Pipe Drafting and Design Third Edition PDF
Pipe Drafting and Design Third Edition PDF
Pipe Drafting and Design Third Edition PDF
ANDDESIGN
ToKathy
I am my beloved's, and my beloved is mine. Roy
ToMary
Thank you for your help and support. Robert
PIPE DRAFTING
ANDDESIGN
THIRD EDITION
RoY A. PARISHERAND RoBERT A. RHEA
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publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and arrangements
with organizations such as the Copyright Oearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency,can be found at our
website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changíng, As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be
mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any
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operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN:978-0-12-384700-3
12 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
V
vi
Pipe Drafting and Design, Third Edition provides New to this edition
step-by-step instructions to walk pipe designers, draft-
• A large-scalefour-Unit imaginary project that includes
ers and students through the creation of flow diagrams,
Flow diagrams, Foundation Location, Equipment
piping arrangement and isometric drawings. It includes
Location, and Piping Arrangement drawings, as well as
instructions for the proper drawing of symbols for fit-
structural steel drawings and details, civil/foundation
tings, flanges, valves and mechanical equipment found
details, equipment vendar drawings, and electrical
on various types of piping drawings.
Power, Lighting, and Grounding Plans for each Unit.
More than 350 illustrations and photographs pro-
• Updated discussion and use of modem CAD and 3D
vide examples and visual instructions. A unique fea-
software tools
ture is the systematic creation and arrangement of
• Additional exercisers, drawings and dimensioning
drawings that begins with the development of a flow
charts to provide practice and assessment.
diagram then progresses to the layout of the struc-
tural and equipment foundations of a piping facility. Ancillaries:
Once mechanical equipment has been positioned and For instructors, an educational support package
oriented the piping components are added. The text is available that contains a set of electronic images of
continues through to the development of a 3D model. figures in the book, and solutions to the end of chap-
Advanced chapters díscuss the use of 3D software tools ter problem sets. The files are available to instructors
from which elevation, section and isometric drawings, by registering at: http://textbooks.elsevier.com/web/
and bilis of materials are extracted. Manuals.aspx?isbn=9780123847003.
vii
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Acknowledgments
Nicole Blythe: AutoCAD 3D model included for their instructional value. They have been
Michael F. Fox: San Jacinto College Central proofed for accuracy but are not guaranteed for any par-
R. B. Herrscher: Nisseki Chemical Texas, Inc. ticular purpose. Toe publisher and authors do not offer
Alan Human: Flexitallic, Inc. any representations or warranties, nor do they accept
Kenneth Kluge: PDMS 3D model any liabilities with respect to the material, applications,
lrv Levine: AVEVA,Inc. procedures, dímensíoning charts, and/ or routines.
Heather Marquis: PDMS 3D model and
Trademarks
www.learnpdms.com tutorials
AutoCAD® is registered in the U.S. Patent and
Roger Parisher: Hodell-Natco, Inc.
Trademark office by Autodesk, Inc.
Toe material, applications, procedures, dimensioning PDMS® is a registered trademark of AVEA, Inc. an
charts, and routines presented in this book have been AVEVA Group ple company.
ix
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About the Authors
Roy A. Parisher is a professor in the engineeríng Robert A. Rhea is a former associate professor of
design graphics department at San Jacinto College engineering technology at the University of Houston
Central in Pasadena, Texas, where he has taught for Downtown, Houston, Texas.
over 30 years.
xi
CHAPTER
1
Overview of Pipe Drafting and Design
they acquire the skills and knowledge of piping that has an important role in piping drawings. A 0.7mm or
will allow them to advance to the position of piping wider lead holder is commonly used on major elements
designer. of the drawing such as pipe and lettering. Background
Drafters who have held field positions as pipe fit- components such as equipment, foundations, support
ters or welders find this real-world experience valuable. structures, and dimension lines are typically drawn
Many times this experience allows them to advance ata with a 0.Smm lead.
faster pace. One cannot stress enough the importance of qual-
ity line work and lettering. Manual drawings are con-
stantly slid in and out of the file drawers and run
PERSONAL SKILLS through blueprint machines. This requires that lettering
and line work be neat and of good quality to maintain
Students should not neglect their speaking, writ- clarity of dimensions and callouts.
ing, and math skills. Every company appraises future
employees during the interview process not only for
technical skills but also for the personal skills needed to CAD Software Tools
interact with the engineering team. This interaction is a
must for the team in order to complete the job with a There are many different CAD software tools on the
minimal amount of rnistakes. Honesty, reliability, dedi- market today. Many engineering companies require
cation to improving skills, and a positive attitude con- their designers to know and use several different CAD
tribute much to the successful career of the designer. software tools. Engineering companies must be pre-
You will be a member of a design team. You may work pared to accommodate the client's preference of CAD
with people from countries all over the world. Getting programs. To be competitive in the job market, the
along with fellow workers has much to do with suc- pipe drafter must leam how to use AutoCAD and/
cessful yearly evaluations and compensation for your or MicroStation. These two CAD programs are widely
efforts. used by engineering firms in the United States and
throughout the world.
As with CAD programs, there are several 30 pipe
CREATION OF PIPE DRAWINGS modeling software programs on the market today.
Engineering firms must be responsive to the needs
and preferences of their clients. Software develop-
Manual Drafting ers steadily develop, revise, and refine programs to
Though new piping projects are no longer devel- meet the demands of engineering and design firms.
oped by hand, or manually, old vellum, mylar, and As with any business trying to attract new customers,
even cloth drawings are still in existence. As time per- software developers try to incorporate special features,
rnits and funds exist, companies are gradually convert- functions and amenities into their software programs
ing their "hard copy" drawings into electronic files. But that will attract potential users. Often clients will dictate
when older facilities that were originally drawn manu- that all bid packages subrnitted for a project shall be
ally need to be revamped, desígners and drafters may completed using a particular piping software program.
still find the need to use traditional drafting techniques. Most piping software packages provide the end user
Manual drafters use a variety of triangles, plastic tem- with the ability to develop 30 computer models of the
plates (circle and ellipse), and scales to lay out pípíng completed facility. Software packages such as PDMS3,
drawings. Although electric erasers are not necessary, PDS4, SmartPlant3D4, CADWorx4, PLANT-4D5, and
they make the job of erasing much easier and faster. MPDS46, among others have the intelligence to generate
Pencils and leads come in a wide range of sizes and not only 30 renderings with walk-through animations
shapes. Drafters usually use a 4H lead to draw projec- but also dimensioned and annotated 20 drawings as
tion lines and guidelines, and use an H or F lead for well as dimensioned isometrics with a complete Bill of
other line work and lettering needs. Line thickness also Materials.
3AVEVAGroup ple.
4IntergraphCorporation Part of Hexagon Group.
5CEA Systems, Inc.
2
Steel Pipe
greater than its nominal pipe size, whereas pipe sizes 14"
and above have an outside diameter equal to its nominal
pipe size.
In process piping, the aforementioned method of siz-
FIGURE 2.3 Forming spiral-welded pipe. ing the pipe maintains a uniform outside diameter while
varying the inside diameter. This method achieves the
desired strength necessary for the pipe to perform its
intended function while operating under various tem-
peratures and pressures.
WALL THICKNESS
StAMLESS ROLLE O SPIRAL-WELD Wall thickness is the term used to describe the mea-
FIGURE 2.4 Manufactured carbon steel pipe. surement of how thick the metal is that a pipe is made
from. There are three systems in which a pipe's wall
thickness can be categorized: the weight system, the
escape the numerous quality control checks performed schedule system, and the fractional/ decimal system.
during the manufacturing process. The weight system uses three categories to define the
As a result, the American National Standards thickness of a pipe: standard, extra strong, and double
Institute (ANSI) developed strict guidelines for the extra strong. Limited in number, these three pipe thick-
manufacture of pipe. Pressure Pípíng Code 831 was nesses restricta pipe designer's options.
written to govem the manufacture of pipe. In particular, Over time, pipe selection has increased in complex-
code 831.1.0 assigns a strength factor of 85% for rolled ity. With the development of new chemical processes,
pipe, 60% for spiral-welded pipe, and 100% efficiency the methods of manufacturing pipe have expanded to
for seamless pipe. meet process requirements. Such a wide array of com-
Generally, wider wall thicknesses are produced by modity possíbilities, with their ever changing corrosive
the seamless method. However, for the many low-pres- properties and their extreme range of temperature and
sure uses of pipe, the continuous welded method is the pressure variances, has necessitated the manufacture of
most economical. Seamless pipe is produced in single pipe in additional wall thicknesses. Now called sched
and double random lengths. Single random lengths vary ules, these additional wall thicknesses allow a designer
from 16'-0" to 20'-0". Pipes 2 and below are found in
11 to specify a particular pipe that will meet the exact
double random lengths measuring from 35' -0" to 40'-0". requirements needed for quality installation and safe
O.O.
operation. Pipe, depending on the diameter, is manu- 6" NOMINAL PIPE SIZE O.O. a 6.625" (ACTUAL SIZE)
factured in the following schedules: 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, xxs
100, 120, 140, and 160.
Toe third system of categorizing wall thickness is to
simply measure the thickness in either a fractional or
decimal value. No matter which method is used to cat-
egorize a pipe's wall thickness, it will not affect the OD
of a pipe. OD is a set value that will not change. As wall EXTRA
STROHC
DOUBLE EXTRA
STRONC
thickness increases or decreases, it is the inside día-
meter that adjusts. An example of this variance in wall FIGURE 2.6 Pipe weight and wall thicknesses.
thickness is shown in Figure 2.6.
As you can see in Table 2.1, nominal size is not equal
to the actual OD or the ID for pipe 12" and smaller. lt
is simply a convenient method to use when referring to flow rates needed to adequately supply the commod-
pipe. As a piping drafter, you should be aware however ity at its prescribed rate and pressure. Buying and
that pipe 14" and larger is identified by its actual out- installing pipe that does not meet the mínimum
side measurement. Toe chart in Table 2.1 shows typical requirements can be dangerous and deadly. Conversely,
pipe diameters and wall thicknesses. "overdesigning" with pipe that far exceeds what is
Toe following formula can be used to calculate a necessary to do the job can result in tremendous cost
pipe's inside diameter (ID): overruns.
ID = OD - (2 x Wali Thickness)
METHODS OF JOINING PIPE
Before selecting pipe, careful consideration must be
gíven to its material, temperature and pressure allow- There are several methods for joining pipe together.
anees, corrosion resistance, and more. Toe process Toe three methods we will focus on are those most
engineer will need to pay careful attention to the flow widely used in piping systems made of carbon
requirements of a pipe used for a particular process. steel, as shown in Figure 2.7. They are butt-welded
Toe pressures and temperatures of a commodity in a (BW), screwed (Scrd), and socket-weld (SW). Later
pipe may dictate its wall thickness. But with thick-wall in the chapter, cast iron and plastic pipe uses will be
pipe, the inside diameter may not permit the required discussed.
6 q ~ "' ~ ¡::¡
r-, ..,. ... ...
~- i
BUTT WELDED
-~ -tr-Lf/4
SOCKET WELDED
~
.§ ::: U') r...:
.... ....
-Elld!t
N
~ ~
"' "'
]
co
s"'
e::
END OF PIPE
~-±-~
BEVELED 30'
6 ~ "'-or...: R
-GJB
00 r-, o o o o o
~
... ... ,._;...
ti') e-, e-, e-, e-, e-,
,._; ,._;
,§ ll) <Ó o <'i
.... .... .... ....
NN
íi,
..!S
co
s"'
e:: BUTT WELDED JOINTS
~~
e-, 1/16" ROOT GAP
~ ¿ ¡::¡ ~ ~ "'
00
)( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
¡.,¡ ::::. o o o o o o o o o o FIGURE 2.8 Butt-weld joints.
Butt-Weld Connections
] "'
.....
"'
;,g
~ o"' ;::: ....
_,; "'
e-, r-, ~ ~ ~~
"'°' °' "!"'
ti') ll) ti')
A butt-weld joint is made by welding the beveled
$
.i::co
<'i ti') <Ó
°' °' ends of pipe together. Beveled ends (BE) indicate that
the ends of the pipe are not cut square but are rather
·.¡
~ cut or ground to have a tapered edge. In preparation for
-
"CI
:; the welding Yirocess, a welder will separate two pieces
of pipe by a 1/ space, known as a root gap. During the
; ...., ~ -o ~e-, ¡::¡
s
"CI
~ ll)
~~
á o o"' o o "lo ~o "lo
e-,
"l "l "l weldinp process, the two ends are drawn together and
ii5 o o o
the x6l gap disappears. If two pieces of pipe 3' -0" long
were welded together in this manner, the result would
be a total length of 6' -O''.
However, sometimes a backup ring is used in criti-
] ; ~ ;~
-
5 "' ..,.
"l
~ ~ ~ '° cal situations. Toe back-up ring is used when there is a
ª
Q ~ .... ~ ..,. ~
... "'"' "' need to prevent the formation of weld icicles inside the
~.. pipe. The back-up ring creates a gap of Ys11 between the
~ two pieces of pipe. In this situation, the ring does not
~
..6
:a.. allow the ends of the pipe to be drawn together and
<.)
:s
-
:i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ keeps them separated by Ys".
~ :s "l "!
'° '°<Ó o.... ,._; ..,.,....
...
ti')
o § "'
_,; -o 00 If two lengths of pipe measuring 3' -O'' each were
$
"' "" ....
welded together usíng a back-up ring, the result
&
ii:
.
"'"'
..2....
would be a total length of 6' -O Ys". In this instance, the
Ys" gap would be shown when dimensioning the pipe .
] :s::¡; V) ..,. Otherwise, the root gap would not be considered at
p..
6 "' "?o....... "'8 ¡?i '° ..,. "' ali. Figure 2.8 shows the X/ root gap and the resulting
(/) 00 00
_,; N
.
e ~ .§ ~ ~ r...:
~ e-, ll)
..... ~ ~ ..,. ~
.; "' butt-weld joint.
"ª
u"' . e-
e,"'
.: 'a
..
i:,..
· 1 1· 3,4• 20 rit 14
~IF-9
1· 25.4 •xt 18
llh" 38 •Y.t 18
2· 50.8 3,4" 20
SCREWED 21h" 63.5
·r.t 24
3• 76.2 1· 25.4
1h" 13 ;.,• 13
3,4• 20 rit 14
1· 25.4 o/s" 16
lW 38 3A• 20
2· 50.8 7/s" 22
pipe 3" and smaller, threaded connections are gener- Socket-Weld Connections
ally referred to as screwed pipe. With tapered grooves
cut into the ends of a run of pipe, screwed pipe and Toe third method of joining carbon steel pipe is
screwed fittings can be easily assembled without weld- socket welding. When assembling pipe with socket-
ing or other permanent means of attachment. Screwed weld fittings, the pipe is inserted into the fitting before
pipe and its mating fittings will have threads that are welding, unlike a butt-weld connection that has the
either male or female. Male threads are cut into the out- pipe and fitting placed end to end. lnside the socket-
side of a pipe or fitting, whereas female threads are cut weld fitting is a collar that prevents the pipe from being
into the inside of the fitting. inserted too deeply into the fitting.
As screwed pipe and fittings are assembled, a short As with screwed connections, a short amount of
length of pipe is drawn into the fitting. This connection pipe length is lost when the socket-weld connections
length is called a thread engagement. When drawing and are made. Table 2.3 provides the socket depths for pipe
dirnensioning screwed pipe, a piping drafter must be sizes through 3" in diameter. Befare the weld is made,
aware of this lost length of pipe. As the diameter of the the pipe fitter will back the pipe off the collar approxí-
pipe increases, so will the length of the thread engage- mately Ys" to allow for heat expansion during the weld-
ment. Table 2.2 provides a chart indícatíng the thread ing procedure. Pipe used for socket-weld connections
engagements for small-bore pipe. will be prepared with a plain end. Plain end (PE) means
LEAD
SPIGOT SPIGOT
END END
FIGURE 2.9 Cast iron pipe compression joint. FIGURE 2.1 O Cast iron Jead and oakum joint.
the pipe is cut square, or perpendicular to, the long wall. Considering the low cost of raw manufacturing
axis, unlike butt-weld fittings that have beveled ends. materials and the relative ease of manufacture, cast iron
is the least expensive of the engineering metals. These
benefits make cast iron the choice application in envi-
CAST IRON PIPE ronments that demand good corrosion resistance.
<>
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE.
30 MODELING 2 "/H
SOFTWARE:
DRAWS PIPE TO THE
ACTUAL PIPE SIZE (OD). OOUBLE UNE PIPE OOUBLE UNE PIPE
14" ANO LARGER WITH INSULATION
FIGURE 2.12 Drawing representations of pipe.
tested before it is chosen for a particular service. Four When pipe is represented on a drawing, typically the
important variables must be evaluated: chemical resis- pipe's nominal size dimension is used to identify pipe
tance, pressure limitations, temperature limitations, and size. One would find it difficult to draw a 4" pipe to
stress. The various molecular components of plastics its actual outside diameter of 41h'', especíally on such a
make them susceptible to chemical reactions with cer- small scale as 3¡,;' = l '-0".
tain compounds. Hazardous mixtures must be avoided. There are certain applications, however, when the
Pressure and temperature Iimitations must be estab- pipe's true outside diameter dimension is used to rep-
lished for obvious reasons. Pipe that is overheated or resent the pipe on a drawing. Drawings created with
pressurized beyond capacíty can rupture, split, or burst. most software packages are an example. Piping soft-
Stress, as applied to pipe, entails physical demands ware programs draw with such accuracy that pipe is
such as length of service, resistance to expansion drawn using the actual outside diameter.
and contraction, and fluctuations in pressure and tem- NOTE: Pipe created by means other ihan a piping soft
perature. Excessive stresses in the form of restricted ware program in this text will be draum using nominal sizee.
expansion and contraction, and frequent or sudden Be auiare that drawings generaied by pipe modeling software
changes in interna! pressure and temperature must be programe such as PDMS1 and PDS2 will use actual outside
avoided. dimensions and will differ slightly from manual and CAD
generated drawings.
DRAWING PIPE
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW QUIZ
Toe pipe can be represented on drawings as either
single line or double line. Toe pipe 12" and smaller is 1. Name three methods of manufacturing carbon steel
typícally drawn single line and the pipe 14" and larger pipe.
is drawn double line. Single-line drawings are used to
identify the centerline of the pipe. Double lines are used
to represent the pipe's nominal size diameter.
Toe standard scale used on piping drawings is 2. Name the three most commonly used end preparations
W' = l '--0". Typically hand-drawn, single-line pipe is for joining pipe.
drawn with a 0.9mm ora double wide 0.7mm fine-line
lead holder. When drawing single-line pipe with CAD
software, a line havíng a width (lineweight) of approxi-
mately o/i:' is used on full-scale drawings. Toe double-
line pipe uses standard, or "default" line widths to 3. What is meant by the term nominal pipe size?
draw the pipe's nominal size diameter. A centerline is
used on all double-line pipes to allow for the placement
of dimensions. Figure 2.12 provides severa! representa- I
Aveva Group, ple.
tions of pipe as it may appear on a drawing. 2 Bentley Systems, Inc,
4. Which diameter of pipe varíes as the wall thickness 8. What is the name for the amount of pipe "lost"
changes? when screwed connections are used?
5. What is the most common material used in the 9. What is the standard scale piping drawíngs are
manufacture of pipe used in petrochemical facilities? plotted to?
3
Pipe Fittings
Fittings are fabricated pipe components that are are commercially manufactured in standard weight,
used to perform specific functions throughout the rout- extra strong, Schedule 160, and double extra strong
ing of a pipeline. Fittings can make directional changes categories.
(elbow), create a branch from a main pipe (tee), or make In the petrochemical industry, most companies have
a reduction in the diameter of the pipe (reducer) (see guidelines known as Piping Specifications that state pipes
Figure 3.1). 3" in diameter and larger used in their facility will have
Because fittings are part of the pipíng system, butt-welded connections. These specifications, or specs
they must match as closely as possible in specifica- as they are more commonly referred, may also require
tion and rating to the pipe to which they are being pipes smaller than 3" in diameter to have screwed or
attached. Fittings, like pipe, are manufactured and socket-weld connections. For uniformity, the previously
classified according to their wall thickness or sched- mentioned specifications will be used throughout this
ule. There are many more wall thicknesses of pipe, book as a basis for determining pipe connection require-
however, than there are thicknesses of fittings. Fittings ments. However, this is not to say this is the only spec
that can be written. There may be cases where small- Notice the relationship between the nominal size
bore pipe configurations are butt-welded, whereas and the length of the fitting. Toe 90º elbow's length is
larger-size routings may be screwed or socket-weld. equal to the nominal pipe size plus onehalf of the nomi-
nal size. A simple formula that makes calculating this
dimension easy to remember is: Fitting length equals 1~
90ºELBOWS times NPS (nominal pipe size).
Example: Toe length of an 8 90º long-radíus elbow is
11
TO END ..
t O.D.
-t _j_
112
X
NPS
_L..._.__.._
RAOIUS of L.R. elbow=
FIGURE 3.2 Long-radius elbow. 112 x NOMINAL PIPE Sil[.
FIGURE 3.3 Center-to-end dimension of a 90° long-radíus elbow.
@
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE -(INCHES) 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 1 o" 12" 14"
V 90ºL.R. EII I A 3 4~ 6 9 12 15 18 21
FIGURE 3.4 Welded Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart.
-ElB
63
'3
o
ffi (ff u? (íJ @¡ ~ ~ ~ tr1
V
'3
'3
-'4B
FIGURE 3.5 90° Elbow rotations.
dirnension represents the length or center-to-end dimen- the top, or the end wil1 yield different symbol shapes.
sion of the elbow. To find the fitting's length (in inches), For example, the 90º long-radius elbow can be rotated
locate the appropriate pipe size in the row labeled in numerous orientations, as shown in Figure 3.5. As
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches). Below the nominal pipe one can see, these rotations represent an elbow turning
size, in row A, the center-to-end dimension is shown. to the ríght, as well as it rolling toward (right and bot-
When drawing the elbow, the center-to-end dimen- tom orthographic views) and rolling away (left and top
sion is used as the radius measurement for the elbow's orthographic views) from the viewer.
centerline are. This measurement must be determined Toe drawing symbols for the 90º long-radius elbow are
before the elbow can be drawn. In time, once the center- derived from these rotations. Another drawing technique
to-end dirnension formula is memorized, referencíng unique to the piping discipline is that each component,
the Welded Fittings-Flanges Chart should no longer be depending on its pipe diameter, can be represented as
necessary. eíther a single-line or double-line symbol. As with pipe,
fittings that are 12" and smaller are drawn with single-line
symbols and those 14" and above are drawn with double-
Drawing Symbols for the 90º Long ..Radius
line symbols. Figure 3.6 shows the drawing symbols for
Elbow the various orthographic views of a 90° elbow. To better
As with all drafting disciplines, symbols are used to visualize the long-radius elbow, a short length of pipe has
represent real-world items on drawings. Like door sym- been attached to each end of the elbow. This depicts how
bols on an architectural floor plan or resistor symbols the elbow might appear if it were welded to a run of pipe.
on an electronic schematic, piping symbols are devel- Remember, only the centerline are of the elbow is drawn
oped to represent components uníque to the piping when representing the single-line symbols. Toe double-
discipline. What makes the piping discipline so chal- line symbol requires one-half of the pipe' s OD be added
lenging is that all pipe components, whether they be and subtracted, respectively, from the centerline are to
fittings, flanges, or valves, have multiple symbols for represent the total pipe diameter. Keep in mind as the
each individual component. So a single elbow can have front view of the elbow is rotated, so too will the adjacent
multiple representations. Lookíng at it from the side, orthographic views be rotated.
},:$
ti{
Single-line: 12" and smaller Double-line: 14" and larger
FIGURE 3.6 90° Long-radius elbow drawing symbols.
Drawing the 90º Long-Radius Elbow Example: Toe length of an 8" 90° long-radíus
elbow is
Toree "step-by-step" methods will be presented
for constructing the 90° long-radius elbow. Figure 3.7
describes the step-by-step procedures for drawing an 8" X 1 = 8"
elbow with traditional drafting techniques, Figure 3.8
shows the steps required to draw double-line symbols NOTE: Use this formula Jor buttweld fittings only.
using AutoCAD commands, and Figure 3.9 shows the
steps required to draw a síngle-líne 12" elbow symbol,
NOTE: The stepbystep instructional procedures pre Drawing Symbols for the Short-Radius Elbow
sented using computeraided drafting techniques pre Toe drawing symbols for a short-radius elbow are
sume each student has a comprehensive knowledge of basic shown in Figure 3.12.
AutoCAD commands. These instructional steps provide a NOTE: Anytime a shortradiue ell is used, the abbreoiated
simple method to create each fitting. They are not intended note S.R. must be placed adjacent to the drawing symbol, as
to restrict the student to any particular series of commands. shown in Figure 3.12.
Each student is encouraged to experiment with uarious com
mands that may achieve the same result.
Short-Radius Elbow Reducing Elbows
Another elbow that may be used under certain cir- For a relatively short period of time, reducing elbows
cumstances and with permission from the customer were experimented with in various piping projects.
is the 90° short-radius elbow. Toe 90° short-radius ell Toe development of the reducing elbow carne about
makes a much sharper turn than does the long-radius from the thinking that in a situation where a 90° turn
ell (see Figure 3.10). Conversely, the short-radius ell also and line-size reduction occurred a single fitting could
creates a rather large pressure drop inside the line and be implemented. It was thought that a new fitting
does not have the smooth flow characteristics the long- could be manufactured that combined a 90º long-radius
radius ell has. For these reasons, the short-radius ell is elbow and a pipe reducer to save money and shorten
seldom used. the installation measurement, one fitting as opposed to
A simple formula can be used to cakulate the center- two. However, though theoretically correct, in practica!
to-end dimension of a 90º short-radius ell: Fitting length application the shortened fitting length made it more
equals 1 times NPS (nominal pipe size). Or, even simpler, difficult to install and remove bolts when it was welded
fitting length equals nominal pipe size (Figure 3.11). to flanges that were to be bolted to valves or nozzles.
~3
1. 2.
Uf+
~~
. j r¡ rj.
7" =\ OD of 14" 90· elbow. <f. Rodius of 14" elbow = 21 ".
3. 4.
Outer ore rodius (28") = 21 "+ 7". lnner ore rodius (14") = 21 "- 7".
5. 6.
--
íl
.... <,
~,,<5>,,
1
-,
~ \
\
1
I
\ /
\ /
-, /
<, /
Weld lines odded ond elbow dorkened. Rodius of 12" elbow = 1 \ x NPS
SO, 1 \ X 12" = 18".
Rodius of 12" elbow = 18".
1. 1 2.
Dlt ~ =3
~7,,1
1 21" 1
_µ4q_
7" =\ 00 of 14" so' elbow. {¡_ Radius of 14" elbow 21 ".
3. 4.
OFFSET are 7" on each side. Add weld lines and change
middle orc's linetype to "Center",
Toe cramped space made it more costly to use in the Toe rniter ell is made by making angular cuts through
long run, thus its use has largely been discontinued. a straight run of pipe and then welding the pipe back
together after the cut sections have been rolled at vary-
ing angles (see Figure 3.13).
Mitered Elbows A 90° rnitered ell can be fabricated in two, three,
Toe last 90° elbow to be discussed is the rnitered or four welded sections. Toe number of welded
elbow. A rnitered elbow is not an actual fitting that is sections used depends on the smoothness of flow
purchased but is instead a field-fabricated bend in the required through the tum. A two-weld rniter will
routing of the pipe configuration. Generally used on create more commodity turbulence within the pipe than
24" and larger pipe sizes, a rnitered elbow is much less will a four-weld rniter. Though one-weld rniters are
expensive to fabricate at the job site than to purchase a used, they are rare and typically reserved for 30°, 45°, or
manufactured elbow and have it shipped to the job site. 60ºtums.
1. ! 2. Stort
~~ Center
lf=
End
3. 4.
-+
1
CENTER
TO END
1 •
1O.O.
r _i
Drawing Symbols for Mitered Elbows orthographic views, the welds must be drawn elliptical
in shape.
Figure 3.14 shows the síngle-line and double-line
drawing symbols for mitered elbows. Unlike the pre-
vious ells, the weld dots and weld lines in the adjacent 45ºELBOWS
orthographic views of the mitered elbow are repre-
sented by ellipses. Ellipses are used because the welds Another important fitting is the 45º elbow. This
are not perpendicular to your line of sight. Therefore, elbow is also used to make changes in direction within
when projecting from the front view to any of the four the piping configuration. Toe obvious difference
1
3'-6"
13'-6"
1 1
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES -(INCHES) 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 1 O" 12" 14"
PIPE ( Ü UTSIDE ÜIAMETER) 2i 3~ 4~ 6i Bi 1 oj 12j 14
~ 0 45ºL.R. EII I B 1 i 2 2~ 3Í 5 6t 7~ 8Í
FIGURE 3.17 Welded Fittings-Flanges Chart.
of the 90º elbow by 2 will not work. One can multiply used without the 45º ell and the elbow is rolled at an
the nominal pipe size times 0.625 (%") to determine the angle not perpendicular to your line of sight, the open
elbow's length, but that only works for elbows 4"-24 in
11 of the 90° ell will appear as an ellipse. In any view
size. To avoid confusion, it is recommended to use the where the open end of the elbow appears at any angle
Welded Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart to get the to our line of sight other than 90°, ellipses must be used
length of a 45º elbow (see Figure 3.17). to represent the fitting. Figure 3.23 shows the ortho-
graphic views of 90º elbows rolled at a 45° angle.
Drawing Symbols for the 45º Elbow Figure 3.24 illustrates the use of 45º ellipses to draw
the 90° elbow rolled at a 45° angle. lf the 90° elbow is
Toe drawing symbols for the 45° elbow are shown in rolled at a 30º or 60º angle, use the respective degree
Figure 3.18. ellipse to lay out and construct the elbows.
Drawing the 45º Elbow
Three "step-by-step" methods will be presented for
WELDTEE
constructing the drawing symbols for the 45º elbow.
Figures 3.19 and 3.20 describe two manual drawing Toe name of this fitting comes from its resemblance
methods and Figure 3.21 will describe the AutoCAD to the letter T. It is a three-outlet fitting used to make
perpendicular connections to a pipe (see Figure 3.25).
procedures.
Toe two terms used to describe the pipe and its per-
pendicular connection are header and branch. Toe main
90° Elbows Rolled at 45º run of pipe is called the header, whereas the perpen-
Many times to avoid using two 90° elbows in suc- dicular line that connects to the header is known as
cession, designers will use one 90º ell and one 45º ell a branch. Figure 3.26 shows a pipe header with two
welded together (see Figure 3.22). When a 90º elbow is branch connections. Notice there are two tees installed
1. 2.
-~
'
+-1
Duplicote procedure for o 90" elbow. Drow 45" line from ell's centerpoint.
3. 4.
\
\
\
1 \ \
+-\! l
+
1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
l x-:i
- 1 -
5. 6.
1. 2.
'B' dim.
<$>,
~-
~"<
-,
-,
3. 4.
~"~fl . ,
f
I
I
I
I
I N
I (
/:
,
,,,,,,,,.------ .......
.....
.,.. -
'
~
\
\'
1 ~
\
',
j Í""
' , __ ....
\ \ \ I
\\ \ ' ,,1/ I //
' ' <, ......
'
........
.... ,, / I
__ .,,,,
Meosure 7" on eoch side of <i_. Drow concentric circles from o 21" f.
5. 6.
+
Trim ores ond odd weld lines. Dorken weld lines ond odd pipe ends.
1. 2.
INSERT existing go· elbow. Drow 45· line from crc's centerpoint.
3. 4.
~,~
I i
I
+
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1 1
~
TRIM/ERASE elements not needed. Draw 45· pipe & centerline.
5. 6.
+
Drow 45· weld line from {¡_ to outer are. Change middle orc's linetype to "Center",
TRIM weld lines.
in Figure 3.26. One is known as a straight tee and the dot used to represent the weld on the 12 and smaller
11
other is a reducing tee. On a straight tee, all three out- branch outlet on the reducing tee.
lets are of the same nominal pipe size. A reducing tee
has a branch that has a smaller line size than the header. Drawing Symbols for the Weld Tee
Since a1l pipelines 12" and smaller are drawn single- Toe drawing symbols used to represent the
line, and therefore, the pipe diameters are difficult tee are developed from the rotations of the tee into
to distinguish, a branch that is 12" and smaller must the various orthographic views. Figure 3.27 depicts the
be identified with a note that defines the header size rotations of the tee into the profile and horizontal
and the branch size (see Figure 3.26). Notice the weld projection planes.
tee requires three welds be made to install the fitting Figure 3.28 shows the drawing symbols derived
within the header. Pay particular attention to the weld from the 90° rotations of a straight and reducíng tee.
Remember, a callout is required on the reducing tee to
identify the header and branch sizes. Toe header size is
always shown first in the note.
+-~
45º
'
FIGURE 3.23 Orthographic views of 90° rolled ata 45° angle.
45º
21" -
~-
(((+
/ I -:
\ -,\ <,""--) /
21 "
\\'/!\_ t
__
\ \ \ / 1
-,
..............
------ /
USE CIRCLE
\
<,
<,
<;
_....,/
__.. /
/
USE 45º
ELLIPSE
90ºELBOW 90ºELBOW
(ROLLED AT 45º)
FIGURE 3.24 Constructing the 90° rolled ata 45° angle.
PIPE HEADER
FIGURE 3.26 Header and branch connections.
+~-1::r~~
~
~
LL.pJ)
Single-line: 12" and smaller Double-line: 14" and larger
CLP
-(INCHES) 6" 8"
1. 2.
I
1
t
11"
l_ _L
1. 22"
.1
Drow o 22" horizontal centerline. Center on 11" vertical centerline.
1
1
Drow 14" lines equolly spoced from the two fs. Orow lines connecting the ends ond bronch.
1. 2. 3.
.L
1
17" 1
a\·
1 1 T
Drow o 17" horizontal centerline. Center on 8 1/2" verticol centerline. Add three weld dots.
PIPE HEADER
WELD SYMBOL
VARIES ACCORDING
TO COMPANY STANDARD
LATR-0-LET
THREAD-0-LET
FIGURE 3.37 0-let drawing symbols. REDUCERS
When the piping designer wants to reduce the diam-
eter of a straight run of pipe, a reduóng fitting must be
For situations where a 45º angular connection may used. Appropriately named, the reducer is available in
be required, other o-lets are available for installation. two styles as shown in Figure 3.42:
Speófically, they are the latr-o-let and elb-o-let. Figure
3.38 shows drawing symbols for a latr-o-let and an concentrichaving a common centerline;
elb-o-let. eccentric-having offset centerlines.
Toe differing characteristics of these two reducers are
quite noticeable. The concentric reducer maintains the
COUPLING same centerline through both the large and small ends
of the fitting. Conversely, the eccentric reducer has off-
Another type of fitting used to make branch connec- set centerlines that will create a flat surface on either
tions is the coupling. Used primarily for connecting the top or the bottom of the fitting, depending on how
small-bore screwed or socket-weld pipe to large-bore the fitting is rolled prior to welding. There are specific
pipe headers, the couplíng is also used extensively situations where the eccentric reducer must be installed
WELD
with its flat side on the top, or the flat side on the bot-
tom of the fitting. For example, when a pipe is routed FIGURE 3.42 Eccentric and concentric reducer.
through a pipe rack, it naturally will rest on the steel
beams and will be supported throughout its length. But racks to maintain a constant Bottom of Pipe (BOP) (see
if that pipe changes its pipe size while in the pipe rack, Figure 3.43). When representing the reducer on a draw-
it will not rest on all the steel supports. Toe small end ing it is necessary to include a note that identifies the
will not have a diameter large enough to touch the steel reducer's size and type, as well as its orientation. In the
supports. Therefore, an eccentric reducer is used in pipe example in Figure 3.43, the reducer is to be installed
COMMON CENTERLINE
-.... __ OFFSET CENTERLl~NE=-l..-==----lr- ---
PIPE UNSUPPORTED _/
Offset = large ID - small ID 3.49 shows the step-by-step procedures that a 10" x 8 11
12"X8" 14"X10"
ECC. RED. ECC. REO.
(F.O.T.) (F.O.T.)
Of'F'SET 00.IENSION
12"X8" 14"X10"
ECC. REO. ECC. REO.
(F.O.B.) (F.O.B.)
ECCENTRIC REDUCER - FLAT ON BOTTOM
~ BJ---n
t Hc. 1 ~ Bc.x,,
CONCENTRIC REOUCER
t ~8t
~
~ ~
1~
ECC. RED. ECC. REO.
(F.O.B.) (F.O.B.)
ECCENTRIC REOUCER
-D
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE-(INCHES) 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 1 O" 12" 14"
PIPE ( ÜUTSIDE ÜIAMETER) 2i 3~ 4~ 6i s¡ 1 oj 12j 14"
1-H-1 -D- lenolh of Reducerl H 3 3~ 4 5~ 6 7 8 13
FIGURE 3.4 7 Welded Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart.
1. 2.
---
l. 14" .1 :t~--H::
Draw a 14" horizontal centerline. Drow lorge ond smoll ends to match pipe's NPS.
3. 4.
B
16" X 14"
-
) (
Add the diagonal lines. Dorken weld lines ond odd connecting pipe.
FIGURE 3.48 16" X 14" Concentric reducer. Manual step-by-step drafting procedures.
Step l. Using the H dimension found on the Welded Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart, draw a centerline 14" long.
Step 2. Measure 8" (one-half the 16" large end size) on each side of the centerline on one end of the centerline and 7" (one-half the 14• small end
síze) on each side of the opposite end of the centerline.
Step 3. Connect the opposing ends of the fitting by drawing lines from endpoint to endpoint.
Step 4. Darken the sides and weld lines of the reducer then add the connecting pipe.
1. 2.
-,-
10" L
_L_
- - Lz:_J
Drow a 1 O" vertical line. Drow a 7" horizontal line.
3. 4.
t ~"~]-~"n
LJ] 1
10" X 8"
ECC. REO. {F.0.B.)
Draw an 8" vertical line. Drow the top connecting line.
FIGURE 3.49 10" x 8" Eccentric reducer (FOB)-AutoCAD step-by-step drafting procedure.
Step 1. Torepresent the large diameter end of the reducer,draw a vertical LINE 10" long (NPS), having a 0.53mm linewcight.
Step 2. Draw a horizontal LINE perpendicular and to the right measuring 7" (H dimension from Welded Fittings-Flangeschart), which will rep-
resent the length of the reducer.
Step 3. Create the small diameter end of the reducer by drawing an 8" (NPS) vertical LINE up from the right end of the reducer.
Step 4. Complete the eccentric reducer by drawing a sloping LINE back to the top of the 10" line, connecting the two vertical ends. Add the
reducer's weld dots with the DONUT command. Toe DONUT will have an inside diameter of O" and outside diameter of 1.75". TRIM
the weld dots so that only one-half of the dot is visible.
pipe-diameter long or 3" mínimum length, whichever It is important to maintain this rrurumum spacing
is longest. A cut length of one pipe diameter means because once assembled each weld in every piping con-
that any section of pipe that is to be placed between figuration in the facility must be x-rayed and heat treated.
two fittings must be at least as long as the nominal X-rays are performed to guarantee the quality of the
pipe size of the fitting used. For example, if 8" fit- weld. Once a weld has been completed, if another weld
tings are being used, the mínimum cut length of pipe procedure is performed too close to it, the heat from the
between any two fittings is 8". For pipe configurations new weld may have an adverse effect on the first weld.
of a 3" nominal size or smaller, the mínimum pipe cut Therefore, the one pipe-diameter mínimum spacing
length is 3". These short sections of pipe are sometimes allows the pipe to dissipate the heat before it can spoil the
referred to as spool or pup pieces. first weld. By maintaining a minimum spacing between
welds, a pipe can be conveniently cut, beveled, and SCREWED AND SOCKET,WELDFITTINGS
welded without adverse effects on adjacent welds. Figure
3.52 depicts the one pipe-diameter mínimum spacing. Screwed and socket-weld fittings perform the same
NOTE: The one pipediameter mínimum spacing is a basic functions as butt-weld fittings. Like butt-weld fit-
standard used throughout the piping industry and will be tings, elbows, tees, and reducers are manufactured for
applied to the drawing exercises and projects used in this screwed and socket-weld applications. There are, how-
text. ever, a few differences that must be examined. Screwed
Welds may seem insignificant to the beginning and socket-weld fittings are normally reserved for
drafter, but it goes without saying that a piping facil- installations where the nominal pipe size is 3" and
ity could not be built without them. So remember, ali smaller. Screwed and socket-weld fittings are also
welds must be shown on drawings in their exact and available in cast iron, malleable iron, or forged steel.
proper locations. And, use weld dots on single-line pipe Typically, forged steel fittings are used on high pres-
symbols and weld lines on double-line pipe symbols. sure and temperature lines. However, low pressure
and temperature lines, such as air, water, or conden-
Applying Fitting Make-up Dimensions sate, are fabricated using either cast or malleable iron
fittings.
Toe next step in the drawing of pipe is the calcula- Pipe lines containing high pressure and temperature
tion and placement of dimensions on drawings. At the commodities, which are subject to substantial amounts
present time, the only concem is how to position and of movement and vibration, mandate fittings made of
align dimensions on butt-weld fitting configurations. forged steel. For these reasons, forged steel screwed and
As a general rule of thumb, there are three methods in socket-weld fittings are manufactured in two pressure
which dimensions are placed on butt-weld piping con- classes~3000# and 6000#. Toe sizing charts, shown in
figurations. They are as follows: Appendix A, provide the dimensional measurements
for 3000# and 6000# screwed and socket-weld fittings.
• Center-to-center. Place dimensions from center of
Figures 3.54 and 3.55 display a portion of the screwed
fitting to center of fitting.
and socket-weld fitting dimensioning charts found in
• Center-to-face. Place dimensions from center of
AppendixA.
fitting to face of flange.
Most screwed fittings are manufactured with ínter-
• Face-to-face, Place dimensions from face of flange to
nal, or fema/e, threads as defined by the American
face of flange.
Standard and API thread guídelines. As shown in
Figure 3.53 provides sorne examples for placing Figure 3.56, of particular concem to the pipe designer
dimensions on drawings. Notice though, when a weld is the amount of pipe length lost during the assembly
cap is installed, the dimension needed is a center-to-end of screwed fitting configurations. When screwed fittings
of pipe measurement. and threaded pipe are assembled, a certain amount of
--- ONE
BETWEEN WELDS
PIPE-DIAMETER
(Nominal Pipe Size)
or 3" MIN.
---i
-
01-2-C30-16"
O)
1
'iD
-+--- + -----,f-
pipe length is lost as a result of the interna! and exter- engagements from the total unassembled length of pipe
nal, or male, thread connecting process. Each time a and fittings. Toe unassembled length can be thought of
threaded connection, or engagement, is made, the con- as all the pieces, both fittings and pipe, being laid out
figuration gets shorter. Toe length of this engagement end to end. From this unassembled length, the total of
varies depending upon the nominal pipe size and all the thread engagements is then subtracted to deter-
pound rating of the fitting. Toe procedure to determine mine the total assembled lengih. Toe formula below
the actual center-to-center length of a threaded config- applies the values shown in Figure 3.56 to calculate the
uration is to subtract the total length of all the thread assembled length,
SCREWED FITTINGS
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE -(INCHES)
1 .. 3" 1 .. 141 .. 121 .. 2" 221 .. 3"
2 4
3000 # A 5
115 1.l2 1.J
4 2 218 2.1 2
31 3.J
8 4
90ºELL
~ 6000 # A 1.l 1.J4
2 2 21
8 2 8 4
3
21 31 3.J 415
tffit] A 5
3000 # 115 1.l2 1.J
4 2 2i 2~ 3i 3.J 4
HALF TEE
6000 # A 11
2
11
4
3
2 218 212 318 3.J4 415
B 5
41\--4
7
3000 # 1 1..l 115
8 115 111
1
16 2 215 212
45ºELL
6000 # B 5 111 111 123
1..l 116
8
1 21 31
32 16 32 215 2 8
ce-¡ 3000 # e 1.Z. 2 21 2-º- 3.l 31 3-º- 4..l
8 8 8 8 8 8 4
EJ COUPLING
6000 # e 1.Z.
8 2 2i 3i 3i 3i 4..l
2i 4
3000 # D 7 215 3 7 1
~]
218 215 214 16 315 315 415 4..l
2
UNION
6000 # D 21
8 3i 3i 3i
3
415 42.
8
NORMAL THREAD 3000 # 2
1 9
16
11
16
11
16
11
16
.J
4
15
16 1
ENGAGEMENT 6000 # 2
1 9
16
11
16
11
16
11
16
.J
4
15
16 1
FIGURE 3.54 Screwed fittings dimensioning chart.
SOCKET-WELD 1 ..
FITTINGS
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE -(INCHES) 21 .. 43" 1 ,, 1-4 121 " 2" 221 .. 3"
3000 # 11 115
8 A 5 11 1.J
2 4 2 2l8 3
3.d
8
D~
90ºELL
6000 # A 5
115 112 1.J
4 2 2l8 212 314 3.d4
o-' +
3000 # A 8
5
11 115 11
2
1.J
4 2 2l8 3 3.d
8
A HALF TEE
~ 6000 # A 5
115 112 1.J
4 2 2l 8
21 3.l 3.J
2 4 4
3000 # B 7
8 1 1.l
8
5 7 11J 1 21
115 115 16 215 2
o,~ 1 45ºELL
r-li...+--11~
B
6000 # B 1 11
8
5
115 1D 1D 123 1 21
32 16 32 215 2
3000 # e 1 _l_ 2 2j 2i 3i 3j 3-º-8 4...1..
o::-:RJº
8 4
COUPLING
6000 # e 1 i.
8 2 2l8 2-º-8 318 3.d8 3-º-8 4...1..
4
3000 # E 115 2...1.. 2.l
16 4 2
213 1 7
16 315 315 4 5
415
oJ~I
, ~ UNION
6000 # E 5
215 212 213 2l 2l 31J 315 4-º-
16 4 8 16 16 8
3000 # D 1 9 .2 11 l. 7 1 l. , .1
system, but only in srnaller pipe sizes. Screwed and There are, however, sorne fittings that are unique to
socket-weld fittings differ in size and shape, but the screwed and socket-weld family of fittings. These
they achieve the same purpose as butt-weld fíttings. fittings do not lend themselves to butt-weld applica-
However, there are sorne differences. Ninety degree tions and are manufactured solely for use in screwed
elbows are not available as long-radius or short-radius, and socket-weld configurations. A brief discussion of
and their center-to-end dimension must be found on a those is as follows.
dimensioning chart, as no formula is available for cal-
culating their radius length. Figure 3.58 provides exam-
Unions
ples of sorne screwed and socket-weld fittings.
Screwed and socket-weld fittings are represented Toe uníon, shown in Figure 3.60, is a fitting placed
differently on drawings than their butt-weld counter- within a pípíng configuration that will allow the assern-
parts. For example, screwed and socket-weld elbows bly to be disassernbled for inspection, repair, or replace-
are drawn with square corners, usíng short hash marks rnent. Manufactured for screwed and socket-weld
to represent the connection points of the fitting and applícatíons, the union is represented on drawings as
its mating pipe. Sorne engineering companies even shown in Figure 3.61. Unions should be positioned in
draw short ears on the hash marks to indicate a differ- locations that will facilitate the easy rernoval of critica!
ence between screwed and socket-weld symbols (see pieces of equípment, Figure 3.62 shows how unions are
Figure 3.59). placed in a configuration to allow easy rernoval of a valve.
