsin releases glutamate anion.
Q3. Make a general statement about the properties of ionic and covalent compounds.
Ionic compounds are water soluble, they have a high melting point,
and can conduct electricity in solution. Covalent compounds have a low
melting point. Nonpolar covalent compounds are insoluble in water, and
poor conductors of heat and electricity.
For further investigation, you may prepare different kinds of solutions like apog
(CaO) in water, salitre (NaNO3) in water, energy drinks in water, mothballs
(naphthalene) in kerosene, and hotcake syrup in water in separate beakers or any glass
containers. Then, let the students identify whether the solution contains ionic or covalent
compound applying the electrical conductivity test. This is a simple test wherein
students can apply the concept they learned in this activity.
Summative Assessment
1. c. low electronegativity
2. b. II & III
3. d. nonpolar covalent bond
4. d. Li and F
5. c. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
6. a. attain stability
7. b. electrostatic force
8. d. monosodium glutamate
9. c. metallic bond
10. a. bronze, paraffin wax, and salt
28
References:
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C. (1996). ChemistryConnections
to Our Changing World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Magno, M., et. al. (2001).Practical Work in High School Chemistry Sourcebook for
Teachers. Quezon City: UP National Institute for Science & Mathematics
Education Development
Silberberg, M. (1996).Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. St. Louis:
Mosby.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D. D., Matta, M. (1997).Chemistry, 4thed. New York: Addison-
Wesley Pub.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., Matta, M.S. & Waterman, E.L. (2007). Chemistry,
Teacher’s Ed. Boston, Massachusetts:Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.
Internet Links:
chemed.chem.purdue.edu
http://curriculum.nismed.upd.edu.ph
http://www.smallscalechemistry.colostate.edu/PowerfulPictures/ChemicalBonding.pdf
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/electroneg.html
http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/Octet-Rule.htm
http://www.edu-resource.com/chemistry/what-are-ionic-compounds.php
http://misterguch.brinkster.net/ionic.html
29
Unit 2
Time Allotment: 12 hours
Module
The Carbon Compounds
3
Content Standards Performance Standards Learning Competencies
The learners The learners should be The learners should be

should be able to: able to: able to:
• demonstrate • perform guided • explain how the structure

understanding of the experiments in determining of carbon atom affects the
types of bonds that the properties of common types of bonds it forms
carbon atom forms organic compounds
resulting to the
diversity of carbon • investigate the ability of • recognize the general
compounds. ethyne (acetylene) to classes and uses of
hasten the ripening of fruits organic compounds.
such as bananas.
After learning about how non-metals form chemical bonds to form compounds in
module 2, the students in this module will now study about common carbon compounds
or organic compounds. They will also learn why carbon is so special compared to other
elements. The module will provide adequate activities to the students that will make
them learn about carbon compounds, their uses and the properties that are attributed to
their uses.
Key questions:
What are organic compounds?
What are the important uses of organic compounds?
How are the carbon atoms able to form many organic

compounds?
In what ways are the properties of organic compounds

related to their uses?
30
This module is designed for a maximum of 12 hours. You can make adjustments,
however, to shorten the time of some activities. You can do this by pre-assigning some
activities instead of letting the students conduct the experiments during the sessions.
Every activity in this module is designed in such a way that the students will be guided
or will be able to learn in stages because the activities are set in proper sequence. Each
activity is connected to the next activity.
Make necessary safety precautions on all the activities, particularly on activities

that will use chemicals to avoid accidents. Always review the materials safety data
sheet. You can download a copy of the materials safety data sheet (MSDS) in the
internet.
______________________________________________________________________________
Activity
1 Organic Compounds: Are they Useful?
Many organic compounds are commonly used at home or in the community.

These compounds have their specific uses. Some of these compounds are used to fuel
vehicles, light lamps, cook food, disinfect wounds, flavor beverages, and lubricate
machines. However, students are not really familiar with the kinds of these organic
compounds and their specific purposes. In this activity, the students will be able to learn
about the specific kinds of common organic compounds that they usually see or use. In
addition, the activity will make them aware of the importance of these compounds in
their everyday life.
Teaching Tips
1. As an assignment, let your students search for the uses of the following common
compounds: gasoline, acetic acid, lubricating oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
ethyl alcohol, diesel oil, acetone and kerosene. (*This is only optional. If you
31
think the class is already familiar with these compounds, you can just
introduce these compounds in the beginning of the session.)
2. Before giving the lesson to the class, show them pictures of the following
products: gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), acetone, acetic acid (vinegar). These products are all composed of
organic compounds.
3. In the class, let your students work in groups. Tell them to brainstorm about the
uses of the compounds listed in Table 1. Using the format of the table in the
module let the students write their outputs on a piece of Manila paper.
4. After the given working time, select some groups of students to present their
outputs in front of the class. Make sure to start a discussion by asking questions
based on their outputs. This will allow the students to assess and see the value
of their own work and at the same time reinforce learned concepts.
5. When all the selected groups are done with their presentations, show the class
other examples of organic compounds and facilitate a brief discussion about
them or let some students tell about the uses of these compounds. This will
make them more familiar with many kinds of organic compounds.
6. After the presentation of the other examples of common organic compounds,

discuss to the students the definition of the term “organic compounds”. Be clear
with the definition and explain to them clearly why these compounds are referred
to as organic compounds.
7. This lesson is good for two (2) meetings. Let the students do the activity first and
have the discussions on the next meeting or session.
8. In case some of the materials needed in this activity are not locally available you
may replace it with the similar kind of materials available in your community.
I. You may use the following information about the meaning of organic compounds.
A. Traditionally, the term “organic compound” is used for the compounds that
are derived from plants and animals like ethyl alcohol, sugar and acetic acid.
B. However, these kinds of compounds are also produced artificially. For example:
alcohol and acetic acid can be derived from petroleum.
C. Therefore, how are these compounds classified as organic compounds? Organic

compounds are group of carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds
32
contain carbon and hydrogen; other organic compounds are combined with other
elements namely oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol),
acetic acid, acetone and diesel oil are just some of the many examples of useful
organic compounds.
1. Table 1: Organic compounds and their uses
Organic Compounds
Gasoline Ethyl Acetone LPG kerosene Acetic
alcohol acid
Beverage
Food
Uses Antiseptic
Fuel
Cleaner
(* This activity is adapted, with minor modification, from Glencoe Physical Science Texas Edition .(1997).
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., page 369)
Q1.
Compounds Uses Compounds Uses
Gasoline Fuel for vehicles Ethanol Disinfectant, and

used as main
Kerosene Fuel for lamps ingredient in liquors
(gasera)and
portable cooking Acetone Used to remove nail
stove (kusinilya). polish
Can be used to Acetic acid
remove paints. Used as component
of vinegar (4% by
LPG (liquefied Fuel for gas stove volume)
petroleum gas) and cars.
Can be used to treat
fungal infection
Q2. These common organic compounds are very important because they have many
uses at home and in the industry.
______________________________________________________________________
33
Activity
2 Properties of Common Organic Compounds
In this activity, the students will be able to observe the properties of common
organic compounds and relate these properties to their uses. This activity will make
your students learn why some organic compounds have their own specific purposes.
Teaching Tips
1. Before letting the students do the experiments, discuss first the safety
precautions that the students should take on the conduct of the experiments
and make sure that each group of students has complete materials. This is to
guarantee students’ safety and task completion.
2. During the activity, constantly supervise the students to ensure that they are
doing things according to the given procedure. This will save time and the
students will be properly guided in their tasks.
3. After their experiments, choose one group to present its output. Once the group
is done with their presentation, discuss the answers to the questions so that
valid generalizations will be made clear to the students.
4. This lesson is good for three (3) sessions.
Use the following information in discussing the properties of the liquids used in
the activity:
I. Phase of matter is the physical state of the material. This describes the
physical property of matter whether it is solid, liquid, or gas.
34
II. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. If the viscosity is
high, the flow of the liquid is slow or the liquid is thick. In this activity, the
viscosities of the liquids will be measured based on the average time it
takes the plastic bead to reach the bottom of the test tube. Although the
flows of the liquids were not directly measured, the speed of the fall of
the plastic bead from top to bottom of the container is relative to the
thickness or viscosity of the liquids. Thus, if the time it takes the
marble to reach the bottom of the graduated cylinder is slow, it means that
the viscosity of the liquid is high.
III. Volatility is the measure of the tendency of substance to evaporate or to

turn into its gaseous state. In this activity, volatilities of the liquids were
measured based on the time it take the liquids to evaporate.
IV. Flammability is the measure of how easily a material burns. In this activity,
flammability of the liquids will be measured based on the time it takes the
wet cotton buds to finish burning.
Q1. Lubricating oil. Common uses of viscous materials or liquids are used to lubricate
parts of machines, instruments, or appliances such as motor of electric fan; and
protect metals from rusting.
Q2. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol. Flammable liquids such as kerosene is used as fuel
for lamps (gasera) and portable stove (kusinilya). Although ethyl alcohol is also
flammable, it is not used as fuel for stoves or lamps only. It is also used as a
component of biofuels for vehicles, as an ingredient for liquors, and as a
disinfectant.
Q3. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol.
Q4. It is important to have knowledge about the properties of these compounds

so people will be aware of their behaviour, uses, and effects on people.
35
Activity
3 The Hydrocarbon
This activity will acquaint the students with the useful characteristics of carbon
atoms and the relationship of the structures and properties of the special group of
another type of organic compounds, the hydrocarbons.
Teaching Tips
1. As an assignment, instruct the students to search for the uses of the following
compounds: methane, butane, octane, ethane, ethyne (acetylene), propene, and
propyne.
2. In this activity, the students must have a good background about covalent
bonding for them to be able to complete the tasks. To make sure that the
students still remember their lesson from module 2 about the types of bonds
formed in covalent bonding, ask them the following questions:
a. How do atoms of non-metal elements form their compounds? Answer: By

bonding through sharing of electrons with other elements or with same
elements.
b. What types of bonds do non-metals form in compounds?

Answers: single bond, double bond, and triple bond
3. After checking the background knowledge of the students about covalent

bonding, clearly discuss to them the meaning of structural formula, condensed
formula, and boiling point. The meanings of these terms are very important
because the students will be drawing the trends about these properties from the
given tables of information in the learning module. The definitions of the terms
are as follow:
a. Structural formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates

the atoms present and the bonding sequence of the atoms. The covalent
bonds between atoms are conveyed as lines connecting the symbols of
the bonded atoms. This formula gives a clear illustration about the
structure of a compound.
36
b. Condensed Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates
the bonding sequence without showing all the bonds. It should be clear
that the carbon atoms are bonded together in sequence, and each carbon
is bonded to the hydrogen atoms next to the formula.
c. Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid evaporates or becomes

vapor.
4. Before letting the students start the activity, make sure to give them clear
instructions about what they are going to do exactly in the activity. Explain to
them the objectives of the task and make clarifications on some questions they
are likely to get confused with, without leading them to the exact answers. They
should figure out on their own the trends or the patterns of the compounds from
the tables of data. The students may also be allowed to work in groups so they
can have collaboration or exchange of ideas, or individually if they can. Give
them enough time to get the ideas about the trends in the properties included in
the tables of data, and answer all the questions in the activity. Thirty (30) minutes
will be enough for the students to study the tables of data and answer the
questions. If they don’t finish in 30 minutes, they may be given a five (5) minutes
extension.
5. After the students are done answering all the questions, select or ask a group
to present its work in front of the class. Do not let all the groups or many students
present their outputs because you don’t have enough time to let them all share
their answers. One group will be enough to start a discussion about the correct
answers in the activity.
6. When the group is done with its presentation, make sure also to clarify or correct
some answers regarding the trends of the properties of the compounds in the
tables of data. Discuss with them the information about the common groups of
hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Use the information below.
a. Alkanes are hydrocarbon compounds that only have single bonds in the
compounds. Alkanes are also known as saturated hydrocarbons because
additional hydrogen atoms can no longer bond in the compound. The first
alkane is methane, CH4, and the second member is ethane, CH3CH3,
which are common alkane compounds. The name of the compounds in
this group all end with -ane.
b. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double