TEE
HH
SCREWED UNION
PIPE
ELL NIPPLE
SCREWED FITTINGS
HH
SOCKET-WELD UNION
FIGURE 3.61 Unión drawing symbols.
Coupling
Although this fitting is used in butt-welding applica-
tions as a branch connection, its primary use is to connect
lengths of screwed and socket-weld pipe together. Sorne
PIPE clients may stipulate, however, that all socket-weld pipe
NIPPLE must be connected with a butt-weld rather than a coupling.
SWAGE CALLOUTS
4"x3"SWAGE
BLE-TSE
í 3"x2"SWAGE
TBE
Cast iron fittings are typically designed for use in Ali the standard fitting shapes are available: elbows,
gravity-flow installations using low-pressure water ser- tees, reducers, couplings, unions, etc. Plastic fittings
vices. Toe physical appearance of pipe configurations are manufactured for either screwed, socket, or butted
made of cast iron fittings is quite different from pipe assembly. Plastic screwed and socket fittings are avail-
routed with forged steel fittings. Toe large assortment able in sizes through 4" in diameter. Butt fittings are
of available fittings and the method in which these manufactured for sizes 6-10".
configurations are assembled make their appearance
quite distinguishable. Above-ground cast iron confígu-
rations often require multiple changes in direction and FITTING EXERCISE INSTRUCTIONS AND
elevation to avoid obstructions with preexisting instal- INFORMATION
lations. Because molten cast iron can be easily manufac-
tured into many unique shapes that cannot be attained Toe fittings depicted in Figure 3.68 will be used to
with steel, pipe routings that have many varying turns, complete exercíses in Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 10. To com-
bends, and branches are quite common. plete those exercises, draw the symbols below usíng the
following instructions:
PLASTIC FITTINGS • Draw ali fitting symbols full size using dimensions
found on the Welded Fittings and Flanges
Plastic fittings are also manufactured in many Dimensioning Charts.
diverse and unique shapes. Therefore, they have • Double-line symbols are drawn with a "default"
become the material of choice for many low-pressure lineweight. Single-líne symbols are drawn with a
and low-temperature applications, replacing cast iron. 0.53mm lineweight.
• Draw all weld dots with the DONUT comrnand. • BLOCK the symbol with the base point placed at an
Toe DONUT will have an inside diameter of O" and appropriate location using an ENDpoint, MIDpoint,
outside diameter of 1.75". or CENter OSNAP.
• Create a BLOCK of each symbol, Use a block name • SAVEthe file as Fitting Symbols.
that appropriately describes the fitting and its size.
NOTE: When drawing the symbol that represents the
(DO NOT include text with the blocked symbol.)
back of the elbow, break the are so that it creates an opening
approximately 45° to the pipe.
1/4
to
1"
1-4
1/4
to
1 1114 1112 2114 2112
1/2 3/4
1- 12"
1/4 1/4
to
2" 2-21 "
to
1/4
to
3"
1/4
to
l s
G
111 ~ E 23/4 3 3112 4 4112 6112 7 8
FIGURE 3,67 Swage dimensioning chart.
(i?
14 TEE SIDE
.: 'r
~
83
14 TEE END
14 TEE BACK
/
8-90 SIDE 8-90 OPEN
14-90 SIDE 14-90 OPEN
e-
12 TEE OPEN~
r
12 TEE END
í 'f
»<.
12 TEE BACK • <:» •
~ 6-90 OPEN
10 TEE OPEN~
12-90 SIDE 12-90 OPEN 6-90 SIDE
@
e- e-
4-90 BACK
10 TEESIDE .L
10 TEE END
r
10-90 BACK 10 TEE BACK • ~ •
10-90
r SIDE
Cf
10-90 OPEN
4-90 SIDE 4-90
~
OPEN
14x12
B
CONC RED
B
12x1 O CONC RED
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW QUIZ 9. Which fitting is used to make a reduction in the line
size of a run of pipe?-----------
1. Typically, pipe smaller than 311 in diameter is
manufactured as having or 10. Name the two types of reducers. _
--------- end connections.
2. What is the most common fitting used? 11. Define fitting make-up. _
3. What are the four classifications of elbows? 12. What are the two pressure classifications for
screwed and socket-weld fittings?
4. What is the formula for calculating the center-to-end
dimension for LR and SR elbows? 13. What type of fittings must be bolted together? __
LR = ----------------
SR=---------------
14. What is the typical installation service for cast iron
5. Describe a mitered elbow. _ pipe? _
~
1
EXERCISE 3-1
G) DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHQWN
1 'L TEE @ DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN
14" TEE
~~
~
~
_,
ca"" rh
$
o
~-y<il
:i:
111 >
o / ~;a
s' ....
21 lil
~ ~
zo
~
@ ©
m
o DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN X
ttr.rl ttr.rl
i ~ .! i ~x1 ECC. RED.
F.0.8.
EXERCISE 3-2
50 3. PIPE AlT!NGS
FITIING MAKE-UP
DRAW THE FRONT VIEW /!S SHOWN. PROJECT TOP, LEFT ANO RIGHT SIOE VIEWS.
1 4" ELBOWS
G) ®
12" ELBOWS
1 1 1 1 1 1
-+ +- --+--+-- +-+---
1 1 ¡
1 1
-+-
-+-+~+-+-
-+- 1
- -+ -
-+- l -+-
1 1
1 1 1
-+--+-+-
' 1 1
1 4"
-+- ---+--
1 4" X 1 2"
EXERCISE 3-3
CD
NOTE: USE 4H LEAD FOR
1 4.. 45· ELBOWS CENTER OF 45·
ELLIPSE
PROJECTION UNES
MAKE PROJECTION
UNES LIGHT
14"
DRAW THE FRONT VIEW AS SHOWN. PROJECT TOP, LEFT ANO RIGHT SIDE VIEWS.
1-
42"
1 2,,
EXERCISE 3-4
FITIING MAKE-UP
SOLVE FOR THE MISSING DIMENSIONS
G) 8"
-- 18"
ff'
1 6" X 1 2"
EXERCISE 3-5
FITTING MAKE-UP
SOLVE f"OR THE MISSING OIMENSIONS
1 O" 8"
10" ® 8" ®
10" X 8"
EXERCISE 3-6
FITIING MAKE-UP
SOLVE FOR THE MISSING DIMENSIONS
CD 3000#FS SCREWED
3" LONG NIPPLES
M\ 6000#FS SCREWED
\6J 3" LONG N!PPLES
1-
JBE JBE
1. 1- J
EXERCISE 3- 7
FITTING CALCULATIONS
FITTING CALCULATIONS
2"- 3000# S.W. FITIINGS
2"-6000# SCRO. FITIINGS 3" LONG PIPE NIPPLES
3" LONG PIPE NIPPLES
2"x%" SWG.
4
Flange Basics
Toe flange is a ring-shaped device that is used as an examples of how piping configurations are connected
altemative to welding or threading various pipíng sys- to a vertical vessel vía a nozzle.
tem components together. Flanged connections, which
require bolting, are the preferred altemative to welding
because they can be easily assembled, disassembled, RATING FLANGES
then reassembled when needed for shipping, inspec-
tion, maintenance, or replacement. Flanged connec- Rating, as applied to flanges, may best be defined as
tions are favored over threaded connections because the maximum pressure allowed by the Pressure Piping
threading large-bore pipe is not an econornical or reli- Code for the specific temperature at which the flange
able operation, as leakage on large-bore threaded pipe will be operating. Flanges and nozzles are sized accord-
is difficult to prevent. For these reasons, the flange is an ing to pressure ratings established by the American
important component of any piping system. Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). These pres-
Flanges are primarily used where a connecting or sure ratings, often called pound ratings, are divided
dismantling joint is needed. These joints may include into seven categories for forged steel flanges. They are
attaching pipe to fittings, valves, mechanical equip- 150#, 300#, 400#, 600#, 900#, 1500#, and 2500#. Cast iron
ment, or any other integral component within a piping flanges have pound ratings of 25#, 125#, 250#, and 800#.
configuratíon. Pound ratings, when combined with the temperature
In the typical pipe facility, every piece of mechanical of the commodity within the pipe, are used to select the
equipment is manufactured with at least one inlet and appropriate size, rating, and type of flange. This pres-
outlet connection point. Toe point where the piping sure/temperature relationship will allow any given
configuration is connected to the equipment is called flange to be used in a number of different applications.
a nozzle. From this nozzle-to-flange connection point, For example, a 150# forged steel flange is rated to per-
the piping routing is begun. Figure 4.1 depicts multiple form at 150# PSIG at 500 ºF. If the temperature were
decreased to lOOºF, this same flange could be used for
275# PSIG. However, if the temperature were increased
to 750ºF, the flange could only be used for 100# PSIG.
As you can see, the pressure/temperature relation-
ship is important. When temperature decreases, the
allowable pressure increases, and vice versa. Pound
ratings are also used to establish the outside diameter
and thickness of a flange. Typically as pound ratings
increase, so will the flange's diameter and thickness.
FLANGE FACINGS
Toe mating surface of a flange, nozzle, or valve is
called the face. Toe face is usually machined to create
FIGURE 4,1 Vessel nozzles. a smooth surface. This smooth surface will help assure
Raised Face
Toe most common face type in use, the raised face,
is available in all seven of the aforementioned pound
ratings. Appropriately named, this flange face has a
prominent raised surface. With shallow grooves etched
into the raised surface, this flange face assures a posí-
tive grip with the gasket. Flanges rated 150# and 300#
have a Yil' raised face, whereas flanges 400# and above
have a W' raised face (see Figure 4.4). lt is important
to note that most dimensíoníng charts, including the
GASKET FACING
FLAT FACE (FF)
FIGURE 4,2 Flat face flange. FIGURE 4,4 Raised face flange.
-t 4. FLANGE BASICS
GASKET FACING
RING JOINT FACE (RTJ)
GASKET FACING FIGURE 4. 7 Ring-type joint welding neck flange.
RAISED FACE (RF)
FLANGE TYPES
Flanges have been designed and developed to be
used in a myriad of applications. Each one has its own
special characteristics and should be carefully selected
to meet specific function requirements. Toe following
FIGURE 4.6 Ring-type joint flange.
flanges will be discussed in this chapter:
• weldneck;
• threaded;
• socket-weld;
flanges. Instead a round metallic ring is used that rests
• slip-on;
in a deep groove cut into the flange face (see Figure 4.6).
• lap-joint;
Toe donut-shaped ring can be oval or octagonal in
• reducing;
design. As the bolts are tightened, the metal ríng is • blind;
compressed, creating a tight seal.
• orífice.
Although it is the most expensive, the ring-type
joint is considered to be the most efficient flange used NOTE: A photograph and short description accom-
in process piping systems. Toe ring and groove design panies each flange, as well as symbols to depict the
actualiy uses intemal pressures to enhance the sealing flange as it would appear on a drawing. Because
capacity of the connecting flanges. Toe superiority of ali flange symbols are somewhat typical, only the
this seal can have its disadvantages, however. When step-by-step drawíng techniques used to create the
PIPE DRAFTING ANO DESIGN
FLANGE TYPES 59
orthographic drawing symbols for a weld neck flange to reduce high-stress concentrations at the base of
will be shown. Toe drawing symbols for the remaining the flange by transferring stress to the adjoining pipe.
flanges can be created in a similar fashion with only a Although expensive, the weld neck flange is the best-
few minor alterations. designed butt-weld flange available because of its
inherent structural value and ease of assembly.
Known for its strength and resistance to dishing, the
Weld Neck Flange weld neck flange is manufactured with a long tapered
Toe weld neck Jlange shown in Figure 4.8 is occasion- hub. Toe tapered hub is created by the gradual increase
ally referred to as the "high-hub" flange. It is designed in metal thickness from the weld joint to the flange fac-
ing, Toe symmetrical taper transition is extremely ben-
eficia! under conditions of repeated bending caused by
line expansion, contraction, or other externa! forces. See
Figure 4.9 for weld neck flange drawing symbols.
Weld neck flanges are normally used in severe ser-
vice applications involving high pressures, high tem-
peratures, or subzero conditions.
Toe hole in a weld neck flange is bored to match the
ID of the adjoining pipe. In other words, the thinner
the wall thickness of the pipe, the larger the bore (hole)
through the flange. Conversely, the thicker the wall
thickness of the pipe, the smaller the bore through the
flange. Because the pipe and the flange have matching
inside diameters, there is little restriction to the flow.
FIGURE 4.8 Weld neck flange.
Turbulence and erosion are therefore eliminated.
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES -{INCHES) 2" 2 ;,-2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 1 O" 1 2" 1 4" 1 6" 1 8"
PIPE ( Ü UTSIDE DIAMETER) 2j 2i 3~ 4~ 6i 8i 1 oí 12Í 14 16 18
o
WTL'
F 6~ 7~ 8¡ 10 12~ 15 17~ 20~ 23 25~ 28
R
FA
L
lºI~ L 2Í 3 3! 3~ 3¡ 43..8 4~8 si 5¡ 5Í 6¡
w~ T l
8 1 1; 1 ¡ 1,76 1¡ 1.Z.8 2 2i 2¡ 2~
NE
s 1 / 16" RAISED FACE INCLUDED ON 'L' & 'T' DIMENSIONS
FIGURE 4.10 Welded Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart.
1. 2. 2 1g"
• 11 •
t
23"
J_
-~-5%"
Drow o 23" vertical line. OFFSET the flonge foce ond drow the f
3. 4.
Represent the 14" NPS. Drow the 30· flonge hub lines.
Drawing the Weld Neck Flange proper size pipe in the Nominal Pipe Size row. Follow
the pipe size column down, through the chart, to deter-
Before constructing the orthographic drawing mine the O, T, and L dimensions. For demonstration
symbols, three important dimensions must be deter- purposes, the procedures to draw double-line drawing
mined. These dimensions can be found on the Welded symbols for a 14"300# Raised Face, Weld Neck (RFWN)
Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart, shown partially flange (Figure 4.11), and a síngle-líne 12"-150#-RFWN
in Figure 4.10. Toe thumbnail image in this chart repre- flange (Figure 4.12) will be presented. You should find
sents the raised face weld neck (RFWN) flange and the the O, T, and L measurements for these flanges to be 23"
position of its three dimensions in the chart. (O), 2Ys" (T), SYs" (L) and 19" (O), l W' (T), and 41h'' (L),
Toe three dimensions needed to draw the flange are respective}y.
O, T, and L. Toe O dimension represents the flange's Use Figure 4.11 and the step-by-step procedures that
outside diameter. The T defines the flange's face thick- follow to construct the drawing symbols for a 14"-300#
ness and the L provides the flange' s length or lengih raised face, weld neck flange.
thruhub dimension (sorne charts may show this as the Y
dimension). These three dimensions vary for each pipe Slip-on Flange
size and pound rating and must be determined before Toe slipon flange shown in Figure 4.13 has a low hub
constructing the drawing symbols of each flange. that allows the pipe to be inserted into the flange prior
To find the numerical values for these dimensions to welding. Available with a flat (FFSO) or raised face
of a particular flange, select the appropriate pound rat- (RFSO) and shorter in length than a weld neck flange,
íng chart, which is, 150#, 300#, 400#, etc. Next, find the the slip-on flange is used in areas where short tie-ins
1. 2.
t
. n.
19"
J_
41;;i'
Draw a 19" vertical line.
Set lineweight to .70mm. Draw horizontal line to represent hub length.
3. 4.
Socket-Weld Flange
Toe socketweld flange shown in Figure 4.19
is also similar to the slip-on flange. lt was originally
developed for use in small-diameter (~') hígh-
pressure piping systems. Like socket-weld fittings,
pipe is inserted into the socket then welded. An inter-
na! weld is often employed for added strength. By
FIGURE 4.15 Lap-joint flange. grinding the interna! weld smooth, turbulence and
flow restriction are kept to a minimum. Toe single-line
drawing symbol for the socket-weld flange is shown in
routine maintenance. It is also used in the erection Figure 4.20.
of large-diameter or hard-to-adjust pípíng configu-
rations because of its quick bolt hole alignment.
Figure 4.16 depícts the drawing symbols for the Reducing Flange
lap-joínt flange. Like the reducer fitting, the reducing jlange in
Figure 4.21 is used to make a reduction in the diam-
Threaded Flange eter of the pipe. A reducing flange is most frequently
used in installations with limited space. Crowded situ-
Toe threaded jlange depicted in Figure 4.17 is similar ations may necessitate the use of the reducing flange
to the slip-on flange, but the bore is threaded. Its prin- because it has a shorter overall length when compared
cipal value is that it can be assembled without welding. to a weld neck flange and reducer-fitting configura-
This feature makes the threaded flange well suited to tion. Be advised however, the flow should travel from
extreme pressure services that operate at normal atmo- the smaller size to the larger. If the flow were reversed,
spheric temperatures and in highly explosive areas severe turbulence could develop.
where welding may create a hazard. Callouts are placed on drawings to describe the
Threaded flanges are not suited, however, for condi- reducing flange in the same manner as those used on
tions involving temperatures or bending stresses of any the reducer fitting: large end first, small end second.
significance, particularly when cyclic conditions exist, One additional note is needed, however. The pound rat-
which may cause leakage through the threads. After íng and flange type are included in the callout.
just relatively few cycles of expansion and contraction Toe reducing flange maintains all the dimensional
or movement caused by stress, the threaded flange no characteristics of the larger end size. One exception,
longer performs adequately. however, is the interna! bore. Toe interna! bore is
OR
Blind Flange called jack screws. These screws are used to help sepa-
rate the flanges so inspection and/ or replacement of the
Toe blind flange depicted in Figure 4.23 serves a func- orífice plate can be performed. Toe orífice flange is a
tion similar to that of a plug or cap. It is used to ter- single component of the orífice jlange union assembly.
mínate the end of a piping system. Toe blind flange is Toe orífice flange union is composed of two orífice
basically a flange that does not have a hub ora bored flanges, an orífice plate, bolts, nuts, [ack screws, and two
center. Blind flanges have the face thickness of a flange, gaskets.
a matching face type, and similar belting pattem. Blind Toe orífice flange union is used to measure, or meter,
flanges can also be used to seal a nozzle opening on a the amount of pressure drop through the orífice plate.
pressure vessel. Because it is bolted, the blind flange Toe length of pipe within the piping system where orí-
provides easy access to the interior of a vessel or pipe, fice flanges are installed and where these measurements
unlike a cap that is welded. Figure 4.24 represents the are recorded is known as a meter run. Figure 4.26 shows
drawing symbol for the blind flange. the orífice flange union assembly installed in a meter
run. Toe broken-out section shown in Figure 4.27 shows
the interna! view of a meter run.
Orifi.ce Flange
Toe orífice plate, which is not typically furnished
Of the flanges discussed, the orífice jlange (Figure 4.25) with the orífice union assembly package, looks simi-
is the only one that actually performs a function. Toe lar to a large ring washer with a handle attached.
function of the orífice flange is to measure the rate of When fully assembled, the orífice plate is sandwiched
the flow of the commodity through the piping system. between the orífice flanges. Valve taps are inserted into
Orífice flanges are easy to recognize because they have pressure holes that allow for the attachment of field
a hole drilled through the face of the flange perpendicu- monitoring equipment so accurate measurements can
lar to the pipe. They also have an additional set of bolts be recorded.
BLIND FLANGE
{Vessel nozzle is o
12"-300# RFSO)
BOLTS
To complete any flanged assembly, two additional
items are required: bolts and gaskets. Bolts obviously
hold mating flanges, nozzles, or valves together. Toe
pressure rating of a flange will determine the size, spac-
FIGURE 4,26 Orífice flange unión assembly. Courtesy of Nisseki ing, and number of bolts required. As the nominal pipe
Chemical Texas lnc., Bayport, Texas.
ORIFICE FLANGES
ORIFICE PLATE
FLANGE TAPS
FIGURE 4.27 Broken-out section of meter run.
%"(TYP) G) V2 "(TYP)
FIGURE 4.28 Orífice flange draw-
ing symbols.
size and pressure ratíngs change, so will the diameter, To assure that bolt holes on flanges, nozzles, or
spacing, and number of bolts. valves align properly, holes are equally spaced around
Flanges are designed to match the bolt circle and bolt the flange. One column on the Taylor Forge Forged
hole dimensions of other flanges that are of the same Steel Flanges Dimensioning Chart found in Appendix A
diameter and pressure ratíng. Bolt hole arrangements indicates the number and diameter of the bolt holes on
may seem inconsequential, but when one considers the flanges. Notice bolts are found in quantities of 4, that is,
fact that components of a piping system may be fabri- 4, 8, 12, 16, etc. The following formula makes bolt hole
cated in one country, then shipped to another coun- location and alignment quick and simple.
try for assembly, bolt alignments become increasingly
Formula: 360º/# of holes = angular location
important. lt is critical that drawings convey the exact
Example: 360º/8 (holes) = 45º
orientation of flanges to the fabricator. Otherwise, bolt
holes may not align properly. ANSI standards require Using this formula shows holes on an eight-hole
all flanges straddle the horizontal, vertical, or north- flange to be spaced 45º apart. By straddling the center-
south centerlines of pipe and equipment, as shown in line, holes will be positioned 221/zº on each side of the
Figure 4.29, unless otherwise noted on a drawíng. centerline (see Figure 4.30).
HORIZONTAL
ELEVATION
I
1-
::::)
o
(/)
<,
~I
O:::
o
z
PLAN
FIGURE 4.29 Bolt hole orientation.
45·
Using a gasket material softer than two adjoining together, the gasket material will conform to any ímper-
flanges is an excellent way to eliminate the possibility fections in the flange faces to create a uniform seal.
of a fluid escape. Gaskets can be made of materials such Figure 4.33 demonstrates the three types of gaskets
as asbestos, rubber, neoprene, Teflon, lead, or copper. that can be found in piping systems. They are full face,
When bolts are tightened and flange faces are drawn flat ring, and metal ring, Full face gaskets (Figure 4.34)
are used on flat face flanges. Flat ring gaskets
(Figure 4.35) are used on raised face flanges. Metal rings
(Figure 4.36) are used on ring-type joint flanges.
A gasket's thickness must be accounted for when
dimensioning the piping system. Toe typical gasket
has a thickness of Ys" (3.175mm). At every occurrence
of a flange bolting to a nozzle, two flanges joining one
another, two valves joining one another, or a flange con-
necting to a valve, a gasket thickness must be added
to the length of the pipe components. Figures 4.37 and
4.38 show that a flat-ring gasket does occupy space.
Though it is only Ys" thick, a gasket cannot be ignored.
Figure 4.39 depicts the gap between ring-type joint
flanges. Toe ring-type joint section of the Welded
Fittings-Flanges Dimensioning Chart gíves the gap
FIGURE 4.31 Stud and machine bolts. measurement as the G dimension. This dimension will
STUD BOLT
MACHI NE BOLT
FIGURE 4.32 Drawing representation of stud and machine bolts.
FIGURE 4.3 7 Flat ring gasket and flange. Courtesy of Flexitallic, lnc.
vary depending on the size and pound rating of the For each instance of a gasket or ríng, gap spacing
flange. This is an important consideration to keep in must be reflected in the dimensions shown on a pip-
mind when dimensioning piping runs that have ring- ing drawing. Tick marks are used to indicate each loca-
type joint connections. tion where a gasket or ring gap has been included in
;;;---~·
.-,r,J,lii.
-
, .. ,
~
:~
on piping drawings near the location where a gas-
ket or ring is to be installed. Figure 4.40 depicts two
tick marks, one on each end of a valve, that have been
included in the total dimension between the faces of the
two flanges. Toe dimension would be the sum total of
1 ~-·~Á'
one valve and two gaskets.
EACH BOLTED
CONNECTION
MUST HAVE A
GASKET!
~~
TIC MARK ___..¡ 1
USED TO -----
REPRESENT
THE GASKET
6"-150#, GATE
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW QUIZ 8. Name the two types of bolts used to assemble
flanges.
1. Name the seven forged steel flange pound ratings.
3. What are the three flange face types discussed in this 10. Llst four materials used to manufacture gaskets.
chapter?
~-1 c--1
~
1 4" _ _J __ _J
~ ~
14"-300 00 14"-300 LT 14"-150 00 14"-150 LT
1 2" @-
12"-300 00
~
12"-300 LT
~--
12"-150 00
~
12"-150 LT
1 O" @--
10"-300 00
t
1 o"-300 LT
~--
10"-150 OD
~
10"-150 LT
8" @> ~
@--- ~
6"
6"-300 00 6"-300 LT 6"-150 OD 6"-150 LT
4"
4"-300 00 4"-300 LT 4"-150 00 4"-150 LT
::!1 ~
G)
DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN
@
DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN Sil
1 '.t' -300# :::,
RFWN 14~ -300# RFWN (JQ ~
1l :;:d
~
e,
.H i
o
~
:;:d
o
ca""
111
......
(J)
o
:i:
>
o ~ ~;e
s' ....
21 lil
~ ~
zo
©
~
0)
DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN m
X
o 1 rf' -300# RFWN 1 f!' -300# RFWN 93
IB o
¡¡;
C)
z ¡¡¡
EXERCISE 4-1
74 4. FLA1'GE BASJCS
FITIING MAKE-UP
DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN
14" -300# RFWN
r-!
1
EXERCISE 4-2
FITIING MAKE-UP
SOLVE FOR THE MISSING DIMENSIONS
1 O" 1 2"
8"
1 O"
1
1 O"x8"
8"
12'' 1 1 o"
1 O" xB"
1 2" x 1 O"
NOTE: ALL
GASKETS 1 /e:' EXERCISE 4-3
::-tj-
14"
-1
L{)
:l:!
"O
m
o .,..
~
=l ~
zo
tí "'
s
so> 1 4"
ª
[fl
m
l'[l
C)
z
(O
1
EXERCISE 4-4
.: !O,, SR. El.L
0
!O" ! 4 "-JOO,I' 6'~!50,1'
RA-f/N
o
RA-f/N
/6" X 14,, o
:i:
>
~;e
....
\_4,~JOO/
RA-f/N (TYPJ)
!6" X /2"
4,, SR.
A
EXERCISE 4-5
-.J
00
CD 0 0
1!0'!50/
RFWN(!YP.J)
/O~
REO. (!YP.)
6H
l±JI RFWN
0 A
A
/4" X /2"
!2'~!50/
RFWN __,,____~I
/2"JOO/ RFWN
(!YP.J)
J 8'~/50/
RFWN(!YP.J)
'
EXERCISE 4-6
CHAPTER
5
Val ves
VALVES 150#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES -{INCHES) 2 3 4 6 8 10 1 2 14 1 6 18
PIPE ( ÜUTSIDE 01AMETER) 2i 312 412 6g 8g 1014 12..24 14
-~
16 18
L 7 8 9 10~ 11~ 13 14 15 1 6 17
i l~ o
G
A
H 15i 2oj 25i 35f 44 52 "1 60"1 70"1 79~ 89
T
E L --~ 1
8 9 10 14 16 18 18 22 24 27
L 8 9~ 1 1 "1 16 "1
G 19
* * * * *
[~9
L
V o
A EB
H 13j 1 6"1 19..24 24"1 26
* * * * *
L
V
o 8 9 10 12 16 * * * * *
e
L 10 111 4 13 i 171 4 21j 26"1 * * * *
r~
E o
s N
T
R H 27i 28t5 29t5 38 39f 46-¡¡-
* * * *
o
L
e
H-- o 13i 13i 13i 16 16 21i * * * *
H ¡-L -J __ ÍH L 8 9~ 1 112 14 1912 24~ 27"1 35 39
*
E
e
K
-r H 5 6 7 9 1ot 12i 13Í 18 20~ *
150# RF
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
* REFER TO VENDOR'S CATALOG
FIGURE 5.2 Flanged valve dimensioning chart.
SCREWED FLANGED
PLAN
PLAN PLAN
ELEVATION END
SOCKET-WELD
~
PLAN
Drawing the Gate Valve Drawing symbols of the globe valve are similar to
those of the gate valve. Measurements used to draw
Figures 5.5 and 5.6 are pictorial representations of the the valve are found on manufacturers' dimensioning
step-by-step procedures used to draw a 10''-300# RFWN charts. One noticeable difference is the use of a dark-
gate valve using manual and AutoCAD methods of ened circle positioned at the intersection of the diagonal
construction. Symbols depicting other valve types are lines in the valve's body. One other difference, though
developed using similar step-by-step procedures but not quite as noticeable, is the use of a nonrising stem
with minor changes or alterations that would reflect the on globe valves. Drawing symbols for globe valves are
representation of that particular valve. shown in Figure 5.8.
Globe Valves
Globe valves are used primarily in situations where
Angle Valves
throttling of the commodity is required. By simply rotat- Toe angle valve, like the globe valve, is used for throt-
ing the handwheel, the rate at which the commodity tling. As shown in Figure 5.9, the flow entering the
flows through the valve can be adjusted to any desired valve and the flow leaving the valve form a 90º angle.
level. Havíng the valve seat parallel to the line of flow In the event a pipe is making a 90° turn, the angle valve
is an important feature of the globe valve. This feature is used to eliminate the need for a 90º elbow and addi-
makes the globe valve efficient when throttling com- tional fittings.
modities as well as yielding minimal disk and seat ero- Angle valves as well as globe valves are typically
sion. This configuration, however, creates a large amount installed so a commodity will flow in an upward direc-
of resistance within the valve. Toe design of the globe tion through the valve body. This upward flow direc-
valve body forces the flow of the commodity to change tion will keep pressure under the disk seat. Pressure
direction within the valve itself. This change in direction from below the seat promotes easier operation and
creates substantial pressure drop and turbulence. Toe reduces the erosive action on the seat and disk. For
globe valve is therefore not recommended when flow high-temperature commodities, however, such as
resistance and pressure drop are to be avoided. Figure superheated steam, the flow direction is reversed.
5.7 depicts the interna! view of a globe valve. When the valve is closed, temperature on the lower side
1. 2.
1~·
{D
-ii--=-
1. 18" .. 1
Llci
Gother volve's dimensions from chort. Orow volve' s body length and flange diameter.
3. 4.
B.
~
B.
Draw diagonal body lines and erase construction. Draw the handwheel 's centerline.
1 O" 1 O"
5. 6.
LfJ
u,
o.
3
r-,
l{)
Drow hondwheel's diameter and stern's height. Add diagonal handwheel lines.
1. 2. 1~"
11'
tf
c. c.
1. 18" .. 1
B.
~
Gather volve's dimensions from chart. Draw valve body length, height and foce thickness.
3. 4.
A. A.
~
A. A.
Drow diagonal body and flange cap lines. Draw the hondwheel' s centerline.
20"
5. 6.
LfJ
V)
o..
3
r-,
l{)
Draw hondwheel's diameter and stern's height. Add diagonal handwheel lines.
~
TOP
FRONT END
TOP
FRONT END
FIGURE 5.8 Globe valve drawing symbols.
FIGURE 5. 7 Globe valve. Courtesy of VELAN.
Check Valves
Check valves differ signifícantly from gate and
globe valves. Check valves are designed to prevent
backflow. Backflow simply means the flow that has
reversed itself within a pipe and begins to flow back- FIGURE 5.9 Angle valve. Courtesy of [enkins Bros.
ward. There are many designs of check valves, but the
two most common types are the swing check and the lift
check. Check valves do not use handwheels to control
the flow of a commodity but instead use gravity and created through the valve. This clear path creates mini-
the pressure of the commodity to operate the valve mal turbulence and pressure drop within the valve.
(see Figure 5.11). Pressure must always be under the disk for the valve
Toe swing check valve is installed as a companion to function properly. When flow reverses, the pressure
valve to the gate valve. As the name implies, thís valve and weight of the commodity against the disk will force
has a swinging gate that is hinged at the top and opens the disk against the seat, stopping all backflow. Check
as a commodity flows through the valve. When the valves are often regarded as safety or precautionary
valve disk is in the open position, a clear flow path is equipment.
TOP TOP
FIGURE 5.11 Swing and lift check valves. Courtesy of Crane Co.
Toe lift check valve is often bolted directly to a globe direction only. Similar to the horizontal lift check, ver-
valve. Figure 5.11 shows the lift check valve has a body tical lift check valves use a disk or ball that raises off
style similar to the globe valve. As the flow enters the the seat when a commodity flows upward through the
valve, the disk is lifted up off the seat to allow the flow valve. When the flow stops, gravity will reseat the disk
to pass. As with the globe valve, there is significant tur- or ball preventing backflow. This check valve requires
bulence and pressure drop. the outlet end of the valve to always be installed in
There are two types of lift check valves: horizon the up position. Sorne manufacturers refer to lift check
tal and vertical. Both of these valves use either a disk valves that employ the use of a ball as a hall check valve.
or ball and the force of gravity to close the valve in Figure 5.12 depicts drawing symbols used to repre-
the event of reverse flow. Toe horizontal lift check sent the check valve. Notice the top and front views
valve has a seat that líes parallel to the flow. Toe are identical and both symbols indicate the direction of
result is an S-shaped body style that mandates the flow.
valve be installed in the horizontal position only and
has a flow that enters from below the seat. Toe flow
entering the valve raises the disk or ball off the seat,
Ball Valve
permitting the commodity to pass through the valve Toe ball valve is an inexpensive altemative to other
body. valves. Ball va/ves use a metal ball with a hole bored
Toe vertical lift check valve is designed to work through the center, sandwiched between two seats
automatically on flow that is traveling in an upward to control flow. Used in many hydrocarbon process
TOP TOP
Plug Valves installation. Unlike the hall valve, the plug valve uses
a tapered wedge rather than a hall to create a seal. This
wedge, or plug, has an elongated opening, which when
placed in the open position, allows the commodity to
pass through the valve. The plug is the only movable
part of the valve and its tapered shape assures positive
seating (see Figure 5.15).
Plug valves are designed with etched grooves along
the tapered plug to permit a lubricant to seal and
lubricate the interna} surfaces as well as to provide a
hydraulic jacking force to lift the plug within the body,
thus permitting easy operation. The clear and open pas-
sageway through the valve body provides little oppor-
tunity for scale or sediment to collect. In fact, the plug
seats so well that as the plug is rotated, foreign debris is
wiped from the plug's externa! surfaces. These valves,
FIGURE 5 .13 Ball valve. Courtesy of Jenkins Bros. however, do require constant lubrication to maintain a
tight seal between the plug and the body. Figure 5.16
depicts drawing symbols used to represent the plug
applications, hall valves are capable of throttling gases valve.
and vapors and are especially useful for low-flow situa-
tions. These valves are quick opening and provide a very
tight closure on hard-to-hold fluids (see Figure 5.13). Butterfly Valve
Ball valves do not use a handwheel but instead use The butterfly valve has a unique body style unlike
a wrench to control the flow. A 90° turn of the wrench the other valves we have discussed. The butterfly uses
opens or doses the valve. This simple design yields a a circular plate or wafer operated by a wrench to con-
nonsticking operation that produces minimal pressure trol the flow. A 90º tum of the wrench moves the wafer
drop when the valve is in its full-open position. Drawing from a fully open position to a fully closed position. The
symbols for the hall valve are shown in Figure 5.14. wafer remains in the stream of flow and rotates around
a shaft connected to the wrench. As the valve is being
closed, the wafer rotates to become perpendicular to
Plug Valve
the direction of flow and acts as a dam to reduce or stop
Unlike other valves, the plug valve uses either a the flow. When the wrench is rotated back to the origi-
handwheel or a wrench to operate the valve. Plug nal position, the wafer aligns itself with the direction
valves provide a tíght seal against hard-to-hold com- of flow and allows the commodity to pass through the
modities and require a mínimum amount of space for valve (see Figure 5.17).
TOP TOP
~
TOP TOP
HNH
TOP TOP
HNH
FRONT END FRONT END
Single-line symbols Double-line symbols
can become deadly. Commoctity flow rates and prod- common valve body style used as a control valve is the
uct storage levels that are insufficient may lead to less globe valve. Ball, butterfly, and plug valves can also be
production. Therefore, the control valve, which is a used as control valve body types. Control valves receive
remotely operated valve that can make precise adjust- a signa! from instruments positioned throughout the
ments to regulate and monitor any commodity flow- pipíng system to automatically make adjustments that
íng through a piping system, is widely used. Toe most regulate the commoctity within the piping system.
CAP GASKET
SPRING BUTTON
BONNET
BUTTON
BELLOWS
BODY STUO
HEX. NUT
HE.X.. NUTl,B.QR.L SJ
DRAIN
~-
TOP TOP
Control valves can perform many routine and repetitive Control valves are positioned throughout a pip-
operations or they can be designed for one specific task. ing facility, often in remote locations where access by
Figure 5.21 shows the drawing symbols for a control plant personnel is problematic. However, when oper-
valve. ational procedures require that there be continuous
TOP
TOP
FRONT END
FRONT END
Single-line symbols Double-tine symbols
PLAN
8"x6"
(1YP. 2)
SECTION "A-1'!.'
FIGURE 5.22 Control valve manifold.
6"
4"
6"x4" FRC ~
-:
RED. TEE 301 ~
8'-0"
6"
7'-0"
6'-0"
HEAD HAZARD
6" ZONE
5'-0"
6"~~~~~~~~~~~~L-
4' -0" ------------t---~=-::::::::í'l'.'T
6" -----------+--~=~--
3' -o" ------------1-=:::::¡.. _
_:: ~'":lllJ!' =FDAR=:r=HT CHDICE
2.
6" SMALL VALVES---
ACCEPTABLE
LARGE VALVES
1 '-0" ~-~.........,~-'""""'..........,'""""',__ UN O ESIRAB LE ---
NOTES:
1. WHENEVER DESIGN CONDITIONS ALLOW, VALVES ARE BEST INSTALLED WITH THE STEM
ALIGNED VERTICALLY (POINTING STRAIGHT UP). THIS POSITION FACILITATES BETIER IN-FIELD
MAINTENANCE (INSPECTION, REPACKING, LUBRICATION, ETC.)
EXTtNSION
HANOLES
6" -------1---+t--+-t--+---+--
2' -0" ------~-+-+--+---+---+-+--
FOR ISOLATINC
VAL.VES ONLY
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MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL
""
OISTANCE F"ROM OPERATOR
NOTES:
1. WHENEVER DESIGN CONDITIONS ALLOW, VALVES ARE BEST INSTALLED WITH THE STEM
ALIGNED VERTICALLY (POINTING STRAIGHT UP). THIS POSITION FACILITATES BETTER IN-FIELD
MAINTENANCE (INSPECTION, REPACKING, LUBRICATION, ETC.)
3. SAFETY REQUIRES THAT VALVES BE POSITIONED ABOVE PLATFORMS 1 O' -0" OR HIGHER,
RATHER THAN ADJACENT TO THEM.
----'-'AlVf'1,.IIQ
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW QUIZ 10. What type of device is used to opera te valves
installed in remote locations of a piping facility?
1. What is a valve?
EXERCISE INFORMATION
2. Name four end preparations for manufactured
Toe valves depicted in Figure 5.28 will be used to
valves.
complete the exercises in this chapter and Chapter 10.
Draw the valve symbols using the following guidelines:
• Draw ali valve symbols full size usíng dimensions
from the Welded Fittings-Flanges and Valves
Dimensioning Chart.
3. What is the pri.mary application for gate valves? • Draw the valve's body, centerline, and handwheel
bonnet with "default" lineweights.
• Create a BLOCK of each symbol. Use a block name
4. What phrase describes a valve's length
that appropriately describes the valve and its size
measurement?
and pound rating. (DO NOT include text with the
blocked symbol.)
5. What can be used to approximate the distance a • Place a base point on either end of the "bouitieshape"
stem will rise above a handwheel? symbols and in the center of "endoieu/'symbols
usíng either MIDpoint, or CENter OSNAP options.
• SAVE the file as "VALVE SYMBOLS.dwg."
6. Globe valves are used for what service situation?
After the symbols have been created and the draw-
ing saved, begin a NEW drawing and use AutoCAD
7. When using angle valves, in which direction must Design Center or the INSERT command to place the
the flow be traveling when it enters the valve? required valve symbols in their appropriate locations to
reproduce Exercises 5.1 and 5.4.
Solve for the missing dimensions using the required
8. What is the purpose of a check valve? dimensioning charts Exercises 5.2 and 5.3.
Exercises 5.5 and 5.6. Use dimensions found on the
appropriate valve dimensions charts to draw the speci-
9. Which valve prevents excessive pressure on gas and fied valves.
vapor service line? Exercises 5.7 through 5.13. Sketch the missing views
of the pipe configurations shown.
GATE VALVES:150 RF
,;-- -,
«,~ _ _J
14" CATE FRONT 14" CATE END 12" CATE FRONT 12" CATE END
1 4" 1 2"
.: ,·,'\
((----
\ '-..//
'-··
10" CATE FRONT 10" CATE END 8" CATE FRONT 8" CATE END
1 O" 8"
Fígure 5.28 Valve drawing symbols.
GATE VALVES:150 RF
6" GATE FRONT 6" GATE END 4" GATE FRONT 4" GATE END
6" 4"
GATE VALVES:300 RF
~
6" GATE TOP ~
4" GATE TOP
6" GATE FRONT 6" GATE END 4" GATE FRONT 4" GATE END
6" 4"
FIGURE 5.28 (Continued)
-
~ ~
CD
ORAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN <
1 4" -300# RF GATE VALVE ~
12" -150# RF GATE VALVE fl :;:d
VI
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0 ORAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN
5' -300# RF GLOSE VALVE
DRAW ALL VIEWS AS SHOWN
14"-150# RF CHECK VALVE
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EXERCISE 5-1
.....
8
Solve for the missing dimensions. Solve for the missing dimensions.
Solve for the missing dimensions. Solve for the missing dimensions.
6" 150# GATE VALVE RF 8" 300# GLOBE VALVE RF
4" 300# CONTROL VALVE RF 1/8" GASKETS
1 /8" GASKETS
GATE
VALVE
(TYP)
6"x4"
(TYP)
EXERCISE 5-2
Solve for the missing dimensions. Solve for the missing dimensions.
8" 150# GATE VALVE RF 1 O" 150# GATE VALVE RF
6" 150# GLOSE VALVE RF 8" 150# GLOSE VALVE RF
6" 300# CONTROL VALVE RF 8" 300# CONTROL VALVE RF
1/8" GASKETS 1/8" GASKETS
© ® 1 '-3" © 1 '-3"
6" 8"
@ @
A= F=
A= F=
----
---- ----
8= G=
B= G= ----
---- ---- C= H=
C= H= ---- ----
---- ---- D=
D=
----
1=
----
---- 1=
----
E= 1=(6' -0")-(G+H)
E= 1=(6' -0")-(G+H)
---- E=(D)-(F + 1 '-3")
E=(D)-(F+1'-3") EXERCISE 5-3
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....
....
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N
14"
:l:!
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m
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tí 14"
~
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20" ~
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EXERCISE 5-5
T
16"-600#RFWN, GATE 8"-300#RFWN, GLOBE
EXERCISE 5-6
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EXERCISE 5- 7
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EXERCISE 5-8
-+-1
-1------1----~-
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-~---
i i
--rl
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-+-------,--
1 1 2" 1
+---+- 1
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EXERCISE 5-9
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-+-----t-----1'-
I I
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1 1
Q-----'- ¡
' 1 i '
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--+-----t-
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-t-----t--
1
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--------- _j_
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----r-
1
1 1 1
1
1 ----
1 1
t
1 1
t E Jq:E J ( ~
EXERCISE 5-1 O
r
--+--
EXERCISE 5-11
....
....
o
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1
-©)-
1 1
-+- -+-
-,- 1
1
-,- 1
1
+--+--
-t-
:~12" S.R. -+--+
-t-
1
-¡--
-+-'-- 1
EXERCISE 5-12
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EXERCISE 5-1 3
........
....
CHAPTER
6
Mechanical Equipment
-N-=-
r 1 r 1
,-k 1r t 1r .. , ,1
1 1 , f-
,Jfi~~.
' " ... , \
' . . 1-~,
1
• I
+
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1
1 t
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270·
-N.::::=-
~ -N.::::=- 135·
PLAN
go·
PLATFORM
NO. 2
270·
135·
-N.::::=-
1------0-
225'
90-
PLATFORM
NO. 1
ELEVATION
FIGURE 6,4 Plan and Elevation views of a vertical vessel with platform orientations.
1 SIDE SIDE
2 TOP TOP
3 SIDE TOP
4 END TOP
END
5 END
(IN-UNE)
-N-=-
SUCTION
PLAN
il
~~
1
suc_r_1o_N_~~- FIGURE 6.8 Electric motor. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical Texas, lnc.,
Bayport, Texas.
J
11
PAVING
1'
EAST ELEVATION
FIGURE 6. 7 Pump Plan and Elevation views.
Pump Drivers
Ali pumps require a starting device to function.
These devices are known as drivers. Toe driver is con- FIGURE 6.9 Diesel engine. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical Texas, lnc.,
nected to the pump vía a rotating shaft and coupling. Bayport, Texas.
Toe shaft tums the impellers, gears, and screws or
moves the pistons to initiate the "pumping" action. An
electric motor is the most commonly used driver. As an
alternative to electricity and as a back-up to the electric down because of an explosion or a fue, diesel engines
motor, a steam turbine is often employed. Toe steam provide power to the pumps that provide water to fue
turbine can operate duríng power outages or when a monitors, hoses, and other firewater systems in a facil-
motor is being repaired or replaced. Steam turbines are ity. Turbines can also provide electrical power to other
also chosen over electric motors for use in areas where essential plant services. Limited to outdoor service only,
explosive gases may be present. Toe electric current, diesel engines can be used when conditions render
which is required to power the motor, is a possible igní- electric motors and steam turbines useless. Figure 6.9
tion source to flammable gases that may have leaked shows a typical diesel engíne driver.
and collected near the motor. The turbine, driven by
steam, obviously reduces the possibility of an expío-
sion. Figure 6.8 shows an electric motor driver. Compressors
A diesel engine is used duríng times of emergency. Toe compressor is similar to the pump, but it is
When piping systems have been damaged and shut designed to move air, gases, or vapors rather than
TUBE OUTLET
WARM LIQUID
FIGURE 6.1 O Interna! view of a shell and tube exchanger.
liquids. The compressor is used to increase the rate at be counterproductive. Exchangers simply transfer heat
which a gaseous commodity flows from one location through contact with a metal surface of a different
to another. Gases, unlike liquids, are elastic and must temperature. An exchanger most people are familiar
be compressed to increase flow rate. Liquids obví- with is the common household water heater whereby
ously cannot be compressed, unless you are building cold water flows around a heated element to warm the
a hydraulic application. Like pumps, compressors are water. A number of exchanger types are available; they
manufactured in centrífugal, reciprocating, and rotary include the shell and tube, double pipe, reboiler, and
configurations. air fan.