bonds in their structures. The name of alkene compounds end in –ene.
The simplest alkenes are ethene, CH2CH2, and propene, CH2CHCH3.
37
c. Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The most common
alkyne compound is ethyne or acetylene.
*This lesson is good for two (2) meetings.
Q1. Compounds in the alkanes group only have single bonds between carbon atoms.
Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the
compounds. Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the
compounds.
Q2. The physical state of the alkanes from methane to butane is gas, and from
pentane to octane: liquid. The reason for this is related to the structure of the
compounds. If the molecule of the compound is small it interacts less with each
other. Just like methane, it is likely to be a gaseous compound. When the
molecules become bigger in size or structure, they can closely interact with each
other and they will become more likely to be liquid just like in the case of octane.
Octane molecule has a very long chained structure that makes it too heavy to be
a gaseous compound. The trend in the phase of the compounds is also the same
with the alkenes and the alkynes. The phase of the alkenes and alkynes is a gas
when the molecules is small and becomes liquid as the molecules become
bigger.
The trend in the structures of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is
the same. The size of the structures of the compounds is increasing because the
compounds become bigger or longer.
Q3. The trend in the boiling point of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes is also in an increasing pattern. This is because of their structures. As
the structures of the compounds become bigger, they also interact more with
each other. Bigger molecules that interact with each other more strongly require
higher temperature to evaporate. That is why they have a higher boiling point.
38
Q4. The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because
of the structure or the size of the molecules of the compounds. When the
molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller
molecules are usually gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they
interact more with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in
liquid state.
Q5. The reason for so many hydrocarbon compounds is the carbon atom. Carbon
atoms have four valence electrons. This atomic structure of the carbon makes it
possible to form many types of bonds with other elements and with other carbon
atoms. The formation of these bonds results in many different hydrocarbons.
Q6. What hydrocarbon compounds are gases and liquids? What are the uses of
gaseous hydrocarbon compounds and liquid hydrocarbon compounds? Common
examples of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds are methane, butane, propene,
and ethyne (acetylene). Methane gas is the most common hydrocarbon. It is
used as fuel for cigarette lighters and LPG. It is also mixed with other fuel for
vehicles. Butane gas is used as fuel, blended with other hydrocarbons to
produce liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and is also used as fuel cigarette lighter.
The color of the flame when butane is used in cigarette lighter is blue. Ethyne
gas or commonly known as acetylene is used commonly in flame torch that is
used in welding of iron, and it is also used for hastening the ripening of fruits.
Examples of common liquid hydrocarbons are octane and pentene. Octane and
pentene are used as components of gasoline.
39
Activity
4 Which bananas will ripen faster?
In the previous activity, you have already discussed about the uses of common
hydrocarbons particularly ethyne or acetylene. The students now know their uses. In
this activity, you will let the students investigate the actual use of ethyne (acetylene), a
hydrocarbon. The students will conduct an experiment to find out if acetylene gas can
really ripen bananas in just a short period of time compared to the natural process of
ripening.
Teaching Tips
1. The experiment will use a chemical compound called calcium carbide, CaC 2
(kalburo). Though this chemical is not that dangerous, it still needs to be handled
properly so that possible harm to the students may be avoided. It is advised that
you be the one to prepare this material in the experiment. Remember that when
calcium carbide is mixed with water, acetylene gas will be produced. Acetylene is
a flammable gas. So even if this experiment will not be used with water, extreme
precaution for the safety of the students must be observed.
Safety Tips:
Make sure that calcium carbide does not come in contact with water!
Use safety goggles to protect your eyes.
2. Prior to this experiment, ask the students to bring 6 green, unripe bananas. 6
bananas are needed for this activity because these bananas will be divided into
two groups, with 3 bananas per group, so that each group will have acceptable
number of replicates. Tell the students that the bananas should be matured or
are ready to ripen in several days, but are still green or are not yellowish in color.
Let them also bring two (2) empty shoe boxes or empty fruit juice boxes and
newspapers. If the students cannot afford to do this experiment individually, let
the students to this in groups so that the materials will not be too costly for them
or you can just demonstrate this experiment in the class.
3. In the class, before letting the students prepare their experiments, let them
answer Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Answering these questions will give the students an
about what to do and expect to happen in the experiment and will also set their
mood for the new learning activity.
40
4. Let the students prepare the materials. Emphasize to them the need to follow all
the instructions and the safety precautions they are given. Enjoin them to act
like real scientists. This will help them to understand that they really have to be
careful in doing their experiments. Make sure that the students who handle
the wrapped calcium carbide are using their hand gloves and face mask because
the odor of the material is unpleasant.
5. When all the groups are done preparing the set-ups of their experiment, tell them
that the result will take at least 2 to 3 days, depending on the maturity of unripe
bananas. Instruct them to make their observations after 2 to 3 days.
6. Study the following information. It will help you guide the students in this kind of
activity.
7. This lesson is good for two (2) meetings.
Q1. Acceptable answers: “The effect of acetylene gas on the rate of ripening of
bananas” or “The effect of using calcium carbide (kalburo) on the rate of ripening
of bananas
Q2. Acceptable answers: Acetylene or calcium carbide
Q3. Number of fruits that ripened
Q4. Acceptable answers: The bananas in the shoe boxes with calcium carbide will
ripen faster than the bananas in the shoe boxes without calcium carbide or
Group B bananas will ripen slower than Group A bananas.
Q5. Expected outcomes: 4-5 ripe bananas in group A, 0-2 ripe bananas in group B.
Q6. Expected answer: Group A has many ripened bananas than group B.
Q7. Using calcium carbide (kalburo) makes the ripening of bananas faster than
without using calcium carbide. This is because when calcium carbide (kalburo)
reacts with the moisture in the air, acetylene gas is produced. Acetylene gas is
the compound that makes the ripening of the fruits becomes faster. Acetylene
imitates the action of the natural ripening agent called ethene or ethylene (C 2H4).
Ethene or ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates activity of the genes that
are responsible for the ripening of fruits.
41
(Students’s answers may vary, but make sure that their answers have similar ideas to
the given answers above).
Activity
5 Alcohols and their Uses
In this learning activity, you will let the students learn about the uses and
structures of alcohols. You must also let the students understand the similarities that
different alcohols have which also make them share some common properties.
Teaching Tips
1. Provide each group of students with LABELS or PICTURES of the following

products: one antiseptic or disinfectant that contains ethyl alcohol, one antiseptic
that contain isopropyl alcohol, one beverage that contain ethyl alcohol, and one
denatured alcohol.
2. Let the groups of students read the information written on the labels and tell them
to fill out the table of data with information from the labels. After this, give them
the instructions to answer all the questions in the activity.
3. After the activity, select students from a group to present their answers in front of
the class. This may be done to begin your discussions about the uses of the
alcohols and the relationship between their structures and properties.
4. Use the following concepts to explain the relationship between the structures and
the properties of the different alcohols.
a. Functional group. Functional group is a group of atoms that are bonded to the
molecule. This group is responsible for the characteristics or property of that
compound. Alcohols have hydroxyl group (-OH). If you are going to observe
the structures of ethyl, isopropyl, and methyl alcohol, you will notice the
hydroxyl group (-OH) in their structures.
42
Ethyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol methyl alcohol

For Q1-Q2
Name of Name of Alcohol/s Percentage (%)

Products Present in the of alcohol in the Uses
Product Product
Brand X alcohol Ethyl alcohol 70% Disinfectant/antiseptic
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol 70% Disinfectant/antiseptic
Denatured alcohol Ethyl alcohol and 95% ethyl and Fuel for lamps and
Methyl alcohol 5% methyl portable stoves
alcohol
Q3. The structures of the alcohols in this activity only have single bonds.
Q4. Alcohols have the same hydroxyl group as their functional group that is why they
have some similar properties or characteristics.
______________________________________________________________________
43
Activity
? 6 What is common between acetone, and formalin?
In this activity, the students will be made to recognize other different, important
organic compounds: acetone, and formaldehyde. These compounds are commonly
used at home and at school. However, students are not really fully aware about the
identities and the basic nature of these compounds. Most often, they are just aware of
the products’ names of these materials.
Teaching Tips
1. Some students might not be familiar with these common compounds, because
these compounds are often times just known for their products’ brand names. So
as an assignment, let the students search for the compounds that are present in
the following products: common brand of acetone, and formalin. Let them also
search for the uses of the products.
2. Before letting the students answer the activity, make sure to explain all the
instructions from the learning module. Have the learners work in groups, so that
they will be able to share their ideas and assignments with one another. Also
discuss first that the carbonyl ( C ) group is the functional group of aldehydes
and ketones just like hydroxyl group (-OH) of alcohols.
3. In the post-activity discussion, let at least two students from two different groups
give their answers in class. After the students’ presentation of their answers,
start facilitating a discussion by showing the students the compounds, acetone,
and formalin. For example, show a bottle of formaldehyde (formalin) with a
44
preserved animal or insect in it. For acetone, demonstrate how to remove
nail polish using the compound. Acetone and formaldehyde both have
different ending suggesting that they are different compounds, therefore, they are
not known as carbonyl compounds, but rather carbonyl group containing
compounds.
4. The following information may be used for further discussion of the activity.
a. Acetone is also one of the compounds that are commonly used. It is used
in removing nail polish. It is also used as solvent in some industrial
preparations, such as production of plastic materials.
b. Formaldehyde is a compound that is commonly known as formalin. Its

common use is to preserve organic materials because of its ability to
crosslink proteins including enzymes. This is also the reason why this kind
of organic compound is used in the embalming process.
Q1. Acetone is commonly used as solvent and nail polish remover. Formaldehyde is
used as a preserving agent and disinfectant.
Q2. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde all have single and double
bonds.
Q3. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde both have carbonyl functional
group. These make them carbonyl containing compounds.
45
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
Encircle the letter of the correct answer
1. C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen

2. B. By forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
3. C. 4
4. A. kerosene
5. D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
6. D. lubricating oil
7. B. because gasoline is flammable
8. B. isopropyl alcohol
9. B. kerosene
10. D. ethyne
11. B. 2
12. C. alkene
13. C. acetylene
14. C. butane
15. D. fuel
16. B. II and III only
17. C. kerosene
18. C.
19. B. formaldehyde
20. B.
46
Have the students answer the following questions by encircling the letter of the
correct answer.
1. D. II, III and IV only

2. C. carbon atoms form many types of bonds with other carbon
3. B. 3
4. B. gasoline
5. D. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
6. D. lubricating oil
7. B. because gasoline is flammable
8. B. isopropyl alcohol
9. D. all of the above
10. C. propene
11. B. 2
12. B. alkyne
13. C. fuel
14. C. increases
15. C. fuel for welding torch
16. B. II and III only
17. C. acetone
18. A.
19. B. formaldehyde
20. D. hexene.
47
References
Chang, Raymond. (1994). Chemistry Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. United States of
America
Dickson, T. R. (1991). Study Guide, Introduction to Chemistry 6 th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. United States of America
Glencoe Physical Science. (1997). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Kotz, John c., Treichel, Paul M., and Townsend, John R. (2010). Chemistry & Chemical
Reactivity Enhanced Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
S. N. Naik .(2011). Ripening- an important process in fruit development. Head. Centre

for Rural Development & Technology, IIT Delhi . Retrieved from :
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/chemistry_application_2011/briefs/Fruit_ripening_
by_Prof_S.N._Nai_IIT_Delhi.pdf
Teaching Resource Package S & T III-Chemistry. (1992). The Philippine-Australian

Science and Mathematics Education Project (PASMEP), University of the
Philippines Institute of Science and Mathematics Education Development, and
The Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS)
48
Unit 2
MODULE Suggested Time allotment: 12-14 hours
4 What’s in a Mole?
Content Standards Performance Standards Learning Competencies
the unit mole that analyze the percentage -use the mole concept to
quantitatively measures composition of different express mass of substances
the number of very small brand of two food products
particles of matter and decide on products on -determine the percentage
appropriate percentage composition of a compound
composition given its chemical formula and
vice versa
Before teaching, it is good to be reminded of the important features of inquiry-

based learning because science instruction is anchored on this approach.
Through your effective motivation, students become interested with the topic and
start forming a question that can be answered in a scientific way. You will most likely
have to modify the students’ questions into ones that can be answered by the students
with the available resources, while being mindful of the content. In the quest to answer
the questions, students must rely on evidences that can be derived from gaining access
to an activity, observing teacher demonstration, reading books, investigating, and other
valid sources of information. Then the students will form an explanation to answer the
question based on the collected evidences. The next essential thing to see from the
students is that they are able to evaluate the explanations they have made,
communicate and justify the proposed explanations with the other students. In the
course of having these interactions, you should see to it that all misconceptions and
alternative conceptions are ironed out to facilitate meaningful conceptual understanding.
Most of the activities in this module are based on this learning approach. The
teacher may customize some of the activities based on the needs and preparedness of
his/her students.
49
Overview
In the previous science lessons, the students were introduced to the concept of
mass. This can be a good starting point to introduce the mole concept.
The mole concept is the foundation of stoichiometric calculations which is the

very reason why it is important for a student to fully understand this topic. This topic
appears to be very complex for the students, and extra effort must be exerted in order to
make sure that this concept is properly understood.
In this module, the mole concept is strategically introduced by banking on the