-N-c:::==-
r ,
1 1
1
J
PLAN
Rebofler
Toe reboiler, as the name implies, is a device used
to replenish the heat lost by a process commodity. It is
natural that during the refining process commodities
will lose heat. In many cases lower temperature means
less efficiency and productivity. Therefore, it becomes
necessary to reheat certain commodities after a period
of time. Two types of reboilers are available for use: the
FIGURE 6.12 Double-pipe exchanger. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical kettle-type and the thermosyphon. A kettle-type reboiler
Texas, lnc., Bayport, Texas. is similar in design and appearance to the shell and tube
exchanger. Toe commodity to be heated is routed, via
pipe, to and from the heater and fractionation column.
Toe thermosyphon reboiler, however, is attached directly
Double-Pipe Exchanger to a fractionating column via its nozzles. Toe inlet and
Also known as the GFin or Hairpin. exchanger, double- outlet nozzles of a reboiler are bolted directly to the two
pipe exchangers are manufactured with a single, small- nozzles on the fractionating column. Figure 6.15 repre-
diameter pipe inserted into a larger-diameter pipe. Toe sents an exploded view of a kettle-type reboiler,
two pipes contain commodities of different tempera- Reboilers are used to keep fluids, which are circulat-
tures similar to the shell and tube exchanger. Figure ing through a tower, at their peak operating tempera-
6.12 includes two double-pipe exchangers stacked atop ture. Toe process commodity enters the reboiler from
one another. Toe upper is shown without protective the tower in a liquid state, is heated by either super-
insulation and the lower one with insulation. heated steam or another hot liquid, and is returned
Cooling Towers
After circulating through equipment such as
exchangers and condensers, cooling water will have
accumulated substantial heat gain. Without dissipating
the heat gain, cooling water will lose its cooling effec-
tiveness and become less efficient. A cooling tower is a
mechanical device that will lower the temperature of
cooling water. Cooling towers are uniquely designed
to dissipate heat gaín by evaporating large amounts of
aerated water that is circulated through an air-induced
FIGURE 6.13 End view of a double-pipe exchanger.
- N-.:::::=-
PLAN
EAST ELEVATION
FIGURE 6.14 Double-pipe exchanger. Pipe and Elevation views.
VAPOR OUTLET
20S"F
OIL INLET
OIL OUTLET
SSO"F
FIGURE 6.15 lntemal views of a kettle-type reboiler.
HEATER
FRACTIONATION
COLUMN
FIGURE 6.16 Reboiler in use.
r,
-($-
1 1
$-$--:,-1:-
1 1
L-'
PLAN
EAST ELEVATION
FIGURE 6.1 7 Plan and Elevation views of a kettle-type reboiler.
Heaters/Boilers
Heaters, or furnaces as they are also known, are used
to raise the ternperature of a feedstock to the point
where it can be used in a process facility. Sorne feeds,
like crude oil, rnust be heated to approximately 700ºF
before it can be piped into a fractionation column where
its refining process begins, Firebrick lines the interior
walls of a heater to retain heat. Open-flame burners,
fueled with oil or gas, are used to generate the extreme
temperatures inside the heater's firebox. Traversing
back and forth in a continuous S or U pattern are the
pipes carrying the comrnodity being heated.
Heaters can be of the vertical or horizontal type.
Vertical heaters are often circular in shape and have
interna! piping traveling in a vertical direction (see
FIGURE 6.18 Cooling tower. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical Texas, Figure 6.19). Horizontal or box heaters are rectangular
tnc., Bayport, Texas. in shape and have pipes routed in the horizontal plane.
Both the S and U pattern heaters have similar character-
istics that indude brick-Iined heating chambers, flaming
burners, and baffled venting stacks (see Figure 6.20).
tower. Large fans sit atop a honey-combed charnber Boilers employ the same heating principle as a heater.
and draw through cascading sheets of water. As the They are used primarily to generate superheated steam
air passes through the falling water, it extracts heat. or stripping steam. Constructed similar to a heater, boíl-
Although there is a significant amount of drift (the ers can raise the temperature of water or condensate to
amount of water lost during the aerating and evapora- 1,000 ºF or more.
tion sequence), cooling towers are extremely efficient
and are widely used. Older cooling towers are easily
recognizable because they are constructed of wood and Storage Tanks
have horizontal slats resernbling louvers with water From the name, it is easy to determine what this
cascadíng down the walls. Figure 6.18 represents a typi- piece of equiprnent is used for. Storage tanks are used
cal cooling tower. in severa! phases of the refining process. They can be
CONVECTION TUBES
SUPPORT
STRUCTURE
FIRE BRICK
HEATER BOX
RADIANT TUBES
HEATING CHAMBER
FLAME BURNER
• Storage tank-containment vessel used to store gases necessary to transform raw crude oil into its various by-
or liquids before, duríng, or after the refining process. prod.uct components.
Crude oil and its derivatives are the most comrnon
supply prod.ucts used in petrochemical facilities. Known
as Jeed, crude oil is made up of molecules formed by
EQUIPMENT IN USE thousands of different hydrogen and carbon atom com-
binations. Because the molecules are different, each
Now that we have discussed the major pieces of crude oil molecule will boíl at a different temperature.
equipment, let us look at how they are integrated and But because they are comparatively similar in molecu-
function in a typical piping facility. The description lar structure, groups of molecules often boíl within a
to follow will be an abbreviated sequence of steps narrow range of each other. These groups are called
AVIATION
GASOLINE LIGHT
NAPHTHA
(AV GAS)
MOTOR HEAVY
GASOLINE NAPHTHA
MILITARY &
COMMERCIAL
JET FUEL
LIGHT
DIESEL FUEL
GAS OIL
FUEL Oll
LUBE Oll
HEAVY
GAS OIL
FLASH
ZONE zoo'r
Jl
HEATER/FURNACE
,,,;:=== ...===:a:
STRIPPING STEAM
780.F
ASPHALT 780.F
COKE BOTTOMS
TAR RESIOUE
fractions. The process that will separate these fractions for its crude oil feed. As you look at this example, keep
into their various groups, so they may be collected for in mind that the extraction and refinement of these
further processíng, is called fractionai distillation. Figure by-products would require multiple stages of further
6.22 depicts the by-products refined from crude oil feed. processing, taking place in numerous additional frac-
A closer look at the fractional distillation schematic tionation columns. In the typical fractional distillation
will allow us to examine how each piece of equipment process, heavy by-producís such as asphalt and tar
has a unique and distinct role in the refining process. come off the bottom of the column as residue. As the
From the storage facility, crude oil feed is pumped vapors rise and temperatures begin to decrease, the
through preheat exchangers. These exchangers are molecules of heavy oil products, which include fuel
the first stage of the heating process. From the preheat and lubricatíng oils, condense, collect on a tray, and are
exchangers, the crude is sent to a heater or furnace. extracted. At hígher elevations in the column, light oil
Once inside the heater, the feed is circulated through products such as diese! fuel and kerosene are removed.
a series of pipes and is heated to a temperature of Above the kerosene, heavy naphtha, used in makíng
approximately 700 ºF. The boiling feed is then piped motor gasoline, and light naphtha, used to make avia-
to the fractíonatíng column. This area of the column is tion gasoline, are collected for further processíng. Toe
known as the flash zone. The flash zone is the position light naphtha is a prime example of how further pro-
in the fractionating column where the incoming feed, cessing can yield additional products.
when infused with stripping steam, separates into When the light naphtha vapors are removed from
vapor and liquid states. Siripping steam is superheated, the top of the column, they are sent through exchangers
dry steam that enhances the molecular breakdown of to be condensed. As the liquid naphtha is condensed,
the crude feed. it is piped to an accumulator for collection. In the accu-
Inside the column, the heated crude oil molecules mulator, the liquid naphtha settles to the bottom and
will begín to group together accordíng to their weights. is pumped away for additional processing to later
The natural tendency of lighter-weight molecules to rise become aviation gasoline (av gas). The naphtha vapors
causes the light fractions, those with a low-temperature left in the accumulator rise to the top and are removed
boiling point, to vaporize and rise to the top of the by a compressor to be further processed into liquefied
column. Heavy fractions, the heavier molecules with petroleum gases (LPG) such as butane, methane, and
a high-temperature boiling point, remain in a liquid propane of burned in a fiare stack as waste gases.
state and settle to the bottom of the column. Horizontal
trays, spaced 18-24" apart inside the column, act as
a filter that will separate and collect the rising vapors
and falling liquids into various fractions. As vapors EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY
rise through the column, they begín to cool. At one spe-
cific and unique height in the column, when the vapors Toe following list identifies items generally associ-
cool to a precise temperature, the fractions condense. ated with mechanical equipment and vessels:
Toe condensing fractions, now liquid, collect on a tray
that has been placed in the column at that exact height • Base plateA flat, metal ring welded to the bottom
based on temperatures cakulated by a process engineer, of a vessel's supporting skirt that rests on a concrete
Trapping the liquid is a short, vertical plate, known as foundation. Holes around the perimeter of the metal
a weir, which acts as a dam to contain the líquid on the ring make it possible to position it over anchor bolts
tray. The weir is of such a height that liquid by-product and secure it to the foundation.
will collect and be drawn off by pipe attached to a noz- • Downcomers-Verticalopenings adjacent to a tray
zle. Toe liquid fraction, now a by-product of the feed, that allow liquids flowing over a weir plate to fall to
is routed to other areas of the facility for additional the tray below and begin the fractionation process
refinement and processing. If an excess amount of liq- agaín,
uid collects on the tray, it will overflow the weir and fall • HeadThe end enclosures of a vessel. They can be
down through an area known as a downcomer to a lower either semi-elliptical, spherical, or dished.
section of the column. There it is once again heated to • Insulaiion rings-Continuous circular rings welded to
the point of vaporization. The vapors will begín to rise the exterior of a vertical vessel that support a vessel's
and start the process over agaín, Depending on precise insulation. They are typically spaced on 12'-0" centers.
fractionation requirements, trays can have a number of • Lifting lugs-Donut-shaped rings welded to the
configurations. Figure 6.23 shows a "single-pass" and vessel's shell or head that allow the vessel to be
"double-pass" tray configuration. raised and positioned during installation.
Figure 6.24 shows an expanded schematic flowchart • ManholesSimilar to large nozzles that allow
of a fractionating column and the by-products extracted workers entry points into a vessel. They generally are
P~N P~N
WEIR PLATE
DOWNCOMERS
\ '\ I f I
l) ', '
1 / \ ' ''
~,..\ t1 i
~t I: r I
;, a,
1, A ,'11
,a, , 1
,a ,
ELEVATION ELEVATION
FIGURE 6.23 Single-pass and double-pass tray configurations.
18" ID and are accessible by ladders and platforms. concrete foundations and create a cradle-like support
When not in use, the manhole is sealed with a blind in which the vessel can rest.
flange. • Sea/ panA tray installed below the bottom tray in a
• MilnholehingeA hinge that creates a pivot point vessel to prevent liquids from bypassing the trays.
allowing the blind flange attached to the manhole to • ShellThe cylindrical walls of a vessel.
be easily removed for worker entrance. • SkirtA cylinder-shaped support for a vertical
• NozzleA flange-faced tie-in connection that allows vessel. One end is welded to the base plate allowing
a piping configuration to be bolted to a vessel, it to rest on the foundation and the other end is
pump, exchanger, or other piece of mechanical welded to the bottom head of a vertical vessel.
equipment. Nozzles are provided in locations where • Skirt access openingAn 18" ID hole 2'-6" above
a commodity is either introduced or removed from a the foundation that allows workers' entrance for
vessel or piece of equipment. inspection and maintenance.
• Nozzle orientationThe angular arrangement of • SkirtfireproofingGenerally brick or gunite,
nozzles around the perimeter of a vessel' s shell. fireproofing is applied around the interior and
• Nozzle projectionUsed to establish the distance from exterior walls of a vessel skirt. It is necessary to
the vessel's centerline to the nozzle's face of flange. prevent damage to vessel skirt in case a fue occurs.
• Reinforcing padA plate contoured to the shape of • Skirt vents-Equally spaced holes approximately
a vessel shell. It is positioned around nozzles and 3-4" in diameter bored near the top of the vessel
provides additional strength in the areas where metal skirt that allow toxic and explosive gases to escape.
was removed from the shell. • TraysFlat metal plates spaced approximately
• SaddlesUshaped supports welded on horizontal 18-24" apart inside a vertical vessel. They can
vessels and exchangers. Saddles are bolted to be bolted or welded to the vessel shell. Trays are
CRUDE OIL
FROM STORAGE
PRE-HEAT
EXCHANGERS
255'F
STEAM
700'F
J1
HEATER/FURNACE
BOTTOMS RESIDUE
perforated to allow rising vapors and.falling liqu~ds foundations, locate supports, and calculate interfer-
to pass through with the aid of a valvíng mecharusm ences without having the actual piece of equipment
called a cap. available to measure.
• WeirA dam-like plate welded on a tray that allows
a fractionated by-product to collect and be extracted
by a nozzle. DRAWING EQUIPMENT
lH_L
11"
7/8tn 1 5/8"-iÍI
15" A
8
e
C.W.INLET
C.W.OUTLET
6"
6"
150#
150#
RF
RF
1 '-8"
1'-8"
NOZZLE DETAILS
-N-=- 31/2"t
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r~~
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24'-0"
DETAil "A"
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ci
-+-+-11+11----+--+-- - -- p ---
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ORAIN
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2"
300#
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RF
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2'-6"
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VAPOR
RELIEF
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4•
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300"
RF
RF
2'-8"
2'-8"
N6 LEVEL GAGE 2" 300" RF 2'-6"
NOZZLE "N4"&"N5" NOZZLE "N3",''N6"&"N7"
,·
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125·1;~.-
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PLAN
SOUTH ELEVATION
Dimensions needed
~¡
to draw shell of A
01V102: 15'-0"
i::
Tangent to Tangent o
1
Dim.:= 15'-0" ~
01-V-102 ID:
(lnside Oiometer)= 4' -0" 8
"ICSSEL OIAMETER •1
1.
-1- ~_jl_
TANGENT UNE 7
STEP 1 STEP 2
*----t-
POINT 1 1 POINT 2
CIRCLE 2
CPt\ /CP2
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STEP 3 STEP 4
ERASE
TANGENT UNE
/ \
ADD WELD UNE
I \,,-- CIRCLE J
1
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-,
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-
STEP 5
- _.,,.
/
/
STEP 6
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW QUIZ 10. How does a cooling tower perform its function?
S. What does a pump do? 14. Which directions do light and heavy molecules
travel within a fractionation column?
scale.
9. Describe the function of an exchanger. Exercise 6.2. Draw the plan and elevation views of
the horizontal vessel as shown in Figure 6.26 full scale
and place in an A size border to %'' = l '--0" scale.
II
11
7
Flow Diagrams and lnstrumentation
Flow diagrams describe, in a schematic drawing for- project specifications, standards, and accepted design
mat, the sequential flow of liquids, gases, and vapors practices. Toe flow diagram is usually "yellowed out" as
as they enter, flow through, and exit the process facil- each line is completed and incorporated into the design.
ity. By using simplified drawing symbols, to represent
various pieces of mechanical equipment, valvíng, and
instrumentation, and specific notes, callouts, and abbre- TYPE OF FLOW DIAGRAMS
viations, the flow diagram provides the pípíng designer
with an overall view of the operation of a facility. Process engineers are responsible for developing flow
Toe flow diagrams presented in this chapter are rep- diagrams. In many large engineering firms, an entire
resentative of the types used by many engineering and department is dedicated to the development of flow día-
design companies. While actual symbols may vary grams. Today almost all flow diagrams are laid out with
slightly from company to company, the general appear- CAD drafting software or a 30 plant modeling software
ance of flow diagrams is the same throughout the pip- program that has a flow diagram package included.
íng industry. Although there are various types of flow diagrams used
Anyone new to flow diagrams must become famil- during the design phase, we will concentrate on just
iar with the piping, equipment, and instrumentation three: the Process, Mechanical, and Utility flow diagrams.
symbols, as well as the abbreviations used on flow día-
grams, in order to be able to interpret them.
One of the most difficult concepts for students to Process Flow Diagram
comprehend is the absence of scale in the preparation of
Toe Process flow diagram is the first flow diagram
flow diagrams. Toe flow diagram should be laid out in
developed during the design process. Toe Process flow
a very simplistic and logícal order and be "read" from
diagram will include the following:
left to right. It guides the drafter and designer in the
same manner a road map guides a traveler. 1. Major mechanical equipment
2. Main pípíng
3. Direction of commodíty flow
USES OF FLOW DIAGRAMS 4. Operating pressures and temperatures of the facility
components
Toe flow diagram is used by the pípíng group to S. Major controlling instrumentation
develop and lay out the Plot Plan. When developing
Toe Process flow diagram will denote the following:
the Plot Plan, the arrangement of the mechanical equip-
ment in the facility reflects, in part, the logical sequence • Conditions to be used for the design of various
of flow depicted on the flow diagram. However, many pieces of mechanical equipment required for facility
other factors such as code requirements, client stan- operation, that is, fractionation columns, pumps,
dards and preferences, worker safety, and cost influence heaters, etc.
the positioníng of equipment. • Toe operating and design conditions (pressures
Once the Plot Plan is finalized, the piping designer and temperatures) of which a particular piece
routes the pipe between the various pieces of mechani- of mechanical equipment will function. Design
cal equipment as indicated by the flow diagram usíng conditions establish the lirnits that certain
components such as gaskets and valve seats used Sorne of the common plant utilities are the following:
in the facility can withstand. Design pressure is
calculated to be at least 10% above the maximum • Steam • Condensate
operating pressure or 25# greater (whichever is • Fue! oil • u tility air
largest). Toe design temperature will be at least • Instrument air • Cooling water
the maximum operating temperature, but should • Draínage systems • Fiare system
be at least 25 degrees above the normal operating
temperature. Once flow diagrams have been finalized, they will be
• Composition of the commodities used in the refining stamped for "release" by a registered professional engí-
or treatment process sequence as they enter and neer, approving them for construction by the engíneeríng
leave the unit. group. Toe flow diagram is a dynamíc document. They
Figure 7.1 is the Process flow diagram of Unit-Ol. may be revised and updated during the project's desígn
phase to reflect the client changes or modifications
imposed by governmental regulations. Continua! review
Mechanical Flow Diagram of relevant flow diagrams must occur on a regular basis.
From the Process flow diagram, the mechanical Figure 7.3 is the Utilíty flow diagram of Unit-Ol.
group develops the Mechanical flow diagram. Toe
Mechanical jlow diagram provides much more detailed
data than the process flow diagram. Many companies FLOW DIAGRAM INSTRUMENTS
refer to the Mechanical flow diagram as the "P&ID"
(Process and lnstrument Diagram). Often referred to To ensure the safe and efficíent operation of a facil-
as the "bible" of the design process, this drawing pro- ity controlling instrumentation is an absolute necessity.
vides the pipe drafter with specific desígn criteria. Controlling instruments function by sensing condi-
Mechanical flow diagrams include the following: tional changes in the commodities they monitor, either
in pipes or mechanical equipment. These conditional
1. Pipe line numbers with direction of commodity flow changes comprise the four basic instrument groups;
2. Pipe specifications and line sizes they are the following:
3. All mechanical equipment
4. All operating and isolating valves Flow (F)
5. All controlling instrumentation with transmitting Level (L)
devices
Pressure (P)
Mechanical flow diagrams define the exact sequence Temperature (T)
in which all mechanical equipment, valves, instrumen-
tation, connections, etc. are to be made on each pro-
cess pipe routed through the facility. Figure 7.2 is the Within these four instrument groups are uniquely
desígned instruments that carry out the sensing, con-
Mechanical flow diagram of Unit-01.
trolling, and monitoring of the commodíty, These
instruments can be one or a combination of the follow-
The Utility Flow Diagram ing five specific types:
Toe Utility jlow diagram includes all pipes, valves,
Controller (C)
and instrumentation of the facility utilities. Utilities are
services that are essential to the proper function of the Indicator (I)
facility. Although the facility is not being constructed Gauge (G)
to make condensate, condensate will be present in the
Alarm (A)
facility and must be dealt with. Similarly, the facilíty is
not being designed to gather and sell rainwater but the Recorder (R)
collection, treatment, and disposing of rainwater must
be incorporated into the facility's design. Sorne utilities By learníng the combination of these nine instru-
found in a petrochemical facility correspond to those ment groups and types, students will be able to ínter-
found in a typícal house, such as water, gas, heating oil, pret most of the instrumentation symbols present on a
and sewer drains. Others are specific to industrial applí- Mechanical flow diagram.
cations, such as compressed aír for pneumatic tools and Figure 7.4 illustrates a combination of the instrument
steam for high-pressure cleaning. group and type to develop symbols and abbreviations
125"f
36
COOLING WATER
01-E-102 SEE UTIUlY
01-V-101 FLOW DIAGRAM
:-'
;¡¡
FEED
20 ~
255 PSIG
21o·r
FlARE
º>o
s:
~
~o
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245"f
~
~z
;;!
;.,
01-1$-A.15-6.
COOUNG WATER
Ol-14-A15-S• SEE UTIUTY
FI.OW ow.RAM
1W
3
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s
1
01-11-A.15-6•-tH
HOT Oll
SE[ V11UTY
FI.OW D<AGRAM
01-10-A.15-G•-tH
..
y ORAIN
QJ-P-JOJA & 6
PROOUCT a< REFWX
PUMPS
COCUNC ftAI(*
ro" rlfOW TO
. . ...
rUM
01-(-1Q2 J'll:()M 01-\'-102
6" 6"
6" ••
L ..
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'#TR..
-
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IICSTRI.JMO«TlílA
.
,....-.><J
r-M
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PV,NI Mlit
F
S(IMC( Ml!Jt
• V.STUM
that represent an instrument's function on a flow día- or pressure inside a vessel is too high or too low or that
gram. Toe first letter in the symbol typically indicates there is no flow or reverse flow.
the instrument group, while the second and/or third Indicators-devices used to indicate the liquid level,
letters indicate(s) the instrument type. temperature, pressure, or flow rate inside a piping
To respond to a change in, or to control the flow, level, system.
pressure, or temperature of a commodity, an instru- Recorders-electronic devices used to record the
ment must first sense a change in a particular variable. liquid level, temperature, pressure, and flow rate inside
Once a change has been detected, the instrument then a vessel or piping system throughout a certain shift or
transmits this information, via mechanical, electronic, period of time.
or pneumatic means, to a control panel where it can be Although they are often installed independently,
observed, recorded, and responded to. At the same time, multitype instruments are engineered to perform vari-
the instrument may actívate other devices that will affect ous functions simultaneously. If there are the need to
and change process conditions elsewhere in the facil- record and control the level of a commodity in a ves-
ity. Sorne instruments are read in the plant at the instru- sel, one would install a level recording controller (LRC).
ment's actual location; others are displayed on a control Toe LRC would not only record the level of the com-
panel located in the operator 's control room. modity in the vessel but also send a sígnal to a control
valve that opens or doses to adjust the commodity level
lnstrument Types inside the vessel.
o
FLOWPl.N\ ARRANGEMENT
@ LEVEL ALARM
@
8
RELIEF VALVE
reducers are not shown on the Mechanical flow día- FLOW PLAN ARRANGEMENT
gram. Toe flow diagram in Figure 7.2 shows reducers
in order to aid in the visualization and understanding Toe flow plan, or sequence of flow, should be
of the flow diagram and its relationship to the piping arranged in a logical order of commodity flow. Even
arrangement drawing. Symbols used on flow diagrams with a brief examination of the flow diagram, the pri-
are symbolic representations of actual pieces of equip- mary flow of commodity through the facility should
ment. lypically, these symbols have a rudimentary be obvious. Use the following checklist as an aid when
resemblance to the actual piece of mechanical equip- developing a flow diagram.
ment installed in the field.
(a)
HORIZONTAL VESSEL
(SEPARATOR}
'
... ,. ,
• Avoid crossing lines where possible. • Show important valves, orifice flanges, and control
• Space mechanical equipment to avoid overcrowding. valves.
• Add notes to symbols where necessary for clarity. • Show commodity flow directions through
• Use arrows to show commodíty flow direction. exchangers with arrows.
• Show equipment numbers when it is necessary to • Do not run lines diagonally across the drawing.
identify mechanical equipment. • Label feed lines entering the unit from the field
• Show control systems on the sketch. Toe control where the line enters the unit. Label product lines
scheme is frequently the most important part of a leaving the unit by name.
flow plan sketch. • Do not draw lines any closer together than necessary.
(b)
x~
G-----
t5
G ..
AIR COOLER
(FIN-FAN) COOUNG TQWER
FIGURE 7.5 (Continued)
(e)
UQUID INLET
VAPOR OUTLET
HEATING MEDIUM
SUPPLY
HEATING MEOIUM
RETURN
LIQUID INLET
(d)
RECIPROCATING PUMP
w /ELECTRIC MOTOR
. ºr--1·--
CENTRIFUGAL IN-UNE
PUMP w/ELECTRIC MOTOR
(e)
n
-:/
"
()
/-
(
<,
FOAM UNE
CONNECTION
----
)
(
.....
<,
<;
<,
'\ 11
.,... ..... / 11
r-, 11
<, 11
ROOF ORAIN ' <, :::.U.=::
--------/
BUTIERFLY VALVE )( )( )( )( )( )(
INSTRUMENT CAPILLARY TUBING
N
PIPE
CONTROL VALVE
MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS
GLOSE VALVE
~T~ SPECTACLE BLIND (CLOSED)
PLUG VALVE
~ PIPING SPECIALITY ITEM
PRESSURE
SAFETY
VALVE
FIGURE 7 .6 Aow diagram piping symbols and abbreviations.
EXERCISE INFORMATION
~~~---16
[GV] [GBV] [CKV] [FA] [ORIF-FLG]
GATE GLOSE CHECK FLOW ORIFICE FLANGE
VALVE VALVE VALVE ARROW SET
~- [ cv J [PSV]
----+------++*+~-----'-------+-~
[VTIC]
[HTIC]
FOR
HORIZONTAL
I NSTRU M ENT
[RED]
REDUCER
1----+--+------i
CONTROL PRESSURE FOR VERTICAL
SAFETY AIR LINES
VALVE INSTRUMENT
VALVE AIR UNES
[CA]
[IB] INSTRUMENT
BUBBLE
---® o
---® ~
:-"
;¡¡
o
'l 'l ~ ~
:;i:,
r r r r
'l H-501 t ~ º
>
o
tj s:
1
r ~
TO PILOT ~
o
SHUFFlNG
STtAM
05-250-A15-2"
PROVIDE !{WEEP HOLES AT LOW POINTS 1 1 • o
;
1'.,'2 ~¡::
m
t:;:¡ z
@--- T ~ ;;i
_....__N :;i:, ;..;
o
•
1 ~
05-256-A15-1• lO "'""
(J)
1
r')
tl:1
(J)
CD
IN
1
lO
o
EXERCISE 7.1
P-501 P-502
NITROGEN INJECTION PUMP AMMONIA INJECTION PUMP
3 GMP O 5800 FT TDH 4 GMP O 8200 FT TDH
600 RMP O 8 HP 900 RMP O 10 HP
A1MOS.
SET AT
SET~
25f PSIG ~ 1825t PSIG
NITROCEN 05-306-AlS-2"
o
FUR(
1~; ,;,; 1·
05-305-A15-1i'2
tl1ROaN TO
ca"" ,;,; ,;,;
HITROOEN GAS HfATER o
:i:
111 >
o ~;x,
s'
21 05-307-A15-1i'2
,· _,
MUII\ 10
GAS l6IDl
lil
~ ~
~
05-308-A15-1i'2 ,· zo
m
o
IB J, .J; h~ X
93
o
<1 ¡¡;
SET' ¡¡¡
C)
z
~1 ! 18JSt
PSIG ,y;
8
:;¡
8
1 ,;,; 05-309-AlS-2"
10
,;,; flAAE
@l 05-310-A15-1i'2
,·
1y; ,y; 1 ;,;
~
TO
P-501 P-502
EXERCISE 7.2
....
V\
o
...
J
HOTO..
SC[ UTIUTY
"°"-
01-16-CJ0-2·
,·
""""Y
..
Q1-P-1Q1A & 8
........
PROOUC1 .t REfllJlC
EXERCISE 7 .3
02-V-203 02-E-201
FRACTIONATION COLUMN PROOUCT CONDENSER
4'-9" 00 X 18'-9" T/T
DES. 375# @ 750ºF
02-39-A 15-6"
4"
02-28-A15-6"
COOUNG WATER
02-E-201 SEE UTIUlY
02-34-A15-12" 02-29-A15-6" Fl.OW DIAGRAM
FEED 7
02-38-A 15-6"
6"
02-V-203 02-35-A15-6"-IH
02-P-202 A&B
REFLUX PUMPS
12 HP@ 4200 RPMs
EXERCISE 7 .4
03-V-303 03-H-304 03-FS-305
SEPERATOR HEATER FLARE STACK
36"0.D. X 19'-Q" T/T
FACILITY
Yows 03-18-A 15-8"
LOADING/
UNLOADING
03-FS-305
03-31-A15-12" -IH
03-30-AlS-6"
FUEL GAS >----------t
10" 10"
HOT OIL RETURN 03-19-A15-10"-IH 10" 10"
SEE LITILfTY
FLOW DIACRAM 355'
12" 12"
EXERCISE 7 .5
04-E-404 04-V-401 04-E-402A&B 04-CT-406
FRACTIONATOR fRACTIONATOR PROOUCT CONOENSORS COOUNG TOWER
REBOILER
04-21-A15-8•
..
04-E-402A
.. o
:i:
>
~;x,
04-V-401
SI.S'f'
04-E-4028
J 04-P-405A 04-P-4058
04-47-CJ0-4.
EXERCISE 7 .6
CHAPTER
8
Codes and Specifications
As anyone who has ever played a game can te~ you, and error. When something purchased did not fit, some-
there are specific rules that must be followed if the thing built broke, or something heated ble:W up, som~ne
game is to be played correctly. The same holds true for made a note of the mistake, remembered ít the next time
building a piping facility. Just as the rules of a game a similar situation occurred, and made it an operational
establish the basic guidelines for acceptable play, codes procedure. Eventually, the operational procedure evolved
and specifications establish guidelines for piping facili- into either a piping code or engíneeríng specification.
ties to ensure everything from quality construction to
worker safety.
Codes are a broad-based set of guidelines that gov-
CODES
em the total scope of a project. Cedes originate from
Though you may not be familiar with codes specific
a number of sources. Sorne sources are governmental
to pípíng facilities, you are familiar with a structure to
agencies such as OSHA and the EPA. Others are orga-
which codes also apply: the typical house or apartment.
nizations, institutes, societies, or associations such as
Codes have been written coneerníng door sizes, window
American National Standards lnstitute (ANSI) and
sizes, lumber dimensions, electrical requirements, etc.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Take windows as an example. National building codes
Toe ASME has developed the Code far Pressure Piping
state, when needed for emergency egress, in case of a
831 that govems the engineering of petroleum re~er-
fire, windows are placed a maximum of 40" above the
ies, chernical, pharmaceutical, and related processmg
floor, in habitable roorns. Additionally, national build-
plants and the requirements necessary for their safe
ing cedes mandate that windows in.sleep~g.roorns must
design and construction.
have a net glazing area of 5.7sqft with a nurumum open-
Specifications, or specs, on the other hand, ~e de~el-
ing height of 2'-0" anda width of 1'-8". Toe cedes estab-
oped as a specific set of guideline~ for the e~~eenn?' lished by various governmental agencies affect everyone
design, fabrication, and construction. of a p1p~g fácil-
on a daily basis. Cedes exist that mandate safety requíre-
ity. Engineering specifications establish the basis ~om
ments for automobile manufacturers, the use of fire retar-
which the final plant design is produced. Broken ínto
dant fabrics in clothing, and even acceptable radiation
groups specific to the various des~~ disc!p.lines needed levels for rnicrowave ovens. As you can see, codes affect
for a particular project, such as p1pmg, civil, structural,
comrnon, everyday life. Though you may be unaware of
or electrical, specs will include guidelines on a number
them, codes impact each of us in a very personal way.
of tapies including initial site selection, pr?curem:nt
Codes for piping facilities have been implemented in
guidelines for piping materials and m~aruca_I eqmp-
a similar fashion. Regulations have been established that
ment, as well as equipment hydrostatíc testing and
govem pressure and temperature limits, material composi-
comrnissioning guidelines. Written to maintain cons~-
tion and stress allowances, worker safety,emergency evac-
tency and uniforrnity throughout all phase~ of a pr?J-
uation procedures, and many, many other tapies. A partial
ect, engineering specifications are very detailed. While
list of the ASMEcedes written for piping facilitiesis shown
codes can be as broad as a statement indicating that a11
in section 2.01 of the General Piping Specifications.
piping components must conform t~ AS~ standa.rds,
specs are so detailed that they may include mstruc~ons
to the drafter stating that dimensions are to be wntten SPECIFICATIONS
in feet and inches with precision to the nearest Yt/.
As we look at codes and specs, remember that they As previously mentioned, engineering specifica-
have been developed through years of trial, application, tions stipulate specific details for engineering, design,
and forces placed on them. Purchasing personnel need the nearest JI¡{.
Specs to ensure proper pipíng materials and mechani- 3.03 lntersecting coordinates shall be used to posi-
cal equipment are bought. Welders and fabricators use tion all mechanical equipment, pumps, pipe supports,
Specs to erect structures, supports, and route the proper structures, and buildings. Ali drawings are to be CAD
size pipe. Piping Specs also provide the workers who generated or plotted from an approved 3D modeling
install instrumentation controls with the proper temper- software package.
ature and pressure calibration settings. 3.03.1 Pipe shall be dimensioned from coordinates
When applied to a piping facility, piping specifi- to show location. Elevations shall be used to indicate
cations become quite lengthy and are very detailed. height measurements.
General Piping Specifications, as they are known, com- 3.04 All piping 12" and below will be shown single-
prise volumes of printed material, often seeming to be line and piping 14" and larger will be shown double-
never-ending, The General Piping Specifications that line, except in congested areas where double-line work
follow are an abbreviated sample of a typical specifica- is required for clarity. Standard symbols shall be used
tion document. throughout. Drawings will be plotted to 3¡~' = l"-0''
scale, except details or where needed for clarity.
3.05 Each pipeline shown on drawings shall be
clearly marked with a line number. The line num-
GENERAL PIPING SPECIFICATIONS ber will provide Unit number, Pipe number, Piping
Specification class, and nominal pipe size. The follow-
l. SCOPE ing example illustrates the approved line number:
1.01 This Specification covers the materials and pro-
cedures for all process and utility piping. 01-20-AlS-10"-IHwhere
01 is the Unit number
2. CODE REQUIREMENTS 20 is the Line nurnber
2.01 Piping shall be in accordance with the follow-
A15 is the Pipe Specification class
ing applicable ASME codes:
10" is the nominal pipe size
IH is insulate for heat conservation
ASMEB31 Code for Pressure Piping
A typical line number is shoum in Figure 8.1.
ASME B31.1-2010 Power Piping
ASME B31.3-2008 Process Piping
4. PIPING
ASME B31.4-2009 Pipeline Transportation Systems 4.01 Piping rnaterials shall be in accordance with
ASME B31.5-2010 Refrigeration Piping and Heat piping material specifications and any deviations shall
Transfer Components be noted on the drawings.
ASME B31.8-2007 Gas Transportation and 4.02 All piping, as far as practicable, shall be routed
Distribution Pipíng Systems overhead on pipe stanchions, or pipe sleepers, and shall
ASME BPVC-2010 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code be routed the shortest possible run and require the min-
imum number of fittings: pipe configurations also shall
be free from appreciable vibration with suitable expan-
2.02 Stress relieving shall conform to the p1pmg sion provided for hot lines.
code. The stress relieving method used will depend on 4.03 All nongalvanized steel underground lines
job location, quantity, and available tools: but the pre- shall be coated and wrapped in accordance with engí-
ferred post-heat treatment method shall be furnace neering specifications.
treatment for a11 "shop" fabricated piping and exother- 4.04 All operating valves 6' -O'' above Grade or plat-
rnic/ stress relieving type packages (or equal) for field form shall be chain operated. Sorne of the valves not to
assembly welds and field fabricated piping. be considered as operating valves are branch line block
valves from header, by-pass valve and block valves 5.03 Test connections shall be%".
on control manifold stations, level controllers, main 5.04 Temperature instruments such as TW, TI, TIC,
header blocks on all utility services, and block valves on TRC, etc., shall have 1" NPT.
exchangers and coolers. 5.05 TW and TI connections in pípíng shall be
4.05 Expansion or contraction shall be considered located 45° off centerline or in the horizontal.
for each line. Cold spring shall be considered for each
6. VENTS AND DRAINS
line. Cold spring shall be used where it is beneficial and
6.01 Ali lines shall have high point vents and low
in accordance with the ASA Code for Pressure Piping
point drains shall be 3.4" couplings with pipe plugs,
and noted on spool drawings.
except in specifications covering materials such as alu-
4.06 Slíp-on flanges may be substituted for weld
minum in which case they shall be flanged.
neck flanges to suit space limitations where allowed
6.02 Any vent or drain required for plant operation
in the specifications. In other specifications, slip-on
shall be sized and shown in the flow diagram.
flanges may be used only when approved by the design
supervisor. 7. ORIFICES
4.07 Pipe sizes of l1A11, 2W', 31h 5 and 7" shall not
11,
11, 7.01 Generally, the mínimum requirements for ori-
be used except as required for equipment connections. fice runs shall be in accordance with the AGA-ASME
4.08 Basket type with 10-mesh screen start-up Standards. Orífice taps shall be vertical for air and gas
strainers shall be used in all pump suctions. service and shall be on the horizontal for liquid and
4.09 Clips, lugs, anchors, guides, etc., shall be steam service.
installed in field after erection on standard piping.
8. CLEARANCES AND SPACING
For any special alloy where field welding would have
8.00 Roadways
adverse effect on the material, all attachments shall be
8.01 Mínimum clearance over main roadways shall
installed by shop fabricator.
be 18'-0" to the lowest projection.
4.11 When couplings are used for thermometer and
8.02 Mínimum clearance over secondary roadways
thermocouple well connections, the inside surface shall
is 14'-6" to the lowest projection,
be free of any weld metal and the opening shall be clear
8.03 Mínimum width of secondary roadways is
and free to receive a well.
10'-0 excluding 3' -0" shoulders.
11,
4.12 Steam tracing shall be installed in accordance
with job standards. 8.1.0 Walkways
4.13 Pipe supports spacing shall be 20'-0" maxi- 8.1.01 Headroom beneath main overhead pipe rack
mum with píck-up supports as required for lines 3 and 11 shall be a mínimum of 11 '-O". Special attention shall be
smaller. given to instrument and electrical trays along with any
lines that drop from bottom level of pipe rack, to maín-
5. INSTRUMENTSAND INSTRUMENT tain, mínimum clearance,
CONNECTIONS 8.1.02 Maíntain a mínimum headroom clearance
5.01 Liquid level controllers and gage glasses shall over aisleway of 7' -0".
be located so as to be accessible from grade, ladder, or 8.1.03 Maintain mínimum headroom clearance
platform. of 7' -6" inside buildings and for miscellaneous pipe
5.02 Pressure gage connections shall be % 11• supports.
2'-6"
(8.2.01)
~- 135'-6"
~)
PLATFORM ELEv.
114°-6"
PLAN
~
"'
é..i.__T_..~~~-;,-;r,-,!""'TI
H.P. PAVING
ELEVATION
FIGURE 8.2 Application of engineering specifications.
8.2.0 Platforms
8.1.04 Clear passageway between equipment or 8.2.01 Maintain mínimum platform width of 2' -6".
equipment piping and adjacent equipment shall be 2' -6" 8.2.02 Maintain nurumum headroom clearance
mínimum. above platforms of 7'-0".
Exception: Horizontal clear space between exchanger 8.2.03 Platforms shall be placed 2'-6" below the cen-
flanges shall be a mínimum of 18". terline of manways.
8.2.04 Maximum vertical distance between platforms 12.02 Toe fabricator shall be supplied with an origi-
(ladder length) is 30'-011• nal of each spool. The fabricator shall complete the
8.2.05 Cages are not required for ladders 8'-0 long
11 spools with mark numbers and field weld locations and
or less or ladders that end 20' -0'' or less above the high return.
point of pavíng. 12.03 Shop-fabrícated pipíng shali be cleaned of
8.2.06 Platforms shali be provided for manways that all rust, mili scale, weld slag and splatter, and primed
have a centerline 15' -0 or higher above high point of
11 before shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the primer
paving. shall consist of one coat of zinc chromate.
An example of how clearance and spacing specifica
tions are applied to piping drawings is represented in 13. TESTING
Figure 8.2. 13.01 Where practical, ali lines shall be hydrostati-
cally tested in place. Testíng shall be in accordance with
9. INSULATION ANO PAlNTING ASME Code for Process Piping, latest revision.
9.01 All hot insulated lines 21h'' larger shall be on 3" 13.02 Where water may have a deleterious effect on
mínimum heíght insulation shoes. All low-temperature piping or equipment, the system shall be tested with air
pipíng will rest on the insulation with a steel cradle out- and soap suds.
síde of the insulation to distribute the load at the point 13.03 Lines ventíng or draíning to atmosphere shall
of support. not be tested.
9.02 Insulation thickness for piping is indicated 14. COLOR CODE
on the pipeline list. All insulation materials shali be 14.01 Toe following color code shall be used to assist
instalied in accordance with insulation specifications. the construction department with a method of identífí-
9.03 All paintíngs shall be done in accordance with cation for valves and other piping materials.
paintíng specifications. 14.02 For standard steel, bronze, cast malleable, and
wrought iron the field material receiving group can best
10. FABRICATIONTOLERANCES code the material as received.
10.01 Flange bolt holes shall straddle the vertical, 14.03 Special carbon steel and any alloys shali be
horizontal, or North-South centerline unless otherwise color coded by the manufacturer, vendor,or fabricator.
noted. Rotation of flange bolt holes shali not exceed ){/
measured across the flange face parallel to a centerline
and between the holes nearest to it. Color Specification
whether the commodity is a gas or liquid, includ- TABLES.! Piping Specificatíon Class Directory
ing design and operating temperatures and pressures,
Class Rating Material Service
even corrosiveness. Table 8.2 is a sample of a Piping
Specification Class Directory. It includes the class des- AlS lSO#RF Carbon 5teel Process
ignation, flange type and ratings, material, and service AlSC lSO#RF Carbon 5teel Caustic
commodity type.
AlSP lSO#RF Special Carbon Process ( -20
Specification classes use service parameters to estab- 5teel to -SOºF)
lish flange pound ratings, pipe wall thickness, pressure
and temperature limits, as well as the type of pipe and AlSF lSO#RF Carbon 5teel Freon
fitting connections to be used, that is, screwed, socket- C30 300#RF Carbon 5teel Process
weld, butt-weld, flanged, etc. Classes are extremely C30C 300#RF Carbon 5teel Caustic
detailed. They specify which manufacture to purchase
C30P 300#RF Special Carbon Process ( -20
valves from, as well as the specific manufacturer's Steel to -SOºF)
model number to be used. Classes specify the material
gaskets will be made of and whether branch connec- CW15 lSO#RF Carbon 5teel Cooling Water
tions are to be made using straight tees, reducing tees, F60 600# RF Carbon 5teel Process
or stub-ins. Specification classes also stipulate corrosion F60P 600#RF Carbón 5teel Pipeline
allowance values. Corrosion allowance is the amount of
IP12 125#Scrd Carbón 5teel Instrument
surface material allowed to be eroded by the commod- (Galvanized) Process Piping
ity within the pipe while permitting the pipe to remain
usable for the particular service for which it is installed. IA12 125#Scrd Carbon 5teel Instrument Air
(Galvanized) Headerand
All encompassing, specs even dictate what color to
Utility Piping
paint the pipe.
Sorne of the specification classes that were listed 1512 125#Scrd Carbon 5teel Instrument Air
(Galvanized) Signal Piping
in Table 8.1 are presented in Figure 8.3a-f and are to
be applied to the various assignments and projects PA12 125#Scrd Carbon Steel Plant Air
throughout this text. Use them as a reference to answer (Galvanized)
specific questions relating to the design and drafting R30 300#RF Carbon 5teel 175# 5team and
procedures needed to complete Units 01, 02, 03, and Condensate
04. As with all engineering specifications, íncludíng the 515 lSO#RF Carbon 5teel Low Pressure
examples in this text, they should only be used with the Steamand
project for which they are written and should not be Condensate
considered typical for every project. UAlS 150# Carbon 5teel Utility Air
Header
WD12 125#Scrd Carbon 5teel Domestic Water
ABBREVIATIONS (Galvanized)
W512 125#Scrd Carbon 5teel Service Water
As a pípíng facility becomes more complex, so do the (Galvanized)
pípíng drawings. Facilities such as multistoried struc-
tures, specialized refining systems, and complex equip-
ment arrangements compound the crowdedness of a found on p1pmg arrangement drawings, elevations,
drawing. To alleviate the crowded conditions, abbrevia- details, flow diagrams, and/or isometrics. A complete
tions should be used to reduce the space requirements listing is almost impossible to assemble, as engineering
of callouts and notes. The following compilation is an companies and their clients often develop abbreviations
alphabetical listing of many common abbreviations that are unique to specific projects.
(a)
PIPING A15 SPECIFICATION
PO UNO
RATING 150# RF MATERIAL: CAR BON STEEL
DESIGN OPERATING
CORROSION CONDITIONS:
ALLOWANCE . 05" PSIG
'F
200
350
175
275
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"-11/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS-PLAIN ENOS
Pipe 2"
3"-24"
STO. WT.
STO. WT.
SEAMLESS-PLAIN ENOS
SEAMLESS-BEVELED ENDS
1/2"- 2" 3000# FORGED STEEL SOCKET WELD
Fittings 3"-24" STO. WT. FORGEO STEEL BUTT WELD
1/2"-11/2" 150# FS - RAISED FACE SOCKET WELD
Flonges 2"
3"-24"
150#
150#
FS -
FS -
RAISEO FACE SOCKET WELD
RAISED FACE WELD NECK
CONNECT.
2"-BELOW
3"-ABOVE
USE A TEE ANO SWAGE ON SIZES 2" & SMALLER
STUB-IN WHEN LESS THAN LINE SIZE 150#
FIGURE 8.3 (a) A15 Class Piping Speci.fication; (b) C30 Class Piping Specification; (e) IA12 Class Piping Specification; (d) PA12 Class Piping
Speci.fication;(e) 515 Oass Piping Specification;(f) WS12 Class Piping Specification.
(b)
PIPING C30 SPECIFICATION
POUND
RATING 3QQ# RF MATERIAL: CAR BON STEEL
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"- 1/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS-PLAIN ENDS
Pipe 2"
3"-24"
STO. WT.
STO. WT.