prior knowledge of the students. Activities were designed in such a way that the starting
activity makes use of the concepts they already know, and through a series of activities,
they are led to the attainment of the desired competencies they need to develop. From
counting and weighing, they will be able to apply mole concept in expressing the mass,
number of moles, and particles of a given substance and compute for the percentage
composition. Realistic problems involving mole concept in daily life scenarios were also
provided for the learners to realize that this concept is not alien to them. Understanding
this topic will make them wise consumers, good farmers, effective environmentalists,
and well-informed individuals.
Key questions for this module:
How is the mole used to express the mass of a substance?
How is the percentage composition of a given compound determined?
Answer Key:
Pre-Assessment:
1. a. 75 g cream
2. d. The same number of materials of different kinds has different masses.
3. c. molecule
4. a. 80g
5. b. 6.02 x 1023 particles
50
6. d. Mole concept can be used in quantifying the amount of pollutant-particles
released in the atmosphere.
7. d. all of the above
8. b. 11.21%
9. c. mole
10. c. showcase of 1mole of different elements having different masses
Reminders:
See to it that you have assigned the materials for the different activities ahead of
time.
Try first all the activities before asking your student to perform it in the class.
Suggestion for Motivation
Have a bowl of marbles and ask the students to guess the number of marbles
and its approximate weight in the bowl. The student who can give the nearest answer
will be given a prize.
Relate this game with the first activity in this module. You may use coins,
buttons, and candies instead of marbles or, if you have a better activity for motivation,
you are free to have your students perform it.
Let’s Find Out!
Photograph Marbles in a Glass Bowl by Nancy Andersen on 500px from www.flickr.com
51
Now that you have set the mood of your students you may introduce Activity 1:
Counting by Weighing.
Activity
1 Counting by Getting the Mass of an Object
This activity is given to the students for them to have a feel of how chemists
determine the number of particles based on the mass of the substance. The concept of
having an enormous number of particles in the things that surround them is hard to
comprehend by Junior High School (JHS) students that is why we need to give concrete
activities which will give them ideas on how it is being done in the scientific world. In
this activity, paper clip is used because the manufacturers set a standard mass for its
production. You may use other materials based on its availability in your community for
as long as there is a standard mass set for its reproduction. You may use nails, candies,
or chocolates with the same sizes. In choosing the replacement for paper clips, you
should consider the availability and cost of the materials and the students’ safety.
There are things you need to consider in supervising your students in performing
this activity. You need to remind them of the laboratory techniques in using the platform
balance. The skill of the students in measuring the mass of the materials is of utmost
concern because it will greatly affect the result of this activity.
The answer of the students in this table may vary depending on their skills in
measuring the mass of the paper clips and its kind.
To compute for the average mass using this formula:
Mass
Average Mass =
25
Q1. Is the number of paper clips in step 2 the same as the number of paper clips in step
3? Why do you think so?
Yes, the number of paper clips computed in step 2 is the same with the
number of paper clips counted in step 3. In both steps, the number of paper clips
52
is the same because the average mass of the paper clips is used in the
computation and all paper clips in the box has the same mass.
Q2. Having an experience in counting by getting the mass, give some ways in which
you can apply this procedure in daily life situations.
Counting by weighing can be used in packaging volume of materials

instead of going through the tedious process of counting one-by-one. Knowing
the average mass of the products will make monitoring in the production unit in
industries easier and with validity.
Counting by weighing also facilitates easy and accurate estimation of the

needed materials.
In repacking goods to be sold in the “sari-sari” store, this technique can be

useful.
Another interesting point of discussion is the origin of the mole concept. It would
be interesting to the learners if you will discuss trivia pertaining to the origin of the mole
concept. Knowing how this concept started will help the student understand how
information is being updated as time passes by, with the presence of competent people
in the field of science.
You may present the origin of mole concept as a storytelling activity or trivia if
your students do not have internet access. In areas with internet access, you may give
this topic as an assignment.
In a storytelling way, you may discuss the following:
In 1865, August Wilhelm Hofmann, a German chemist introduced the word

“molar” (from the Latin word moles which means a large mass) to refer to any large
macroscopic mass in contrast with the word derived from moles with the Latin suffix –
cula which means small or tiny. Thus, he made use of the word molar for big quantities
(macroscopic) and molecular for minute quantities (microscopic).
A German physical chemist, in the person on Wilhelm Ostwald, gave a more

definite use of the term molar and its noun mole. More than a macroscopic sample, this
term was used by Ostwald to denote the mass in grams which represents the mass of
its fundamental molecules. This was mentioned in several of his textbooks written
around the turn of the 20th century; though it was connected to atomic molecular theory
and his attempt to establish a macroscopic alternative for the explanation of the laws of
stoichiometry.
53
The clear inter-conversion of grams and moles as part of standard stoichiometry
problems does not appear to have been common before the 1950s.
(Source: Jensen, W. B. The Origin of Mole Concept. Journal of Chemical Education,

2004, 81 (10),p1409. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from
http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/114.%20The%20Mole.pdf)
Just in case inquisitive students will ask you about stoichiometry, you may
explain to them that it is a chemical computation that involves the amount of reactants
and products in a chemical reaction.
The following are just analogies for your students to visualize how much
Avogadro’s number is. When we deal about Avogadro’s number we always deal with
the number of atoms, ions, or molecules not to the whole objects.
Questions Answer
How many mongo seeds are equal to 3.50 2.11 x 10 24 mongo seeds
moles of mongo seeds?
How many bananas are equal to 7.50 moles of 4.52 x 10 24 bananas

bananas?
How many moles of rice grains are equal to 3.002 moles of rice grains
1.807 x 10 24 grains of rice?
How many moles of tomatoes are in 3.01 x 10 23 0.500 moles of tomatoes

tomatoes?
Sample computations:
6.02 x 10 23 mongo seeds

3.50 moles of mongo seeds x = 2.11 x 10 24 mongo seeds
1 mole of mongo seeds
1 mole of rice grains

1.807 x 10 24 rice grains x = 3.002 moles of rice grains
6.02 x 10 23 rice grains
Always remind your students of the Avogadro’s number which is always equal to
6.02 x 10 23 particles. Particles can be in the form of atoms, ions or molecules.
54
Emphasize to them that in order to convert number of particles to number of moles they
have to divide the given number of particles by the Avogadro’s Number and if they want
to convert the number of moles to its equivalent number of particles, they have to
multiply the number of mole s by the Avogadro’s Number.
In processing this activity, it is important that the students grasp the idea that if
the material has standard mass, they can count it by weighing especially in cases that
involves voluminous quantities. You can also relate this experience with how scientists
identify the number of moles through weighing (for the advance students).
Activity
2 Total Count Vs. Mass
The focus of this activity is to make the students fully understand that even
though they have the same number of materials, different types of materials have
different masses.
Table 2. Mass of the Materials
Mass (g) Mass (g) Mass (g) Number of pieces