SEAMLESS-PLAIN
SEAMLESS-BEVELED
ENDS
ENDS
1/r- r 3000# FORGED STEEL SOCKET WELD
Fittings 3"-24" STO. WT. FORGED STEEL BUTT WELD
1/2"-11/2" 300# FS - RAISED FACE SOCKET WELD
Flanges 2"
3"-24"
300#
300#
FS -
FS -
RAISED FACE SOCKET WELD
RAISED FACE WELD NECK
VALVES SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION END
TYPES
(e)
PIPING IA12 SPECIFICATION
POUND
RATING 125# MATERIAL: CAR BON STEEL GALVANIZED
DESIGN OPERATING
CONDITIONS:
CORROSION
ALLOWANCE .05" PSIG
T
200
150
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"-11/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS-THREAOED-GALVANIZED
Pipe 2" - 6'º STO. WT. SEAMLESS-THREAOED-GALVANIZED
GASKETS 150#, 1 / 16" thick ASBESTOS- FULL FACE with BOLT HOLES
BRANCH
125#
UNE SIZE USE A TEE
CONNECT. 4"-BELOW USE A TEE ANO SWAGE ON SIZES 6" & SMALLER
(d)
PIPING PA12 SPECIFICATION
PO UNO
RATING 125# MATERIAL: CAR BON STEEL GALVANIZED
DESIGN OPERATING
CONDITIONS:
CORROSION
ALLOWANCE . 05" PSIG
'F
200
150
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"-11/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS- THREADED-GALVANIZED
Pipe 2" - 6" STO. WT. SEAMLESS-THREADED-GALVANIZED
GASKETS 150#, 1 / 16" thick ASBESTOS- FULL FACE with BOLT HOLES
BRANCH
125#
LINE SIZE USE A TEE
4"-BELOW USE A TEE AND SWAGE ON SIZES 6" & SMALLER
CONNECT.
FIGURE 8.3 (Continued)
(e)
PIPING S15 SPECIFICATION
POUND
RATING 150# RF MATERIAL: CAR BON STEEL
DESIGN OPERATING
.05"
CORROSION CONDITIONS:
PSIG 200 175
ALLOWANCE T 350 275
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"-11/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS-PLAIN ENOS
Pipe 2"
3"-24"
STO. WT.
STO. WT.
SEAMLESS-PLAIN ENOS
SEAMLESS-BEVELEO ENDS
1 /2"- 2" 3000# FORGED STEEL SOCKET WELO
Fittings 3"-24" STO. WT. FORGED STEEL BUTT WELD
1 /2" - 1 1 /2" 150# FS - RAISED FACE SOCKET WELD. EX. HVY. BORE
Flonges 2"
3"-24"
150#
150#
FS - RAISED FACE SOCKET WELD. STO. WT. BORE
FS - RAISED FACE WELD NECK, STO. WT. BORE
DESIGN OPERATING
CONDITIONS:
CORROSION
ALLOWANCE . 05" PSIG
'F
200
150
ITEM SIZES IN
INCHES
WEIGHT/
RATING DESCRIPTION
1/2"-11/2" EX. HVY. SEAMLESS-THREADED-GALVANIZED
Pipe 2" - 6" STO. WT. SEAMLESS-THREAOED-GALVANIZEO
G L
G Gauge or Gage L Level
GAL Gallon(s) LA LevelAlarm
GALV Galvanized LAH Level Alarm-High
GPH Gallons Per Hour LAL Level Alarm-Low
GPM Gallons Per Minute LBS Pounds
GR Grade LC Level Controller
GaV Gate Valve LC LockClosed
GIV Globe Valve LG Level Gauge
LG Level Glass
LI Level Indicator
H LIC Level Indicating Controller
HCV Hand Control Valve LLL Low Liquid Level
HDR Header LN Llne
HIC Hand Indicating Controller LO LockOpen
HLL High Liquid Level LP Low Pressure
HOR Horizontal LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
HP High Pressure LPT LowPoint
HPFS Hígh Point Finished Surface LR Level Recorder
HPP High Point Paving LR LongRadius
HR HangerRod LRC Level Recording Controller
HR Hour LS Level Switch
HTR Heater
HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
HVY Heavy
M
HYD Hydraulic mm millimeter
M Meter
M&F Male and Female
I MATL Material
IA lnstrument Air MAX Maximum
IA lnsulation (Anti-sweat) MECH Mechanical
IC lnsulation (Cold) MFG Manufacturing
ID lnside Diameter MFR Manufacturer
IDD lnside Depth of Dish MI Malleable lron
IET Electric Trace MIN Mínimum
IGT Glycol Trace MIN Minute
IH lnsulation (Heat Conservation) MISC Miscellaneous
IN Inch(es) MK PieceMark
INS lnsulate or lnsulation MW Manway
INST lnstrument(ation) MW MiterWeld
INV Invert Elevation
IPS lron Pipe Size
IS lnsulation Safety
N
ISA lnstrumentation Society of America N North
ISO Intemational Organízation for NC Normally Closed
Standardization NEC National Electric Code
ISO Isometric NEG Negative
IST Steam Trace NIP Nipple
NLL Normal Liquid Level
NO Normally Open
J NO Number
JCT Junction NOM Nominal
JS JackScrew NOZZ Nozzle
JT Joint NPS Nominal Pipe Size
X 10. All lines shall have vents and drains. What size is
XH ExtraHeavy the vent and drain connections?
xs Extra Strong
XXH Double Extra Heavy
xxs Double Extra Strong
9
EquipmentLayout
PLANT COORDINATE SYSTEM distance from the control point, for example, N. 10 -0 1 11•
nate. From this point, the grid lines are measured incre- Toe projects in this text will use feet and inches measure-
mentally and labeled with numerical values known as ments. As mentioned previously, the use of coordinates
coordinates. Toe control point, therefore, becomes the eliminates the need for excessive dimensions. However,
primary reference point for the entire facility. By labeling when location dimensions are required on drawings,
the control point with a positional value of O' ·-O", 0' -0 and
11 they use a known coordina te as a datum, usually the cen-
using a North Arrow to establish orientation, the numen- terline of a column, foundation, or piece of mechanical
cal values assigned to the coordinates allow for exact posi- equipment. Whatever the unit of measurement, one rule
tioning of all facility components. Each facility component to remember is: Horizontal length dimensions are found by
will be precisely located using two intersecting coordi- adding or subtracting coordinases.
nates. Coordinaies indicate the distance and direction the Figure 9.3 allows you to see the amount of space
particular structure, foundation, or piece of mechanical required to include linear dimensions on a drawing
equipment measures from the control point, and how the use of coordinates can free a significant
Toe North Arrow typically points up, or toward the amount of drawing space.
top of the drawing sheet, and creates directional bear-
ing for the facility. As an altemate orientation, the North
Arrow may point to the right on the drawing. Assuming PLANT ELEVATIONS
the North Arrow points up, horizontal lines drawn
above, or north of, the O'-O", 0'-0' originare designated as Similar to the way a plan view drawíng has a control
North coordinates and are labeled to indicate their linear point to help establish horizontal dimensions in a piping
C>
1
C>
N. 50'-0"
1
N. 40'-0"
~
N
1
N. 30'-0" 1
1
N. 20'-0"
1
N. 10'-0"
3
-C>·
"<t'
3
1
-C>·
I") N
3
1
-C>·
3
1
-o~
3
1 o.o. .
.
(OOlffllO. FQNT ~
q-
q
1
N
~º--
o
1
(.,J
~q-
q
1
~
.q-
o
1
(.J1
.q
o
1
S. 11 '-O"
s. 20'-0"
s. J_o·
.i.
.i.
1
FIGURE 9.1 Plant coordinate system.
facility, a control point is also needed to establish verti- both above and below Grade. The use of 100'-O'' as the
cal dimensions, or elevation, in the facility. Elevation, as control point of reference prevents the use of negative
it is traditionally known, is the vertical distance an object numbers when dimensioning pipes below Grade. This
rises above sea level, such as the height of a mountain. simplifies the mathematical calculations that the interpo-
But in pípíng facilities, elevation is used to designate the lation of positive and negative numbers may cause.
heíght an object measures from the ground. In Piping Very few actual dimensions are shown on pípíng
terminology, the ground is referred to as Grade. It is section or elevation drawíngs. However, numerous
from Grade that all elevation references are based. But callouts are placed on drawings to convey elevation
rather than using numbers based on the actual height the information to the reader. Sorne of the callouts and cor-
ground measures above sea level, many facilities use an responding terms are shown below.
arbitrary Grade elevation of 100'-fJ', as a matter of conve- See Figure 9.4 for examples of the plant elevation
nience. In all petrochemical facilities, pipes are installed system.
o
1
o
N. 50'-0"
N. 40'-0"
~~
N
N. 30'-0" 1
N. 20'-0"
N. 10'-0"
o o •o •o •o rn rn rn rn rn
o'-o"
1 1 1 1 1 u ~
-o l.{)
o
~
o
I")
oN
o q
N
q q q
CJl
q
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 q o
• q o
• q
S. 20'-0"
s. 30'-0"
s. so'-o"
32·-o· l
f W.18'-0"
-, ·
o:,
8'-0"
z
L
o
• 1i-v
¡f. - 2s·-o- ~
-· -------='---~-~t
o 1•
• o
~1<.
1
1s·-o· •
L
~I 24'-o"
1 (X)
o 12·-o· 1
~
-=~~
1 --~~~~~...¡I I~
t'·"·-:"·__
22·-o·
1
+.V.~.:o-(1-- D_- _i
MATCH LINE E.30' -0"
FIGURE 9.3 Replacing dimensions with coordinates.
(.) F/F ELEV. 130' -0"
TOC ELEV.
101·-o·
•
(9 INV. ELEV. 97' -3"
.r
RU~~S~A~cf BETWEEN VESSELS V-3 ANO V-6 ~ FOU~
BY AOOING W.18'-0" + E.26'-0" = 44'-0". p I
--------·1 «·-o·
12·-o·
N
t
o
1
N.24'-Q"
~I
u..i
•o
.
o
1
-
_I
(()
•o
;1 io
1
N
1
V-3 RULE N0.1:
o1 ~·=-o·
1 OISTANCE BETWEEN VESSELS V-5 1 0
y~~:.:~~º~~
•
- ANO V-6 IS FOUND BY SUBTRACTING 1 _ 1
o 1 C)
z O
"? =>
3: o
LL
--co~' - ~. FROM N.24'-o" ~ _,~ ~
w
z (/)
:J
I"') •
~0°1
I
(.)
1-
~I
1
'zº
> 1
C) o
«t-
1 ~-'
~ lñ ~ RULES FOR CALCULATING THE
1 ~
I ~
I
. ~e~
I 'o
>1"'": ~
-~ THE SAME QUAORANT, SUBTRACT I
(/) 1
(/)+
w io
N CD O THE SHORTER COOROINATE FROM
T
(1)
>:
zº
w_l . "°:
O
W N LL
1 :
'f
THE LONGER COORDINATE. 1
;1
ü
WN z ~> RULE NO. 2:
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ TO FINO THE OISTANCE BETWEEN
~ ~ 0 -c (/) TWO COOROINATES LOCATEO IN
•• CD <.!> "$)
NWZ DIFFERENT QUAORANTS, AOO THE
() - ___._--+-+ f V- l COOROINATES TO EACH OTHER.
I oz8 S.32'-0"
z~<
lw!:Q>-
lC __ _J_ __
MATCH UNE S.40'-0"
_J
FIGURE 9.5 Horizontal dístance calculations with coordina tes.
Calculating vertical dimensions is somewhat easier. engineers and the plant manager who will ultimately
Simply subtract the lower elevation from the hígher eleva- oversee the operation of the facility. Figure 9.7 shows an
tion to determine the distance between the two. However, example of a Unit Plot Plan.
you must be certain that elevations of the same type are
used. For example, always use two "Centerline" eleva-
tions, not one "Centerline" and one "Bottom of Pipe" EQUIPMENT LOCATION DRAWING
(BOP).You must convert BOPelevations to Centerline ele-
vations before subtracting. This is accomplished by add- To arrange and adequately space a1l the compo-
ing one-half the actual outside diameter (OD) of the pipe nents required in the Unit, the piping group will use
to the BOP elevation, before subtracting. Also, be aware the approved Plot Plan to assign coordinate positions
that lines installed below Grade are labeled using Invert to vessels, pumps, heaters, exchangers, pipe supports,
elevations. Invert elevations identify the inside BOP ele- and control rooms and develop the equipment location
vation, that is, the distance from the bottom inside of the drawing. Keeping in mind there will be plant operators
pipe to the ground above it. Figure 9.6 illustrates the use of and maintenance personnel in the facility 24 hours a
elevations to calculate vertical dimensions. day, adequate arrangement and spacing of components
within the facility becomes important. Equipment loca-
tion depends on a number of factors, including piping
SITEPLANS codes, space availability, worker accessibility as well as
client preferences. All pieces of mechanical equipment to
Toe civil/ topographic drafting department of a com- be installed within the facility are positioned usíng two
pany prepares the Site Plan for the piping facility. A Site intersecting coordinate lines, one North/South and one
Plan is an overhead, or top, view drawn to show the over- East/West. These intersecting coordinates define the pre-
all appearance of the facility site and adjacent area. Site cise position of a11 vessels, pumps, exchangers, etc., by
Plans can a1so be modified overlays of aerial photographs locating the centerline of its foundation. When locating
or ímages captured from orbiting satellites. Site Plans equipment such as exchangers and reboilers, that have
rnay include roadways, railways, harbors, shíp channels, a foundational support on each end, at least one of the
aircraft landing zones, office buíldíngs, and recreation equipment's supporting foundations must be located
areas. Drawings of thís size do not show significant detall. with coordinates. By using the plant coordinate system,
Detailed areas of the facility are usually denoted by rect- it is impossible for any other component in the facility to
angular outlines with notes or titles describing the area's have the same pair of intersecting coordinates. Figure 9 .8
purpose. Mechanical equipment within the facility is typí- provides an example of an Equipment Location drawing.
cally too small to be represented on a Site Plan. Therefore,
the complete facility is usually divided into smaller areas
called Units. Each Unit can then be drawn separately on FOUNDATION LOCATION DRAWING
drawings called Unit Plot Plans.
Toe structural drafting departrnent uses informa-
tion provided on the Equipment Location drawing to
UNIT PLOT PLAN show the position of foundations for mechanical equip-
ment, structural supports, and control buildings. On
Unit Plot Plans are generally defined by imaginary Foundation Location drawings, foundations that are
lines called Battery Limits. Battery limits are used to to be built above Grade are drawn as solid lines and
establish a unit's perimeter boundaries. Toe Unit Plot spread footings. Toe portion of the foundation that lies
Plan is usually drawn to small scale, such as l" = 10', below Grade is shown as hidden lines. Figure 9.9 shows
l" = 20', or 1" = 30'. an example of a Foundation Location drawing.
Unit Plot Plans show the location of a11 the buildings,
mechanical equipment, pipe racks, tank farms, and
other items of importance in the unit. True North and PIPING DRAWING INDEX
Plant North are also shown as actual and theoretical
points of orientation.The purpose of this drawing is not Toe Piping Drawing lndex is developed from the
to show the detall, but rather, the arrangement of vari- Plot Plan. This drawing divides the Plot Plan into
ous components to be erected in the Unit. smaller drawing areas, usíng Match Lines. Match Lines
Toe piping group is typically responsible for the are lines drawn and labeled that allow the smaller
development of the Unit Plot Plan. Unit Plot Plans are drawing areas to be pieced together to form the larger
developed using the Mechanical Flow Diagram, cli- Plot Plan, similar to a puzzle. Larger areas are divided
ent specifications, codes, and input from the client's in such a way as to keep related pieces of mechanical
w
BElWEEN A CENTERUNE ((ü ELEVATION
ANO A BOTIOM OF PIPE (BOP)
ELEVATION, CONVERT TliE BOP TO A i
BY AOOING ONE-HALF OF THE O.O. TO
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equipment on the same drawing if possible. These drawing areas. Toe position, size, and pound rating of
drawing areas are given a drawing number for easy lines entering or leaving an area and continuing into
identification and then assigned to various designers an adjacent area must be properly noted and located
on the project. Duríng the design phase, it is crucial on all related drawings. Figure 9.10 is a sample Piping
that designers interface with those working on adjacent Drawing Index.
- - 1~~E~-
MATCH LINE S. 55' -0"
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FIGURE 9.9 Foundation Location dr awmg.
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coordinates can be labeled. ____ dimensions.
6. Use only elevations to determine _
____ dimensions.
3. What is the typical arbitrary value for the elevation 7. Define Battery Limits.
of Grade?
4. Define the following terms. 8. Name three factors that influence the arrangement
and spacing of mechanical equipment.
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UNIT 02 WEST ELEVATION y,
CHAPTER
10
Piping ArrangementDrawings,
Sections, and Elevations
• Foundation or Mechanical Equípment Location Plan; allow the designer to explore all requirements
• Piping Drawing Index; necessary for design, operation, and maintenance
• mechanical equipment (vendor) drawings and prior to the final layout.
foundation drawings; 8. Lay out the pípíng system as shown on the study
• Pipíng Specifications; drawíng. lnclude instrumentation connections
• Pipe Line List; on the piping configuration. Note that every
• list of special requirements, if any, for the project. piping facility has different process, mechanical,
and instrumentation requirements. It would
Toe construction document includes all the drawings
be extremely difficult to establish set rules and
and documentation that relate to the fabrication, erec-
procedures for methods of piping development.
tion, commissioning, and operation of the process facíl-
Each line on the layout is, in itself, a special design
ity. These will include as-builts, equipment certification
problem and must be dealt with accordingly.
and nameplate information, operating manuals, testing
9. Add platforms, ladders and cages, pipe guides,
procedures, field changes, and possibly photographs of
anchors, supports, and hangers as required.
the completed construction.
10. Include line numbers, codes, specs, specíalty item
numbers, and callouts.
11. Place locating dimensions for piping.
LAYOUTPROCEDURES 12. Label coordinates for mechanical equipment, pipe
supports, etc., if required for job.
To develop a Pípíng Arrangement drawing, the desígner 13. Add instrument balloons and callouts.
must be familiar with company and client job specifica- 14. Include nozzle schedules and notes as required.
tions and requirements of the current project. Many differ- 15. Complete drawing. Add Match Line, Area Limit,
ent layout and design techniques can be used depending and Battery Limit callouts, reference details, and
on client requirements, company policy, budget limita- Section or Elevation cutting plane symbols.
tions, manpower, and available computer software. 16. Print/plot the completed drawing and check your
Piping Arrangement drawings are quite complex work.
and congested. Therefore, a systematic layout proce- 17. Correct any mistakes you find before releasing the
dure is recommended to ensure all necessary items are drawing to your instructor or supervisor.
included. Toe following are the recommended proce-
dures for layout of Pípíng Arrangement drawings:
1. Define proposed area outline or draw Match
Lines.
PIPING ARRANGEMENT
2. Fill in drawing number and title block
DRAWING LAYOUT
information.
This section provides a detailed explanation of the
3. Place a North Arrow in upper right-hand comer of
procedural steps to lay out the single-line representa-
the drawing.
tion of the Piping Arrangement drawing of Unit-01
4. Locate foundations for buildings, pipe rack
shown in Figure 10.1. Toe double-line altemative of
columns, and mechanical equipment from the
Unit-Ol is shown in Figure 10.2. These procedures will
coordinates used to develop the Foundation
simulate those undertaken on any design project by
Location drawing and dimensions provided on the
an actual engineering company. To simplify the layout
Equipment Foundation drawing.
procedures and consolidate the reference drawings and
5. Draw equipment foundations.
other related information, a copy of the Foundation
6. Lay out mechanical equipment.
Locatíon drawing, Equipment Location drawing, Main
pipe rack, miscellaneous pipe supports, equipment ven-
NOTE:
dor drawings, Elevation, and the structural drawings
• Show only enough detall on mechanical equipment are provided in this chapter.
outlines to provide a generalized description. Toe following procedures present the recommended
• Represent mechanical equipment centerlines, method of developing a Piping Arrangement drawing
outlines, and foundations with thin dark lines. with a 2D CAD software program. When using a draft-
• Show all piping and instrumentation connections ing software program, such as AutoCAD, the drawings
(nozzles, couplings, etc.) on mechanical equipment. are typically created full size and then placed into the
appropriate border at %" = 1 '-O" (0.03125)scale. When the
7. Prepare a study drawíng of each individual piping initial drawing is developed, full-scale layouts are used to
configuration in the facility. This procedure will create various "sheets" of the facility at any desired scale.
A.ARE HEADER
FUEL GAS
TO PROOUCT STORAGE
FEEO
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Procedures 1-3: Drawing setup: Location of area and Reference drawing: Equipment Location plan
Unit boundaries, Title Block, and North Arrow. Set the following:
References drawing: Foundation Location plan and
Company drawing standards • Make Centerlines the current working layer.
Set the following: • Use OFFSET to create lines parallel to the North and
West Match Lines that will represent the intersecting
• UNITS coordinates of the main pipe rack, miscellaneous
Length: Type-Architectural pipe supports, and mechanical equipment
Precision: Yi6" centerlines.
Toe visibility of various linetypes will require differ- • Change the intersecting lines to the Centerlines layer.
ent values when viewing the drawing in model space • TRIM or use the line's Grips to shorten the
and paper space. intersecting lines that will represent the various
• LTSCALE equipment and structural support's foundation
Set to 32 centerlines.
A value of 32 will make the linetypes visible in Once the foundation centerlines are completed, your
Model Space and a setting of 1 will make them visible drawing should appear as shown in Figure 10.4, with-
in Paper Space. out the text.
• Create the following layers with corresponding Procedure 5: Drawing pipe rack and equipment
colors, line types, and line weights: foundations.
Reference drawing: Foundation Location drawing
(Figure 10.5) and foundation drawings for individual
pieces of mechanical equipment (Figures 10.6-10.10) and
Layername Color Line type line weight the Main Pipe Rack and Miscellaneous Pipe Support
control drawings (Figures 10.11-10.14).
Match Lines Black/White Phantom 0.70mm • Make Foundations the current working layer.
Centerlines Black/White Center default • Use the appropriate commands to draw mechanical
Foundations Yellow Continuous default
equipment, pipe rack, and pipe support foundations
from coordinates and dimensions shown on the
Steel Cyan Continuous default Equipment Foundation drawings. Your drawing
Equipment Oran ge Continuous 0.30mm should appear as shown in Figure 10.5 when
Pipe Blue Continuous 0.53mm procedure 5 is completed.
Platforms, ladders, Cyan Continuous default Procedure 6: Equipment layout.
andcages Reference drawings: Mechanical equipment vendor
Instruments Red Continuous default drawings
Use dimensions provided on the mechanical equip-
Text Black/White Continuous default
Dimensions Black/White Continuous default
ment vendar drawings to lay out the mechanical equip-
ment as represented in Figure 10.15. Toe equipment
vendar drawings are shown in Figures 10.16-10.21.
• Make Equipment the current working layer.
• Make Match Lines the current working layer. • Draw ali mechanical equipment with the necessary
• OBJECT PROPERTIES commands. Toe dimensions needed to draw and
Set COLOR Control, LINETYPE Control, and orientate the ladder and platforms for 01-V-101 are
LINEWEIGHT Control to "Bylayer" in the Object supplied with vendar drawings. Toe dimensions
needed to draw the cages are shown in Figures 10.40
Properties toolbar.
and 10.41. Change the linetype of those portions of the
• Draw a rectangle SS'-O" wide and 40' -O" deep to foundations located below the mechanical equipment
represent the Unit-01 boundary Match Lines. Toe from "continuous" lines to "hidden" lines.
lower, left comer of the rectangle will be at the O' -O'', • Make Steel the current working !ayer.
O' -O" origin. • Use the necessary commands to draw the main
Use Figure 10.3 as a reference to lay out the Unit-Ol's pipe rack and miscellaneous pipe supports. Toe
perimeter from the 0'-0'', 0'-0'' origin. dimensions needed to draw and orientate the steel
Procedure 4: Lay out the centerlines for the main columns are provided in the section and detail
pipe rack and equipment foundations. drawings in Figures 10.11-10.14. Change the linetype
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---
194 10. PIPING ARRANGEMENT DRAWU\GS, SECTION"S, ANO ELEVATIONS
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NOZZLE SCHEDULE
NOZZLES "N1"&"N5" NOZZLE "N2" MK SERVICE NO. SIZE RATING FACE PROJECTION
1='Ef~ Í= ,-1,·-0:J ~.
171,· 1 21 N1 BOTTOM OUT 10· 251.0 300# RF 2'-8" 812.8
N2 REBOILER RETURN 12" .JOM 300# RF 2'-8" 812.8
- ~ 8
N3 FEED INLET 8" 20J.2 300# RF 2'-8" 812.8
~ 3"(TYP.7) N4 REFLUX 4" 101.6 RF 2'-6" 162.0
300#
N5 OVHD.VAPOR OUT 10" 251.0 300# RF 2'-8" 812.8
NOZZLE "N3" NOZZLES "N4"&"N6" NOZZLE "N7" N6 P.S.V. 4• 101.6 300# RF
p
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IMP.
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SIZE
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NOTE:
1. THE NOZZLE DIMENSIONS SHOWN ON THE EQUIPMENT
DRAWING DO NOT INCLUDE 1 '-0" CONCRETE FOUNDATION.
NOZZLE ORI ENTATION TAIL DIMENSIONS ARE FROM BOTIOM OF BASE PLATE.
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IMP. METRIC IMP. METRIC
1 7/8"1n
LIQUID IN 203.2 812.8
w
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of those portions of the beams, columns, and A 300# gate valve is located fitting make-up below noz-
foundations that are hidden from "contínuous" lines zle N3. Its handwheel is oriented toward the west.
to "hidden" lines. Figure 10.23 provides the Plan and Elevation views
• When procedure 6 is completed, your drawing of the depropanizer, 01-V-101 and the kettle reboiler,
should look like Figure 10.15. 01-E-101. Also shown is their associated pipíng, lines
01-2-C30-10''-IH and 01-3-C30-12"-IH.
Procedures 7 and 8: Development of pipe line con- Line 01-2-C30-10''-IH starts at nozzle Nl of 01-V-101.
figurations for Unit-Ol. Begin at nozzle Nl with a flange and an elbow that are
Reference drawings: Mechanical Flow Diagram, equip- welded together. Toe elbow is welded onto the flange
ment vendor drawings, and Piping Specifícations. so that it points north. A straight run of pipe travels
In procedures 7 and 8, the step-by-step routing of north and another elbow flat-turns west into nozzle C
each pipe confíguration from beginning to end will of 01-E-101.After a short run of pipe, an elbow turns up
be described relative to the commodity flow direc- and a flange connects to nozzle C. A 2" drain drops out
tion. That is, the written explanation of the develop- of the bottom of 01-2-C30-10"-IHand connects to the
ment of each pipe confíguration found in Unit-01 will oily water sewer. lt is located 10' -8" south of the center-
dictate the sequential placement and orientation of fit- line of nozzle C; its handwheel points north.
tíngs, flanges, and valves as it follows the direction of Line 01-3-C30-12"-IH rises out of the top of Ol-E-
the flow of the commodity within the pipe. Toe written 101 at nozzle D with a flange and short vertical length
descriptions of the confígurations will not include exact of pipe. An elbow is attached that is oriented south.
placement or size dimensions of the fittings, flanges, or Another short run of pipe travels south until an elbow
valves required for the layout. Toe dimensions that are flat-turns west into 01-V-101, at nozzle N2.
needed to place the pipe on the arrangement drawing Notice in Figure 10.24 that nozzle NS is oriented
in its proper location and orientation can be found on on vessel 01-V-101 at a 45º angle, pointing toward
the various dimensioning charts and vendor drawings the northeast. Line 01-4-C30-10'' comes out of nozzle
found in this chapter and in the appendix. The 30 mod- NS fitting make-up at EL. 141'-0'', where an elbow
eled, isometric view of each line is shown in the upper turns down alongside the vessel. A long, vertical drop
right comer of the drawing associated with each pipe. descends to centerline elevation 110'-5%'', where it turns
This view will be especially beneficia! to help visualize east. A short, easterly run of pipe will align Ol-4-C30-
the routing and placement of pipe components needed 10'' with the centerline of 01-E-102, where it flat-turns
to accurately depict the lines on the arrangement north, toward nozzle C. As the line travels north, it rests
drawíng. on a Miscellaneous Pipe Support-2, then it turns down
into nozzle C of 01-E-102. Lines that drop such a long
• Make "Pipe" the current working layer. distance down the side of a vertical vessel, as Ol-4-C30-
• Use the UNE command to draw all lines. Pipes 14" 10" does, typically require pipe supports and/ or pipe
in diameter and larger are drawn double-line with guides. Toe support used in this particular situation is
actual OD dimensions havíng Default lineweight. Toe a trunion, which is welded to the side of a vessel. Figure
centerlines for double-line pipes are represented as a 10.25 shows a typical trunion pipe support.
Center linetype. Draw all single-line pipes, those 12" Line 01-5-C30-8" transports condensed vapor from
in diameter and smaller, with a 0.53 mm lineweight. condenser 01-E-102 to the overhead accumulator 01-V-
Toe fitting, flange, and valve symbols created in 102. 1t attaches to nozzle D, which comes off the bottom
the previous chapters can be inserted into their of 01-E-102 and travels to nozzle Nl on 01-V-102. This
appropriate locations. 300# line drops out of nozzle D fitting make-up and
turns east for 2'-7", where it tums up. After a vertical
run of pipe, an elbow turns the confíguration south to
rest on Miscellaneous Pipe Support-2 at elevation 110'-
Routing
O''. Toe pipe continues south to align with nozzle Nl of
Con.figurations for lines 01-1-C30-8" through 01-V-102. Once aligned with nozzle Nl, an elbow tums
Ol-16-C30-2" up toan elevation that is fitting make-up when measur-
As shown in Figure 10.22, line Ol-1-C30-8" enters ing against the flow, or backward, from nozzle Nl of
Unit-01 from the Loading Facility on the west end of 01-V-102. Toe pipe runs east before turning up into Nl
the Main Pipe rack having a centerline elevation of (see Figure 10.26).
110'-4o/il'. After the line travels 14'-0" into Unit-Ol, from Lines 01-6-C30-10'' and 01-7-C30-6"/4" are suction
Match Line W. 40' -O', an elbow flat-turns the line north and discharge lines for pumps 01-P-lOlA and 01-P-lOlB,
toward vessel 01-V-101. 01-1-C30-8" travels north before respectively. Line 01-6-C30-10",the suction line, is a 10"
it turns up and into nozzle N3 of 01-V-101at EL. 125'-0". confíguration that drops out of the bottom of Ol-V-102
-N-
-----
01-1-CJ0-8'
l'S1
V-101
25'-()'
lf.
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.3-C:30-12"-IH @ E-102
-W. .3.3'-6"
V-101
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.3-C.30-12"-IH
EL. 113-:_0 .. - +-----
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E-102
EL.102' -.3"
H.P. PAVING
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1 1 i I
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z
BOP. EL. 110'-0" __ -f [L._1_10'-:__J_S/._16:_
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SECTION "A-A" SECTION "B-B"
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Y101
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8<lP. El f/2'-()'
8<lP. El f/0'-(J'
OIE101 OEFf/OPAMZER
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Toe pipe will continue north, cross Miscellaneous Pipe Line 01-13-A-15-6",shown in Figure 10.34, is designed
Support-l and into a meter run. Precise positioning of to transport waste gas from 01-V-102 to the fiare stack.
the orífice fiange assembly, FE-1, must be established at Line 01-13-A-15-6" rises off the top of 01-V-102, con-
this time. Because there is adequate upstream clearance nected to nozzle NS. A gate valve, whose handwheel
to locate the assembly, its position will be established is oriented east and is bolted to NS, precedes the pres-
based on the required downstream distance. Using sure safety valve, PSV-2, which has a 4"-300# inlet and
the guideline of 6 pipe diameters downstream, a míni- a 6 -150# outlet. Coming out of PSV-2, the line trav-
11
mum straight-run pipe distance of 3' -O" (6 pipe díam- els south, where it drops down onto column B at TOS
eters X 6 pipe size = 36") is required to the first weld.
11 EL.114'-3o/tl'. An elbow turns the line south again where
To locate the center of the orífice fiange assembly, add it rolls down and east to stub into the top of 18-A15-8",
3'-0" plus 9", the center-to-end dimension of a 6 elbow,
11 the fiare header at a 45° angle. Toe 8" fiare header then
which totals 3' -9 This 3' -9'' total dimension establishes
11• travels off-site to the fiare stack 03-FS-305,in Unit-03.
the position of the orifice flange assembly from the cen- Lines 01-14-A15-6" and 01-15-AlS-6" are cooling
ter of the elbow on the downstream side. water return and supply lines, respectively. They are
From the north end of the meter run, the line drops used to circulate the cooling water between 01-E-102
down into control station FCV-1. Toe control station and cooling tower 04-CT-406. Line 01-14-AlS-6" is the
runs south to north and lies on the west side of 01-E- cooling water return line. This pipe will circulate the
101. Out of the north end of the control station, the cooling water that has been heated in 01-E-101 back
elbow is rolled at a 45° angle to the northeast where it to 04-CT-406 to reduce its temperature. Ol-14-A15-6"
drops into nozzle B ofül-E-101. rises off the top of 01-E-102 at nozzle B with a gate
This layout conforms to the basic rule of piping for valve whose handwheel is oriented to the west. After
exchangers: hot stream in the top, cold stream out the a short vertical run up and out of the valve, the line
bottom. As the hot oil goes through the tube bundle of turns east then immediately south, fitting make-up, As
the kettle reboiler, it loses its heat and begins to cool. the line travels south, it will rest on Miscellaneous Pipe
Line 01-10-A15-6 -IH picks up this stream at nozzle
11 Support-l then further south to rest on Column B at
A of 01-E-101 and pipes it back to the pipe rack to be centerline elevation 110'-3o/i6". From there it runs below
returned, vía the heat medium return header, to the the Main pipe rack and turns up to stub into the cooling
fired heater 03-H-304 on Unit-03 for reheating. Both water return header 21-AlS-10".
lines 01-10-A15-6"-IHand Ol-11-A15-6"-IHare 6" lines Line 01-15-A15-6"is the cooling water supply line.
that branch from a 10" header. To determine the type of It routes water that has been cooled in cooling tower
branch connection to be made, we must follow Piping 04-CT-406back to 01-E-102. This line drops out of the
Specification Class A15. A15 mandates that a stub-ín bottom of 22-AlS-10", the cooling water supply line to
be used to make the branch connection on these lines. centerline elevation 110'-3o/tl' and turns north. When the
Notice these are liquid lines. Toe typical procedure for pipe aligns with nozzle A of 01-E-102, it drops down
branchíng lines with a liquid commodity is to branch to EL. 109'-OVi/' and turns west. When it reaches the
off of the bottom of the rack headers. If these lines con- centerline of 01-V-102, it turns up into a block valve.
tained steam, we would rise off the top of the header Toe block valve, whose handwheel is oriented west, is
pipe to avoid getting condensate in the line. bolted directly to nozzle A. See Figures 10.35 and 10.36
As shown in Figure 10.33, line Ol-12-C30-4"rises fit- for Plan and Elevation views of lines 01-14-A15-6"and
ting make-up off the top of 01-V-102 from nozzle N4 01-15-AlS-6".
with an elbow turning west. Another elbow turning Line 01-16-C30-2" is a short drain line dropping out
down routes the pipe through a control station PCV-1. of the bottom of 01-V-102. This 2" line is attached to
Toe control station runs parallel to the north/ south nozzle N3 and drops straight below the nozzle into a
centerline of 01-V-102. Because Ol-12-C30-4" has the drain funnel. A block valve is located at centerline ele-
same pipe diameter and pound rating as 01-9-C30-4", vation 104 -6 Its handwheel is oriented to the east (see
1 11•
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PLAN
~ _J
B.aP.ELI U'-d'
a.aP.EI..112'-0"
É EL.102'-o"
H.P. PAV!NC El. 100'-o"
I I
{ 01-1:J-A/5-6'
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SECTION"B-B"
SECTJON "A-A"
" 1 1
'r 1 1
PLAN
_ __¡,_D_f-V-{02 _ _,¡,!}1-V-}02
.Y EL.117'-o· -y EL.117'-o•
4'6.
H.P.PAVING EL 100'-0"
N _.
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H.P.PAVING 100'-0'
J
V-102
EL. 117'-0"
H.P.PAVING 100'-0'
SECTION "A-A"
FIGURE 10.39 Bridle No.2. Bridle attachments for 01-V-102.
230 10. PIPING ARRANGE.~ENTDRAWIKGS,SECTIONS,ANO ELEVATIONS
reboiler, is usually one-half the weir height. The weir, NOTE: To avoid congestion on a drawing, extend cenier
in this application, is a vertical plate inside the kettle lines away from the equipment symbol and label the equip
reboiler that serves as a dam to keep the tube bundle ment's description and coordinates in an open area of the
submerged under liquid. As the liquid level increases, drawing.
the excess liquid will flow over the weir and be drawn
• Labels for all pipe lines with the following
out through nozzle E, which is line 01-9-C30-4".
infonnation:
Procedure 9: Platform, ladder, and cage layouts line number;
Reference drawing: Vendor drawings flow direction:
insulation symbol and thickness;
• Make Platforms, Ladders, and Cages the current steam, heat, or electrical tracing if required.
working layer.
• Place a reference note somewhere within the area
• The size and location dimensions for the platforms,
lirnits of the drawing to indicate the finished Grade
ladders, and cages are established from dimensions
or High Point of Paving elevation.
provided on the vendor drawings for 01-V-101.
• Label all instrumentationper the Mechanical Flow
Figures 10.40and 10.41 provide an enlarged view of
diagram. All instrumentationshould be accounted
01-V-101describing platforms 1 and 2, respectively. for one time in either the Plan view or Section view.
Use dimensions provided in these figures to place Use W' diameter instrument bubble.
the platforms, ladders, and cages on 01-V-101in your
• Label for the Top Of Platform (TOP) elevation on the
piping arrangementdrawing. Plan drawing.
Procedures 10-15: Placement of line numbers, call- • Reference notes to describe the following:
outs, coordinates, and dimensions piping specialty items;
Reference drawing: Flow diagram, pipe line list, [ob reducers and reducing tees;
specifications out of spec flanges;
Key information about a piping facility is not always any nonstandard ítem not covered in piping spec;
depicted graphically. Sorne information must be com- vessel davits;
municated in written form. Certain components of a chain operatorsfor valve handwheels;
drawing such as dimensions, coordinates, elevations, pipe guides, supports, anchors, and hangers.
line numbers, fitting and equipment callouts, and design • Cutting Plane callouts that identify the name and
and fabrication notes can only be represented as writ- direction of the section or elevation to be drawn.
ten infonnation. The arrangement of information and • Labels for lines running through a pipe rack to
reference notes on an Arrangement drawing usually specify the commodities they contain.
requires preplanning and proper placement to achieve a NOTE: For clarity and neatness, group similar callouts
good sense of balance on the drawing. This inforrnation together in one common locaiion where possible (see Figure 11.2).
must be arranged logically and in a clear legible manner.
Therefore, interferences among reference notes, dimen- • Identificationfor any rniscellaneous items. Locate
sioning, and object line work must be kept to a minimum. and describe as required.
The following items must be included on piping
As a general rule, drawing notes and callouts are
arrangementdrawings:
drawn 0.125"tall. When the drawing is created full scale,
• CompletedTitle Block information. as with AutoCAD, the actual text height is determined
• North Arrow. Place the North Arrow in the upper by multiplying the desired text height by the drawing's
right comer of the drawing. It should point up or scale factor. Scale factor is established from the desired
toward the right. plot scale of the drawing, in this case, %" = 1 '-O". To
• Coordinates for match lines, area limits, battery find the scale factor, find the decimal equivalent of %",
lirnits, mechanical equipment, and structural support then divide that into 1 '-0" (12''). For example, 3 divided
foundations, all pump suction and discharge nozzles. by 8 equals 0.375. Then, 12" divided by 0.375 equals 32.
• Labels for angular degrees of orientation (30º, 45º, When applied to text height: 0.125 (text height) times 32
etc.) to indicate orientation of all vertical vessel (scale factor) equals 4 Therefore, all text in the full-scale
11•
mechanical equipment that corresponds to the vessel scale, the result would be text 0.125"tall.
outline drawings, mechanical equipmentvendor All notes should be read from the bottom of the
drawings, and nozzle schedule. drawing. Information such as coordinate labels for
• Show mechanical equipmentnumbers and title match lines, area lirnits, or battery limits, line numbers,
information. and equipment names, coordinates, and elevations
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90º
PLATFORM No.1
270º
~0
135·
/7
90"
PLATFORM No. 2
whereas section drawings represent interior components between the plan and section views possible. See Figure
of a facility that may not be visible from an exterior 10.42 for three examples of cutting plane callouts.
viewpoint. Comparing this to the features of a house, an
elevation represents what the house looks like from the
street, whereas a section míght show how the furniture Named Elevations
in a room is arranged, what type of wallpaper is on the Similar to the way section drawings are identified, so
walls, how many pictures are hanging on the walls, or too must elevations be identified for reference purposes.
how much attic space is provided above the ceiling. Toe North Arrow, which is placed on the plan view for
proper orientation, is also the basis from which the ele-
vation views are named. If an elevation view is named
Height References the North Elevation, it means that the drawing is look-
Section and elevation drawíngs are the standard on ing at the fadlity from the north direction as specified
which vertical measurements for foundations, platforms, by the North Arrow on the plan view. If it is labeled as
steel supports, nozzles, and centerlines for mechani- an East Elevation, then it is looking at the fadlity from
cal equipment and pipe are shown. As mentioned in the east direction. See Figure 10.43 for the North, South,
Chapter 9, the ground, or Grade, is often gíven an arbi- East, and West Elevation orientations for Unit-01.
trary value called a datum elevation. Since the use of the . ~pending on the direction from which the fadlity
lS viewed, only one horizontal dimension, either width
exact height above sea level dimension is not practícal,
a .da~ elevation of 100'-0" is typícally used. A1l height º: depth, is required to locate equipment, foundations,
dime~1ons are ref~renced from this 100'-0'' setting and pipe racks, etc., on an elevation drawing. This is unlike
are assigned elevation names to describe their type and plan view drawings that require two intersecting coor-
location. Elevation names for items above Grade can dinates to locate items. Coordinates for Match Lines,
appear in various forms, such as Centerline (1) Top Of Area Limits, and Battery Limits taken from the Piping
Steel (TOS), Top Of Concrete (TOC), Bottom Of Pipe Arrangement drawing are used to establish boundar-
(BOP), or face of flange (FOF or F/F). Elevation names ies on the right and left sides of section and elevation
for items below grade are referred to as invert (INV) ele- drawings. With only one locating coordinate, mechani-
va tions. Toe obvious need for the drawing of sections cal equipment can be positioned from the right or left
and elevations is to show piping tie-ins to mechanical drawing boundaries. It is recommended that all locating
equipment, calculate lengths for vertical piping runs, measurements be made from either the right boundary
check for interferences, verify lines are properly sup- or the left boundary to avoid misplacement of mechaní-
ported, confirm worker and operator access clearances, cal equipment and other components. Figure 10.44
and establish sufficient overhead clearance requíred for shows how the alignment of the Plan and Elevation
equipment installation, maintenance, or removal. ~ews.can make coordinate location quicker by project-
mg width measurements from the Plan view down into
the Elevation view.
Where to Begin?
Sections come from the Piping Arrangement drawing.
Once buildings, mechanical equipment, and structural
s_upportfoundations have been established and pipe, fit-
~
A
tings, valves, and instrumentation have been represented
on the plan view drawing, sorne indication of the loca-
tion of an intemal, vertical view of the facility is needed.
Toe cutting plane is such an indicator. Toe cutting plane
callout can be represented in a number of ways. One can ~
resemble a large letter "L" with an arrowhead on one
end. Toe direction the arrowhead points indicates the
ye
direction from which the facility is being viewed. This
"point of view" is the direction from which the section
~ be drawn. Two cutting planes are spaced a specified
distance apart to represent the horizontal extents of the
sectional view. Since multiple cutting planes can be used
to reference different views, labeling the cutting planes is
necessary. Section views will have different sheet num-
bers, so labeling the cutting plane makes referencing FIGURE 10.42 Cutting plane examples.
,!,
~·
~
Vendor drawings are used to establish sizes of and suction and discharge nozzles on pumps,
mechanical equipment. Nozzle schedules and dimen- turbines, and compressors.
sioning charts provide location, size, and pound rat- • Indicate high point of finished grade (datum
ings for equipment nozzles and their mating flanges. elevation).
Pipe routings, fitting rotations, and handwheel oríen- • Mark top of grating or plate on platforms.
tations on the arrangement drawings are interpreted • Include Bottom Of Pipe (BOP) elevation for pipe
and rendered accordingly on the Elevation. Although lines on shoes.
fitting, flange, and valve symbols are the same for • Provide centerline elevation of relief valves.
plans, sections, and elevations, the rotation and ori-
Toe following list contains sorne OON'TS relat-
entation of the symbols will vary. Representation of
ing to the dimensioning of plan, elevation, or section
an elbow that turns down on a Piping Arrangement
drawings.
drawing will be drawn differently when viewed from
above than when viewed from the side, as in an eleva- DONOT
tion drawing.
• Dimension from underground lines to aboveground
lines.
• Dimension from lines running at one elevation to
DETAIL DRAWINGS lines running ata different elevation within pipe
racks or other areas.
Although a simple note or callout can be sufficient in • Dimension to the center of a valve, except with
conveying information to a reader, an actual drawing small-bore screwed or socket-weld valves.
representation will provide much more detailed infor- • Dimension piping from electrical cable trays,
mation. One case in point is the TOS callout. I<nown conduit, or instrument tray runs.
to mean Top Of Steel, this note, and others like it, is the • Dimension interna} equipment piping to external
only way of representing height on a plan view draw- piping.
ing. But on a section or elevation drawing, the actual • Dimension piping from outlines of buildings,
structural steel member can be drawn to provide a structures, or mechanical equipment.
graphical representation to the reader. By rendering, • Dimension "fitting make-up" installations.
height measurements become easily recognizable. • Dimension the lengths of standard piping
Headroom clearances, pipe support spacing, and possi- components such as elbows, tees, reducers, etc.
ble interferences become self-evident. Figure 10.45 rep-
resents a sectional view of Unít-Ol as identified by the
A-A cutting plane shown in Figure 10.44.
Toe following guidelines should be used when plac-
PIPELINE LIST
ing callouts on section or elevation drawings:
Toe Pipe Line List is a compilation of the named lines
• Provide Top Of Steel (TOS) elevations of ali pipe that exist in a facility. Developed early in the design
supports. phase, the Pipe Line List contains valuable information
• Include centerline elevations of exchangers and used by many disciplines throughout the project's devel-
horizontal vessels. opment. Toe Pipe Line List will indicate each pipe' s num-
• Specify Top Of Concrete (TOC) or grout elevations ber, specification class, and nominal pipe size. It will also
for all equipment foundations. specify what Unit the pipe is in, which pieces of mechani-
• Provide centerline elevations of horizontal nozzles cal equipment it is attached to, and if the pipe is insulated
on mechanical equipment, including piping and or not. Toe commodity in the pipe is shown, along with
instrumentation nozzle connections. its design and operating temperature and pressure. Figure
• Label face-of-flange elevations for nozzles attached 10.46a and b lists a11 the pipes included in Units 01-04.
to the top or bottom of vertical vessels, exchangers,
PWF.EL IJ7"-6'
SHEET 1 of 2
FIGURE 10.46 (a) Pipe Line List-sheet 1 of 2.
PIPE LINE LIST
(b)
! UNIT
UNE
No. No. ctASS SIZE ~
~
s COIIMOOflY
YII'
UQ
"
DESCRIPTION
,. ·~
D~~ft,N DElGN
OPER. OPER.
PSIG "F
! UNIT
UNE
No. No. ctASS SIZE uL
~
s <XMmlY
w
·- "
DESCRIPTION
I[
"~
D~~liN DE.iGN
OPER. OPER.
PSIG "F
~ PRO- V ~NG/UNLOMJING UNIT-03 300 250 2' 310 500
~~ 27 A15 14" ~ DUCT AREA UMITS/
b::E: 40 C30 12· I H'IDRO- L 04-V-401 04-E-404
FEED L
UNIT-02
02-V-203 ~~g~& 255 210 H CAA80N 280 365
-"'-~
H SUPPLY 100 400 40 118
100 150 04 2 HEATING 150 500
/\- N FLARE STACK
,_~ 32 A15 6"
o ~~E V OJ-V-303 45 A15 6" 1 llfOOM L OJ-19-A15-10"-H 04-E-404
03-FS-305 40 118 H RO\JRH 100 400
100 150 03 2 HEATINC 150 500
~]I 33 A15 4• N
o Fi1~E V
UNIT-03
AREA LIMITS
03-V-303
40 118
b::E: 46 A15 6" 1 llfOOM L
H SUPPLY
04-E-404 OJ-20-A15-10"-H
100 400
UNIT-02 300 150 04 300 150
~:][ 34 A15 12· ~ =~-L
AREA UMITS/
PRODUCT
02-V-203
240 118
b]I 47 C30 4• N HYORO-
O CIR90N L 04-E-404 03-9-C30-4"
240 118
STORAGE
300 150 03 PRO- 04-E-402A 100 125
02-P-202A
~:][ 35 A15 6" ~ HYDRO- L
H CARBON
02-V-203
02-P-2028 240 118
b::E: 48 C30 8" ~ DUCT
FEEO
L
04-E-4028
03-27-CJ0-14"
40 95
SHEET 2 of 2
FIGURE 10.46 (b) Pipe Llne List-sheet2 of 2.
EXERCISES: PLANS, ELEVATIONS, AND SECTIONS 241
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW QUIZ 7. What is the mínimum height of text used on piping
drawings that are going to be placed in a border at
%" = l'-0' scale?
1. What is a piping arrangement drawing?
11
StandardPiping Details
Any project having the complexity of a piping facil- because of the valve taps and connecting instrumenta-
ity will undoubtedly have many components that are tion. Typically, a minimum clearance of 2' -O'' is used on
used repeatedly throughout the facility. In an attempt to either side of a pipe having orifice flanges. Figure 11.1
reduce the volume of drawíngs produced, many com- shows the requirements for establishing the minimum
panies employ the use of standard piping details. Toe clearances for line spacíng,
standard piping detall is a drawing that depicts an item Toe Line Spacing Chart shown in Table 11.1 provides
or items that are used with such frequency and having the minimum clearances between the centerlines of two
such consistency in their installation procedure that a pipes without insulation. Toe expanded chart provides
single drawing can be created and duplicated for use centerline-to-centerline measurements for pipes of vari-
to represent their installation in almost every situation. ous sizes and pound ratíngs. If a pipe is insulated, the
Situations in which standard piping details are most insulation thickness specified on the Line List (found in
likely to be used are for the support, anchoring, guid- Chapter 10) is added to the chart dimension to determine
ing, and spacing of pipe. This chapter discusses the the total line spacing measurement. To use the chart, find
methods and devices used in these applications. the desired size of pipe in the appropriate pound rating
sections. Once the two pipe sizes and pound ratings are
found, follow the row across and the column down. Toe
PIPE RACK SPACING number at the intersection of the row and column is the
centerline-to-centerline spacing between the two pipes.
Arrangement and posítioning are important fac- Toe numbers shown in the Line Spacing Chart are in
tors in the layout of a piping facility. Space is limited. inch values. For example, the spacíng requíred between
Area and boundary limits force conservation of space. a 10''-lSO#pipe anda 6''-300# pipe is 13".
Arranging equipment throughout the unit in an orderly
and sequential fashion is a necessity. Therefore, proper
spacíng and arrangement of pipe in the pipe rack
requires special attention. A pipe rack has a defined
DRAWING PIPE IN THE RACK
width; therefore, working within the allotted space
When representing pipe in a pipe rack, the careful
makes spacing crucial. Not only must pipe be arranged
arrangement and organízation of names, dimensions,
to take up a minimum amount of space, but also allow-
and line numbers will make the drawing easier to read.
anees should be made for any pipe that might be added
Figure 11.2 shows a pipe rack that has been well orga-
in the future.
nized. Notice how the alignment of notes, dimensions,
Line spacing dimensions are based on a clearance of
and other callouts makes the drawing easy to read.
l" between the outside diameter of the largest flange
Toe following guidelines will help you organize your
and the outside diameter of the adjacent pipe. Toe mini-
drawing:
mum spacing between any two lines is 4". If either of
the lines is insulated, the thickness of the insulation 1. Keep flow arrows the same size and aligned.
must be added. When lines are placed adjacent to a 2. Line numbers should be left justified when possible.
building, wall, column, or other structure, a minimum 3. Pipe commodity should be identified on utility lines
clearance of 2'-0" is required from the outside diameter only.
of a flange. Pipes having orifice flanges will require a 4. Line spacing dimensions should align across the
larger minimum clearance than indicated on the charts pipe rack from one pipe support column to the other.
-@e---~- 101-C30-1"
P.S. COLS.
-~
111 104-C30-2" i----_ 4" mm. 111
--- - - - --- -- - - --
~
1" 1 1
1 1 1
103-A
-
15-6" - rfüh - -
1
~~I
1 1 1
105-A15-12"
1" 1 1 1
1 1
- - - -
1 1 1 r-,
- 1 ,,
1
V
1
1 1 1
102-C30-14"
;,
- - 1
1
1
1
- -
" V
1"
1 1 1 ..... 1 11
108-A15-10" 1 '-
1 1
- - -
BUILDING,
This allows coordinates for each pipe to be calculated Remember, space in the rack is limited. Overspacing
since each pipe support column is positioned using a must be avoided. Figure 11.3 provides two illustrations
coordina te. where additional line spacing may be required.
The interference occurring at Point 1 is a result of lin-
ear expansion. Lines 103 and 104 have similar spacing
in the rack Both pipes drop down in the rack then tum
PIPE FLEXIBILITY
west to rest on a support beam before they exit the pipe
rack and presumably attach to a piece of equipment.
A major concem when arranging pipe in a rack is the
Using the spacing dimension provided in the Line
amount of expansion and, to an extent, contraction that
Spacing Chart, 8" is required between the pipe's center-
occurs when a cold pipe is heated to its normal oper-
lines when they tum west, Assume additional calcula-
ating temperature. Because the dimensions provided
tions indicate line 103 is expanding 2" to the south and
in the line spacing chart do not account for expansion
line 104 is expanding 2" to the north. By adding one-
of a pipe during the start-up of a unit, consideration
half the OD of line 103 (21A'') and one-half the OD of
must be gíven to the amount of expansion a pipe will
line 104 (21A'') and the 2" of expansion for each pipe, for
undergo as its temperature begins to rise. Linear expan-
a total of 8W', (21A'' + 21A" + 2" +2" = 8W') it is obvious an
sion correlates to the direction of flow. In other words, a
interference, or clash, between lines 103 and 104 would
pipe will grow in the same direction as the commodity
occur. To avoid this interference, two altematives are
flows. If the expansion of a pipe will result in its inter-
feasible:
ference with an adjacent pipe, line spacing will have to
be increased. If the normal expansion of a pipe will not 1. Increase the spacíng between the two pipes if the
result in interference, line spacing will not be affected. ends of the pipe where they attach to the pieces of
30011 150/1
PIPE P1PE
SIZE 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 SIZE 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2
2 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 2 14 13 12 11 9 8 7 6 6
3 16 15 13 12 11 9 8 7 6 3 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 7
4 16 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 4 15 14 13 12 10 9 8
6 18 16 15 14 12 11 10 9 8 6 17 15 14 13 12 10
"""o 8 19 17 16 15 13 12 11 10 9 """o
l.{) 8 18 16 15 14 13
l.{)
,.... ,....
10 20 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 11 10 19 17 16 15
12 21 19 18 17 15 14 13 13 12 12 20 18 17
14 21 20 19 17 16 15 14 14 13 14 20 19
16 22 21 20 19 18 17 15 15 14 16 21
30011
PIPE
StZE 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2
2 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 6
3 16 15 13 12 11 9 8 7
4 16 15 14 12 11 10 9
6 18 16 15 14 12 11
"""oo 8 19 17 16 15 13
l'0
10 20 18 17 16
12 21 19 18
14 21 20
16 22
equipment allow it. If this is not possible, use the the linear expansion amount, l" in this case, to the west
next altemative. and add l" to the line spacing dimension, for a total
2. Cold spring lines 103 and 104 1". Cold spring is an adjustment of 2".
installation technique that requires the length of the
pipe that is expanding to be cut short by a distance
equal to one-half of the length of expansion. In this
case, 1" for each line.
PLANNING FOR HEAT EXPANSION
When trying to solve the interference problem occur-
ring at Point 2, a similar approach can be taken. Either Thermal expansion will have an effect on pipe,
add 2", the amount of linear expansion, to the line spac- pipe supports, and even on process commodities. Toe
íng dimension or cold spring (shorten) line 101 one-half amount of expansion caused by rising temperatures
1 t.{)
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z~
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e.o
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o.
z~
'o c::=--
.In .In
~. 2 ~. .
~z ~z
-~--- --+-P.S.
42-CW15-6"
E.
CQ~
175'-0"
_
COOLING WATER
27-C30-4"
107-A15-8"
178-IA 12-3" INSTRUMENT AIR
22-UA15-2" UTILITY AIR
33-C30-1 O"
,.,..,
N
N: No
1
·º
zo .L{)I ~ L{)
vil~
. z 01
o,
:z
e,
it~ :1-----'I~
--4-1-t·--- 102-C30-6"
\e=-•
1 11
can be quite significant on long runs of pipe, espe- grow toward one another resulting in the distortion of
cially those in a pipe rack. To absorb the expansion of the loop as shown in Figure 11.5.
pipe in a rack, pipe loops are often incorporated. Figure When multiple loops are placed at the same location, as
11.4 shows a pipe loop as a Ushaped routing of the line shown in Figure 11.4, adequate line spacing requires the
designed to contain the expansion of the pipe. Loops deflection of each loop be calculated to avoid interference.
are typically located near the rnidpoint of a long run of Lines resting on Tsupports must be designed care-
pipe. Expansion will cause the two ends of the pipe to fully as well. lf a line is positioned too clase to the end
...
..
107-C30-8"
)
106-A15-8"
)
,, -G) 105-A15-6"
\
\ ' .. 1,
1 '-•
• )
\
\
\
\
• 1
1
1 TREAT ONE PIPE AS HOT
\ 1 AND THE OTHER AS COLO
\ 1 WHEN CALCULATING UNE
' \
y
1
1
SPACING FOR TWO PIPES
EXPANOING IN THE SAME
X OIRECTION.
1 1
FIGURE 11.4 Pipe expansión loop. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical 1 1
Texas, /ne., Bayport, Texas. 1 1
''
Figure 11.7 assume lines 105 and 106 are both expanding
t"•
'
\ at the same rate and in the same direction. As they both
grow, adequate line spacing will be maintained. But
,, ........ _ __ ... . . what if line 106 was a cold line and did not grow at the
same rate as line 105? Expansion from line 105 would
cause interference with line 106. To avoid this, the line
FIGURE 11.5 Pipe loop distortion. spacing dimensions X and Y in Figure 11.7 must be cal-
culated to reflect the conditions of one line beíng hot and
the other cold. Calculations using the hot/ cold scenario
111 will guarantee adequate spacing at all times.
-. 108-C30-1 O"
I --•
'·{
•
\
• • PIPE ANCHORS
Expansion is not the only force that can alter the
\ alignment of a pipe. Vibration, commodity turbulence,
\-+--o-~ - ~~- - -+-+-t- and other extemal forces, such as wind, cause a pipe to
\ move. Often restriction of a pipe's movement becomes
\
\ necessary. To prevent movement or to control the direc-
\ tion of movement, pipe anchors are often used. Two
\ types of pipe anchors exist: fixed and directional. Fixed
\ anchors are used in locations where all movement of
\ PREVENT PUSHING A
\ a line must be prevented. Toe most common way to
PIPE OFF A SUPPORT,
\ anchor a pipe is to weld the pipe directly to a support
BY NOT ROUTING THE
\ or structural member. Structural angles, approximately
\ PIPE NEAR THE ENO
OF AN OPEN SUPPORT.
12" long, are laid parallel to the pipe where it crosses a
\
structural support and are then field weld (FW) to the
FIGURE 11.6 Pipe expansión on T-supports. pipe and structural support. See Figure 11.8. If the pipe
FW FW BOLTEO CLAMP
INSULATION
UNINSULATED PIPE 6" & LARGER
FIGURE 11.8 Pipe anchors.
FW FW
FW FW
FIGURE 11.11 Pipe shoe with guides.
exceed load allowances on mechanical equipment noz- level. As seen in Figure 11.15, sorne base supports
zles. To avoid ripping a nozzle off the top or side of a are "dummy" welded to the bottom surface of an
vertical vessel, pipe supports are used to keep the shear elbow to provide support. Also known as a "base ell
forces within acceptable limits. A pipe's síze, both diam- support," base supports can be "fixed," adjustable,
eter and length, wall thickness, pound rating, and insu- or spring loaded depending on their specific need.
lation thickness all contribute to the load on a nozzle. Figures 11.16 and 11.17 represent "fixed" and adjust-
Additionally, movement in the form of vibration, wind, able base supports. Typically identified on a draw-
and thermal expansion contribute to nozzle stresses íng as no more than a note, such as FS-1 or FS-2, base
--
~
N
ALLOWABLE PIPE SPANS
USING CARBON STEEL (ASTM 106-Gr. B) PIPE FILLED WITH WATER
~
[
"' <:r 200'F ANO UNDER-LIMITING STRESS = 7600 PSI (UNINSULA.TED) 201'F TO 599'F-LIMITING STRESS = 6175 PSI (INSUlATEO)
io
.""
.¡;· , . .
.g> w
N
w
...J 'é é' 'é é'
"'
:, vi :::>
o
' '
w RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
~
...,.. w I
o.. ü ~
a:: (/)
SPAN DEFL. SPAN DEFL. ~ SPAN DEFL. SPAN DEFL. ~
65% OF MAX 75% OF MAX 65% OF MAX 75% OF MAX
""ca
111
2" 40 22'-6" 1 .. 26'-3" 11~ 16.. 17'-2" 19'-8" 18'-6" 34" 18'-9" 34" 12'-2" 14'-o"
o
s' 3" 40 27'-6" 1 .. 32'-o" 1 Ya" 20'-9" 24'-o" 23'-6" 34" 24'-6" 7/s" 16'-o" 18'-4" ~
"'ro
21
~ 4" 40 30'-9" 1 .. 35'-3" 1 %" 22·-11" 26'-6" 26'-6" 34" 28'-o" 1~"
16 18'-2" 21 '-0"
Vl
e.,,
~
o 6" 40 36'-9" 1 .. 41'-3" 1 %" 26'-10" 31 '-0" 32'-0" 34" 33'-3" 1~"16 21 '-7" 25'-0" i
IB
46'-o" 1 o/,16.. 34"
C)
z 8" 40 41'-6" 1 .. 30'-o" 34'-6" 36'-o" 37'-6" 17< ..
16 24'-5" 28'-0"
12" STD 49'-0" 1 .. 53'-0" 11a" 34'-6" 39'-9" 43'-6" 34" 44'-3" 17< ..
16 28'-9" 33'-3"
14" 30 50'-9" 1 .. 54'-6" 1 o/,16.. 35'-6" 41 '-o" 45'-6" 34" 45'-9" 34" 29'-9" 34'-3"
16" 30 53'-3" 1 .. 56'-0" 1 \" 36'-3" 42'-0" 45'-6" 5/s" 4 7'-3" 34" 30'-8" 35'-6"
20" 20 53'-9" 34" 58'-9'' 1 16 X" 38'-3" 44'-o" 4 7'-6" ~" 50'-o" sis" 32'-6" 37'-6"
250 11. STANDARD PIPJNG DETAJLS
1·-0·
MIN. l:====::!::t::!:~6:...."
t-MIN.--r=-:
SUPPORT
--
SPECIALLY DESIGNEO SUPPORTS
ARE REOUIRED WHEN THIS
CUIDE ELEVATION DISTANCE EXCEEOS 1 '-8".
OETERMINEO FROM
TYPE SPECIFlEO
ON ORAWINC. CLIENT DETERMINES IF
THESE OROPS ARE
ELBOWS OR SENOS.
1·-0·
MIN.
1·-0·
MIN. 1'-0"
MIN.
STEM NOMINAL
STEM SIZE
PIPE SIZE
THREADED FLAT
FACE FLANGE 2" & BELOW 1" PIPE
spanníng this distance poses no problem. Smaller- (see Figure 11.26). Pick-ups can span up to 10' --0" and
diameter pipes, however, do not have the strength carry a load of 1,200 pounds.
necessary to span this distance and will sag between The various guides, supports, and anchors discussed
supports. These sags or pockets can become so severe in this chapter play a significant role in the overall
that they can prevent commodity flow. Pickups are design of a píping facility. Each one requires special anal-
designed to use the larger pipes to support the smaller ysis and calculations to be properly installed. Most com-
pipes. Using a length of steel angle attached to the panies have strict guidelines governing the use of these
larger-diameter pipe with U-bolts allows the small- items. Only designers with years of experience should
diameter pipes to be supported at their weakest point make decisions on when and where to use these devices.
BOLT WITH
HEX NUTS
* ~,, CONTINUOUS
DUMMY WELD FIELD FAB
BRACKET f-
I
C)
w
I
w
STEM _J
OJ
THREADED FLAT <(
FACE FLANGE f-
(J)
~
USE 4" MIN. PAD IN
~
UNPAVED AREAS.
o
PAD NOT REQUIRED
IN PAVED AREAS.
** <(
NOMINAL BRACKET
STEM SIZE BOLT SIZE
PIPE SIZE SIZE
2" & BELOW 1" PIPE ~,, X 1 o" 2" X 2" X Y4"
3" & 4" 2" PIPE 1 Ys" X 12" 3" X 3" X ~16"
ffl=¡ --r• [ [
1
1 1 1 :J
6 [8.2 (TYP)
1 /.»
18 ~ WEEP
HOLE TYP.
CLEVIS
FW ,,...._
,....... (SEE NOTE N
z- N z
- w
w 1-
2 .....
o 2 o
z z
:
:: w X w
X w w
:: .....,
(/) (/)
<:»
CLEVIS
CLAMP
HR-1 HANGER DATA
HR-3 HANGER DATA
MAX.
CLEVIS PIPE "X" ALLOWABLE MAX.
CLAMP PIPE HXU ALLOWABLE
SIZE SIZE DIM. HANGER
LOAD #(lbs) SIZE SIZE OIM. HANGER
LOAD #(lbs)
2 11/2'& 2" 91/i 250
2 2" 1 ·-10" 610
3 3" 101/i' 350
3 3" 1·-101/i' 1130
4 4" 111/i' 400
4 4" 1 '-11" 1130
6 6" 1 '-21/i' 1940
6 6" 2'-2" 2555
8 8" 1 '-5" 2000
8 8" 2'-4" 2555
10 1 o" 1 '-61/i' 3600
10 10" 2'-5" 2890
12 12" 1 '-8" 3770 12 1 2" 2'-6" 2890
14 14" 1 ·-1 o 1/i' 4200 14 14" 2'-81/i' 3835
16 16" 2'-0" 4600 16 16" 2'-91/i' 3835
18 18" 2'-2" 4800 18 18" 2'-101/i' 3835
NORMALLY USED ON UNINSULATED PIPE. NORMALLY USED ON INSULATED PIPE TO 750'.
NOTES: NOTES:
1. LOADS EXCEEDING 5001bs. AT ATIACHMENT 1. LOADS EXCEEDING 5001bs. AT ATIACHMENT
SURFACE SHALL BE SUBMITIED FOR APPROVAL. SURFACE SHALL BE SUBMITIED FOR APPROVAL.
2. WHERE EXPANSION CAUSES HORIZONTAL 2. WHERE EXPANSION CAUSES HORIZONTAL
MOVEMENT, "X" DIMENSION MUST BE CALCULATED. MOVEMENT, ''X'' DIMENSION MUST BE CALCULATED.
FW FW
__ .....___....,-
12
Piping Systems
Within every piping facility, there are specific pip- cooling water. To maintain its effectiveness, the cool-
íng systems that perform specialized functions. These íng water is piped to a cooling tower where the heated
systems vary in their importance to the overall opera- water is aerated to reduce its heat gain. After the heat
tion of the facility and can range from vital to periph- has been removed from the cooling water, the chilled
eral. These systems can be complex in design or simple water travels back to the exchanger and repeats the
in function. The systems described in this chapter are process.
examples of those commonly found in many pipíng
facilities. Boiler Water
Boiler water is the piping system that delivers feed
water to all steam-generating equipment in a facil-
PLANT UTILITIES ity. Steam is generated by boilers, heaters, and even
nuclear reactors, and is used in a wide variety of piping
Every piping facility is designed for a definite pur- facilities.
pose. Most commonly the purpose is to produce a prod-
uct that can be sold for profit. To achieve the intended Emergency Water
purpose of the facility, certain components are incor- Designed specifically for worker safety, emergency
porated into its design. Plant utilities are among these. water systems include eye wash and emergency shower
By design, they are not the profít-producíng products. stations. Emergency shower stations are provided in all
However, plant utilities provide services that are essen- areas where maintenance and operational personnel are
tial to the efficient operation of the facility. Utilities subject to hazardous leaks or spills. Eye wash stations
include systems such as water, steam, condensate, fuel are also provided for situations where physical injury
oil and gas, fiares, and air. Each utility is shown on the may be caused by chemical sprays or hazardous fumes.
píping arrangement drawíng and is designed according
to their specific duty, independent of process piping.
Steam and Condensate
Steam has a number of uses in various piping facili-
Water Systems ties. Made by on-site equipment, steam is relatively
Often overlooked, water systems play an important inexpensive. Many utility companies use steam as
part in a piping facility's successful operation. Water their source for powering huge generators to produce
systems can include cooling water, boiler water, plant electricity. Multistoried buildings use steam to heat
water, utility water, and emergency water. a building's occupied areas during winter months.
Cargo ships once used steam as their primary source
Cooling Water of power. In petrochemical facilities, steam is used to
Cooling water flows through a closed piping system power the steam turbines used as drivers on pumps
that circulates water through various pieces of equip- and compressors.
ment. Exchangers and condensers require chilled water Superheated steam is steam that is heated to a tem-
to reduce the temperature of the process commodity. perature that is above the saturation temperature for
As water circulates through the shell of an exchanger, its designed pressure. In petrochemícal facilities, super-
heat is transferred from the process commodity to the heated steam is also used as stripping steam. Stripping
Fiare Systems FIGURE 12.1 Fiare stack. Courtesy of Nisseki Chemical Texas, !ne.,
Toe most noticeable piece of equipment in use, Bayport, Texas.
especially after dark, is the fiare where waste gases
and vapors are burned. Fiare systems collect gases cre-
ated during start-ups and those released from pres- Instrument air
sure safety valves and route them to the fiare stack to lnstrument air is also a compressed air system,
be burned. Flare stacks are typically located upwind but with a much different task. lnstrument air is used
of process units and are placed a minimum distance of to operate all pneumatic monitoring and controlling
200' from the closest piece of process equipment, stor- instruments in the piping facility. Pneumatic instru-
age tanks, or cooling towers. Figure 12.1 depicts a typi- ments such as control valves, recorders, and indica-
cal fiare stack. tors require an urtinterrupted feed of air to provide
continua! monitoring and operational control. Routed
Air Systems through small-bore pipe and tubing, the compressed
air in an instrument air system has been dried and puri-
Another plant utility that is essential to the operation fied to remove all moisture and any airborne particles
of the facility is its air system. There are two types of air to prevent damage to the instruments.
systerns: utility air and instrument air.
clearance purposes, handwheels of the block valves are aisleways, roadways, and exchanger tube-pulling zones
oriented with an offset angle, the angle of offset must be Figure 12.5.
shown on the arrangement drawing.
Control valve manifolds can have various configura-
tions depending on the placement of the block valves. UTILITY STATIONS
Care must be taken to orient the handwheels away
from the equipment and other obstructions. When Organization is essential to quality design.
larger pipe sizes are used, valve handwheel lengths can Organizing a piping facility with maintenance in mind
become quite long. Avoid orienting handwheels into is crucial to efficient plant operation. Small independent
maintenance centers called utility stations are located
throughout a piping facility. Utility stations provide
maintenance and operational personnel with central-
ized locations to find water, air, steam, and occasionally
nitrogen. Utility stations are placed throughout a facíl-
4'-3 1/8" ity in such a manner to allow a utility hose 50'-0" long
to cover designated areas. A typical utility station is
shown in Figure 12.6.
co co Water and steam are typically found only at utility
stations located at grade level. These utilities are nec-
essary for equipment that must be washed or steamed
clean. Utility air is a service required at all stations in
areas where pneumatic power tools are used. Manways
+
11, are located at the hígher elevations of vertical vessels.
Utility stations must be positioned so utility hoses can
easily reach them. Nitrogen may be required in specific
areas where instrument lines must be purged during
times of maintenance or repaír,
FIGURE 12.4 Control valve manifold on piping arrangement Figure 12.7 represents a typical utility station as it
drawing. may appear on a piping arrangement drawing and
6"
4"
6"x4"
RED. TEE
RED. TYP.
FIGURE 12.5 Control valve manifold, alternate configuratíon.
METERRUNS
.
1
,'ir
INSTRUMENT AIR 23-IA12-2" 11
(
l
PLANT AIR 24-PA12-2" ¡¡: 1
UTILITY STATION
No. 1
FIGURE 12. 7 Utility station on piping arrangement drawing.
'o
'o 1
l ;,..
i.n
ORIFICE FLANGES
ORIFICE PLATE
FLANGE TAPS
FIGURE 12.11 lnstalled orífice plate.
allow comrnodity to pass through. This hole is approxí- before, or upstream of, the orífice plate and the length of
mately 75% of the cliameter of the pipe. Toe size of the the section of pipe after, or doumstream of, the plate is
hole in the orífice plate, relative to the size of the pipe, is precisely calculated. These upstream and downstream
known as the beta factor. Depending on the application, measurements are established by using precise lengths
numerous beta factors can be used. However, 0.75 is the of pipe that are based on the diameter of the pipe being
one most comrnonly used in meter run calculations. By used. Additional factors also affect how these lengths
attaching monitoring equipment to the valve taps, the are calculated. For example, a different beta factor can
rate of flow of the commodity can be measured as flow be used or a multiplane pipe configuration before the
travels along the pipe and through the orífice plate. orífice plate may be required. However, a general rule-
To receive the most accurate reading possible, tur- of-thumb formula of 30 pipe diameters upstream and 6
bulence within the pipe must be kept to a minimum. pipe diameters downstream provides adequate distance
Flow turbulence is created by obstructions in the con- to create smooth flow in the meter run. A graphical rep-
figuration from items such as fittings and valves. A resentation of the values used to calculate these lengths
smooth, consistent flow is created by providing a suf- is shown in Figure 12.12.
ficient amount of straight pipe before and after the To calculate the lengths shown in Figure 12.12, simply
orífice flanges. Therefore, the length of the run of pipe multiply the upstream and downstream diameters times
the nominal pipe size. Toe following is an example to and residue from compressors, pumps, and other
calculate the upstream and downstream pipe lengths for equipment. Each commodity requires special treat-
a meter run installed in a 6 pipe configuration.
11 ment and therefore must be routed to different treat-
ment facilities. Because they are gravity flow, these
Upstreamdistance=30(diameters)x6' = 180' = 15'·0'
systems are generally fabricated using no pipe smaller
Downstreamdistance= 6(diameters)x6' = 36' = 3'-0" than 4" in diameter.
EXERCISE 12.1
CALCULATIONS
(])
13
Piping Isometrics
TOP VIEW
r-WIDTH
HEIGHT
._____A_l A
FRONT VIEW R. SIDE VIEW
FIGURE 13.1 Orthographic views. FIGURE 13.2 Isometric view.
'
N cise cut-lengths and weld symbols, which are not typi-
cally shown on isos. After configurations are fabricated,
X-rayed, painted, and shipped to the construction site,
TP4 isometric drawings serve as an aid to the construction
and erection of the facility by providing workers with the
locations of tie-ins, connections, and routings.
Most engíneering and construction companies develop
a piping isometric of every pipíng configuration to be
installed in the facility.Piping isometrics are typically ere-
ated single-line regardless of the pipe's nominal size. Each
pipe line is drawn or plotted individually on a sheet of
paper with its tabulated BOM. Pipe isometrics are also
drawn as a schematic, which means they are not drawn to
scale. One common isometric symbol for fittings, flanges,
and valves will represent ali sizes of pipe. No attempt is
made to represent a pipe's actual síze or pound rating
SOUTH EAST graphically. This information is conveyed through the
ELEVATION ELEVATION use of callouts and notes, particularly the line number,
FIGURE 13.3 Piping orthographic views. placed on the drawing. Although piping isometrics are
not drawn to scale, drafters should make every effort to
;t("
draw them proportionally. Drawing an iso proportionally
simply means one should draw a 10'..(J' run of pipe twice
as long as a 5' ..(J' length of pipe, when possible.
S DN E To be successful in drawing isometrics, the pipe
drafter must be able to interpret the information con-
veyed by the drawing symbols of fittings, flanges, or
valves represented on piping arrangement, section, and
elevation drawings and transfer that information to the
isometric. Note in Figures 13.3 and 13.4 that the elbow
symbols differ in the orthographic and isometric views.
Piping symbols used on plan, section, or elevation draw-
ings dictate whether a pipe turns left, right, up, or down.
When the pipe represented on an orthographic drawing
makes a change in direction, that change must also be
reflected on the isometric drawing. The point at which
the pipe changes direction can be referred to as the tum-
ing point (TP). To correctly draw the isometric represen-
tation of a pipe shown on a plan, section, or elevation
view, the pipe drafter must be knowledgeable in the use
of piping symbols used in orthographic views and the
corresponding symbols used on isometric views.
To make pípíng isometrics look standardized, com-
panies that hand-draw isometrics use drawing paper
that has preprinted isometric grid lines that are used
as a drawing aid to establish uniform sizes for fitting,
FIGURE 13.4 Pipíng isometric view. flange, and valve symbols. Remember pípíng isometrics
are not drawn to any particular scale. No matter what
size or pound rating the fittings are, they are all drawn
items can be made. The tabulated results are referred to the same size. Figure 13.S shows the size and shape of
as the Bill of Materials, or BOM. lsometrics also serve as manually drawn isometric symbols for fittings, flanges,
fabrication drawings. Once drawn and properly dimen- and valves relative to the isometric grid. These symbols
sioned, isometrics are provided to fabricators who build are typical of industry applications and should be used
each piping configuration. Fabricators will use the as a guide when drawing piping isometrics.
NOZZLES
VALVES
45'
GATE
TEES
STRAIGHT
REDUCING CHECK
REOUCERS
CONTROL
CONCENTRIC
PRESSURE
SAFETY
VALVE
ECCENTRIC
FIELD
SUPPORT
WELD
CAP
DUMMY
SUPPORT
1. 2.
DRAFTING SETIINGS:
ISO GRID = . 125"
·~111
SNAP = .0625"
~
3. 4.
:~
. . . . · . BASE PT.
CREATE BLOCK:
ROTATE OBJECT -30" ABOUT BASE PT. BLOCK NAME = GATEVALVE
lsometríc symbols drawn with AutoCAD can be by transferring distance and direction from the ortho-
developed so that a single orientation of the symbol can graphic view. Similarly, on piping isometrics, estab-
be used in any of the isometric axes. lsometric symbols lishing a point of reference is imperative. Although
can be drawn, rotated, and BLOCKed for repeated use the A can be seen in Figures 13.3 and 13.4, it is not an
in any drawing at any isometric angle. Initially symbols adequate point of reference. Toe complexity of pípíng
for fittings, flanges, or valves are drawn on the north/ configurations requires a more descriptive "point of
south isometric axis, but befare they can be used in the reference" be used to establish orientation between the
other isometric axes, they must be rotated -30º about orthographic and isometric views. In the piping dis-
a Base Point placed on the center of the symbol. Use the cipline a north arrow is used as a "point of reference."
step-by-step procedures provided below and illustrated Accurate isometric layout is based on the correlation
in Figure 13.6 to create isometric pípíng symbols using of the orientation of the north arrow on the Piping
AutoCAD commands. Arrangement drawing and the north arrow on the pip-
Figure 13.7a,b show the size of the symbols relative ing isometric. Figure 13.8 illustrates the representation
to the isometric grid in AutoCAD. Companies that use of the north arrow on the arrangement drawing and the
3D plant modeling software use the software's feature north arrow on the isometric.
that automatically generates isometrics of the modeled Knowing that the Píping Arrangement drawing is a
pipes. Isos generated by modeling programs are fully plan, or top, view drawing, a pipe can be determined
dimensioned, including notes and callouts, and have a to be turning north, south, east, or west when oriented
completed BOM. lt is common however that revisions relative to the drawing's North Arrow. So, if a pipe that
be made to those isos to reflect client design require- has been traveling north turns down and then east on
ments and drawing enhancements. the arrangement drawing, it should also be shown to
travel north, turn down, and then east on the isometric
drawing. Figure 13.9 illustrates the correlation between
ISOMETRIC ORIENTATION pipe components shown in a Plan View and those same
items in an isometric view. As you may notice, items
Note in Figures 13.1 and 13.2 how the height, width, that can be difficult to visualize on the Plan View draw-
and depth dimensions of the L-shaped object in the ing become much more evident on the isometric.
orthographic views are oriented on the isometric view Most companies prefer to draw piping isometrics
with A as a point of reference. By using a point of ref- with the north arrow pointíng up and to the right, An
erence, proper orientation of the isometric can occur alternate position is to draw the North Arrow pointing
ELBOWS
90-LR
90-SR
45·
TEES
REDUCERS
CONCENTRIC
ECCENTRIC
WELD
CAP
(b)
DRAW AS SHOWN BELOW CAD ROTATE -30º ABOUT
GRID IS .25 ISO-GRID INSERTION BASE POINT
BASE POINT INOICATED AS ( ) SYMBOLS BEFORE MAKING WBLOCKS
FLOW
ARROWS
NOZZLES
FLAN GES
VAL VES
GATE
GLOSE
CHECK
CONTROL
PRESSURE
SAFETY
VALVE
FIELD
SUPPORT
DUMMY
SUPPORT
N~J~E
w~s
DN
.
FIGURE 13.8 Orthographic and isometric north arrows .
01-2-C30-10"-IH
10·-a·
01-V-101
W.26'-0"
PLAN
-+
1
01-V-101
01-E-101 01-E-101
---<rl---------
EL.106' -0\" EL 1 os· -o\ .
-IH
................,.._....._, ..,_,.__._ ~ -~0""-1-2=f30-10"
EL.102'-3"
100·-o·
After the north run, an elbow turns west and line found on arrangement drawings. However, it is not
01-2-C30-10"-IHtravels below reboiler E-101. Note the unusual for sorne companies and CAD software and
elbow is also shown turning west on the iso. When the 3D modeling packages to draw elbow symbols with
pipe aligns with the centerline of E-101, another elbow round corners. Note also the equipment nozzles are
tums the line up and into nozzle C. lsometric drawing drawn double-line on isos, to distínguish them from
symbols for 90° and 45° elbows are typically shown flanges and valves. Other important details about line
with square comers, as opposed to the round comers 01-2-C30-10''-IH that must be represented on the iso are
shown in Figure 13.12. They indude intersecting coor-
dinates for the center of the equipment, nozzle eleva-
tion, nozzle number, nozzle projection, and the name/
number of the piece of mechanical equipment. In addi-
tion to ali the information shown, if a nozzle on one end
of the configuration happens to be of a different size
and pound rating than the rest of the pipe its mating
flange is considered to be ouiofspec,and that informa-
tion must also be shown on the isometric, near that par-
ticular nozzle.
Toe alignment and orientation of written informa-
tion (name, coordinates, elevation) about a vessel and/
or nozzle on an isometric are sometimes confusing. Toe
four labeling examples in Figure 13.13 indicate that
callouts for North and South centerline coordinates are
actually written on centerlines running in the east/west
direction, while East and West centerline coordinates
are labeled on centerlines that run in the north/south
direction. To better understand this concept, remem-
ber that coordinates measure the distance an object is
from the 0'-011, 0'-011 origin, So, if a vessel is 30'-011 east
of the 0,0 origin it must have a centerline coordinate
índícatíng its geographic direction and lineal distance.
However, proper piping isometric labeling techniques
require that it be written along the north/ south axis
so that it can be read properly. Toe E. 30'0" coordinate
FIGURE 13.12 Line 01-2-C30-10"-IH with dimensions and indicates a 30'-011 distance in the east direction, although
callouts.
it's written along the north/south axis. As a reminder, drawing with AutoCAD. To achieve the proper obliqu
all mechanical equipment, structural colurnns, founda- ing and rotation angles required on CAD generated iso-
tions, etc. require two intersecting centerline coordí- metrics, create the text styles outlined in the following
nates to locate their exact position. procedures and demonstrated in Figure 13.16.
ISOMETRIC 0/MENSIONS
ANO TEXT CALLOUTS
NOTE:
AS TEXT IS PLACED IN VARIOUS POSITIONS
ON THE ISOMETRIC, ADJUST THE ROTATION ANGLE
AS INDICATED IN THE FIGURE TO THE LEFT TO
CORRESPOND TO THE DESIRED TEXT ORIENTATION.
elbows must always be labeled on an iso for material horizontal offsets are created. As with example C, two
takeoff purposes. 45° elbows are used, but rather than turning the elbows
Figure 13.17 represents only three of the many offsets upward, they are laid on their side, thus remaining in a
that can be created using 90º and 45º elbows. Example horizontal plane. There is no change in elevation.
A of Figure 13.17 begins with a line traveling north. A
90º elbow is rolled downward and toward the east at a
Dimensioning Offsets
45° angle, then another 45° elbow is required to return
the angular offset back into a due easterly direction. With isometric offsets changing a pipe's routing
This example is labeled as a vertical offset because from one plane to another or from one geographic
a change in elevation occurs when the 90º elbow is direction to another, coordinates and elevations no Ion-
turned downward. Example C is also a vertical offset, ger provide all the dimensions necessary to describe
but note there is no change in the geographic direc- a pipe's total length. However, the use of 90º and
tion the pipe travels. Here, two 45° elbows are used to 45° elbows to form the offsets results in a problem that
angle the pipe upward while continuing in a northerly can be easily solved with simple mathematical for-
direction. Both elbows are 45º, thus the inclusion of mulas. Toe 90º and 45° elbows form right triangles.
the abbreviation TYP, meaning "typical" is added to By usíng the Pythagorean theorem which states that
the "45° ELL" callout. Example B demonstrates how the sum of the squares of the two sides is equal to the
A B e
FIGURE 13.17 Isometric offsets.
C=V A2 +82 Elbows are not the only piping components installed
in angular positions. Because of the arangement and ori-
entation of trays inside a vessel, and obstructions such as
A
B=V c2-A2 with painstaking accuracy. As a result, nozzles oriented
at angles of 10º, 20º, 35º, etc., are not uncommon. When
offset or rolled elbows are added, complex math prob-
FIGURE 13.18 Pythagorean theorem formulas.
lems often result. Multi-angle configurations, such as
the one in Figure 13.21, require additional calculations to
determine dimensions for each of its lengths.
square of the triangle's h~otenuse, this problem can be We have already seen how unknown lengths can be
solved. Simply stated, A + B2 = C2• Figure 13.18 iden- solved using right-tríangle formulas. The key to solv-
tifies the sides and angles of a ríght triangle and their íng the unknown length dimension in Figure 13.21 is
resulting solution formulas. the incorporation of right triangles. Remember, draw-
These formulas can be used to solve the length of ing space is limited. Excessive notes, callouts, and
an unknown side when the other two sides are known. dimensions are not practica! on Piping Arrangement
They work no matter the degree value of angle X. drawings. As with traditional isometric dimensions,
Sorne angles seem to be used repeatedly in pipe draft- right-triangle dimensions are aligned so their lengths
ing. The chart in Figure 13.19 can signíficantly reduce establish center-to-center measurements, that is, center-
the amount of time spent calculatíng unknown sides of of-vessel, to center-of-elbow, to center-of-vessel. So, the
right triangles. Use the appropriate decimal value when length of the unknown dimension can only be solved
X is one of the provided angles. by using the limited information available in Figure
As mentioned previously, 90º elbows can be rolled 13.21. Figure 13.22 demonstrates the way to position
to form any degree of angular offset. To fabricate three right triangles to solve for the "unknown" dimen-
such a roll, a pipe fitter should be provided with the sion, marked as "?" in Figure 13.21.
lengths of the three sides of the triangle and the degree Numbering the triangles will aid in the discussion
value of angle X. Solving for an unknown value of X that follows concerning the solution to the lengths of
requires sorne additional trigonometric formulas. Use the sides of each triangle. The "unknown" dimension,
the formulas provided in Figure 13.20 to solve for the "?," is equivalent to the hypotenuse of triangle 3. Begin
unknown value of angle X. Notice that, relative to X, by determining the known values for each of the tri-
side A is identified as the Side Adjacent (SA), side B is angles from the information provided in Figure 13.21.
identified as the Side Opposite (SO), and side C is iden- Figure 13.23 shows the known values of triangles 1, 2,
tified as the Hypotenuse (HYP). and 3 placed in their appropriate locations.
RIGHT TRIANGLE
~B MULTIPLICATION
A FACTORS
TO WHEN MULTI- WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN
FINO YOU PLY 'x' IS 'x' IS 'x' IS 'x' IS 'x' IS
SIDE
KNOW
SIDE SIDE 1 5º 30º 45º 60º 75º
e A Ax 1.0353 1.154 7 1.4142 2.0000 3.8637
e B Bx 3.8637 2.0000 1.4142 1.154 7 1.0353
A B Bx 3.7320 1.7320 1.0000 .5773 .2680
A e Cx .9659 .8660 .7071 .5000 .2588
B A Ax .2680 .5773 1.0000 1.7320 3.7320
B e Cx .2588 .5000 .7071 .8660 .9659
FIGURE 13.19 Decimal equivalents of common angles.
.e".
~
~
B = SIDE OPPOSITE
C ~O)
A= SIDE(SA)ADJACENT
SIN X= SO SA TAN X= SO SA
HYP eOS X= HYP SA eOT X= SO
® 14"-150# RFWN
N
N
:: tD
::
<s:
r---
co
..----
..---- /
t
~
r---
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'tj-
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<..O
2'-6"
7/ " PLAN
2'-4115
31 "
1'-6 115
7/ "
4'-10 115
FIGURE 13.24 Solutions for triangles 1, 2, and 3.
Rolling Offsets
Toe cuhnination of multiple isometric offsets is the roll-
ing offset. Toe rolling offset is a compound offset formed
by replacing the two 90º elbows, as shown in Figure 13.21,
with two 45° elbows. Toe result is an offset that changes
elevation and direction simultaneously. Figure 13.25
shows the plan and elevation views of a rolling offset.
Because of its complexity, adequate dímensions
cannot be placed on the orthographic views that fully
describe the rollíng offset. An ísometríc is the best place ELEVATION
for representing and dímensíoning the rolling offset, FIGURE 13.25 Plan and Elevation views of a rolling offset.
because a simple horizontal or vertical triangle with
three dímensions is not adequate enough to fabricate a
rolling offset. Incorporating the horizontal and vertical plan and elevation views of the rolling offset shown in
triangles into an ísometric box is the only way to pro- Figure 13.27. In the plan View, a box has been drawn
vide all the necessary dímensions and angles needed by through the centers of the two 45º elbows that form the
welders to fabricate a rolling offset. Figure 13.26 shows rolling offset. Its comers have been labeled northeast
construction of the rolling offset box and its accompa- (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest
nying dimensíons and angles. (NW). Toe notes in the elevation view identify upper
Combining elevational and directional changes com- and lower planes which represent the change in eleva-
pounds the difficulty in representing the rolling off- tion. Remember the Plan view shows north, south, east,
set on an isometric drawing. Visualizing dírectional west orientations, and the Elevation view depicts verti-
changes in the plan and elevation views simultaneously cal changes in elevation.
requires practice and patience. To aid in this visualiza- Toe Plan view in Figure 13.27 shows that the pipe
tion process, sorne helpful notes have been added to the enters the box from the southwest comer and travels
t
N
•
PLAN VIEW
~UPPER PLANE
LOWER~
FIGURE 13.26 Rolling offset box.
SOUTH ELEVATION
FIGURE 13.2 7 Visualization aids for rollíng offsets.
;t(N
across to the northeast comer where it ends with a
flange. Looking at the South Elevation, we can see the
pipe begínníng on the upper plane and droppíng down
to the lower plane. By combíníng the information from
these two views, we know that the pipe begíns in the
upper southwest comer and travels down to the lower
northeast comer. The resulting isometric representation S DN E
is shown in Figure 13.28.
offset box. Figure 13.30 shows the two examples of how the vertical directíon, Example A, a 45° angle is formed
a pipe may enter and exit the rolling offset box. These between the TRAVEL anda dashed line drawn diago-
two examples will help us determine what the pipe is nally across the lower plane of the box (hypotenuse of
45º to. triangle 3). However, when a pipe enters and exits the
Note in example A, the pipe enters and exits the roll- rolling offset box in the horizontal direction, Example
ing offset box in the vertical plane. Example B shows B, a 45° angle is formed between the TRAVEL and the
the pipe entering and exiting the box in the horizontal RUN of the box. Depending on the type, vertical or hor-
plane. These two methods of entering and exiting the izontal, two different 45º right triangles will be formed.
rolling offset box will be used to determine what the Toe TRAVEL of the pipe becomes the hypotenuse for
TRAVEL is 45° to. When a pipe enters and exits in either triangle. Recall that when solving a ríght triangle
whose angle is 45°, the SA and SO will always be equal.
Therefore, in Example A, the length of the dashed line
is equal to the RISE of the box, and in Example B, the
dashed line drawn diagonally across the west end of
the rolling offset box is equal to the RUN of the box.
See Figure 13.31 for a shaded representation of the
right triangles formed in Examples A and B. Once the
SA and SO lengths of the 45º right triangle are known,
the Pythagorean theorem can be used to easily solve
the TRAVEL dimension of the pipe. Since 45° is a com-
monly used angle, Figure 13.19 can be used to make the
solution even simpler.
Toe chart in Figure 13.32 converts inches and fractions
of an inch into decimals. Multiplication and division of
fractions are simplified using decimal equivalents. This
chart is extremely helpful when performing mathemati-
cal calculations on a calculator that is limíted to decimal
input only. To use the chart in Figure 13.32, follow the
column below the "inch" value down until it is adjacent
to the "fraction" value row. Toe number at this intersec-
SA tion is the decimal equivalent of the mixed inch and frac-
tion value, For example, to determine the decimal value
of 8 5/8", follow the column below 8 down until it is
11
A
FIGURE 13.30 Vertical and horizontal pipe entering and exiting the rolling offset box.