in 25.00 g
Materials 5 pieces 1 piece 15 pieces
Plastic bottle cap 8.5 1.7 25.5 14
soft drink crown 5.0 1.0 15.0 25
10-centavo coin 10.5 2.1 31.5 12
Q1. Do the three different materials have the same masses? Explain your answer.
No, even though they have the same number of pieces, different materials have
different masses.
Q2. Was your expected number of pieces per material the same as the number of
pieces equal to 25.00g?
55
Yes, through the average mass, the same number of pieces was obtained
as expected.
Q3. What can you infer from this result?
The same number of materials of different kinds has different masses.
In the course of the discussion, it is essential that the learners will understand
the concept that can be related to molar mass. In this way the students will discover the
relation of this activity to the next activity.
Activity
3 The Mass of One Mole of a Substance
It would be helpful in teaching this topic if you going to unlock difficulties through
the definition of some terminologies such as atomic mass and molar mass. Atomic
mass is the average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes. As an element is
weighed according to its abundance, its unit is expressed in amu (atomic mass unit)
which is exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. In short, what you see in
the periodic table is the atomic mass of the elements in amu. Molar mass, on the other
hand, is the mass of one mole of particles (atoms, molecules, formula units) of a
substance expressed in terms of g/mol. It would be helpful to mention that the mass of
one atom and the mass of one mole of the same atom are numerically the same. Only
the atomic mass of an element is expressed in amu while the mass is expressed in g.
This means that the atomic mass of calcium atom is 40.02 amu and the mass of one
mole of calcium atom is 40.08g. Likewise, one atom of potassium weighs 39.10amu and
its molar mass is 39.10g.
56
Table 4-A: Molar Mass of Some Common Elements
Element Symbol Mass Molar Mass
(g) (g/mol)
Sulfur (Asupre) S 32.07 32.07
Lead (Tingga) Pb 207.20 207.20
Copper (Tanso) Cu 63.55 63.55
Table 4-B: Molar Mass of Some Common Compounds
Compound Chemical Mass Molar Mass

Formula
(g) (g/mol)
Water H2O 18.02 18.02
Table Salt NaCl 58.44 58.44
Table Sugar C12H22O11 342.34 342.34
Q1. Do you think that one mole of different substances have the same amount?
No, because based on the answers in tables 4-A and B, the mass of
different substances differs from one another.
Q2. What do you observe about the mass of the substances in Tables 4-A and 4-B?
The mass of the substances in tables 4-A and B differs from one another.
Q3. Would 1.50 moles of H2O have the same number of particles as 1.50 moles of any
of the substances you weighed?
Yes, because one mole of any kind of substance has the same number of
particles which is equal to 6.02 x 10 23 (Avogadro’s number)
57
Q4. What can you infer about this activity?
One mole of different kinds of substances has the same number of

particles but different masses.
You may give Table 5 as an exercise or take home activity for the learners to
have a practice in the computation of molar mass.
Table 5. Molar Mass
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Molar Mass (g/mol)
Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) FeSO4 151.92
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 46.08
Ammonia NH3 17.04
Citric acid C6H8O6 176.14
Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 78.01
Sample calculation:
Al(OH)3
3 x 1.01 g/mol = 3.03 g/mol
3 x 16.00g/mol =48.00g/mol
1 x 26.98g/mol = 26.98g/mol
78.01g/mol
As you can see in the number of atoms per element in the compound is
multiplied by the molar mass. The numerical value of the molar mass can be seen in the
periodic table.
58
Source: http://curriculum.nismed.upd.edu.ph
59
Just in case the students need additional activity on this topic, you may give this
to them to facilitate better understanding of the topic or you can use the following
activity to introduce molar mass to the learners.
Atomic Molar Atomic Molar Mass

Mass Mass of H in the
Substance Chem. No. of of C Mass of C No. of of H Compound Molar
Formula C in the H Mass
Atom (amu) Compound Atom (amu) (g/mol)
(g/mol
(g/mol) )
Methane CH4 1 12.01 12.01 4 1.01 4.04 16.05
Ethyne C2H2 2 12.01 24.02 2 1.01 2.02 26.04
Butane C4H10 4 12.01 48.04 10 1.01 10.10 58.14
Propene C3H6 3 12.01 36.03 6 1.01 6.06 42.09
Ethane C2H6 2 12.01 24.02 6 1.01 6.06 30.08
Octane C8H18 8 12.01 96.08 18 1.01 18.18 114.26
Activity
The Relationships among Number of Moles, Mass,
4 and Number of Particles
It is important that the students see the connections/relationships among the mass,
number of moles, and number of particles for a good assimilation of the mole concept.
In this activity, they will realize that in a quantitative experiment, the use of a tablespoon
and other such measuring devices to determine the quality of different substances are
not always advisable because it may yield inaccurate results.
60
Table 6. Data on Molar Relationship
Substance Sulfur *Aluminum foil Sugar Salt
Mass (g) 5.3 1.8 7.8 11.0
No. of Moles 0.17 0.10 0.023 0.19
No. of Particles 1.0 x 1023 6.0 x 1022 1.4 x 1022 1.1 x 1023
*Cut into tiny pieces
Q1. List down the substances based on the following order:
a. Increasing mass (light to heaviest)

aluminum foil sulfur sugar salt
b. Increasing number of particles (lowest to highest amount)

sugar aluminum foil sulfur salt
c. Increasing number of moles (lowest to highest amount)

sugar aluminum foil sulfur salt
Q2. Is the number of particles in the sample directly related to the number of moles?
Why do you say so?
Yes, because as the number of moles increases the number of particles

also increases. This can be reflected in the formula used to compute for the
number of particles (number of particles = number of moles x Avogadro’s
number)
Q3. Is the mass of the sample related to the number of moles? Explain your answer.
Increase in mass of the different substances does not necessarily mean

increase in the number of moles because the number of moles is computed by
dividing the mass of the sample by its molar mass.
Q3. Explain why one tablespoon of different substances does not have the same mass
in grams (g), the same number of moles and the number of particles.
61
One tablespoon of different substances has different masses, number of
moles and particles because they have different molar masses.
Activity
5 The Chemist’s Mole
You may use the following diagram in explaining the computations about the
mole concept. This will further demonstrate the relationships among the mass, number
of particles, and number of moles of the substances under study.
/molar mass No. of x Avogadro’s Number

Mole
x molar mass
/Avogadro’s no.
Mass No. of
/molar mass x Avogadro’s Number particles
/Avogadro’s Number x molar mass
62
Table 7. Molar Relationships
Substance Molar Mass Representative Mass Number of Number of