A
FIGURE 13.31 Right triangles created with TRAVEL length as hypotenuse.
FR NS
DECIMALS OF A FOOT DECIMALS
,.el
"e OF AN
1,
ON
·~ O" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11 " 12" t INCH
.0000 .0833 .1667 .2500 .3333 .4176 .5000 .5833 .6667 .7500 .8333 .9167 ----
1/16" .0052 .0085 .1719 .2552 .3385 .4219 .5052 .5885 .6719 .7552 .8385 .9219 1/16" .0625
1/8" .0104 .0937 .1771 .2604 .3437 .4271 .5104 .5937 .6771 .7604 .8437 .9271 1/8" .1250
3/16" .0156 .0990 .1823 .2656 .3490 .4323 .5156 .5990 .6823 .7656 .8490 .9323 3/16" .1875
1/4" .0208 .1042 .1875 .2708 .3542 .4375 .5208 .6042 .6875 .7708 .8542 .9375 1/4" .2500
5/16" .0260 .1093 .1927 .2760 .3594 .4427 .5260 .6094 .6927 .7760 .8594 .9427 5/16" .3125
3/8" .0312 .1146 .1979 .2812 .3646 .4479 .5312 .6146 .6979 .7812 .8646 .9479 3/8" .3750
7/16" .0365 .1198 .2031 .2865 .3698 .4531 .5365 .6198 .7031 .7865 .8698 .9531 7 /16" .4-375
1/2" .0417 .1250 .2083 .291i .3750 .4583 .5417 .6250 .7083 .7917 .8750 .9583 1/2" .5000
9/16" .0468 .1302 .2135 .2969 .3802 .4635 .5469 .6302 .7135 .7969 .8802 .9635 9/16" .5625
5/8" .0521 .1354 .2187 .3021 .3854 .4687 .5521 .6354 .7187 .8021 .8854 .9687 5/8" .6250
11/16" .0573 .1406 .2240 .3073 .3906 .4740 .5573 .6406 .7240 .8073 .8906 .9740 11/16" .6875
3/4" .0625 .1458 .2292 .3125 .3958 .4792 .5625 .6458 .7292 .8125 .8958 .9792 3/4" .7500
13/16" .0677 .1510 .2344 .3177 .4010 .4844 .5677 .6510 .7344 .8177 .9010 .9844 13/16" .8125
7/8" .0729 .1562 .2396 .3239 .4062 .4896 .5729 .6564 .7396 .8229 .9062 .9896 7/8" .8750
15/16" .0781 .1615 .2448 .3281 .4115 .4948 .5781 .6615 .7448 .8281 .9115 .9948 15/16" .9375
Toe number at this intersection is 0.7187. Therefore, how to convert inches to decimals and vice-versa when
0.7187 is the decimal equivalent of 8 5/8". Figure 13.32 is not available.
Two appendices at the end of the book provide solu- If a decimal number needs to be converted into
tion examples of the mathematical calculations Figure inches, use the chart in Figure 13.32 in reverse. Simply
13.32 employs. Use these to have an understanding of locate the decimal number and then follow the
If the decimal value you are trying to convert does not specifications of most of the projects that require dimen-
match a number in the chart precisely, find the decimal sions to be given to the nearest 1/16 of an inch.
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW QUIZ 10. What are placed on isometrics to define the pipe's
exact routing through a facility?
1. What is an isometric?
11. How are isometric offsets formed?
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EXERCISE 13-5
294 13. P!P!NG ISOMETR!CS
Draw an isometric for the following exercise. Show all necessary dimensions, coordinates, equipment callouts,
line numbers, and related information. North Arrow direction on the isometric will be up and to the right,
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Draw an isometric for the following exercise. Show all necessary dimensions, coordinates, equipmentcallouts,
line numbers, and related information.North Arrow direction on the isometric will be up and to the right,
CX)
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CD 12 -2 1116 =1 11 @l:5.~12 --
® l'-111/8 11 -- @2.6?2? --
® 9 :,/8 11 = @4.:?021 --
@6 -8:?/811
1 = @) :?.1814 --
Solve the conversion problems shown. Answers are to be written in degree, minute, and second values. Decimal
answers are to be written to the fourth decimal place.
0 ?1° ?1 711 =
1 @12.87? 0
--
0 9·0·~11= @?8.211?º --
0 21°?? 4211=
1
@9.7281º --
@ 4'? '?'? 20 =
0 1 11
@?9A6? 0
--
® 19°4? 1
-- @4?.?2? 0
--
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@) 18.4211º --
I EXERCISE 13-1 O
CD < '-.3 SA
5
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so
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EXERCISE 13-11
Draw an isometric for the following exercise. Show all necessary dimensions, coordinates, equipment callouts,
line numbers, and related information. North Arrow direction on the isometric will be up and to the right,
1
8"-600#
THIS DROP
71
§1
+.
V-1201 fTTllNG
MN<E-UP
N. 355'-6" w~ ~
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CD N
'n 1 ~
1 ~
io LO
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w w 1
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NOZZLE PROJECTION
N1: 6'-6" ~ to F/F
N3: 4'-3" ~ to F/F
GASKETS:1/8"
T-1101
N.340' -1 O.¡" +
~i
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1
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N
8" _j
w w
s~ EXERCISE 1 3-1 2
Draw an isornetric for the following exercise. Calculate the unknown dirnensions and angle for right triangle of
the multi-angle offset. North Arrow direction on the isometric will be up and to the right.
n
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Draw an isometricfor the following exercises. Show all necessary dimensions, coordinates, equipment callouts,
line numbers, and related information.North Arrow direction on each isometric will be up and to the right.
1
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30-A15-8"
NOZZLE SCHEDULE
NOZZLE SIZE RATING FACE PROJECTION
N.3 8" 150# RF 3' 9"
T2 8" 150# RF 1' 6"
EXERCISE 13-15
-N-
101-CJ0-10"
-N-----
- -- - -- - --1--+--+-- - -- - -- -
(j)
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b
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in
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SECTION 8-8 SECTJON A-A
~
I EL 130'-íf'
I SUCTION
--¡{_ --
CD
E.205'-6"
Solve for the missing dimensions on each of the rolling offset boxes shown. Ali dimensions are to be written in
feet and inches, rounded to the nearest 1/16".
14
Building 3D Piping Models
Toe use of three-dimensional pipe modeling soft- justa single rendered pictorial, as shown in Figure 14.4,
ware continues to have an impact on the design and provides more analytical opportunities than three "flat"
engíneering of piping projects. Whether they are off- drawings do. See Figures 14.1 to 14.4.
shore production platforms or land-based petrochemi- Furthermore, to increase comprehension, 3D models
cal complexes, 3D modeling is the preferred method of make it possible to "zoom" closely into crowded and
designing new piping facilities. Sorne of the available congested areas of a new facility and have immediate
3D pipe modeling software packages are PDMS1, PDS2, understanding of associated piping components and
CADWorx2, SmartPLANT 302, AutoPLANT3, and their routing and configuration. If necessary, any inter-
PLANT-404• feríng model elements, pipe, mechanical equipment,
foundation, or structural support that líes between the
viewer and area of concern can be "clipped" or removed
ADVANTAGESOF 30 MODELING by the modeling software. This makes it possible to see
"inside" the facility and study its hidden features.
One advantage a 3D model has over conventional Once a 3D model has been developed a virtual tour
2D CAD drawíngs is an improved ability to demon- or "walkthrough" can be created. Walkthroughs hasten
strate clearly the thought processes that occur dur- client approval and are used as training videos by plant
ing the design phase of a piping facility. Chemical personnel who are responsible for safely maintaining and
plants, refineries, offshore production platforms, and operating the facility.Toe improved visualization capabil-
other types of piping facilities are very complex. Vast ities alone make modeling a piping facility a worthwhile
numbers of foundations and supports, steel columns endeavor. Toe ability to forecast potential design or con-
and beams, pipes and piping components, mechani- struction problems during the modeling phase can result
cal equipment, and instrumentation devices must be in tremendous time and cost savings as opposed to dis-
engineered, designed, fabricated and erected before a covering and solving the problem later at the job site.
project is considered complete. Even seasoned design-
ers occasionally find it difficult to organíze the com-
plexities of the project when working with orthographic CHECKING FOR INTERFERENCES
drawings alone. Multiple disciplines (civil, structural,
electrical, instrumentation and electrical, pípíng) have Another valuable benefit of 3D computer modeling
input into a project's development. By using computer- is the ability to perform interference or clash detection.
generated three-dimensional models, designers can Developing models of complex projects is not sorne-
view the facility from any direction and quickly visu- thing new to piping designers. For years, plastic mod-
alize and understand the intricacies of its design. The els have been built that can take hundreds of hours to
plan and elevation views shown in Figures 14.1 to 14.3 construct and may cost thousands of dollars to produce.
sufficiently represent the components in Unit-01. From One of the main reasons these models are built is to ver-
these three views an experienced designer should be ify the fit of all the components in the facility. Duríng
able to "visualize" the appearance of Unit-01. However, the design phase, it is easy to overlook minor details
1 Aveva in something as complex as a piping facility. Only by
Group, ple.
2Intergraph Corporation.
building a physical model can the designers verify that
3Bentley System, Inc. there are no interferences between components (i.e.,
4CEA Engineering Software. a pipe passing through a steel support, a beam hitting
- -
-
>-
~
~ ~
.....
1
o
-
1---·11-
,., - '1.Ltr
1 1 - W
\..J I
1
1 1:,
o
o
a piece of equipment, etc.). If a design team can detect component's surfaces in the project, Usually a project is
problems such as these before construction begíns, sav- organízed into discipline departments such as Pípíng,
íngs in building costs can be enormous. Each problem Structural, and Equipment. This is easy to do because
area redesígned in the fíeld adds substantially to the a 3D model is typícally developed making use of the
cost of completing the project. software's layering capability. Sorne software programs
Interference detection features in modeling soft- will automatically place piping components (fittings,
ware work by checking the physícal posítion of the flanges, valves), steel supports, and mechanical equip-
surfaces of each component in a project against other ment on their respective layers. It can even segregate
ptpmg components according to pound rating (150, area in real time, viewing it from any direction or angle.
300, etc.), specification, or material and place them on The ability of computer software to help prevent costly
individual layers. One method of interference checking construction errors is another reason why 3D modeling
is performed by checking one layer against another to is so valuable.
confirm that no two items are occupying the exact same
space within the facility. Another method analyzes the
database in an attempt to find components identified GENERATING DRAWINGS
as "solids" sharing the same space. Figure 14.5 shows AUTOMATICALLY FROM A MODEL
interference between a horizontal pipe and a structural
support. As the interference detection program is ini- Once a 3D model has been built, the routing of each
tiated, certain software programs will locate the first piping configuration is clearly defined. Although the
clash and change the color of the two elements that are procedure is different in each program, designers can
interfering to a different color. The software will relo- then use the modeling software to automatically gener-
cate the area of the model in question to the center of ate dimensioned Plan, Elevation, and Section drawings
the display and allow the user to zoom in for a closer of the facility from any desired orientation. If necessary,
look. When multiple interferences are detected, the designers or drafters can then add notes and dimen-
press of a key instructs the software to proceed to the sions to the drawings, prior to sending them to checkers
next problem area, allowing the user to view each area for further approval.
in question. Sorne of the more sophisticated software Sorne software programs generate plans, sections,
packages allow the user to "fly" around the problem or elevations in severa! different drawing formats
COMPUTER;AIDEDENGINEERING OF
MODELS
Another important task that can be accomplished
with 3D models is that of stress analysis. Stress analy-
sis verifies the feasible operation of pipe, steel, and
mechanical equipment. Toe piping system and its sup-
ports can be analyzed both statically and dynarnically.
Stress analysis features include checking for seismic
movements, flow-induced vibrations, wind loadíng,
and wave loads. By developing a 3D model, and pair-
ing it with a stress analysis program like CAESAR 112,
an engineer can ensure the accuracy of the facility's
design.
FIGURE 14.5 Interference detection between a pipe and structural
support.
CHOOSING A MODELING SOFTWARE tool when incorporated into a series of products. Along
PACKAGE with PDMS, other AVEVA products include P&ID,
lnstrumentation, Cable Design, Pipe Stress Interface,
As with any product in the marketplace, each man- and Mechanical Equipment Interface. AVEVAReview,
ufacture wants to make their product as attractive and a "walk-through" and animation package, and Laser
appealing to potential customers as possible. Software Model, the point-cloud laser scanning package, makes
is no different. Software developers use the most PDMS one of the most complete facility planning tools.
advanced programming languages available to write
routines and incorporate features into their 3D model-
ing package in order to make it attractive to a poten- BUILDING A 3D MODEL USING PDMS
tial customer. Sorne 3D modeling programs are written
using a specific CAD package as its operating platfonn, PDMS has numerous design applications such as
while others are written to be "stand-alone." For exam- pipe, structural and architecture, equipment, electrical
ple, PDS2 is written to use MicroStation as its operar- and instrumentation, and HVAC that are used to build
ing platform, while Plant Design Management System a facility model. With either keyboard syntax com-
(PDMS)1 is a stand-alone program. Selecting the right mands or menu-driven Jorms, PDMS uses its database
software involves more than choosing the one with fonnat to build extensive pipíng models. PDMS, unlike
the best looking sales brochure. To provide a sample of traditional CAD packages, is a database program. This
sorne of the features, a quality 3D pipe modeling soft- means that one doesn't draft with traditional entities
ware program should include AVEVA:s PDMS1 soft- like lines and circles. Rather, one builds the model using
ware is presented. three-dimensional components. Figure 14.11 shows the
PDMS user interface.
PDMS uses a hierarchical system of organizing
AVEVNsPDMS model components. Starting from a World default level
PDMS is just one of the modeling programs in the in the Design Explorer, Sites and Zones are established
AVEVAPLANT1 Series. Although extensive, a 3D pipe as locations where model components are developed.
modeling program becomes a more complete desígn This method of organízatíon allows various disciplines
~
. ....
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to work on different parts of the facility without affect- particular importance to the proper placement of the
ing each other. Figure 14.12 depicts a sample of the box is the Position: values. These three values define
various hierarchical levels used in the development of the exact center of the box primitive. Note, when com-
Units 01-ü4. There are a number of Web sites that pro- bined with the X-, Y-, and Z-length Attributes:, the
vide instruction and educational tutorials on the use Position: values arrange the Paving so that its lower
of PDMS, including http://www.learnpdms.com and left, or southeast comer, is in the O' -O", O' -O" location.
http://www.pdmstutorials.com. Figures 14.13 and Progressing to the next step in 3D model building
14.14 depict a sample tutorial from http:/ /www.learn- is the creation of all pedestals, foundations, and foot-
pdms.com demonstrating the command sequences nec- ings needed to support the mechanical equipment and
essary to generate a 'Site' and 'Zone' level in the Design structural supports required in a facility. Most pedes-
Explorer hierarchy. tals and foundations are rectangular or square in shape
Model elements used to represent common facil- and would be modeled with a Box primitive. However,
ity components such as paving, foundations, and sup- sorne, like the octagon-shaped pedestal for vessel 01-V-
ports are built using Create Primitives features of PDMS. 101 in Unit-01, require a different method of modeling.
A Primitive, in PDMS terminology, is an item such as Figures 14.19 to 14.22 present the step-by-step proce-
a Box, Cylinder, Sphere, and Snout that, when placed dures PDMS uses to build 01-V-lOl's eight-sided pedes-
adjacent to other Primitives, is used to 'build' model tal foundation. Figure 14.23 shows the completed shape.
components. Each Create Primitives form requires vari- To provide support for numerous pipes that will be
ous input values that are unique to that particular routed throughout a facility, PDMS makes an exhaus-
shape that must be keyed-in before the component is tive library of structural shapes and sizes available
placed in the model. Figures 14.15 to 14.18 represent to the modeler. Whether using concrete or American,
the sequence of steps used to build a Box primitive British, Canadian, or Japanese steel, a modeler can
which represents the "Paving" in the Unit-O'l model. Of build everything from a multi-level steel structure to a
"°""'-·
1 ;.¡ • ""-"'---
º"'-
Figures 14.35 to 14.37 show the PDMS Create Nozzle
,--,r~ forms used to place and size nozzle Nl on 01-V-101.
-~1·1::;~
i'.
·-, WORI'
A On many pieces of mechanical equipment, vertical
Al vessels in particular, it' s necessary to provide access
o
•
•
Zet,EO,J'!NNG
ZOHfOI_S'TRUC':T\IAAl :P. platforms to nozzles that are not accessible from Grade.
• 20Hf: 01 _fOUftlt.NT
. d.li'lllillilllil fo PDMS has an extensive array of features that allow for
~
.. the building, orientation, and placement of platforms
• i¡f EW0,.#-10,I
• fl_ EQU01-1>·101A +
, iJt !WOl.&102 and their accompanying ladders and cages on and
q'
-~%--
• jf EO<J0,,<.10,
. iJf~w01_v_u:a_~,u.rx.>CC1.MAATO. around vessels. Found in the Structures ASL Modeller
,.~
• ~ ZO«fOI..\M>OERWUTfoo,,n tj
·OSITT ..... O>
• $ZOfff~ ..S........ottTS
(Accessways, Stairs, and Ladders), the Circular Platform
form requires a number of user inputs to establish the
·~-02.v=--.E lit
.A Pffm.10:t.QIM".a,t
• APFEm-1o,&,,00.,r..-. 1t platform's width, radius, elevation, orientation, and
• APIIP(0,..t06,.ASM"'
• -.A tRANOMOS,.41"'°'9l
kickplate heíght and thickness. Figures 14.38 and 14.39
.A
• Atct.,1,NOMCJ5..Ats.,r41
Pft Q?..1QUjM"
represent the forms and input information required to
·A P•toMW-AIM'"
• -" 911WCO:t-107-AJ
......
place Platform No. 1 on vessel 01-V-101 in Unit-Ol.
I GAS><•
CX,VM.V1
Once complete, the vertical ladder and its protective
I GAS,<2 cage are added to Platform No.1. Figures 14.40 to 14.43
',l.Mt
rrneo>
neo, show the ladder and cage creation forms. Although
.A Pft O,..IOl,,QO.lf" additional enhancements are necessary, the initial lad-
•i
• APffO'M...,., ....
, ~ •tot02.10,.Q0.1r
• '4 ,.,, 02-1 lo.AtM"
der and cage components are sufficient to represent
Z0Kt(Q.UOOlR1&N.AnOAMS Platform No. l.
, %0f,¡C OlJOUHOATlOHS
• %0M!O>.S~ If necessary, PDMS will even cut a hole in a platform
.8 • l()t,,f(Ql«-'Mf.Hl
to allow a pipe to pass through it. Known as a Floor
. : ¡w!Efr;'T
$11'1 ..... 0,
·-
Later, other Database
elements such as ,
FIGURE 14. 13 Creating a Site with PDMS. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and umnulearnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.14 Creating a Zone with PDMS. Courtesy ofAVE VA Group, ple. and wunv.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.15 Creaie Equipmeni form. Courlesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.eom.
FIGURE 14.16 Create Primilives form. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
-........ . .. .
shown on the following slide, notice tha yaJae of fl' lt baHd on the dnltt lo luive
lhe matchlines are labeled u: the Pavlng elevallon al 0'-0" wllh a
~ (z.lenglh) of 1'-0".
N. O'-o"' and N. 56'-o"'
W. O'-o"' and W. 40'-o"' .....___.
The paving elevatlon is 100'-o"'.
(100'-o"' wil1 be lnterpreted as O'-o"' on
.... ......
lhe model. l.e. The top of the paving
should be al O'-o"'.)
In order to posltlon the Box prlmitlve
-_
accurately you will need to be aware of
lhe Box'•p-polnts to establish 1r,
orlentatlon.
.......
FIGURE 14.17 Create Box form. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.18 Paving primitive. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.19 Creaie Extrusion form. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and unuw.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.20 UsingDefine Vertex form to establishextrusionorigin. Co11rtesy o/ AV EVA Gro11p, ple. and www.learnpdms.eom.
1NCknMs ,·.o
lw4 V
w to , 1,:.un:·»1
ltt!IU-i,M3
l. PDMS will display a marker that verifies the of the octagon-shaped pedestal.
With the • 1 form still active ...
l!n!l:m~ Point offset from previous
2. PDMS displays the I form. (PDMS does not have an octagon-shaped
Primitive, so you will build the pedestal with extruded vertices defined from the
CJ Reference the Vtot foundation drawing to calculate the octagon's vertices. To
locate the fint vertex enter the following:
FIGURE 14.21 Point offset in the Define Vertex form. O,urtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.leampdms.com.
~--~
r ....E.1. .
'
create the octagon shape.
The height of the extrusion
1.
~~fi·
1 ••
is established with the
value in the
fonn.
2. Be certain to enter angles
with bearing input.
3. Dlstance values are Input
iii,Q with a (.) separating the
inch and fraction ni ues,
(a)
FIGURE 14.22 (a.b) Define Vertex positions with Direction and Distance. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.Iearnpdms.com.
....,.,.,,¡
7
o
0
1-1
(b)
FIGURE 14.22 (Continued)
--
-·-
&!!!
-
..........
1:p
""""-
,._n
-
..._.,_
.......... $WIOrtt
""
'
-·-
,......, ......
..... ,noor-,
FIGURE 14.24 Beams and columns Application panel. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.25 Beams and columns Section Specification form. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
- -----======
_,,..---·-
W12x120
W1h1'8
W1',4)
W12><1152
.,,.,...
w,,,a,
.....,._ NA
-lnt NA
......... NA
FIGURE 14,26 Beams and columnsSet DeJau/1Profile Specifieatúm form. Courtesy of AVE VAGroup, ple. and www.learnpdms.eom.
FIGURE 14,27 Create Section form.Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
--o--
0-
o-
... '""'
-.
o- • 'o o
• 'o o
"' •1 o
w....
""
CE] ~
º"""""
1. In the form Ht the desind
North/South,EaltJWest and Up/Down values :
O (West O Is an equlvalent poslUon)
O (South O Is an equlvalent posltion)
, 1' (1'-0'will rest the column ontop of the
footing we created earlier.)
FIGURE 14.28 Define Sectiun Start form. Courtesy of A VEVA Group, ple. anti unuw.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.29 Define Sectiun End form. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
·-·..
,.. r-,.....
-· ...)ITT.1",D
l'O"-IOot
·~COI.I ......
- il•~·~
••z~~ ..,._,..._
.,,,,
"..,......
... ~11(),
. ,.,1"·~ Q
t,
~ .... '•:
.,,,,.....~:
1o
AUremainlngcolumn1forthe
maln pipe nck can be created in a
llimibrmanner.
Yourcolumns should appear u
shown in the gnphical Yiew,to
the right. and in the hierudly
when you are complete.
FIGURE 14.30 Completed steel column. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and urunuleampdms.com.
,...,......,
-·-°"'.s·ZONE~•
·
·O..,.....,
.... Zo,«(M
"''-...,_~
&fit'STRU'-*'d:t
~ '1 sefllt.....
IE
I'°"'
x=-•
JC'TJO,
l srno,
l JC'TJO'
FIGURE 14.31 Completed colwnns a.nd beams. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
2. In the
form enter the data required
to create the primitive which
will represent 01-V-lOl's
skirt. PDMS will position
the cylinder about the Po
position of the primitive.
Refer to the following slide
to determine various
primitive's Po location.
··~
FIGURE 14.32 Using Create Cylinder form to model 01-V-lOl's skirt. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
form will
Op4!n, enter:
01_V_101_Shell
--
~-- Enter the same
coordlnates that were used
to poslUon the vessel's sklrt.
The Up value wlll locate the
cyllnder's Po elevation.
NI
--
FIGURE 14.33 Using Crea te Cylinder form to model 01-V-101 's shell. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.leampdms.com.
Create: Solid
Type: Dlsh
A 2:1 semi-elliptical
---- ,
head'sheight is know as z..- u
the IDO (lnside Oepth of
Dish) dimension. The
IDO is equal to the vessel
diameter x .25 • In this
case the dish's height is
4'.() X .25 • 1'-0"'. The
Radius value determines
theroundness of the dish.
Here 3 has been used.
FIGURE 14.34 Using Create Dish form to model 01-V-lOl's 2:1 semi-elliptical head. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.35 Using Creale Nozzle form to model nozzle Nl on 01-V-101. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.36 Using Nozzle Specificatum form to model nozzle Nl on 01-V-101. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.37 Completed nozzles on Ol·V-101. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
...
"; ~-~
-
~ra:;...~~ ---- -"°<'- .
• • , ·- '::_--'====!
---'-y==-<~
,,,.,.
......_..
- _
~
~
-_--.. -· ..
+ Alelt.irn.acc.. •
n:xw,..._."°" •
-
""""'
l. Wilh
The following step assumes tbat a bigbligbted:
hasalready Createítm¡jlll:lll1J!l[lt.mlmiJ'[ül;¡~
been created. If lhe ZONE does not exist one Platfonn
must be aeated in the Design Explorer. Circular
Round...
FIGURE 14.38 Creating a circular platform. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and unourleampdms.com.
FIGURE 14.39 Create Circular Platfarm form. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.41 Side Exit Ladder form.Caurtesy of AVE VA Graup, ple. and u,ww./earnpdrns.com.
FIGURE 14.42 Completing the cage. Courtesy ofAVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
'."......
' ..... '
Menu commandt
··-·
·9M11
to 1cllievebetter
modelingeffidency.
..., ..
e-·
•l!IM•tt
,,_
e-•
e-•
... '1
FIGURE 14.43 Completed ladder and cage. Courtesy o/ AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.44 Creating a platform penetration. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.45 Selecting penetration components. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.46 Displayingthe floor penetration Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.47 Create Pipe form.Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.Iearnpdms.com.
... T
...
NOr.lOl T-SHC
-
o
formHlect:
FIGURE 14.48 Default Specifications and Pipe Attributes forms.Courlesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
,•• r ~
-
f:i~WORl'
·¡·~:= . ·
O SITE lH01 Crtitte Hrunc h ~]'- r:gJ
- .ZONE~
17.Q().1''/SI
• ZONECM
wa 17.QO.W
•, ZONEllrucull
ZONE _
-
1 Spocllce(lc>N
1
~ 8
o,r
ll'ecr,g o,r
L M<,w.. =-:)
-•s.ono ~ y
IC<Mec1
1 OK 1
INo<IO
FIGURE 14.49 Creai« Branch form. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14.50 Branch at Explicit Position (head) form. Caurtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
FIGURE 14,51 Branch at Explicit Position (taíl) form. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
_.,._,,_
...... !lrtneh
.,.,...
~ 8WO
°"- 3. In lhe
.......,.,
Posb:ln_, Wortd
....._.....
V
V
.,,
14'10
of tbe form, set lhe
Bore,Connection,Direction
ll> 12'•.511<1 and Poeition wrt World: as
shown to lhe lefL When finished:
FIGURE 14.52 Pipe Modificatúm form. Courtesy of AVE VAGroup, ple. and umnuleampdms.com.
S1'
...
a...,..,'llíf,U.X,~j
IW S- n IG1tSM
O# ,~,_(VPlCflO(MllllfVl'Nf
IO 'UiN01 ~ .'f!ISJ ~·· lOOf .,-
'I
--
The'green'
----
arrowshown ..."
abovecon-
.... firmsthat
c. the compo-
nent will be
-
--
, .... ,.,.,,.,T\M attached to
,.,.4"
-
the corred
""' branch end-
o.........it ... 1.(:SJ.r,..
'='--. lil~·-
point (}fead f;,]..-c.............,
orTail).
FIGURE 14.53 Pipe Component Creation form. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and www.leampdms.com.
o-··
º°"....
o....,,,...,
1 "'....
r--[ib
GiJ ...
FIGURE 14.54 Piping Components form. Cuurtesy ofAVE VA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
.....
.,. -
lo Í l!o liil (l Q ..=====~
º=="°= ¡ CE El00W1< .. IWICHS.C:,O v ~ • q • ¡
t"-
._
sm:....,,
.:o~ P.,ff1.QO..r
t,li(IRAN1~ '9'1
{t1UN1
--
..
1} GASKI
V o
t. The elbow of brancb 1-c:30-8"'/Bt V o
will appear in the Design Explorer
hierardly and in yoar modeL
To orient the elbow as lhown on
the Unit-ot arrangement clnwing,
inthe form:
, , · DlrectD
3. The model will confinn the
elbow'1 rotation to the conect
orientation. Once rotated, the next
component can be added. Do not
dose the form
unW llne 01-1-c:30-8"'is complete.
FIGURE 14,55 Placingand orientingan elbow. Courtesy of AV EVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
·••Of..
... r...._
!IL•.._ .....
••SfflU".ol
'4111P(t.(ll.l"
~tMM,~
t•ViHt
I G,.S.-1
"".. _..,.
1
.,l,AN)
~k)
(: •~eo,
I• 'i.M'
G,A.S.-)
• A. .ro""'"'
i.J(\lllft1U..'t.r
·A,..,....._ .._.,.._..
,A,'9f21).A.!S.t ....
• A. N'f'2"1-N ...
,A,..,.:n..t:MO"
. A 'ftl').A,!W"
¡:.
,A,"9'f2't-.A-'1,.1"
• ~NJf)I...Ni,-:1"
·A,""f»-C»,)'....,
• A "'f:n..QO.,.-
zQtrif~
• "- fOUll"IOtl
.il fOUl'10IA.
, i/fWO..v.un
: ,tfOUl$.,.l_~~
L A Oangecl ple valve ancl its maling componenls ue aclclecl to lhe hierarchy ancl
the moclel. u lhown above. The Stanclanl Allembly methocl can be asecl to inaert
a Oangecl valve,witb two flanges ancl ils gaskels, into a branch witbout havingto
choose each com inclepenclently,one piece at a time.
2. Wben finishecl ...._ the form.
FIGURE 14.56 Placing and orienting a valve. Courtesy of AVE VA Group, ple. and umnaleampdms.com.
FIGURE 14.57 Data consistency check. Courtesy of AVEVA Group, ple. and www.learnpdms.com.
15
Project Coordination
Toe complete design of a petrochemical facility help develop the Piping Arrangement drawing. For
involves engineering disciplines other than Piping. example, the civil drawings depict the size and shape
Toe effective coordination of ancillary disciplines of the concrete foundations that are to be built for the
such as Civil, Structural, Architectural, Electrical, and various píeces of mechanical equipment. Likewise, the
Instrumentation are necessary throughout the engineer- structural drawings will allow for the representation
ing, design, and construction phases of a facility. of the main pipe rack, pipe supports, platforms, lad-
Although pipe might be considered the most critica! ders, and cages on the Piping Arrangement drawing. In
component of the design, other disciplines can make that addition to drawings developed in-house by the vari-
claim as well. Without the Structural group there would ous disciplines, the suppliers of the numerous pieces of
be no steel to support the pipe. Without the Electrical mechanical equipment such as pumps, exchangers, and
group there would be no power supplied to pump motors vessels will supply drawings that will allow all equíp-
or electricity for illumination. Without the Instrumentation ment to be represented on the Piping Arrangement
group there would be no means of monitoring or control- drawing. Ultimately, coordination between l&E
ling the pressure and temperature levels of the commodity (Instrumentation and Electrical) and the Pípíng group
flowing through the pipe and equipment. becomes critica! because these groups often must
Each discipline has a unique impact on the design of have equal access to the same pieces of equipment.
a facility in its own specific way. Toe confluence of so Therefore, the drawings they provide help determine
many disciplines in such a rather confined space means where underground conduit and cabling may lle.
that in order for the engineering, design, construction, Other than the Lighting and Power Supply draw-
and ultimately, operation of a facility to be considered ing and the Grounding Plan, which are included in this
successful, the interaction of all disciplines must be coor- chapter, all of the discipline-specific drawings needed
dinated in a precise and timely manner. For example, to develop Unit-01 are present in Chapter 10. All of
the main pipe rack and each miscellaneous pipe sup- the drawings needed to develop Unit-02, Unit-03, and
port must not only be designed with enough structural Unit-04 follow, and are grouped by discipline. Included
strength and space capacity to hold the required pipe, with the discipline drawings are the Process and instru-
fittings, flanges, valves, etc. being routed through it, but ment Diagrarns (P&IDs), Foundation Location Plans,
it must also be designed for the inclusion of all electrical Equipment Location Plans and Section drawings, all
and instrumentation trays and conduit. Toen, the civil of which are used asan aid in the development of the
group must engineer and design the concrete footings Piping Arrangement drawing or a 3D model. Since
and foundations large enough to support not only all most companies now use sorne version of a pipe mod-
the items mentioned previously, but also the structural eling software, four pictorial representations of the
steel columns and beams as well. Additionally, these three-dimensional model of Units 01-04 are included at
massive, underground concrete structures must be posi- the end of the chapter. Use them as a visual reference
tioned and oriented so that the below-grade piping and to better understand the location and size of mechani-
drainage systerns can be routed around them with the cal equipment, the orientation of ladders and platforms,
most direct and economical configuration. the routing of pipe, and placement of pipe supports.
Toe drawings in this chapter represent those that Toe numerous dimensioning charts, drawing stan-
would be furnished to the Pipíng group by the Civil, dards, and reference tables located throughout the text
Structural, Instrumentation, and Electrical groups to will also be used as reference tools.
VENT TO
ATMOS. 4"x6"
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COOUNG WATER
02-E-201 SEE UTIUTY
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30 MODEL VIEWS: UNITS 01--04 403
30 MODEL VIEWS: UNITS 01-04
AppendixB
Alphabet of Lines-p. 448
Appendix C
Review of Math-p. 449
AppendixD
Use of the Calculator-p. 450
Appendix E
Architect's Scale-p. 453
Appendix A: Dimensional Data
A 3 4i 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
STO. B 1J8 2 212 3J4 5 11t
90'
&
45·
e 4J 8i 12J4 17
D 3i 6 9 12
E 4-12 82 12.J4 17
F M
IA
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T K
T E
1
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N U
G p ~ 45º&WN FLG 3Z8 4~ 4Í si 7t 9 1 o-14 12 13J4 15 19
F
o 6 7 7i 9 1 1 13~ 16 19 21 2312 25
R
FA
L
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NE \ ! ; T 4 8
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1i 115 1t 1i 115 1 f6
9
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TA 1
1 -
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T 1 1i 1~ 1136 1.l4 1~ 1,76 112 1 .§.8 1.U
16 1 16Ll
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3
16
3
16
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1
8
1
8
1
VALVES 150#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (in) 2 3 4 6 8 1 O 12 14 1 6 18
O.O. of PIPE 2j 3t 4t 6~8 8~8 10i 12j 14 16 18
G
A [z~---tr 1
?
L7
H 15Í
8
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9 1ot 111 13
35-l- 44 52~
14 15 16 17
60~ 70f 79i 89
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E _ H ----'=:- P1PE SIZE 8 9 10 14 16 18 18 22 24 27
L 11 i
V o
G
L 1
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8 9i
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* * * * *
A EB
T
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L
V e
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o
L
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L 8 9~ 1 1 .12 14 19~ 24i 27~ 35 39
H
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1-L-J __rH
---, H 5 6 7 9 10:t 12i 13-i 18 20~
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K
*
150# RF
NOTE: All DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG
G
A
1
L - ----
LL :::; - ?
1 L 71 2 8 21 9 21
H 15i 20i 25t
11
35t
12 13~ 14~ 15~ 16~ 17~
43 52i 60i 70t 79Í 89
o
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E _ H---=- PIPE SIZE 9 10
8 14 14 18 18 22 24 27
st 10 12 16~ 20
* * * * *
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A B
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*
150#RTJ
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG
WELDED FITTINGSFLANGES
, .. 300# RFWN
NOM. PIPE SIZE (in) 2" 22 3" 4" 6" 8" 1 o" 12" 14" 16" 18"
F O.O. Of PIPE 2i 2i 3-± 4-± 6i 8~8 1 Ot 12t 14 16 18
u 90l.R.
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L I tP 45l.R. ELL B 1i 1t 2 2-t 3t 5 6-;t" 7i 8t 10 11{
D N fil HALF TEE
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G p ~ 45"&WN FLG 4-lf 4t 5i si 7i 9i 10¡ 12-i 14..l8 15t 171
F
o 6t 7! 8.} 10 12t 15 17,t 2Dt 23 25.12 28
R
FA
L
1 ? I& 1 1
L 2t 3 3t 3! 3¡ 4·i 4i si si si 6f
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1
7
T 2 2 2"é" 2+ 2 ~
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s
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8
1 / 1 ff'
1 1i 1t 1f6 1i 1f
RAISED FACE INCLUDED ON 'L' & 'T' DIMENSIONS
R
r
L t-7-'"o'~G oL 6t 7i" st
10 12-t 15 17f 2w 23 25f 28
3,\ 3{s 3/s 3Pe 4(5 4ti 4}i 5/s s}i 6ré 6;\
T~ 1 - - ,_:]_
JG 1 r=r T 1-k 1f 1 ~ 1..L2 1ti 1i 2t 2t 2-i 2t 2i
E
s \ / T_J T G T
1 1
T
1
T
1 ..l.
4 T
1
T T
1 ..L4 4
1
4
1
T
1
VALVES 300#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (in) 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 6 18
O.O. of PIPE 2¡ 3f 4f 6i 8! h Ot 12j 14 16 18
G
L~~- i- ... o! L 8f 11 i 12 1s¡ 16f 18 19i 30 33 36
A
T
1 / l H 18t 23-l- 28{- 38i 47 56f 64-l- 74i 80-a- 91
E ,______ H ------'.:: ,_ PIPE S1ZE IJ 8 9 10 14 16 20 20 27 27 30
V 6
G
1
____ :t,-? L 1of 12-!
* * * * *
H 17t 2ot
14 17f 22
A a \- * * * * *24f 29i 36f
L E H o 9 10
* * * * * 14 18 24
V e
L 1 ü-l 12 t 14-} 18i 22¡ 27Í
E o
s ~ L4~f-b 1 H 27¡ 28i~ 29~ 38 39f 46-l-
* * * *
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J_ ~ ,/
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L
e
t-L--J__rH L 1ot 12t 14 17 f 21 ~4t 28
e
H
E
N-i- H 6j sf 9j 11 Í 14 15 16t
* * *
K
* * *
300# RF
NOTE: All. DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG
o- A 3 3t 4t 6
9 12 15 18 21 24 27
, 1.J.8 1 .J.4 2 2.12 3.J.4 5
STO.
f B 6t 71 81 10 11-l-
90'
&
A E e 4j st 6 f 8f 12-i 17 21t 2st 29-i 34 38-}
~
45"
e B ~ o 3i 3¡ 458 6 9 12 15 18 21lt 2411 2711
L:::j E 4t 5j 6Í 8 21 12t 17 21-l- 25-t 2~ l3411 38,Í
F M
IA 90-&WN FLG 6-t 7-k 8 1 ot 13Í 17! 21.} 24! 27t 31t 34t
~
T K
T E ~
1
TEE&WN FLG si 6j 51.8 8Í 1 o-t 12-t 14t 16Í 17t 19.} 22-t
N U
G p sat 45º&WN FLG 4t Si st 6t 8! 10-t 12-t 13-fr 15f 171 18-i
l~J¡T f oL 61
F 7! 8t 10t 14 16-t 20 22 23-i 27 29f
R L
FA 3t 3! 3f 4t 4! s-t 6t 6! 6t 7-r 7t
w~
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1 1 1
T 1t 1! 1-t 1 t 2-t 2ts 2 -i- 2t 3 3f 3-t
NE
s
\ ! ; 1 1 / 4" RAISED FACE INCLUDED ON 'L' & 'T' DIMENSIONS
R L
F
t-;'cf'\lG o 6! 7-t 81 10t 14
3(6 3ts 3& 4(5 41-i
1 6f 20 22 23t 27 29-l-
5(6 6fs 6ii 5-ij 7(6 7~
TA 1 - _ I~ L
J ~ 1 1=--r T 211f6 3 3t 3f 3f 3-t
/r-' r
1+ 1i 1t 2 2i
E
s \ G 3
16
3
16 fg fs 163
fg fs ls fs f6 fs
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES 600#
VALVES 600#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (in) 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 6 18
o.l4 12-i 14
O.O. of PIPE 2¡ 3~ 4~ 6j 8j 16 18
1 L 11~ 14 17 22 26 31 33 35 39 43
A r ;
1
G ----
--
T
- o1
H 18t l25i 32 f42i s2t 62t 70 r:nt 83j 93i
E H - - PIPE SIZE u 8 10 14 20 24 27 27 30 30 36
L 14 17 22
* * * * * *
----~tr?
G
1 11 t
V o
L
r H 19 23! 27t 35
* * * * * *
A BE
L H o 10 12 18 24
* * * * * *
V e 11 t
LfEB
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* * * *
s r H Q7Í 28fs 29(6 38 39,l 46-l-
* * * *
T
o
R
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L
e
13i 13i 13i
* * * *
L
--. *
11-! 22 26 31 33
H
E
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t-L-1 ~H
H
14 17
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NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
* REfER to VENDOR CATALOG 600# RF
G 1
A r; ----tr- 9 L
H
11¡
181.4
14i
l25t
17i
32
22i 26-a- 31-a- 33i 35-k 39-A 43i
f4-2 Í s2t 62t 70 77i 83i 93'.f
o
T
E 1-- PIPE stZE 8 10 14 20 24 27 27 30 30 36
--H-
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L 1
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14-k 17i 22i
* * * * * *
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o
19 23-! 27-! 35
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10
11 Í
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20i 24i Q9j
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s
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15i
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T /
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* * * *
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t-L-1 ~H 11 14-a- 17-a- 22i 26i 31i ~3i
* * *
K
~
H 7 9 1ot 13t 15-! 18j 21~
* * *
600# RT J
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG
SCREWED FITTINGS
1" 3" 1-41" 121" 1"
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (in) ? 4 1" 2" 22 3"
3000 # A 116
5 1.1
2
13
4 2 2.J
8
2.1
2 Yg 31
4
90ºELL
~ 6000 # A 1.1
2
13
4 2 2.J 2..1
8 2
31
8 3Í 415
3
Afi] A 5 1.1
3000 # 116 2 13
4 2 2i 2..1 3i
2
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4
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6000 # A 1.1
2
1 3 2 2.J 2.1 3.J 33
4 8 2 8
3
4 415
3000 # B 1
5
1...l. 1f6
8
7
116 111
1
16 2 215 2~
45ºELL
~ 6000 # B 8
5 1li 1li 123
1...l. 1f6 1
32 16 32 215 2~ 31
8
cc=i 3000 # e 1l
8 2
23 2-º- 3.1 3.J
8 8 8 8 3i
4..l
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4
COUPLING
6000 # e 1l 2 2.J 2-2· 3.1 33 3i 4..1
o
8 8 8 8 4
8
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3000 # 2...l. 2165 2..1 213 3-1 3...l. 315 41
8 2 16 8 2 16 2
UNION
6000 # D 2Z8 3.J8 358 3Z8 4153 4-28 515
3 5115
16
NORMAL THREAD 3000 # 1
2
9
16
11
16
11
16
11
16
.J
4
15
16 1
ENGAGEMENT 6000 # 1
2
9
16
11
16
11
16
11
16
.J 15
16 1
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4
G L 3196 4 .1
2 4i 5 5.1
2 7
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T H si2 si4 9,\ 1O7 8 11,76 14,t * *
H PIPE SIZE E
o 4 si si 6
2
1 7 8
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3000 # B 8 1 1i 1f6 115 1 ll
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6000 # B 5 1
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123
1 115 1.11
32 1ll
u
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3000 #
COUPLING
e 1~ 1d 1í 1i 2 2~ 2~ 2í
6000 # e 1~ 1d
1i 1~ 2 2~ 2i 2d
3000 # E 5 2j_ 213 3..l 3..l 315 4j_
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8 215 2 16 8 2 16 2
UNION
6000 # E 27
8
33
8
35
8
318 4163 4-º-8 3
516 51º
16
SOCKET
3000 #
DEPTH 6000 # o 2
1 9
16
5
8
11
16
3
4
7
8
11.
8
11
8
o 11
16 4
3 7
8
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8
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s
G
1 1
E 2314 3 31h 4 41/2 61/2 7 8
F
1
O.D. Of PIPE 60.3 73.0 88.9 114.3 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
WT
E T
if790l.R. ELL A 76.2 95.3 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.8
L I ~ 45l.R. ELL B 34.9 44.5 50.8 63.5 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
O N
G fil HALF TEE e 63.5 76.2 85.7 104.8 142.9 177.8 215.9 254 279.4 304.8 342.9
s -E3- REDUCER H 76.2 88.9 88.9 101.6 139.7 152.4 177.8 203.2 330.2 355.6 381.0
1-
A 76.2 95.2 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.4
,
STO. B 34.9 44.5 50.8 63.5 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
f
90'
&
A E e 111.1 139.7 165.1 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 755.7 863.6 971.6
45· '
e B ~ D 79.4 98.4 117.5 152.4 228.6 304.8 304.8 457.2 535.0 611.2 687.4
L ::::::i E 114.3 142.9 168.3 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 757.2 865.2 973.1
F M
IA
~ 90"&WN FLG 139.7 165.1 184.2 228.6 317.5 406.4 482.6 571.5 660.4 736.6 825.5
T K
T E ~
1
TEE&WN FLG 127.0 146.1 155.6 181.0 231.8 279.4 317.5 368.3 406.4 431.8 482.6
N U
G p ~ 45º&WN FLG 98.4 114.3 120.7 139.7 184.2 228.6 260.4 304.8 349.3 381.0 482.6
F
o 152.4 177.8 190.5 228.6 279.4 342.9 406.4 482.6 533.4 596.9 635
R
FA l?I~
L
1 1 1 L 63.5 69.9 69.9 76.2 88.9 101.6 101.6 114.3 127 127 139.7
w~
NE
s
\ i; 'r 1
T 19.l 22.2 23.8 23.8 25.4 28.6 30.2 31.8
R
F
L
o 152.4 177.8 190.5 228.6 279.4 342.9 406.4 482.6 533.4 596.9 635.0
TA L 69.9 76.2 76.2 82.6 95.3 108 108 120.7 133.4 133.4 146.1
J ~
E
~~~~
T=r L
T 25.4 28.6 30.2 30.2 31.8 34.9 36.5 38.1 41.3 42.9 46
s l G 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 3.2 3.2 3.2
VALVES 150#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (mm) 50.8 76.2 101.6 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
O.O. of PIPE 60.3 88.9 114.3 168.3 219.1 273.1 323.9 355.6 406.4 457.2
L
~-*=~?
1 177.8 203.2 228.6 266.7 292.1 330.2 355.6 381 406.4 431.8
G L
A .L
T H 400.1 527.1 654.1 895.4 1092.2 1333.5 1536.7 1784.4 2025.7 2260.6
E .__ H L.- PIPE SIZE o 203.2 228.6 254 355.6 406.4 457.2 457.2 558.8 609.6 685.8
L * * * *
-----_-h? *
G 203.2 241.3 292.1 406.4 495.3
L 1
V o H
o 203.2 228.6 254 304.8 406.4 ** ** **
\- * *
349.3 419.1 501.7 622.3 660.4
A B
E
L
V e
1--H--l
L 254 298.5 352.4 450.9 542.9 673.1
* *
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s R~ I¿ ~~i~~ ¿ H 708.0 722.3 747.7 965.2 997 1174.8
* * * *
o 333.4 333.4 333.4 406.4 406.4 536.6 ** ** *
o
/ /' 1
*
i---H-
L
e * *
H t-L-J __[H L 203.2 241.3 292.1 355.6 495.3 622.3 698.5 889 . 990
*
E
e N-, H 127 152.4 177.8 228.6 260.4 308 349.3 457.2 520.7
K
*
150# RF
NOTE: ALL OIMENSIONS ARE IN MIWMETERS
• REfER to VENDOR CATALOG
1
----·lrt, ¿¡ L 190.5 215.9 241.3 279.4 304.8 342.9 368.3 393.7 419.1 444.5
G
A t ) H 400.1 527.1 654.1 895.4 1092.2 1333.5 1536.7 1784.4 2025.7 2260.6
o
T
E .._. PIPE SIZE 203.2 228.6 254 355.6 406.4 457.2 457.2 558.8 609.6 685.8
-H-
1 215.9 254 304.8 419.1
* * * *
508
*
------tt,- ?
G
L 1
H H
V o
() 203.2 228.6 254 304.8 406.4 * * * * *
A BE
\- 349.3 419.1 501.7 622.3 660.4
L
V e
* * * *
L 266.7 311.2 365.1 463.6 555.6 685.8
*
E oN
s L ----·i~ 1
? H 708.0 722.3 747.7 965.2 997 1174.8
* * * *
o 333.4 333.4 333.4 406.4 406.4 536.6 ** ** ** *
T .L
R
o H-
L
*
e
H
E
e N~H L 215.9 254 304.8 368.3 508 635 711.2 901.7 1003.3
H 127 152.4 177.8 228.6 260.4 308 349.3 457.2 520.7
*
K
*
150#RTJ
NOTE: ALL OIMENSIONS ARE IN MIWMETERS
* REFER to VENOOR CATALOG
F
1
O.O. Of PIPE 60.3 73.0 88.9 114.3 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
WT V90l.R. ELL A 76.2 95.3 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.8
ET
L I ~ 45l.R. ELL B 34.9 44.5 50.8 63.5 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
O N
G fil HALF TEE e 63.5 76.2 85.7 104.8 142.9 177.8 215.9 254 279.4 304.8 342.9
s -8- REDUCER H 76.2 88.9 88.9 101.6 139.7 152.4 177.8 203.2 330.2 355.6 381.0
D- A 76.2 95.2 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.4
,
STD.
l B 34.9 44.5 50.8 63.5 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
90'
&
A
r..
E e 111.1 139.7 165.1 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 755.7 863.6 971.6
45·
o 79.4 98.4 117.5 152.4 228.6 304.8 304.8 457.2 535.0 611.2 687.4
e~
Ld E 114.3 142.9 168.3 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 757.2 865.2 973.1
FM
IA
TK
tt3l 90º&WN FLG 146.1 171.5 193.7 238.1 0000 415.9 498.5 587.4 676.3 755.7 844.6
T E
1
~ TEE&WN FLG 139.7 152.4 165.1 190.5 238.1 288.9 333.4 384.2 422.3 450.9 501.7
N U
G p sal- 45°&WN FLG 104.8 120.7 142.9 149.2 193.7 238.1 276.2 320.7 365.1 400.1 444.5
RL
F o 165.1 190.5 209.6 254 317.5 381 444.5 520.7 584.2 647.7 711.2
FA lºI~ L 69.9 76.2 79,4 85.7 98.4 111.1 117.5 130.2 142.9 146.1 158.1
w~ ~IL1 T 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.8 36.5 41.3 47.6 50.8 54 57.2 60.3
NE
s 1.6 (mm) RAISED FACE INCLUDED ON 'L' & 'T' DIMENSIONS
RL
F
17-~\lG o 165.1 190.5 209.6 254 317.5 381 444.5 520.7 584.2 647.7 711.2
TA 1 _ _ 1.:J.. L 77.8 84.1 87.3 93.7 106.4 119.1 125.4 138.1 150.8 154 166.7
r
1 -
J ~ - 1=-r
T 28.6 31.8 34.9 38.1 42.9 47.6 54 57.2 60.3 63.5 66.7
E
s \ ¡r:r G 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
VALVES 300#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (mm) 50.8 76.2 101.6 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
O.O. of PIPE 60.3 88.9 114.3 168.3 219.1 273.1 323.9 355.6 406.4 457.2
G
A
T
Lz~tt~? L
H
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
469.9 590.6 717.6 968.4 1193.8 1435.1 1632 1898.7 2035.2 2311.4
E __ H ____!:: .- PIPE S1ZE u 203.2 228.6 254 355.6 406.4 508 508 685.8 685.8 762
G L 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
* * * * *
V
A
L E
6B [~? H
o 228.6 254 355.6 457 609.6 ** ** ** ** **
450.9 520.7 628.7 755.7 927.1
G
1
---- o1 L 231.8 298.5 320.7 419.1 435 473.1 51.7.5 777.9 854.1 930.3
A
T
\- ; 11:=-
1 H 469.9 590.6 717.6 968.4 1193.8 1435.1 1632 1898.7 2035.2 2311.4
E
-H----= -PIPE stZE o 203.2 228.6 254 355.6 406.4 508 508 685.8 685.8 762
L * * * * *
-----_1r?
G 282.6 333.4 371.5 460.4 574.7
L 1
V o \- H
A B
E
o
450.9 520.7 628.7 755.7 927.1
* * * * *
L
V e
H
L
228.6 254 355.6
282.6 333.4 384.2
457
489
609.6
* * * *
584.2 723.9
*
E o
s ~R Lz~f? H 708 722.3 747.7 965.2
* * * *
* * *
997 1174.8
o -H-
o 333.4 333.4 333.4 406.4 406.4 536.6
*
* * * *
L
e ¡-L-¡ __[H L 282.6 333.4 371.5 460.4 549.3 638.2 727.1
H
E
e ----i- * * *
H * *·
171.5 215.9 247.7 298.5 355.6 381 425.5
K
NOTE: Ali DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS
*
• REfER to VENDOR CATALOG 300# RT J
F
1
O.O. Of PIPE 60.3 73.0 88.9 114.3 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
WT
E T
t? 90l.R. ELL A 76.2 95.3 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.8
L I fl 45l.R. ELL B 34.9 44.5 50.8 63.5 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
O N
G fil HALF TEE e 63.5 76.2 85.7 104.8 142.9 177.8 215.9 254 279.4 304.8 342.9
s 8- REDUCER H 76.2 88.9 88.9 101.6 139.7 152.4 177.8 203.2 330.2 355.6 381.0
A 76.2 95.2 114.3 152.4 228.6 304.8 381.0 457.2 533.4 609.6 685.4
.J.
• 34.9 44.5 50.8 95.3 127.0 158.8 190.5
STO.
1 B 63.5 222.3 254.0 285.8
90-
&
A
r-
E e 111.1 139.7 165.1 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 755.7 863.6 971.6
45·
e B ~ o 79.4 98.4 117.5 152.4 228.6 304.8 304.8 457.2 535.0 611.2 687.4
L ::::J E 114.3 142.9 168.3 215.9 323.9 431.8 539.8 647.7 757.2 865.2 973.1
FM
IA
T K
V 90-&WN FLG 155.6 181.0 203.2 260.4 352.4 444.5 539.8 619.1 704.9 793.8 876.3
T E
\
SI TEE&WN FLG 142.9 168.3 174.6 212.7 266.7 317.5 374.7 415.9 450.9 489 571.5
N U
G p ~ 45"&WN FLG 114.3 130.2 139.7 171.5 219.1 266.7 317.5 352.4 393.7 438.2 476.3
o
WTL'
F 165.1 190.5 209.6 273.1 355.6 419.1 508 558.8 603.3 685.8 743
R L
FA lºI~ L 79.4 85.7 88.9 108 123.8 139.7 158.8 161.9 174.6 184.2 190.5
w~ T 31.8 34.9 38.1 44.5 54 61.9 69.9 73 76.2 82.6 88.9
NE
s 6.4 (mm) RAISED FACE INCLUDED ON 'L' & T DIMENSIONS
R
F
L
o 165.1 190.5 209.6 273.1 355.6 419.1 508 558.8 603.3 685.8 743
TA L 81 87.3 90.5 109.5 125.4 141.3 160.3 163.5 173 185.7 192.1
J ~
E
~~~~
r=t"° L
T 38.1 41.3 44.5 50.8 60.3 68.3 76.2 79.4 82.6 88.9 95.3
s _J_ G 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
VALVES 600#
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (mm) 50.8 76.2 101.6 152.4 203.2 254 304.8 355.6 406.4 457.2
O.D. of PIPE 60.3 88.9 114.3 168.3 219.1 273.1 323.9 355.6 406.4 457.2
L 292.1 355.6 431.8 558.8 660.4 787.4 838.2 889 990 1092.2
G
A
T
[z~~? H 463.6 654.1 812.8 1085.9 1327.2 1581.2 1778 1962.2 2127.3 2381.3
E _ H __.!:::- PIPE SIZE o 203.2 254 355.6 508 609.6 685.8 685.8 762 762 914.4
L 292.1 355.6 431.8 558.8
* * * * * *
[~?
G
L
V o H
A BE
o
482.6 596.9 698.5 889
* * * * * *
L 254 304.8 457.2 609.6
* * * * * *
V e
L 285.8 336.6 393.7 508 609.6 752.5
* * * *
E oN
s T
R
Lr ~~i~-
/ _,1
b1 H 708 722.3 747.7 965.2 997 1174.8
* * * *
o
L 1--H- o 333.4 333.4 333.4 406.4 406.4 536.6
* * * *
e
rl-J __[H L 292.1 355.6 431.8 558.8 660.4 787.4 863.6
H
E
e --r * * *
K H 177.8 228.6 260.4 342.9 387.4 476.3 546.1
* * *
NOTE: ALl DIMENSIONS ARE IN MIWMETERS
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG 600#RF
L
G
A
T
f;~~ ..... o
1
1 H
295.3 358.8 435 562 663.6 790.6 841.4 892.2 993.8 1095.4
463.6 654.1 812.8 1085.9 1327.2 1581.2 1778 1962.2 2127.3 2381.3
E _ H __.:::::: .... Pf>E SIZE
o 203.2 254 355.6 508 609.6 685.8 685.8 762 762 914.4
l * * * * * *
-----Jr?
G 295.3 358 435 562
L 1
V o
A E 8 r H 482.6 596.9 698.5 889
* * * * * *
L H o 254 304.8 457.2 609.6
* * * * * *
V e
L 396.9 511.2 612.8 755.7
* * * *
288.9 339.7
E o
s R~
o
lf:~-
~
o H
o
708 722.3 747.7 965.2 997 1174.8
* * * *
* * * *
L 333.4 333.4 333.4 406.4 406.4 536.6
e
H
E
rL __[H L 295.3 358 435 562 663.6 790.6 841.4
* * *
e
K H 177.8 228.6 260.4 342.9 387.4 476.3 546.1
* * *
600#RTJ
NOTE: ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLJMETERS
• REFER to VENDOR CATALOG
SCREWED FITTINGS
NOMINAL PIPE SIZES (mm) 12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 50.8 63.5 76.2
p
~
cc=i 3000 # 47.6 50.8 60.3 66.7 79.4 85.7 92.1 108
EJ COUPLING
6000 # e 47.6 50.8 60.3 66.7 79.4 85.7 92.1 108
I
11111~
I
1
1 1 o
3000 #
UNION
o 54 58.7 63.5 71.4 79.4 88.9 100 114.3
11111~
1 6000 # D 73 85.7 92.1 98.4 106.4 117.5 131.8 150.8
NORMAL THREAD 3000 # 12.7 14.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 19.1 23.8 25.4
ENGAGEMENT 6000 # 12.7 14.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 19.1 23.8 25.4
~g!E~E
G
A
L 90.5 114.3 120.7 127 139.7 177.8
* *
T H 165.1 209.6 242.9 276.2 290.5 357.2
* *
E
o 101.6 139.7 146.1 165.1 177.8 203.2
* *
L
[~?
92.1 117.5 158.8 177.8 196.9 228.6
G
L * *
H
s,
o 174.6 214.3 263.5 292.1 309.6 368.3
* *
o
B
E
t::;:::¡
101.6 120.7 146.1 203.2 203.2 203.2
* *
1
s 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
1
w __J
1--
:=::::, TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO
A e::, 9.5 12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 57.2 63.5
s
G
1111 ~ E 95.3 76.2 88.9 101.6 114.3 165.1 177.8 203.2
o
3000 # A 28.6 33.3 38.1 44.5 50.8 60.3 76.2 85.7
TEE
~ 6000 # A 33.3 38.1 44.5 50.8 60.3 63.5 82.6 95.3
º• ~ ti "1 '
B
45ºELL
6000 # B 25.4 28.6 33.3 34.9 42.9 44.5 52.4 63.5
e
1 1 1
3000 #
fü:illfº
34.9 38.1 44.5 47.6 50.8 63.5 63.5 69.9
COUPLING
6000 # e 34.9 38.1 44.5 47.6' 50.8 63.5 63.5 69.9
3000 # E
o~]
54 58.7 63.5 71.4 79.4 88.9 100 114.3
UNION
6000 # E 73 85.7 92.1 98.4 106.4 117.5 131.8 150.8
3000 # D
SOCKET DEPTH 6000 # D
12.7 14.3
17.5
15.9 17.5
19.1 22.2
19.1 22.2
23.8 25.4 28.6
28.6 34.9
38.1 41.3
L
L>t:§ im *
90.5 114.3 120.7 127 139.7 177.8
G
A *
T H 165.1 209.6 242.9 276.2 290.5 357.2
* *
,1 E
o 101.6 139.7 146.1 165.1 177.8 203.2
* *
L
[~9 * *
G 92.1 117.5 158.8 177.8 196.9 228.6
L
o H 174.6 214.3 263.5 292.1 309.6 368.3
* *
B
E ob 101.6 120.7 146.1 203.2 203.2 203.2
* *
1
1 s--¡ s
w ___J
1--
6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO
6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4
A :=::::>
e:::> 9.5 12.7 19.1 25.4 31.8 38.1 57.2 63.5
s
G
1 ::: 1 E 95.3 76.2 88.9 101.6 114.3 165.1 177.8 203.2
Nom- Outside Schedule WuJI lnside Aree Transverse Moment Wci,ht wcifht Externa) Scction
inul Oiam- No. Thick- Oiam- of Interna! Area of Surface Modulus
Pipe e ter ness e ter Metal lnertia Pipe Weter
Siee See (t) (d) (a) 1 Note Pound~ Sq, í't.
(D)
Note 1 Squarc
See 2
Squa re ~u ore lnches to
(1) Pnund,
pcr Ioor pcr Íuol (2~)
lnchc, lnchc, lncbcs lncbes lnche~ lnehes Fecr 4,h Powcr ~t olp,~ oí pipe
40s .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .00040 .001061 .244 .025 .106 .00523
1/s 1 0.405
1 80x 1 .095 .215 .Cl'l25 .0364 .00025 .00122 .314 .oie .106 1 .00602
v. 1
0.540
1
40s
80x
.088
.119 1
.3641
.302
.12501
.1574
.1041
.0716
.00072
.00050
.00331
.00377
.424
.535
·'.045
.031
.141
.141
.01227
.01395
40s .091 .1910 .00133 .00729 .567 .083 .178 .02160
3Ai 1 0.675 80x 1 .126 1
.493 1 .16701
.423 .2173 .1405 .00098 .00862 .738 .061 .178 .02554
40s .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .01709 .850 .132 .220 .04069
80x .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .00211
.001()3 1 .02008 1.087 .102 .220 .04780
1/2 0.840 160 .187 .466 .3836 .1706 .00118 .02211 1.300 .074 .220 .05267
1 ••• xx .294 .252 .5043 .050 .00035 .02424 1.714 .022 .220 .05772
40s .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.130 .231 .275 .07055
80x .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.473 .188 .275 .08531
JA 1.050 160 .218 .614 .5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.940 .128 .275 .10036
1 1 ... xx .308 .434 .7180 .148 .00103 .05792 l.440 .0{)4 .275 .11032
40s
80x
.133
.179
1.049
.957
.4939
.6388
.8640 \ . 00600
.7190 .00499 .087341
.1056
1.678
2.171 .375
.312 1 .344
.344
.1328
.1606
l 1.315 .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .00362 .1251 2.840 .230 .344 .1903
\ \
160
... xx .358 1 .599 1.0760 .282 .00196 .1405 3.659 .122 .344 \ .213()
I
40s .140 1.380 .6685 1.495 \ .01040 .1947 .649 .435 .2346
1.278 .8815 1.283 .00891 .2418 2.2721
2.996 .555 .435 .2913
80x .191
1.660 1 · .3421
11A 160 .250 1.160 1.1070 l. 057 .00734 .2839 3.764 .458 .435
I
... xx .382 .896 1.534 .630 .00438 .3411 5.214 .273 .435 .4110
.145 2.036 .01414 .3099 2.717 .882 .497 .3262
80x
40s .200 1.610 1 1.068
1.500 .79951 1.767 .01225 .3912 3.631 .765 .497 .4118
1.900
1112\ .281 1.338 1.429 1.406 .0097() .4824 4.862 .6011 .497 .5078
'.~~XX
I 1 1.100 1.885
1 .400 .950 .00660 .5678 6.408 .42, .497 1 .5977
.154 2.067 1.075 3.355 .02330 .6657 J.()52 1.45 .622 .5606
l
40s
80x .218 1.939 1.477 2.953 .OZ050 .8679 5.022 1.28 .622 .7309
2 2.375 2.190 2.241 .01556 1.162 7.440 .97 .622 .979
1 '.~~XX .343 1.689
1
I
.436 1.503 2.656 1 1.774 1 .01232 1.311 9.029 .77 1 .622 1.104
.203 1.704 4.788 .03322 1.530 5.79 2.07 .753 1.064
80x .276 2.4691
2.323 l.254 4.238 .02942 1.924 7.66 1.87 .753 1.339
40s
2% 1 2.875
I
10.01 1.54 .753 1.638
1
-, .375
.552 1
2.125
1.771
2.945
4.028
3.546
2.464
.02463
.01710
2.353
2.871 13.70 1 1.07 .753 1 1.997
.216 2.228 7.393 .05130 3.017 7.58 3.20 .916 1.724
80x
40s .300 3.0681
2.900 3.016 6.605 .04587 3.894 10.25 2.86 ,916 2.225
3 3.500 .438 2.624 4.205 5.408 .03755 5.032 14.32 2.35 .91(, 2.876
1 1 '.~xx .600 1 2.300 S.466 \ 4.155 .OZ885 5.993 18.58 1.80 .916 3.424
31/z I
4.000
1
40s
80x 1 .318
.226
.237
3.5481
1 3.364
4.026
2.680 9.886
3.678 1 8.888 1 .06170
3.174 12.73
.06870
.08840
4.788
6.280 1 12.51
7.233
9.11
10.79
4.29
1 3.84
5.50
1.047
1.047 1 3.140
1.178
2.394
3.214
40s
80x .337 3.826 4.407 11.50 .07986 9.610 14.98 4.98 1.178 4.271
4 4.500 120 .438 J.624 5.595 \O.JI .0716 11.65 19.00 4.47 1.178 5.178
160 .531 3.438 6.621 9.28 .0645 13.27 22.Sl 4.02 1.178 5.898
... xx .674 3.152 8.101 7.80 .0542 15.28 27.54 3.38 1.178 6.791
40s .258 5.047 4.300 20.01 .1390 15.16 14.62 8.67 1.456 5.451
80x .375 4.813 6.112 18.19 .1263 20.67 20.78 7.88 1.456 7.431
5 5.5()J 120 .500 4.563 7.953 16.35 .1136 25.73 27.10 7.09 1.456 9.250
160 .625 4.313 9.696 14.61 .1015 30.03 32.96 6.33 1.456 10.796
... xx .750 4.063 11.340 12.97 .0901 33.63 38.55 5.61 1.456 12.090
40s .280 6.065 5.581 28.89 .2006 28.14 18.97 12.51 1.734 8.50
80x .432 5.761 8.405 26.07 .1810 40.49 28.57 11.29 1.734 12.22
6 &.1>25 120 .562 5.501 10.70 23.77 .1650 49.bl 36.40 10.30 1.734 14.98
160 .718 5.189 13.32 21.15 .1469 58.97 45.30 9.16 1.734 17.81
... xx .864 4.897 15.64 18.84 .1308 66.33 53.16 8.lt\ 1.734 20.0l
20 .250 8.125 6.57 51.85 .3601 57.72 22.36 22.47 2.258 13.39
30 .277 8.071 7.26 51.16 .3553 63.35 24.70 22.17 2.258 14.&9
40s .322 7.981 8.40 50.03 .3474 72.49 28.55 21.70 2.258 16.81
60 .406 7.813 10.48 47.94 .3329 88.73 35.64 20.77 2.258 20.58
80x .500 7.625 12.76 45.66 .3171 105.7 43.39 19.78 2.258 14.51
R 8.625 100 .593 7.439 14.96 43.46 .3018 121.3 50.87 18.83 2.25!! 28.14
120 .718 7.189 17.84 40.59 .2819 140.5 60.63 17.59 2.258 32.58
140 .812 7.001 19.93 38.50 .2673 153.7 67.76 16.68 2.258 35.65
..• XX .875 6.875 21.30 37.12 .2578 162.0 72.42 16.10 2.258 37.51,
160 .906 6.813 21.97 36.46 .2532 165.9 74.69 15.80 2.258 38.411
Note 1: The tetters s, x , and xx in the column of Schedule Note 2: The valúes shown in squure feet for thc Transverso
Numhcrs indicare Standard, Extra Strong, and Doublc Interna! Area ulso represen! Jhc volumc in cubi« fccl per
l:xlra Slron¡: l'ipc. resnecnveb. Ioot of pip,: lc11y;tl1.
Courtesy of Crane Co.
Nom- Outaide Schedule WaH Inside Area Transverse Moment We~fht We~fht Exterrral Section
inal Díam- No. Thick- Díam- oí lnternal Areo oí Surface Modulus
Pipe eter nen e ter Metal See lnertia Pipe Water
Si:te (D) See (t) (d) (a) Note 2 (l) Pounds Pounds Sq. Ft.
lnches lnches
Note 1
lnches loches
Square
lnches
Squure
lnches
5rc:arc loches to
eet 41hPower t: per ÍOOl
oí pipe
per ÍOOl
of pie_<:
(2~)
20 .250 10.250 8.24 82.52 .5731 1 IJ.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15
JO .307 10.136 10.07 80.69 .~J 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57
408 .365 10.020 11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 40.48 34.20 2.814 29.90
60" .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.43
10 10.750 80 .593 9.564 18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 64.33 31.13 2.814 45.54
100 .718 9.314 22.63 68.13 .4732 286.1 76.93 29.53 2.814 53.22
120 .843 9.064 26.24 64.53 .4481 324.2 89.20 27.96 2.814 60.32
140 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43
160 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75 .3941 399.J 115.65 24.59 2.814 74.29
...
20 .250 12.250 9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.2
JO .330 12.090 12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 39.0
.375 12.000 14.58 113.10 .7854 279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.8
40 .406 11.938 15.77 111.93 .7773 300.J 53.53 48.50 3.338 47.1
.. x .500 11.750 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.7
12 12.75 60 .562 11.626 21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73.16 46.00 3.338 62.8
80 .687 11.376 26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88.51 44.04 3.338 74.6
100 .843 11.064 Jl.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 107.20 41.66 3.338 88.1
120 1.000 10.750 36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.7
140 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 133.68 37.52 3.338 109.9
160 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.53 .5592 781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.6
10 .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.J 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.6
20 .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.68 60.89 3.665 45.0
30s .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.2
40 .438 13.124 18.66 135.28 .9394 429.1 63.37 58.64 J.665 61.3
.. x .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.1
14 14.00 60 .593 12.814 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 84.91 55.86 3.665 80.3
80 .750 12.500 Jl.22 122.72 .8522 687.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.2
100 .937 12.126 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.73 50.04 3.665 117.8
120 1.093 11.814 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.67 47.45 3.665 132.8
140 1.250 11.500 50.07 103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.22 45.01 3.665 146.8
160 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.12 42.60 3.665 159.6
10 .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.0
20 .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 l.2895 473.2 52.36 80.50 4.189 59.2
30s .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.3
40x .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.5
60 .b56 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.6
16 16.00 80 .843 14.314 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.46 69.73 4.189 144.5
100 1.031 13.938 48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.83 66.12 4.189 170.5
120 1.218 13.564 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.29 62.62 4.189 194.5
140 1.438 13.124 65.78 135.28 .9394 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.0
160 1.593 12.814 72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.11 55.83 4.189 236.7
10 .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.1
20 .312 17.376 17.34 237.lJ 1.6467 &78.2 59.03 102.77 4.712 75.5
.. s .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.6
30 .438 17.124 24.17 230.30 1.5990 930.3 82.06 99.84 4.712 103.4
.. x .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 92.45 98.27 4.712 117.0
40 .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 t.5533 1171.5 104.75 96.93 4.712 130.1
18 18.00 60 .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.3
80 .937 16.126 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.75 88.50 4.712 203.8
100 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.7& 4.712 242.3
120 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.6
140 1.562 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.23 75.32 4.712 305.5
160 t.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.51 70.88 4.712 335.&
10 .250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2.0740 75&.4 52.73 129.42 5.23& 75.6
20s .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 111.3
30x .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.7
40 .593 18.814 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 122.91 120.46 5.236 170.4
60 .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.7
20 20.00 80 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.1
100 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.5
120 t.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 I.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.5
140 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.10 92.66 5.23& 4ll.7
1&0 1.968 16.064 111.49 202.f>7 1.4074 4585.5 379.01 87.74 5.236 458.5
10 .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 &3.41 187.95 &.283 109.6
20s .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.9
.. x .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 &.283 212.5
30 .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.80 178.09 &.283 237.0
40 .687 22.626 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.17 174.23 6.283 285.1
24 24.00 60 .968 22.064 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.11 165.52 6.283 387.7
80 1.218 11.564 87.17 3&5.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.3& 158.26 6.283 472.8
100 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.40 149.06 6.283 570.8
120 1.812 20.376 12&.31 326.08 1.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.l
140 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 1 483.13 134.45 6.283 718.9
160 2.343 19.314 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 541.94 126.84 6.283 787.9
Courtesy of Crane Co.
DIMENSIONS
11
@@t ~ -
1 .11
@ .......,,,. 1
1 '
_, •
_.L........
IT
( 1
11 ,- -
'
A A A ~ D ¡..p .. -
-
•mi.llllD.
~J!A
........ t..-.... ~.m,,u¡ ,.. CAP
...
WeldELL CAPS• STUB ENOS
P,pe G
00 A B o K V E F 00 ol
Co<ner
. ..
Radt<Js
"..
ANSI Sld Lao
"..
840
1 050 ,
11,
.. '•
-1 · ~.
1~ 1
,,,
1
3
3
,-..
1'h.
'•'•
' , .. '•
,,.,.. '•
2);,
.,.
1315 11> 1~ 4 2 1
11' 1660
, ..
1 2'• 2', .. 11, 4 2•, v,, 1•
.• ••
111 1900 2'• 3,, 2"',. 11, 4 2~,. '•
a
a
2375
2875
3
,~.
1'1 2
2'>
4)¡,
st,.
3","
3"•,.,.
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6
6
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3500 2 3 6'• 4 ..
4000 5'· 2'• 3,, 7,, 51, 2'> 6 51,
&r,.
•••
4 4500 6 2•, 4 8•, 6'• 2'> 6 4
5563 7', 3,.. 5 1011, 7'• 3 8 7'\o 11•
••
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6.625
8625
9
12
3',
5
6
8
1211.
16110
9:...
12-...i
3,,
4
8
8
8•,
10, ,,
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24 7 12
,,
1; 11
·•,~
11 16.000 24 10 16 32 181,:
•
11
•
11 18000 27 11'• 18 36 27 8 12 21
20000 30 12\.> 20 40 30 9 12 23
.
••
211.-,
•••
lM 24.000 36 15 24 48 26 10'1 12
18\'; 101> - -
-
45 30 60 45
--
30000
22i. - - -
-
36000 S4 36 12
- w- -
-
• •
-
42000 63 26 42 12
-
......
48.000 72 29;¡, 48 13;, - - -
:E"
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e - e e M H
= e M H
.
M H M H
..
Ou1let Outlet Outlet Outlet
~ ~
~ 11' .. 3\1, 3" 10 8',
20
18
15
15 141., 20
V, 11' Oi 11> 51,
•
3 3,, 3)1 4 8 8 7
16& 14 15 14 20
,.,
1 11, 2\1, 3.. 31, 4 10 6 51, 7'11. 7
12 15 13'1!. 20
1 ~ lb 2 ,v.
2 3.. 3'• 4 5 91, 71, 7
10 15 13 ... 20
V, IV, 11, 2 3'• 311 4 4
ª" 71< 7
8 15 12ª• 20
"'
114
1
~
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IV.
lli,
11'.
IV.
,~
lli,
114.
2
2
2 4
4
3v,
3
2V,
2
41'
414
41'
41'
41'
4
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4
4
4
4
11
12
10
8
6
10
10
10
10
91,
9
8'X,
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8
8
8
8
.. 24
20
18
16& 14
12
17
17
17
17
17
..
17
16•1
16
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20
20
20
20
1\1,
114
21,
2'·
21,
2'• 21>
21';
1V, 411 3ll. • 5 10
10
30
17
22
15'11 20
111 1 2'· 14 11
~ 5 416
•
21, 2'• 2'> 12 11 IO'Xo 24 22 21 2,
13
V, 21, 21> 4 416
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4i 5 20 22 20 24
•
2'• 14 10 11 10\'o 13
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a 11 9', 13 18 22 191)
2
1\1,
21,
21, 211 3
3
2\1,
416
416
4ll, 5
5 6 11 9.,.. 13 16& 1, 22 19 2,
2 416 4\'o 5 36 26••
, ..
1 114 2•, 2'• 3
2•, 16 12 30 26•, 25 2•
•
1 2 3 2,
~ 2•, 3 6 5'4
5,,
14
12
12
12
12
11.,..
14
14
24
20
26•,
261>
24
23 2•
5 5)4 5ll. 11
... •
2V, 10 12 11~ 14 16 26'> 22•, 2,
..
3 4 511 5 ... 51,
2 3 2'· 3b 3v, 5% 5 51> 8 12 10 .. 14 16 26•, 22 2•
IV, 3 211 31, 3 5)1 O, 51, 8 12 101'. 14
42 30 28
114 3 21> 3'> 2V. 5~ 4', s•~ 36& 30 30 28 2,
1 3 2'• 3,, ,a 131-, 24 & 20 30 26
,,
2•
3 3~ a 7 16 13', 13 15 48 35 33
7 64 131:t 13 15
•
2V, 314 3,, 3,, 8 6
• •
11 131, 42 35 32 28
3,, 5 7 6ll 6 12 12Y. 15
2 314 3 36 35 31 28
•
1\1, 3JI. 2A, 3,, 4 7 6M, 6 10 13•1 12\'o 15
3v, 131, 11" .. 30 35 30 28
114 )JI, 31, 7 6 6 15
2'· 24 35 29 28
• See M d,menSIOl1s lor branch he,ght ot 42" or 48" full branch tee Ali d,mensoons ara ,n 1nches
See ANSI B t 6 9 to, cap lengths when wall thicknesses are greater than x-stg
Courtesy of Taylor Forge
FLANGES DIMENSIONS
WELDING NECK SLIP-ON BLIND
'---X --- 1
(l l . •. 11~·
...._....1'""
_... .....,rttw
_-1-====-s---=_-..¡_._
150-LB.
0.D, lenglh lhru Hvb eo,.o App,01. Welght (Lb1.) Drllllng
°"" Deplh
:~~
No•. Thltn. ol Hvb
s,.. o,-.
•lde Sllp-on up ol Sllp,On Bolt
Pipe (mln.) RelNd o, ..... Thrd. U!' Wldg.2 SIII>- Wld9 l•p No. 01,m.
Foce Sock. w. Jolnt Ne etc Sock. W Jolnl Sock11 Thrd. Bllnd Clrcte
Neck Jolnl Hole1 Hofe1
o e R X Yt Y, Y, 8, 8, 81 D Sock. W. Ot1m.
~
"" ""
'h 3'h 3<, 1% 13{, 1Va 0.62 0.88 0.90 % 2 1 1 1 4 2~
'14 3Va 'h 1'}(, 1'h 2}<, 0.82 1.09 1.11 K, 2 2 2 2 4 % 2:Y•
1 4Y, '<, 2 1')(, 23<, 1.05 1.36 1.38 'h 3 2 2 2 4 % 31,í
.,.
'J<, 'J<,
-
tY, 4% ~
'}(,
2'h 23<, 2Y, 'J<,
v,
w. 1.38 1.70 1.72 !<, 3 3 3 3 4 3Y2
2K,
"
1 'h 5 2V, 2J(, Va 1.61 1.95 1.97 % 4 3 3 4 4 31¡,
2 6 '14 3% 3)(, 21/z 1 1 2.07 2.44 2.46 ')(, 6 5 5 5 4 :Y, O',
21/z 7 Va 4Ye 3J(, 2'14 1 Ye 1 Ye 2.47 2.94 2.97 '14 8 7 7 7 4 '14 51h
3 7'h ')(, 5 4V.. 2'14 13{, 13{, 3.07 3.57 3.60 13{. 10 8 8 9 4 '14 6
31/z 8\.'z ')(, 51/z 4'3{, 2'3{, 1Y, 1Y, 3.55 4.07 4.10 Va 12 11 11 13 6 '14 7
4' 9 'J<, GK, SJ(, 3 1)(, 1)(, 4.03 4.57 4.60 ')(, 15 13 13 17 8 '14 1v,
5 10 'J<, 7)(, 6K, 31/z 1K, 1K, 5.05 5.66 5.69 'X, 19 15 15 20 8 Va 8'h
6 11 1 8'h 71<, 3\.'z 1'{, 1J(, 6.07 6.72 6.75 1J<, 24 19 19 26 8 Va 9V.
6 13'h 1 Ye 10% 9'.)(, 4 1 '14 1 :Y, 7.98 8.72 8.75 1Y, 39 30 30 45 8 v, 11 :Y,
10 16 1)(, 12'14 12 4 1'}(, 1 '}(, 10.02 ro.se 10.92 1)(, 52 43 43 70 12 1 14Y,
12 19 tY, 15 14~ 4\.'z 23{, 2}(, 12.00 12.88 12.92 1l{, 80 64 64 110 12 1 17
14 21 1~ 16Y, 15'14 5 2Y, 3Ye 13.25 14.14 14.18 1% 110, 90 105 140 12 1111 18:Y•
16' 23'h 13(, 18\.'z 18 5 2V. 3K, 15.25 16.16 16.19 1 '14 140 98 140 180 16 1111 21Y,
18 25 11(, 21 19Va S'h 2'J<, 39(, 17.25 18.18 18.20 1')(, 150 130 180 220 16 tY, 22'14
20 27'h 1 'J<. 23 22 5% 2Va 4)(, 19.25 20.20 20.25 2V. 180 165 195 285 20 tY, 25
22 29'h 1 '}(, 25V, 24V, 5Va 3V. 4V, 21.25 22.22 22.25 2% 225 185 245 355 20 w, 27V,
24 32 1Va 27Y, 26Ye 6 3V.. 4~ 23.25 24.25 24.25 2'h 260 220 275 430 20 1% 291/:z
ANSI B 16.5 eevers only sizes lhrovgh 24". lorger sizes os lisled below hove the some flange and drilllng dlmensions as Clan
125 Casi lron flanges, ASA 816.1.
FLANGES DIMENSIONS
WELDING NECK SLIP-ON BLIND
-
p¡p.
a1..
1
Y,
v.
°"..
•lelo
01.....
D
3:V.
4~
4V.
n.kri~
(RIIA.)
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, ...
...
o.o.
RalNd
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1'141
1')!',
2
H~b
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X
1Y.i
1V.
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= Yo
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2Y•
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Tiud.
lock.W.
1
Y,
H<,
v.
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Jol<lt
1
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v.
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-
300-lb
Wide.'
••
0.62
0.82
1.05
..... o
lli,,.o,t
'\odl.W.
••
0.88
1.09
1.36
.:.::. º'
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0.90
1.11
1.38
Deplh
Sock.
D
'MI
J<.
Y,
=· 2
3
4
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.a.. rox. Wet.ar.t,. ......
SI~
2
3
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3
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2
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Holo,
4
4
4
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~
v.
v.
v.
8oll
Cite ..
DI-.
2~
3Y•
3,,.,
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"'~')(,
1Y• 5Y• 2,,., 2,,., 1)(, 1.1(. 1.38 1.70 1.72 5 4 4 4 4 3V.
1,,., 6Y, w. 219 2V. 2'.l<, 1K, 11(. 1.61 1.95 1.97 7 6 6 6 4 v. 4,,.,
2 6,,., v. 3~ 3)(. 2V. 1J(, 1K, 2.07 2.-44 2.46 9 7 7 8 8 v. 5
2,,., 7,,., 1 4Y, 3'J(, 3 1,,., 1,,., 2.47 2.94 2.97 v. 12 10 10 12 8 v. 5V.
3 8Y• 1Y, 5 4'M, 3Y. 1')(, 1'.l<, 3.07 3.57 3.60 'K. 15 13 13 16 8 v. 6'MI
3,,., 9 1J(, 5,,., 5Y• 3K, 1V. 1V. 3.55 4.07 4.10 - 18 17 17 21 8 v. 7Y,
14 23 2Y. 18Y• 16:V. 5~ 3 4'MI 13.25 14.14 14.18 - 180 165 190 250 20 1Y• 20Y•
22,,.,
16
18
25Yl
28
2v.
2'MI
18Yl
21
19
21
5V.
6Y,
3Y•
3,,.,
4-\li
5Y.
15.25
17.25
16.16
18.18
16.19
18.20
-- 250
320
190
250
250
295
295
395
20
24
1'MI
1~ 24:V.
30,,., 2,,., 23 23Y, 6'MI 3-lli 5,,., 19.25 20.20 20.25 - 400 315 1370 505 24 1'141 27
-
20
22 33 2~ 25Y• 25Y• 6Yl 4 5-lli 21.25 22.22 22.25 465 370 435 640 24 1~ 29Y•
24 36 2-lli 27Y• 27~ 6% 4K, 6 23.25 24.25 24.25 - 580 475 550 790 24 1~ 32
-
MSS SP44 Clou 300 ... ASTM Al05·11
26 38~ 3Y. 29Y.i 28'MI 1v. - - - - - 670 570 -
-
1050 28 1V. 34,,.,
- - -- --
--
28 40:V. 3'MI 31,,., 30Y.i 7V. ,:r'é} 810 720 1275 28 1'111 37
30 43 3'MI 33:V. 32)(, 8Y• - -e a
'D ..
c. - 930 810 - 1500 28 1V. 391,4
-
·-.
3V. 36 341)(. 8:V. - a-s - - - 1025 890 - 1775 28 2 41,,.,
-
32 45Y•
-- - -
:J'CD
47,,., 4 38 36V. 9Y. - CD n
:: 1200 1075 - 2025 28 2 43Y,
-
34
so 4Y, 40Y, 39 9Yl - ~~ - - 1300 1200 - 2275 32 2Y, 46
-
36
42 57 4~ 47 45!(. 10V. - - - - - 1740. h610 13165 36 2Y. 52'14
400-lb 4H0T"E: 11;,_. _.•• ew ••• ............. wt .. lOO ......... (... Mll.1 ......
-
5 11 1,,., 7 2Y. 2Y. o 5.66
.. «
12Y, 8,,., 8Y. 4.l(, 2Y, 2Y, 6.72 6.75 o 57 42 61 12 1 10~
6 1~
a
,,,.. ..
4~ 2')(, 21)(, 8.72 8.75 89 87 84 100 12 1Y. 13
8 15 1V. 10~ 10~ 3
..
4V. 2V. 4 10.88 10.92 125 91 110 155 16 1Y• 15"4
10 17Y, 2Y. 12-lli 12~
::, 225 16 1'MI 17V.
-..
12 20Y, 2Y, 15 14:V. 5'MI 3Y. 4Y, 12.88 12.92 175 130 150
e
16'14 5V. 3J<. 4~
---
o 14.14 14.18 230 180 205 290 20 1'MI 20~
-
14 23 2'M, 16Y,
.....
19 8 31)(, 5 16.18 16.19 295 235 280 370 20 1Y, 22Y.i
18 25Y.i 2Y.i 18Y.i n
18 21 21 6Yl 3V. 5'MI 18.18 18.20 350 285 315 455 24 1,,., 24'14
28 2~
..~
e
30,,., 2'111 23 23Y. 6~ 4 5:V. 20.20 20.25 425 345 1385 587 24 1~ 27
20 a
2sv. 6V. 4Y, 6 22.22 22.25 e, sos 405 455 720 24 1V. 29Y,
22 2V. 25Y,
-
33 '<
1 v. 32
24 36
MSS-SP,U Clou 400 ...
3 27Y, 27~ 6V. 4Yl 6Y, 24.25 24.25
- 620 510 570 890 24
ASTM AIOS . II
- - e
~ - -- ..
::,
650 -- 1V. 34,,.,
--
26 3,,., 29Y. 28~ 7~ 750 1125 28
-- --
38Y•
-
....
n 880 780 1425 28 2 37
-
8Yl
-
28 40'14 3'111 31Y.i SO'K, o
900 -
..~
30 43 4 33'14 32'J(, 8'MI
:J'
o 1000 1675 28 2Y, 39Y•
FLANGES DIMENSIONS
THREADED LAP JOINT SOCKET-WELD t
- X--- -<
1--X~ ··--- r
--~.y;
¡--i--~--::--!'----1~--i 'l·T· .,
11,r
600-lb
~,... .....
Out· O.O.of
:~~
Unath thrv Hub BoreO
Depth Anoto•. Welaht llbl., OrUlln
..
NOM. llub
º'
ThltA. SUp-Ot1
Wldg, Sllp·Oft
:~~t
A•l••d Olem. Lep L ... lloll
Slu Ol•m. (,nin.) Foce Thrd.
Soc.k. W
Jolr,t Heck hc:ket
w Jolnt Sockel S!¡C;3_n Lop Bllnd No. Olem. ctee ..
••
Jolnt Hole1 Hol••
o e R X Y, v, Y,
•• o Soctt:.w.
º'ª"'·
v.
__
~
-
Y, 3'\I• J<, 1~ 1 2}(, Yo Yo 0.88 0.90 2 2 2 2 4 'ti, 2%
1
1v.
o/.< 4%
4Yo
5Y•
~
')(,
'j(,
1')(,
2
2'h
1V.
2.,.
2•1,
214
2K,
2%
1
1)(,
1.,.
__ ,_
1
1){,
1 V.
-i
o -
1.09
,____
1 36
1.70
1.11
1.38
1.72
J<,
'l2
'<, 6
4
4 ,,,
3
4
5
3
,__4
5
-
5
3
4
·-4 --
4
4
:v.
:v.
3Y•
'---
3Yz
3Yo
""•
1Yz
2
6.,.
6'h 1
Yo 2Yo
3%
2o/.< 2:v. 114 1v.
..
<7 1.95 1.97 'ti,
')(,
8 7 7 8 4 l/1
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4\/2
·~
3)(, 2.44 12 10 8 5
2'/o 1J<, 1J<,
~ 2.46 9 9
2'h
3
7Yz
8Y•
1.,.
1 v.
4.,.
5
3')(,
4r,I,
3.,.
314
1'11,
11)(,
1%
11)(,
..
,::,
2.94
3.57
2.97
3.60
:y.,
'J<,
18
23
13
16
12
15
15
20
8
8
'lo
l/1
5Yo
6%
3'h 9 5'h 514 3~ 1 ')(, 1 ')(,
1- ..
4.07 4.10 - 28 21 20 29 8 1 1v.
4 10:Y., 1 'h 6j(, 6 4 2.,. 2V. n 4.57 4.60 - 42 37 36 41 6 1 6'h
-
TK, -·
-
5 13 lo/.< 7)(, 4'h 2:i. 2:i. 5.66 5.69 66 63 61 66 8 1.,. 10\/2
6 14 1Yo 8'h 8:Y., 4r,I, 2% 2%
- -·
6.72 6.75 - 81 80 78 86 12 l'AI 11Yz
8 161', 23<, 10'11, 10:Y., 5V, 3 3 CD
8.72 8.75 - 120 115 110 140 12 1v. 13:Y.,
10 20 2'h 12:Y., 13'h 6 3~ 4"- a. 10.88 10.92 - 190 170 170 230 16 1~ 17
12 22 2% 15 15:Y., 6.,. 3'11, 4r,I, ,__ _,_. 12.88 12.92 - 225 200 200 295 20 1:i. 1914
14 23'!4 2'14 16Y• 17 6'h 3')(, 5 <T 14.14 14.18 - 280 230 250 355 20 1 Yz 20:Y.,
16 27 3 18Y:i 19Y:i 7 41(, 5V. -e 16.16 16.19 - 390 330 365 495 20 1% 23:Y.
18 2914 3V. 21 21 V. 7V, 4% 6 18.18 18.20 - 475 400 435 630 20 1 :v. 25:Y.,
-
,::,
20 32 3'h 23 24 7Yz 5 6Yz 20.20 20.25 590 510 570 610 24 1:Y., 261/z
22 3414 3'\I, 25Y• 26Y, 7:Y., 5Y• 6Yo
~"' 22.22 22.25 - 720 590 670 1000 24 1Yo 30%
24 37 4 27Y, 28Y• 6 5'h 7Y, 24.25 24.25 - 830 730 610 1250 24 2 33
MSS-SP44 Closs 600.. • ASTM A 105-11
- -- - - - -
....
26 40 4Y, 29'h 291(, 8:Y., =r 1025 950 1525 28 2 36
28 42Y• 4~ 31Yz 31% 9Y, - - - - 1175 1075 - 1750 28 2.,. 38
30 441', 41', 33o/.< 33')(, 9:y., - - - - - 1300 1175 - 2000 28 21Ao 40V•
32 47 4'11, 36 36.,. 1ov. - - CD
- - - 1500 1375 - 2300 28 2~ 421',
34 49 4:V. 38 38)(, 10\\ - -
-
~ -- - - 1650 1500 - 2575 28 2~ 44Y,
36 51:Y., 4Yo 40Y• 40% 11.,. - - - 1750 1600 - 2950 26 2% 47
9QQ ..fb. tHOTI:: .... ,;·• ltWU "'" •• fdilftttMI wl1h 1IIOO lb. lllnfN t... M:.:101191t.
l
--
--
9Yz 1 Yz 5 5 4 2.,. 2.,. 3.57 3.60 31 26 25 29 8 1 71',
-i
4 11Y:i 1'\I, 6)(, 6Y• 41', 2:V. 2:V. 4.57 4.60 53 63 61 54 6 1Y• 9Y•
o
-
....
5 13:Y., 2 7)(, 71,', 6 31/o 3.,. 5.66 5.69 66 63 81 87 8 1 'l'o 11
-
--
<7
23<,
6
e
15
18Yz 2Y1
81,',
10%
9Y•
11'!4
5Y:i
e~ --
3'1'o
4
3'1'o
41',
G.72 6.75
-
110 110 105 116 12 1v. 121',
..