Moles Particles
(g/mol) Particle (g)
Carbon
Dioxide 44.01 molecule 110.03 2.5 1.505 x 1024
(CO2)
Gold (Au) 197.00 atom 197.00 1 6.02 x 10 23
Glucose
(C6H12O6) 180.18 molecule 360.36 2 1.205 x 1024
Calcium
fluoride 78.08 formula unit 234.24 3 1.806 x 1024
(CaF2)
Nitrogen
28.02 molecule 140.10 5 3.010 x 1024
gas (N2)
Q1. When is a particle classified as an atom, a molecule, or a formula unit?
A particle is called an atom when it represents an element; molecule when

it represents a molecular compound (CO2, CH4, H2O and other compounds alike)
and elements (N2, O2, H2, and other diatomic molecules; and formula unit when it
represents ionic compounds (NaCl, CaF2, KCl)
Q2. Show how you will convert the mass of a given sample to number of moles and vice
versa.
Mass divided by the molar mass is equal to the number of mole.
63
Q3. Show how you will compute for the number of particles given the following:
a. Mass of the sample
number of moles x molar mass = mass
g
mole x = g
mole
number of particles divided by Avogadro’s number x molar mass

equals mass
1 mole g
number of particles x x =g
6.02 x 10 23particles 1 mole
b. Number of moles of the sample
Mass divided by the molar mass = number of moles
g
= mol
g/mol
number of particles divided by Avogadro’s number =
number of moles
number of particles
= mole
6.02 x 10 23particles/mole
Presenting the formula in the above-cited manner will help the learners
understand how the cancellation of units takes place and how it is converted to
the other unit.
64
The following are the solutions to the problem exercises on mole concept:
1. A cancer patient needs to increase his ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) intake to fight cancer
cells. a) How many moles of ascorbic acid does he need to complete the doctor’s
prescription of 13.00g of intravenous ascorbic acid everyday for one month? b) How
many molecules of ascorbic acid does he need everyday to fight the cancer cells?
a. Compute for the molar mass of C6H8O6
molar mass of C6H8O6 = 180.18g/mole
Compute for the mass of ascorbic acid needed for 1 month
13.00g 30 days 390.0g

x =
1day 1month month
Solve for the number of moles of C6H8O6 using the molar mass
1mole C6H8O6
390.0g C6H12O6 x = 2.165 moles
180.18 g
*the patient needs 2.165 moles of C6H8O6 in a month
b. To compute for the number of C6H8O6 molecules of needed by the

patient daily to fight cancer, multiply the number of moles by the
Avogadro’s number divided by the number of days in a month.
2.165 moles 6.02 x 1023 C6H8O6molecules 1month

X x =
month 1mole C6H12O6 30 days
4.344 x 10 22 C6H8O6 molecules/day
*43,440,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of ascorbic acid are fighting the

cancer cells daily
2. Aspartame (C14H18N2O5) is a synthetic table sugar substitute used in food and

drinks. If a food product needs 0.25 g of C14H18N2O5 to sweeten the Queenie cupcake,
and you ate this food product, how many molecules of aspartame have you eaten?
65
Compute for the molar mass. It will serve as the conversion factor to
compute for the number of moles.
Molar mass of C14H18N2O5 = 294.34g/mol
1 mole C14H18N2O5
0.25 g C14H18N2O5 x = 0.00085 mole C14H18N2O5
294.34 g C14H18N2O5
Calculate for the number of molecules using Avogadro’s number.
6.02 x 1023molecules C14H18N2O5

0.00085 mole C14H18N2O5 x = 5.1 x 10 20
1 mole C14H18N2O5 molecules
C14H18N2O5
*510,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of aspartame entered the body
3. During exercise, lactic acid (C3H6O3) forms in the muscle causing muscle cramp. If
5.0 g of lactic acid (C3H6O3) concentrate in your leg muscle, how many moles of lactic
acid (C3H6O3) are causing you pain?
Solve for the molar mass of C3H6O3
Molar mass of C3H6O3 = 90.09 g/mole
To solve for the number of moles of lactic acid causing the leg pain, divide the
mass of lactic acid by the molar mass.
1 mole C3H6O3
5.0 g C3H6O3 x = 0.056 mole C3H6O3 is causing leg pain
90.09 g C3H6O3
4. Paraffin (C22H46) is a wax used in candle-making. During combustion, a 20.0 g

candle produces 1.42 moles of CO2. How many molecules of CO2 are released in the
atmosphere after using the candle?
66
To solve for the number of molecules of CO2 a 20.0 g candle emitted after
combustion, multiply the number of moles equal to 20.0g C22H46 by the
Avogadro’s number.
6.02 x 1023molecules
1.42 mole CO2 x = 8.55 x 1023 molecules CO2
1mole CO2
*855,000,000,000,000,000,000, 000 molecules of CO2 are released to the
environment after consuming a 20.0g candle
Activity
6 The Mole Map
This activity will give focus to the students’ attention on what to remember about
the mole concept on a conceptual level approach.
MATTER
is made up of
particles
which may be
atoms ions molecules
whose amount may be expressed in terms of
a mole whose mass g/mole

is expressed in
(molar mass)
equal to
Avogadro’s Number
67
Give emphasis on how they are going to differentiate the particles of matter. In module
2, they have learned the kinds of bonding, thus they can efficiently differentiate an atom,
a molecule and an ion from one another. You should also be mindful of the information
the learners need to process so that it will be transferred to their long-term memory. The
mole concept which tells us that one mole of a substance contains Avogadro’s number
of particles equal to 6.02 x 10 23 particles and 1 mole of different substances have
different masses must be processed efficiently with all the activities provided in this
module.
Percentage Composition
In answering the problems involving percentage composition, you always start

with the computation of molar mass if it is not given in the problem. The following
problems were given for the students for them to realize the importance of
understanding this topic.
1. Soil that is already depleted of its nutrients needs fertilizer. One of the nutrients
needed to replenish the soil is nitrogen. If you are an agricultural technician helping a
farmer, which among these fertilizers are you going to use? Show your computations to
convince the farmer about your choice.
a. ammonia - NH3
b. ammonium sulphate - (NH4)2SO4
c. ammonium nitrate - NH4NO3
molar mass of ammonia, NH3
= (1N atom x 14.01g/mole) + (3 H atoms x 1.01g/mole)
= 17.04 g/mole
14.01g/mole
%N = x 100
17.04 g/mole
= 82.22 %
68
molar mass of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4
= (2N atoms x 14.01 g/mole) + (8H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(1S atom x 32.07 g/mole) + (4) atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 112.17g/mole
28.02 g/mole
%N = x 100
112.17 g/mole
= 24.98%
molar mass of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
= (2N atoms x 14.01g/mole) + (4H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(3O atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 80.06 g/mole
28.02 g/mole
%N = x 100
80.06 g/mole
= 35.00%
2. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a six-carbon sugar (hexose) which is also known as the blood
sugar. It is an energy source that fuels our body. How many percent of carbon is
present in glucose?
molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6)
= (6C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (12H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(6O atoms x 16.00 g/mole)
= 180.18 g/mole
69
72.06 g/mole
%C = x 100
180.18 g/mole
= 39.99%
3. The “fuel value” of the hydrogen-containing fuels depends on the mass percentage of
hydrogen (H). Rank the following compounds based on their “fuel value” with 1 as the
highest fuel value and 3 as the one with the lowest value:
a. ethane (C2H6)
b. propane (C3H8)
c. ethanol (C2H5OH)
molar mass of ethane (C2H6)
= (2C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (6H atoms x 1.01 g/mole)
= 30.08g/mole
6.06 g/mole
%H = x 100
30.08 g/mole
= 20.15%
molar mass of propane (C3H8)
= (3C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (8H atoms x 1.01 g/mole)
= 44.11g/mole
8.08 g/mole
%H = x 100
44.11 g/mole
= 18.32%
molar mass of ethanol (C2H5OH)
70
= (3C atoms x 12.01g/mole) + (6H atoms x 1.01 g/mole) +
(1O atom x 16.00g/mol)
= 46.08g/mole
6.06 g/mole
%H = x 100
46.08 g/mole
= 13.15%
Ranking of the substances based on their “fuel value”:
Rank Substance %H
1 ethane (C2H6) 20.15%
2 propane (C3H8) 18.32%
3 ethanol (C2H5OH) 13.15%
*Through this problem, you can make the learners realize that the greater
number of atoms of a certain element in a compound would not necessarily mean
that it will have higher percentage composition. In the case of the substances
cited above, propane has higher number of H atom than ethane but it has the
higher percentage H, thus it has the higher “fuel value”.
Activity
7 It’s Grocery Time!
This is the final activity in this module. It is designed for the students’
appreciation of the topics discussed in this module. Through this activity they will be able
to realize that chemistry concepts can be of great help in the usual activities they are
doing regularly specifically in choosing grocery products and monitoring the amount of
substance intake.
71
Q1. Based on this activity, what food do you regularly consume which gives your body a
lot of carbon (C) atoms and sodium (Na) ions?
The answer of the leaners may vary depending on their food preferences.
Generally speaking softdrinks, fruit juices in doy packs, cupcakes, and other
foods which contain sugar that is reported as carbohydrates in the nutrition facts
will give them a lot of carbon atoms. On the other hand, grocery items commonly
known as“junk food,” such as crackers, potato chips, and corn chips and canned
goods contain salt that provide sodium ions to their body.
Q2. Are these good for your body? Why? Research on how much of these types of food
are recommended for your age group.
Too much intake of those foods is not good for the body. The Food and
Nutrition Research Institute has a recommended value intake to individuals of
Junior High School (JHS) age.
Q3. In what other ways can you make use of the concept on percentage composition?
The concept on percentage composition can be used in the preparation of

food (baking and cooking), preservation of food, production of paste, paint, and
alloy to name a few. There is a wide variety of application for this topic.
1. a. 105 g cacao
2. d. formula unit
3. b. 6.02 x 1023
4. c. 6.14 x 10 22 molecules of C6H4Cl2
5. a. Ann
6. b. K2O
7. a. 1.20 x 1024
8. d. 50.05%
9. b. CH4< NH3< H2O< N2< Cl2
72
10. d. All of the above
11. a. 35.00%
12. c. 0.029 mole
13. a. 52.11%
14. d. 116.18 g/mole
15. b. 0.0225 mole
References:
Jensen, W. B. The Origin of Mole Concept. Journal of Chemical Education, 2004, 81

(10),p1409. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from
http://www.che.uc.edu/Jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/114.%20The%20M
ole.pdf
LeMay, E.H. Jr., Robblee, K.M., Brower, H., Douglas C.(1996). Chemistry Connections
to Our Changing World. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Magno, M., et. al. (2001). Parctical Work in High School Chemistry Sourcebook for
Teachers. Quezon City: UP National Institute for Science & Mathematics
Education Development
Department of Education,.Culture and Sports.1992 Teaching Resource Package: S&T-

Chemistry. PASMEP, AIDAB,UP-ISMED, DECS. Pasig: Author.
Silberberg, M. (1996). Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. St.
Louis: Mosby
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D. D., Matta, M. (1997). Chemistry ( 4thed) New York: Addison-
Wesley Pub.
Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., Matta, M.S. & Waterman, E.L. (2007). Chemistry,
Teacher’s Ed. Boston, Massachusetts:Pearson, Prentice Hall, Inc.
73

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Unit 2: Countless and Active Particles of Matter

To create appropriate teaching-learning scenario, make it sure to try all the

The modules included in this unit are as follows:

Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter

1 Electronic Structure of Matter

Content Standard Learning Competencies

How does Bohr’s atomic model differ from Rutherford’s model?

1 The Flame Test

2. Let the students do the activity.

3. Make sure that all materials needed are ready.

5. Remind the students that boron is not a metal. It is a metalloid.

6. Write the safety and precautionary measures on the board.

Safety and Disposal:

The following are the expected results of the flame test.

Metal salt tested Element Color of the flame

 It cannot detect low concentrations of almost all ions.

Q3. The colors observed is an indication that definite energy transformations

2 Predicting the Probable Location

In Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in orbits of certain amounts of energy.

4. Record the number of dots on the table below.

Circle Average Area of Difference of Number of Number Percent

8. Values in columns E, F, and G may vary.

9. Make sure the students know how to plot a graph.

Q1. (Answers will vary)

Q2 (Answer will vary)

= [0.1920 X 100 = 19.20%

Q3 (Answer will vary) 3 cm

Q4. (Answer will vary) 44 dots

The properties of elements depend mainly on the arrangement of electrons outside

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called electron

2. Guide the students while doing the activity.

Symbol O R B I T A L Electron Configuration

Q2. Some patterns are:

1. An orbital has a maximum of two opposite spins.

4. The total number of electrons on the outermost energy level is the

Q3. Some rules are:

1. An electron can be represented by a spin.

3. An orbital in the same sublevel should be filled with one electron

4. An orbital has a maximum number of two electrons.

2. 3d113d21: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2

3. 4s1 : 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py2 3pz1

5. 3d12 3d22: 1s22s22px22py22pz23s23px23py23pz2 4s2

Brown, Theodore, LeMay, H.Eugene,Bursten, Bruce, Murphy, Catherine, Woodward,

Carmichaels, H. (1983). Laboratory chemistry,. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Co.

Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (2004).Chemistry:Science and

Mendoza, E. & Religioso,T. (2001). Chemistry. . Quezon City:Phoenix-SIBS Publishing

The ekShiksha Team, Affordable Solutions Lab(ASL), Indian Institute of Technology,

Wilbraham, A.C., Staley, D.D., & Matta, M.S.(1997). Chemistry expanded.(4th

Content Standard Learning Competencies

Chemical bonding is a complex topic for Grade 9 students. Its complexity is

How are ionic and covalent compounds formed?

1 Mapping the Periodic Table

Q2. Which number tells you the number of valence electrons?

Q4. What kind of element has:

e. low ionization energy?

f. high ionization energy?

Table 1. Lewis Symbols

Q1. Arrange the elements in increasing:

3 Bonding by Transfer of Electrons