8.72 8.75 175 170 190 200 12 1 Yz 15Y1
10 21 Y, 2o/.< 12:V. 14Y, 1v. 4Y• 5 ,::, 10.88 10.92 -
-
260 245 275 290 18 1Yt 161',
12 24 3V. 15 16Y:i 71/o 4% 5~
- -- --
12.88
-- --
12.92 326 325 370 416 20 1Yt 21
---
n
14 25Y• 3~ 16Y• 17'!4 8~ 5.,. 6.,. 14.14 14.18 400 400 415 520 20 1% 22
16 27:Y., 3Y.t 181', 20 8Y.t 5V. 6Y:i 16.16 16.19 495 425 465 600 20 1~ 24Y•
-- -
CD
18 31 4 21 22Y• 9 6 7Y:1 o, 16.16 18.20 680 600 850 850 20 2 27
20
22
33:V.
-
4Y•
-
23
-
24Yz
-
9~
-11 Yz -
6Y•
-
8V• <7
-e
20.20 -
- - - - -
20.25 830 730 810
-
1076
-
20
- -
2.,. 29Yz
-
-
900 .. •
24 41 6Y.t 27Y• 29Yz 8 lOY:i ,::, 24.25 24.25 1500 1400 1550 2025 20 2'1'o
35Y:i
- 51'44 Clou ASTM A 1 e t.:i-11
- --- --
MSS
28 42o/.< 5Y, 29'h 30Yt 11Y• -
-- -
- ~"' - 1575 1525 -- 2200 20 2Yo 37Yz
----- _ ......
28 46 5% 31Y, 32:V. 11 :v. n - - 1850 1800 2575 20 3.,. 40V.
....___
30 46Y, 5V. 33~ 35 12v.
=r
- - - 2150 2075 - 3025 20 3.,. 42~
32 51~ 6V• 36 37Y• 13 - - - - 2575 2500 - 3650 20 3'1'o 451',
34
36
65
57Yz
6Yz
6o/.<
38
40Y•
39~
41Yo
13'\I•
14Y•
-- - ~
-
- - -
- - -
3025
3450
2950
3350
-
-
4275
4900
20
20
3~
3~
48V•
50'\I•
~X-¡
~:~1mü
_r_·-0-~
1500-lb.
e.e. UnOlh .. nt Hub Bor•O Appro,. WgL (U.t.) DrllllnO
º"'" º'
-=~~t· •
O.pltl
"°"'· lMt". H•b
:!~t·
Sllp.On
:~~·
tlde Lop
Pipo (ffllo.) RalNd 018ffl. Thrd, t Lop Sllp..on ol Lop No. 01....... Clrcle
Boll
º'ª"'· F.. e Sock. w. Joltll Sockel Sllp·OJ
...
SI.u Jolnt Thrd, Bllod HolH
Soc.k. W. Jolnl HolH Ol•m.
o e R X Y, Y, Y, B, B, o Sock. W
--·-.. - - - - - - - - -
4 12Y, 2V. 6)(, 6~ 41~ 3)(, 3)(, 4.57 4.60 - 73 73 75 73 8 Hw 9Yz
5 14* 2V. n<, 1* 6V. 4V. 4V.
o.
5.66 5.69 - 130 130 140 140 8 1'\'o 11 Yz
6 15Y.t 3Y, 8Y, 9 6* 4')(, 4% 6.72 6.75 - 165 165 170 160 12 1 Y, 12V.
8 19 3'í'o 10'í'o 11\'.z 8~ 5119 5'ii c:r 6.72 8.75 - 275 260 265 300 12 1:V. 15Yz
10 23 4Y, 12:V. 14\'.z 10 6Y.. 7
-c
10.88 10.92 - 455 435 485 510 12 2 19
12 26Y.z 4V. 15 17* 11 V. 7V. 8'ii o 12.88 12.92 - 690 580 630 690 16 2\.'o 22\'.z
14
16
29\'.z
32\'.z
5Y,
So/,
16Y,
18Y.t
19Y.
21*
11:V.
12Y..
-
-
9Y.z
lOV.
..-
e
-
-
14.18
16.19
-
-
940
1250
-
-
890 975
1150 1300
16
16
2~
2'í'o
25
2H',
18 36 6~ 21 23\'.z 12V. - 10V. o - 18.20 - 1625 - 1475 1750 16 2V. 30Y2
20
22
38:V.
-
7
-
23
-
25Y,
-
14
-
-
-
11\'.z
-
..
3
~
-
-
20.25
-
-
-
2050
-
-
-
1775
-
2225
-
16
-
3V.
-
32:V,
-
24 46 8 27Y, 30 16 - 13 - 24.25 - 3325 - 2825 3625 16 3,;¡, 39
2500-lb.
Y, H(, 1~ 11)(. 2V. 1J(, 1)(, 0.88 0.90 7 7 7 7 4 1~ 3V.
5Y·
* sv. 1Y.. 1•)(, 2 3V. 1 ')(, 1')(, -l 1.09 1.11 z 8 8 8 8 4 v. 3:V,
o ~
....
1 6Y, 1~ 2 2Y, 3Y.z 1V. 1V. 1.36 1.38 12 11 11 11 4 1 4Y,
-·..
2Y.z 10\'.z 2Y, 4V. 4V, 5'ii 3V. 3Yo -· 2.94 2.97 o 52 55 53 56 8 1Y, 1*
3 12 2'ii 5 6'ii 3'\'o 3'ii 3.57 3.60 e 94 83 80 86 8 1~ 9
- -
5Y•
3Y.z - - - - - - - o.
sr
-e
- - ;¡;
o. - - - - -
4 14 3 6)(, 6Y.z 7V. 4Y, 4Y• 4.57 4.60 ;- 145 125 120 135 8 1119 10~
5 16\'.z 3'í'o 7)(, 8 9 5Yo 5V. o 5.66 5.69 245 210 205 225 8 1V. 12:v.
e N
6 19 4Y.. 8Y.z 9Y, 10* 6 6
"¡; 6.72 6.75
"'o 380 325 315 345 8 2V. 14V.
8
10
21:V.
26Y.t
5
6Y.t
10'ii
12:V.
12
14o/,
12V.
16\,',
7
9
7
9 ..
3
~
8.72
10.88
12.88
8.75
10.92
12.92
':'
-~ 580
1075
1525
485
930
1100
470 530
900 1025
1100 1300
12
12
12
2V.
2'Yo
2V.
17V.
21Y,
24~
12 30 7Y, 15 17~ 18Y, 10 10
DIAPHRAGM ACTUATORS
YALVE IODIES
VALVE TRIM
VALVE PLUG
VALVE TRIM 750ºF and pressure drops up to 150 psi. For very high
pressure drops or high temperature conditions, a hard sur-
The term "trim" refers to the interna! parts of a valve facing alloy such as Stellite can be used on the wearing
body assembly which come in contact with the controlled parts of the valve plug, seat rings, guide bushings and
fluid. Type 316 stainless steel is Fisher's standard trim guide posts. Other alloys such as Monel, Hastelloy "B".
material. It ís satisfactory for rnost applications and is Durimet 20 or 440C stainless steel may be selected to
generally recommended for fluid temperatures up to combat individual corrosion and erosion problems.
J
-_, :.,
Figure 3-1. Type 657-A Figure 3-2. Type 667-A Figure 3-3. Type 470-A
control valve with double control valve with single control valve with single
port. top and bottom port. top and port guided port. top and bottom guided
guided V-pup valve plug. Micro-Flute valve plug. Throttle Plug valve plug.
Figure 3-4. Double port Oes,gn Figure 3-6. Double port Des,gn
"A" body wi1h top and bottom "AR" body w,th reverse acting
throttle Plug valve plug V-Pup valve plug.
PROCEDURE
To obtain dimensions of a control
the ovcrall Example:
valve. add the '"Dºº and "G"º body dimensions to the Given: 6~ Type 657-A. 150 lb. RF tlangcd. double pon
··E·· dimen ion of the actuator. Dimensions for val ve stcel body with top and bonom guided valve plug.
Jodic, with a 5~ boss head are so indicated and these From the table below, note that a Size 50 or 60 Type
dirnensions should be combincd with onc of thc fol- 657 actuator is normally supplied with a 6" val ve. Dimen-
lowing actuators: Sizc 80 and 87. Types 657 and sion '"E'' from Page 3 is 28- 11ir:1• Frorn Page 8. we see 1hat
667: Sizes 80. 86. 100 and 130. Type 470: Sizes 80 "G" is 13-Ya/ and "D'' is 14-15ft•"· Thus. E+ G + D = 28-
and 100. Types 472 and 473. Similarly. dimensions 7/Í/ + 13-Yi/ + 14-15/16" = 56-11/16"·
for , alve bodie that can be furnished with a 11A" NOTE: When using a valve plug requiring a top guide
boss head are so indicated and these dimensions but not a bouom guide. such as Micro-Forrn valve plug.
should be combined ,, ith the dimensions of the Type use dimension "D'' under top and bottom guided and
513 or the Type 470. Size 23. actuators. dimensión "G" undcr skirt guided.
STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS
UIUES 657 AND 667 DIA,HRAGM ACTUATORS
ActuaÍot Size 30 34 40 45 50 60 70 80 87
Effeclive Area, Sq. In. 46 69 69 105 105 156 220 283 220
Slem S11e, In. 3/8 3/8 1/2 1/2 3/4 3/4 3/4 1, 1-1/4 l
Yoke Boss S11e, In. 2-1/8 2 1/8 2-13/16 2-13/16 3-9/16 3-9/16 3-9/16 5 5
Body Size, In 1/2 · 1·1/2 1/2 11/2 2-4 2 4 5-8 5 8 10 16 10 · 16 10-16
SERIES 470 ,isTON ACTUATOltS
·ocs,gn "Gs;· "B," and "BA" bodíes only. Courtesy of Fisher Controls
E CD E
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ELEVATION
LEVEL CONTROLLER LC 1 & 2
440 APPENDIX A: DIMENSIONAL DATA
LINEAR CONVERSION
Fractlons of an lnch
To Declmals of an lnch and to Mllllmeters
.,..,
Va ........................ .125 3.17501 % . ....................... .625 15.87503
LINEAR CONVERSION
lnches to Mllllmeters
(1 inch .. 25.4 mlllimeters)
o o.o 1.6 3.2 ul 6.+ 7.9 9.5 11.1 n.1 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.6 22.2 23.8
1 25.4 27.0 28.6 30.2 31.8 33.3 34.9 36.5 38.i 39.7 41.3 42.9 44.5 46.0 47.6 49.2
2 50.8 52.4 54.0 55.6 57.2 58.7 60.3 61.9 63.5 65.1 66.7 68.3 69.9 71.4 73.0 74.6
3 76.2 77.8 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.1 85.7 87.3 88.9 90.5 92.1 93.7 95.3 96.8 98.4 100.0
4 101.6 103.2 104.8 106.4 108.0 109.5 111.1 112.7 114.3 115.9 117.5 119.1 120.7 122.2 123.8 125.4
5 127.0 128.6 130.2 131.8 133.4 134.9 136.5 138.1 139.7 141.3 142.9 144.5 146.1 147.6 149.2 150.8
6 152.4 154.0 155.6 157.2 158.8 160.3 161.9 163.5 165.1 166.7 168.3 169.9 171.5 173.0 174.6 176.2
7 177.8 179.4 181.0 182.6 184.2 185.7 187.3 188.9 190.5 192.1 193.7 195.3 196.9 198.4 200.0 '101.6
8 203.2 204.8 206.4 208.0 209.6 211.1 21l.7 214.3 215.9 217.5 219.1 220.7 222.3 223.8 225.4 227.0
9 228.6 230.2 231.8 233.4 235.0 236.5 238.1 239.7 241.3 242.9 244.5 246.1 247.7 249.2 250.8 252.4
10 254.0 255.6 257.2 258.8 260.4 261.9 263.5 265.1 266.7 268.3 269.9 271.5 273.1 274.6 276.2 277.8
11 279.4 281.0 282.6 284.2 285.8 287.3 288.9 290.5 292.1 293.7 295.3 296.9 298.5 300.0 301.6 303.2
12 304.8 306.4 308.0 309.6 311.2 312.7 314.3 315.9 317.5 319.1 320.7 322.3 323.9 325.4 327.0 328.6
13 330.2 331.8 333.4 335.0 336.6 338.1 339.7 341.3 342.9 344.5 346.1 347.7 349.3 350.8 352.4 354.0
14 355.6 357.2 358.8 360.4 362.0 363.5 365.1 366.7 368.3 369.9 371.5 373.1 374.7 376.2 377.8 379.4
15 381.0 382.6 384.2 385.8 387.4 388.9 390.5 392.'l 393.7 395.3 396.9 398.5 400.l 401.6 403.2 404.8
16 406.4 408.0 409.6 411.2 412.8 414.3 415.9 417.5 419.1 420.7 422.3 423.9 425.5 427.0 428.6 430.2
17 431.8 433.4 435.0 436.6 438.2 439.7 441.3 442.9 444.5 446.1 W.1 449.3 450.9 452.4 454.0 455.6
18 457.2 458.8 460.4 462.0 463.6 465.1 466.7 468.3 469.9 471.5 473.l 474.7 476.3 411.8 479.4 481.0
19 482.6 484.2 485.8 487.4 489.0 490.5 492.l 493.7 495.3 496.9 498.5 500.1 501.7 503.2 504.8 506.4
20 508.0 509.6 511.2 512.8 514.4 515.9 517.5 519.1 520.7 522.3 523.9 525.5 527.1 528.6 530.2 531.8
21 533.4 535.0 536.6 538.2 539.8 541.3 542.9 544.5 546.1 547.7 549.3 550.9 552.5 554.0 555.6 551.2
22 558.8 560.4 562.0 563.6 565.2 566.7 568.3 569.9 571.5 573.1 574.7 576.3 577.9 579.4 581.0 582.6
23 584.2 585.8 587.4 589.0 590.6 592.1 593.7 595.3 596.9 598.S 600.1 601.7 603.3 604.8 606.4 608.0
24 609.6 611.2 612.8 614.4 616.0 617.5 619.1 620.7 622.3 623.9 625.5 627.1 628.7 630.2 631.8 633.4
25 635.0 636.6 638.2 639.8 641.4 642.9 644.5 646.1 647.7 649.3 650.9 652.5 654.1 655.6 657.2 658.8
26 660.4 662.0 663.6 665.2 666.8 668.3 669.9 671.5 673.1 674.7 676.3 677.9 679.5 681.0 682.6 684.2
27 685.8 687.4 689.0 690.6 692.2 693.7 695.3 696.9 698.5 700.1 701.1 703.3 704.9 706.4 108.0 709.6
28 711.2 712.8 714.4 716.0 717.6 719.1 720.1 722.3 723.9 725.5 727.1 728.7 730.3 731.8 733.4 735.0
29 736.6 738.2 739.8 714.4 743.0 744.5 746.1 141.1 749.3 750.9 752.5 754.1 155.7 757.2 758.8 760.4
JO 762.0 763.6 765.2 766.8 768.4 769.9 711.5 773.1 774.7 776.3 717.9 779.5 781.1 782.6 784.2 785.8
31 787.4 789.0 790.6 792.2 793.8 795.3 796.9 798.5 800.1 801.7 803.3 804.9 806.5 808.0 809.6 811.2
32 812.8 814.4 816.0 817.6 819.2 820.7 822.3 823.9 825.5 827.1 828.7 830.3 831.9 833.4 835.0 836.6
33 '38.2 839.8 841.4 843.0 844.6 846.1 841.1 849.3 850.9 852.5 854.1 855.7 857.3 858.8 860.4 862.0
34 863.6 865.2 866.8 868.4 870.0 871.5 873.1 874.7 876.3 877.9 879.5 881.1 882.7 884.2 885.8 887.4
35 889.0 890.6 892.2 893.8 895.4 896.9 898.5 900.1 901.7 903.3 904.9 906.5 908.1 909.6 911.2 912.8
36 914.4 916.0 917.6 919.2 920.8 922.3 923.9 925.5 927.1 928.7 930.3 931.9 933.5 935.0 936.6 938.2
37 939.8 941.4 943.0 944.6 946.2 947.7 949.3 950.9 952.5 954.1 955.1 957.3 958.9 960.4 962.0 963.6
38 965.2 966.8 968.4 970.0 971.6 973.1 974.7 976.3 977.9 979.5 981.1 982.7 984.3 985.8 987.4 989.0
39 990.6 992.2 993.8 995.4 997.0 998.5 1000.1 1001.7 1003.3 1004.9 1006.5 1008.1 1009.7 1011.2 1012.8 1014.4
40 1016.0 1017.6 1019.2 1020.8 1022.4 1023.9 1025.5 1027.1 1028.7 1030.3 1031.9 1033.5 1035.1 1036.6 1038.2 1039.8
41 1041.4 1043.0 1044.6 1046.2 1047.8 1049.3 1050.9 1052.5 1054.1 1055.7 1057.3 1058.9 1060.5 1062.0 1063.6 1065.2
42 1066.8 1068.4 1070.0 1071.6 1073.2 1074.7 1076.3 1077.9 1079.5 1081.1 1082.7 1084.3 1085.9 1087.4 1089.0 1090.6
43 1092.2 1093.8 1095.4 1097.0 1098.6 1100.1 1101.7 1103.3 1104.9 1106.5 1108.1 1109.7 1111.3 1112.8 1114.4 1116.0
44 1117.6 1119.2 1120.8 1122.4 1124.0 1125.5 1127.1 1128.7 1130.3 1131.9 1133.5 1135.1 1136.7 1138.2 1139.8 1141.4
45 1143.0 1144.6 1146.2 1147.8 1149.4 1150.9 1152.5 1154.1 1155.1 1157.3 1158.9 1160.5 1162.1 1163.6 1165.2 1166.8
46 1168.4 1170.0 1171.6 1173.2 1174.8 1176.3 1177.9 1119.5 1181.1 1182.7 1184.3 1185.9 1187.5 1189.0 1190.6 1192.2
47 1193.8 1195.4 1197.0 1198.6 1200.2 llOl.7 1203.3 1204.9 1206.5 1208.1 1209.7 1211.3 1212.9 1214.4 1216.0 1217.6
48 1219.2 1220.8 1222.4 1224.0 1225.6 1227.1 1228.7 1230.3 1231.9 1233.5 1235.1 1236.7 1238.3 1239.8 1241.4 1243.0
49 1244.6 1246.2 1247.8 1249.4 1251.0 1252.5 1254.1 1255.7 1257.3 1258.9 1260.5 1262.1 1263.7 1265.2 1266.8 1268.4
50 1270.0 1271.6 1273.2 1274.8 1276.4 1277.9 1279.5 1'281.1 1282.7 1284.3 1285.9 1287.5 1289.1 1290.6 1292.2 1293.8
LINEAR CONVERSION
Declmala of an lnch to Mllllmetera
(0.10 inch • 2.54mlllimeters)
lnches 11 0.00 1 .01 .02 .03 .04 .os .06 .07 .08 .09 11 lnchea
o.oo 0.00 0.25 O.SI 0.76 1.02 1.27 1.52 1.78 2.03 2.29 0.00
.10 2.54 2.79 3.05 3.30 3.56 3.81 4.06 4.32 4.57 4.83 .10
.20 5.08 5.33 5.59 5.84 6.10 6.35 6.60 6.86 7 ,11 7.37 .20
.JO 7.62 7.87 8.13 8.38 8.64 8,89 9.14 9.40 9.65 9.91 .30
.40 10.16 10,41 10.67 10.92 11.18 11.43 11.68 11.94 12.19 12.45 .40
.so 12.70 12.95 13.21 13.46 13.72 13.97 14.21 14.48 14.73 14.99 .50
.60 15.24 15.49 15.75 16.00 16.26 16.51 16.76 17.02 17.27 17.53 .60
.70 17.78 18.03 18.29 18.54 18.80 19.05 19.30 19.56 19.81 20.07 .70
.80 20.32 20.57 20.83 21.08 21.34 21.59 21.84 22.10 22.35 22.61 .so
.90 22.86 23.11 23,37 23.62 23.88 24.13 24.38 24.64 24.89 25.15 .90
Mllllmeters to lnchea
(1 mlllimeter = 0.03937 inch)
Millimctersll O 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 I MilJimeters
o 0.00 0.039 0.079 0.118 0.157 0.197 0.236 0.276 0.315 0.354 o
10 0.39 0.43 0.47 O.SI o.SS 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 10
20 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 20
30 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.30 1.34 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.50 1.54 30
4-0 1.57 1.61 1.65 1.69 1.73 1.77 1.81 1.85 1.89 1.93 40
50 1.97 2.01 2.05 2.09 2.13 2.17 2.20 2.24 2.28 2.32 so
60 2.36 2.4-0 2.44 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.60 2.64 l.68 2.72 60
70 2.76 2.80 2.83 2.87 2.91 2.95 2.99 3.03 3.07 3.11 70
80 3.15 3.19 3.23 3.27 3.31 3.35 3.39 3.43 3.46 3.50 80
90 3.54 3.58 3.62 3.66 3.70 3.74 3.78 3.82 3.86 3.90 90
100 3.94 3.98 4.02 4.06 4,09 4.13 4.17 4.21 4.25 4.29 100
110 4.33 4.37 4.41 4.45 4.49 4.53 4.57 4.61 4.65 4.69 110
120 4.72 4.76 4.80 4.84 4.88 4.92 4.96 5.00 5.04 5.08 120
130 5.12 5.16 S.20 5.24 5.28 5.31 5.35 5.39 5.43 5.47 130
14-0 S.51 5.55 S.59 5.63 5.67 5.71 5.75 5.79 S.83 5.87 140
150 5.91 5.94 S.98 6.02 6.06 6.10 6.14 6.18 6.22 6.26 150
160 6.30 6.34 6.38 6.42 6.46 6.50 6.54 6.57 6.61 6.65 160
170 6.69 6.73 6.77 6.81 6.85 6.89 6.93 6.97 7.01 7.05 170
180 7.09 7.13 7 .17 7.20 7.24 7,28 7.32 7.36 7.40 7.44 180
190 7.48 7.52 7.56 7.60 7.64 7.68 7.72 7.76 7.80 7.83 190
200 7.87 7.91 7.95 7.99 8.03 8.07 8.11 8.15 8.19 8.23 200
210 8.27 8.31 8.35 8.39 8.43 8.46 8.50 8.54 8.58 8,62 210
220 8.66 8.70 8.74 8.78 8.82 8.86 8.90 8.94 8.98 9,02 220
230 9.06 9.09 9.13 9.17 9.21 9.25 9.29 9.33 9.37 9.41 230
240 9.45 9.49 9.53 9.57 9.61 9.65 9.69 9.72 9.76 9.80 240
250 9.84 9.88 9.92 9.96 10.00 10.04 10.08 10.12 10.16 10.20 250
260 10.24 10.28 10,31 10.35 10.39 10.43 10.47 10.51 10.55 10.59 260
270 10.63 10.67 10.71 10.75 10.79 10.83 10.87 10.91 10.94 10.98 270
280 11.02 11.06 11.10 11.14 11.18 11.22 11.26 11.30 11 .34 11.38 280
290 11.42 11.46 11.50 11.54 11.57 11.61 11.65 11.69 11.73 11.77 290
300 11.81 11.85 11.89 11.93 11.97 12,01 11.05 11.09 12.13 12.17 300
310 12.20 12.24 12.18 12.32 ll.36 12.40 12.44 12.48 12.52 12.56 310
320 12.60 ll,64 12.68 12.72 12.76 12.80 12.83 12.87 ll.91 12.95 320
330 11.99 13.03 fJ.07 13.11 13. IS 13,19 13.23 13.27 13.31 13.35 330
340 13.39 13.43 13.46 13.50 13.54 13.58 13.62 13.66 13.70 13.74 340
350 13.78 13.82 13.86 13.90 13.94 13.98 14.02 14.06 14.09 14.13 350
360 14.17 14.21 14.25 14.29 14.33 14.37 14.41 14.45 14.49 14.53 360
370 14.57 14.61 14.65 14.69 14.72 14.76 14.80 14.84 14.88 14.92 370
380 14.96 15.00 15.04 15.08 15.12 15.16 15.20 15.24 15.28 15.31 380
390 15.35 15.39 15.43 15.47 15.51 IS.SS 15.59 15.63 15.67 15.71 390
(conli11<Jed on ,,.., poge)
Courtesy of Crane Co.
LINEAR CONVERSION
Millimeters to inches-cont.
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 IIMillimeter•
400 15.75 15.79 15.83 15.87 15.91 15.94 15.98 16.02 16.06 16.10 400
410 16.14 16.18 16.ll 16.26 16.30 16.34 16.38 16.41 16.46 16.50 410
410 16.54 16.57 16.61 16.65 16.69 16.73 16.77 16.81 16.85 16.89 420
430 16.93 16.97 17.01 17.05 17.09 17.13 17.17 17.20 17.24 17.28 430
'"°
"50
17.32
17.7l
17.36
17.76
17.40
17.80
17.44
17.83
17.48
17.87
17.52
17 .91
17.56
17,95
17.60
17.99
17.64
18.03
17,68
18.07
440
450
460 18.11 18.15 18.19 18.23 18.27 18.31 18.35 18.39 18,43 18.46 460
470 18.50 18.54 18.58 18.62 18.66 18.70 18.74 18.78 18.82 18.86 470
480 18.90 18.94 18.98 19.02 19.06 19.09 19.13 19.17 19.21 19.25 480
490 19.29 19.33 19.37 19.41 19.45 19.49 19.53 19.57 19.61 19.65 490
500 19.69 19.íl 19.76 19.80 19.84 19.88 19.92 19.96 20.00 20.04 500
510 l0.08 20.12 20.16 20.20 20,24 20.28 20.31 20.35 20.39 20.43 510
520 20.47 20.51 20.55 l0.59 20.63 20.67 20.71 20.75 20.79 20.83 520
530 20.87 20.91 20.94 20.98 21.02 21.06 21.10 21.14 21.18 21.22 530
540 21.26 21.30 21.34 21.38 21.42 21.46 21.50 21.54 21.58 21.61 540
550 21.65 21.69 21.73 21.77 21.81 21.85 21.89 21.93 21.97 22.01 550
560 22.05 22.09 22.13 22.17 22.20 ll.24 22.28 22.32 22.36 22.40 560
570 22.44 22.48 22.52 22.56 22,60 22.64 22.68 22.72 22.76 22.80 570
580 22.83 22.87 22.91 22.95 22.99 23.03 23.07 23.11 23,15 23.19 580
590 23.23 23.27 23.31 23.35 23.39 23.43 23.46 23.50 23.54 23.58 590
600 23.62 23.66 23.70 23.74 23.78 23.82 23,86 23.90 23.94 23.98 600
610 24.02 24.06 24.09 24.13 24.17 24.21 24.25 24.29 24.33 24.37 610
620 24.41 24.45 24.49 24.53 24.57 24.61 24.65 24.68 24.72 24.76 620
630 24.80 24.84 24.88 24.92 24.96 25.00 25.04 25.08 25.12 25.16 630
640 25.20 25.24 25.28 25.31 25.35 25.39 25.43 25.47 25.51 25.85 640
650 25.59 25.63 25.67 25.71 25.75 25.79 25.83 25.87 25.91 25.94 650
660 25.98 26.02 26.06 26.10 26.14 26.18 26.22 26.26 26.30 26.34 660
670 26.38 26.42 26.46 26.50 26.54 26.57 26.61 26.65 26.69 26.73 670
680 26.77 26.81 26.85 26.89 26.93 26.97 27.01 27.05 27.09 27.13 680
690 27.17 27.20 27.24 27.28 27.32 27.36 27.40 27.44 27.48 27.52 690
700 27.56 27.60 27.64 27.68 27.72 27.76 27.80 27,83 27.87 27.91 700
710 27.95 27.99 28.03 28.07 28.11 28.15 28.19 28.23 28.27 28.31 710
7l0 28.35 28.39 28 • .f.3 28.% 28.50 28.54 28.58 28.62 28.66 28.70 720
730 28.74 28.78 28.82 28.86 28.90 28.94 28.98 29.02 29.06 29,09 730
740 29.13 29.17 29.21 29.25 29.29 29.33 29.37 29.41 29.45 29,49 740
750 29.53 29.57 29.61 29.65 29,68 29.72 29.76 29.80 29.84 29.88 750
760 29.92 29.96 30.00 30,04 30.08 30.12 30.16 30.20 30.24 30.28 760
no 30.31 30.35 30.39 30.43 30,47 30.51 JO.SS 30.59 30.63 30.67 770
780 30.71 30.75 30,79 30.83 30.87 30.91 30.94 30.98 31.02 31.06 780
790 31.10 31.14 31.18 31.22 31.26 31.30 31.34 31.38 31.42 31.% 790
800 31.50 31.54 31.57 31.61 31.65 31.69 31.73 31.77 31.81 31.85 800
810 31.89 31.93 31.97 32.01 32.05 32.09 32.13 32.17 32.20 32.24 810
820 32.28 32.32 32.36 32.40 32.44 32.48 32.52 32.56 32.60 32.64 820
830 32.68 32.72 32.76 32.80 32.83 32.87 32.91 32.95 32.99 33.03 830
840 33.07 33.11 33.15 33.19 33,23 33.27 33.31 33.35 33.39 33.43 840
860 33.46 33.50 33.54 33.58 33.62 33,66 33.70 33,74 33.78 33.82 850
860 33.86 33.90 33.94 33.98 34.02 34.06 34.09 34.13 34.17 34.21 860
870 34.25 34.29 34,33 34.37 34.41 34,45 34.49 34,53 34.57 34.61 870
880 34.65 34.68 34.7l 34.76 34.80 34.84 34.88 34.92 34.96 35.00 880
890 35,04 35.08 35.12 35.16 35.20 35.24 35.28 35.31 35.35 35,39 890
900 35.43 35.47 35.51 36.55 35.69 35.63 35.67 35.71 35.75 35.79 900
910 35,83 35.87 35.91 35.94 35.98 36.02 36.06 36.10 36.14 36.18 910
920 36,22 36,26 36.30 36.34 36.38 36.Q 36.46 36.50 36.54 36.57 920
930 36.61 36.65 36.69 36.73 36,77 36.81 36.85 36.89 36.93 36.97 930
940 37.01 37.05 37.09 37.13 37.17 37.20 37.24 37.28 37.32 37.36 940
950 37.40 37.44 37,48 37.52 37.56 37.60 37.64 37,68 37.72 37,76 950
960 37.80 37.83 37.87 37,91 37,95 37,99 38.03 38.07 38.11 38.15 960
970 38.19 38,23 39;27 38.31 38.35 38.39 38.43 38.% 38.50 38.54 970
980 38.58 38.62 38.66 38.70 38.74 38.78 38.82 38.86 38.90 38.94 980
990 38,98 39.02 39.06 39.09 3g,13 39.17 39,21 39.25 39.29 39.33 990
1000 39,37 39.41 39 • .S 39.49 39.53 39.57 39.61 39.65 39.68 39.71 1000
300 75 145 215 420 700 1050 1490 2170 2800 3720 4640
w 400 115 194 270 530 940 1530 2000 2410 3500
~
c., 600 330 720 1220 1880 2630 3200 4230 7200 9800
300 62 120 180 330 620 920 1290 1650 2050 2420
~ 400 200 395 680 900 1250
o
w
I 600 260 530 900 1440 1970
o
900 340 640 1180 2170
1500 630 1360 2100
* APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN lbs. SEE MANUFACTURER'S CATALOG FOR SPECIFIC WEIGHTS.
3/4" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1 1t2" 1 1 /2''
1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1 1¡2'' 1 1/2'' 1 1 /2'' 1 1/2'' 1 1 /2''
1 112'' 112''
..,
41
-
11/2"
2"
1"
1"
- -
1"
1"
-- 1"
1"
1"
-
1"
-- 1"
1"
1 1/2''
1 1/2''
1 /i'
1
112''
1 \"
1 1/2''
1
1
1/i'
1 1/2''
1 1/2''
1
1
1/i'
¡¡;
41 21/2" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1 1/2'' 1 1t2" 1 1 /2'' 1 1 /2'' 1 1t2" 2"
.f!.
o.. 3" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1/i' 1/i' 1/i'
1 1 1/2'' 1 1 1/2'' 1 1 1/2'' 2"
~
e
·eo 4" 1" 1" 1" 1 \" 1 \" 1 1/2'' 1 1t2" 2" 2" 2" 2"
z 6" 1" 1" 1 1t2" 1 1/2'' 1 \" 1 1/2'' 2" 2" 2" 2" 2 1/2''
8" 1/i' 1/2" 112" 1/i' 112''
1 1 1/2'' 1 1 2" 2" 2" 2" 2 2 1/2'' 2
10" 1 1t2" 1 1/2'' 1 1/2'' 1 \" 2" 2" 2" 2 1/2'' 2 1 /2'' 21t2" 3"
1/2" 1/2" 1/2"
1Z' 1 1/2'' 1 1 2" 2" 2" 2" 2 2 1/2'' 2 1/2'' 3"
14" 1 1t2" 1
112"
2" 2" 2" 2" 2
1/i'
2 1/2'' 2 "« 21t2" 3"
THICKNESS OF INSULATION
1" 1 1/2" 2,, 2 1 /2" 3" 3 1 /2" 4"
2" 1 .O 1 1 . 71 2.53 3.48 4.42 5.59
1501b
D
J=
No. of holes
K = Top size
Size 2 2-1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
A 9·3/8 10-3/16 10-11/16 13 14 15-3/16 17-3/4 20-1/2 23-1/2
:r--
B 4·1/4 4-15/16 5-7/8 6·15/16 7-3/4 8·3/4 11 13-3/8 16
e 1·3/4 1-7/8 1·7/8 2·1/8 2·1/4 2·1/4 2·1/2 2·13/16 3·1/8
o 3 3·1/4 3·11/16 4·13/16 5·1/4 5·7/8 6·15/16 8-3/8 9-13/16
E 5·3/8 5·15/19 6 7 7-9/16 7-15/16 9·3/16 10-1/2 12-1/16
F 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10
G 8 8 8 11 11 11 16 16 16
H 6 7 7 1/2 9·1/8 10 ll·l/4 13 3/4 16 19
J 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 12 12
5/8·11 5/8·11 5/8·11 5/8-11 3/4-10 3/4-10 3/4·10 7/8·9 7/8·9
K UNC UNC l.M'IC UNC UNC UNC UNC UNC UNC
L 4-3/4 5·1/2 6 7·1/2 8·1/2 9·1/2 11·3/4 14-1/4 17
M 2 2·1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
ALPHABET of LINES
HIDDEN UNE
---- ----
CENTER LINE
1- DIMENSION UNE -1
----- ---------
MATCH UNE
448
Appendix C: Review of Math
6 rn
1" 4" 1·_ 4•
12"
16 = 8
6" 3"
=¡
_3----!;2 3_ 8__ - 6 1-
1 " 1 "
13" 4a 61s
16 . 16+ ij
14" 7"
16 = 8 1 7 ~a-..- 17 16-
l.Q" - ~1' 1.9• - 1 6 1-º"+ 1.§"_ Z§"
1\16- 16 15-15
1s·
16 u·_ 11 16-
1 1 15- u· - 11 16-u" - 11 u"
16
is" a" 4" 2" .. 15"
15=5=¡ =2=1 516
23+1 2"
. J"_ • 6" ,\,,1 ·6 ' 6
24 -3 4 - 24-38 = L"\-38=23-15 8
•
-17-88=
3"
1 7' - 8 i" = 1 7' - 8 i = 1 7' - 8 i
449
Appendix D: U se of the Calculator
® 1'-4~"
wEJ~G
16
I o.3125 I m [I] B
l 4.3125 El ~ G
J
450
APPENDIX D: USE OF 11-IE CALCULATOR 451
®
1.3594' 0.6354'
CD I u594
1 0.35941
I O QJ G
0 @] E]
1 o.s3s4 I O [QJ G
1 0.6354 1 0 @] E]
14.3128 1 El CD EJ l 7.6248 ! El [zJ El
I o.3128 1 0 ~ 1 = 1 ..--¡,,_........
-
t6--.·j4 I o.62481 wím G 1°·-7 %·1
2.8229' 1. 0208'
l 2.8229 1 [:] w E] 1,.0208 1 El [I] E]
10.8229 1 0 @J 1= 1 10.0208 !0 @] El
liJii4!i_J El [IJ El ¡0.2496 1 D w0
i 0.87 48 ' 0 Cill E1 I
l. . .-2· --9-=--Ja-....· 1 0.2496 1 w Cill G --o->.í-....·
.....-!,
· !
1.4635'
® 1 146351 O QJ G
10.4635 ! 0 @] E]
1 5.5620 1 El [TI El
I o.5620 1 m im 0
--
1,·-5~6-1
30º25' 0
\V
30.4167º
! 30.41671 G ~ G
§El~G
I o.4167 I [±] ~ G 130.41671 I o.4167 1 0 ~ G !m
0 45º36'
~EJ~E]
1 0.6000 1 [±] j 4sj 1 = 1 j45.sooo I
45.6000º
!4s.6oool- G @l G
1 0.6000 1 0 ~ G ~
83º07' 0 83.1167º
mEJ~B V l a3.11671 G ~ G
1 0.1167 G
1 [±] ja3! j a3.11671
1 0.1167 1 0 l]gJ G m
0 17º55'
~EJ~G
[±] @! ! ! 17.9167 j
17.9167º
117.91671 G ITzJ G
1 0.9167 1 1= I o.9167 1 0 ~ G ~
,,., 1 eo
ARCHITECT'S SCALE
-,·.,
- . 3 ¡s" = 1 , - o"
_.., ¡3'-3"--j
~ F 1
9
1
10 1
10
1
8
,1
1
6
12
1
1
4 1
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14
r,1111111111 ~ 1
::
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f
1
~ 1 1 1 1 1 r,1111111111 ~ 1
1 10 1 8 6 1 4 1 2
e 1l
. 9 10 11 12 1.3 14
. .,
!!
1 7'- 7"
~
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9
1
10 1
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12
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1
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1.3
1
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r'l"l"l"J ~ I
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~
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2 3
. 12
9
10
10
8
11
6
12
4
13
2
14
o -
8
R
_..,
~ 1 O' -8"
~
...
p 1
9
1
10 1
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1
8
11
1
6
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1
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!'l"l"l"J ~ I
11
1 2' -2"
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8
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1
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!'l"l"l"J ~ I
453
Glossary
454
GLOSSARY 455
Column See fractionation column. Also, a vertical D
steel or concrete member that supports structures, Davit Crane-like device made of steel pipe or struc-
piperacks, buildings, etc. tural steel that allows replacement parts, tools, and
Companion flange Mating flange of the same size and small machinery to be raised and lowered from the
pound rating as the nozzle, valve, or fitting to which tops of vertical vessels.
it is bolted. Debutanizer A distillation column that receives the
Compressor Mechanical device used to compress bottoms residue from a depropanizer whose over-
gases or vapors. head product is a mixture of normal and iso-butane.
Compressed air Any air with pressure greater than lts bottoms residue is a C5+ mixture (pentane).
atmospheric pressure. Deethanizer Toe first in a series of three distillation
Concentric Reducer or swage having a common colurnns whereby heavier gaseous molecule hydro-
centerline. carbons, or NGL (Natural Gas Liquids) are fraction-
Condensate Toe liquid that has been removed from a ated. Toe deethanizer distillation column's overhead
gas or vapor. product is ethane gas. Its bottoms residue is routed
Condenser Mechanical apparatus that cools a gas or to a depropanizer for further processíng,
vapor to the point of condensing. Deiso-butanizer A distillation column that fraction-
Conduit Protective covering around electrical wires ates butane. Iso-butane is a refrigerant that is used to
and cables. replace ozone layer-depleting gases.
Control building Building from which monitoring Demethanizer A fractionating column in a cryogenic
and operation of remotely installed instruments are low-temperature distillation process whereby lighter
made. gaseous molecule hydrocarbons (methane) are frac-
Control panel A cabinet or desk-type housing con- tionated from raw natural gas.
taining monitoring instruments. Depropanizer A distillation colurnn that receives the
Control station A Ll-shaped series of valves and fit- bottoms residue from a deethanizer whose overhead
tings that allows for the monítoríng, control, and reg- product is propane. Its bottom residue is routed to a
ulation of flow or pressure through a piping system. debutanizer.
Control valve Typically having a globe valve body, Diameter, inside The circumference measured around
this valve provides a method to automatically and the interior wall of a pipe.
remotely control the fluid flow and pressure through Diameter, nominal Toe name given to a particular
a pipe. size of pipe.
Controller A device used to maintain a specified liq- Diameter, outside Toe circumference measured
uid level, temperature, or flow inside a vessel or píp- around the outer wall of a pipe.
ing system. Dike Typically an earthen dam or wall surrounding
Cooler Mechanical apparatus used to reduce the tem- tanks creating a containment area in case of acciden-
perature of a liquid commodity. tal discharge or rupture.
Cooling tower A mechanical device that dissipates Discharge Outgoing flow, typically with increased
heat by evaporation of water sprayed into a forced- pressure as in the case of pumps or compressors.
air tower. Distillation The process of extracting and separating
Cooling water Water used in any cooling process that molecular compounds from a supply product.
will lower the temperature of a commodity. Double extra strong Catagory of thíck-walled pipe.
Coordinates Intersecting north-south and east-west Double line Drawings used to represent piping sys-
lines used to position foundations, equipment, sup- tems 14" in diameter and larger.
ports, buildings, etc., on a drawing. Double pipe exchanger Exchanger having a small
Corrosion Toe dissolving of surface material by diameter pipe inserted into a large diameter pipe.
chemical reaction. Double random length Length of manufactured pipe,
Corrosion allowance Toe amount of surface mate- typically 35' to 40' long.
rial allowed to be eroded by the commodity within Downcomer Opening adjacent to a tray that allows
a pipe while permitting the pipe to remain usable for overflowing liquids to fall to the tray below and
the particular service for which it was installed. begín refractionation.
Coupling Fitting used to join two lengths of screwed Drain Typically an underground piping system that
pipe together. Also used as a branch connection on transfers water runoff or waste materials to a pro-
pipe or a nozzle connection on equipment. cessing facility for disposal or treatment. See 0.W.S.
Crude oil Toe natural state of unrefined oil prod- Drain funnel Often a reducer fitting placed at the
uct. Primary source of fractionated hydrocarbon opening of a drainage pipe that aids in the collection
by-products, of disposable materials.
Drift Toe amount of water lost duríng the aeration Floating roof Toe type of storage tank roof that is sus-
and evaporation sequence in a cooling tower. pended by the commodity being stored. Toe floating
Dummy leg A length of pipe or structural steel prevents the collection of harmful gases and vapors
welded to the outside of a pipe that provides support in tanks that store flammable liquids.
for the line. Flow diagram Schematic drawing depíctíng the equip-
ment, piping, and instrumentation of a piping facility.
E Flow displacement meter lnstrument installed within
Eccentric Reducer or swage having offset centerlines. a piping configuration that measures the flow rate of
Elbow Fitting used to make changes in direction of the comrnodity within the pipe.
pipeline. Flow element Set of orifice flanges used with test
Elbow, long radius Ninety degree elbow having a equipment that measures rates.
radius equal to one and one-half times the pipe's Flow indicator A local or board mounted instrument
nominal size. that registers flow rates.
Elbow, short radius Ninety degree elbow having a Flow meter A device used to indicate or record the
radius equal to the pipe's nominal size. amount of comrnodity flowing through a pipe.
Electric traced Electric leads coiled around a pipe to Flow rate Toe amount of flow passíng a given point
maintain a desired temperature. in a pipe for a predetermined amount of time, for
Elevation Sectional view of a facility showing vertical example, gph, gpm.
height dimensions. Flow ratio recording controller A combination of con-
Extra strong Pipe and fittings havíng measurements trol valve and recorder that records the flow within a
equivalent to schedule 80. pipe then controls the flow as required.
Flow recorder lnstrument that makes a permanent
F record of flow measurement.
Face Toe mating surface of flanged fittings or valves. Flow recording controller A control val ve that records
Face-to-face Measurement from the mating surface on measurements of flow through a pipe.
one end of a flanged valve to the mating surface on Foundation Grade-leve! concrete support for build-
the other end. ings, equipment, and structural members.
Feed Toe initial fluid material used in the fractional Foundation location plan Plan drawing depicting
distillation process. the coordinate location of buíldings, equipment, and
Feed, boiler Water piped through a boiler to produce structural concrete supports.
steam. Fraction By-products of a feed supply.
Female thread Intemal thread grooves cut into pipes, Fractional distillation Toe chemical process of sepa-
fittings, or valves. rating a feed supply into its various molecular com-
Field pipe A run of pipe configured, cut, and pieced ponents (by-products).
together at the time of installation. Fractionation column A vertical vessel havíng inter-
Fil ter Basket-type strainer used to collect solid waste and na! plates, called trays, which aid in the separation
contarninants circulating through the piping system. and collection of the various molecular compounds
Fin-fan See air cooler. of a feed stock (fractional distillation).
Fired heater Mechanical device used to elevate circu- Fuel oil Combustible material used as a heat source
lating liquids to extreme temperatures. for fired equipment in a process facility.
Fireproofing Generally brick, concrete, or gunite,
applied around vessel skirts or structural columns to G
prevent damage in case of fire. G-fin A U-shaped exchanger having a pipe within a
Fitting Generic name for components used to make pipe. Also known as a "hair pin" or "double pipe"
turns, branches, or reductions in a run of pipe. exchanger.
Flange Ring-shaped device that is welded or Gas Toe physical state of matter having the ability to
screwed on the end of a pipe that permits the pipe diffuse readily and distribute uniformly throughout
to be attached to other similiarly prepared piping the container to which it is confined.
components. Gasket Any of a wide variety of materials placed
Fiare stack Vertical column that uses an open flame to between mating surfaces to prevent leaks.
bum waste gases. Gate valve Valve designed for on or off control of a
Flash zone Toe position in a fractionation column comrnodity flowing through a pipe.
where the incoming feed separates into vapor and Gauge lnstruments that measure the liquid leve!
liquid states. inside a vessel or the temperature and/ or pressure in
Flat face Flange facing that has no raised surfaces. a piping system.
Meter run A clear run of pipe having a set of orifice Pipe support Structural member that carries the
flanges that is used to measure flow rate through the weight of a piping configuration.
pipe. Piping Generic term used to describe pipes, fittings,
Mixer Device used to combine liquid, semi-liquid or flanges, and valves in a facility.
bulk materials needed in the refining process. Piping drawing index Created from the plot plan, the
index uses match lines to divide the piping facility
N into small drawing areas. These areas are assigned
Naphtha Colorless, flammable by-product of crude drawing numbers and distributed to drafters/
petroleum used in the manufacture of gasoline. designers for creation.
Nipple A short length of pipe used to connect Plain end Any pipíng component havíng square ends
screwed or socket-weld fittings to one another. used for socket-weld connections.
Nominal pipe size A name given to a pipe with ref- Plant air Compressed air used to drive pneumatic
erence to its size in diameter. Only for pipes 14" hand tools.
and larger in diameter does this represent an exact Platform An elevated walkway around a vessel or
dimensional measurement. other píping equipment,
Nozzle Toe connecting point of the pípíng configura- Plot plan A master drawing showing the locations of all
tion to the vessel or equipment. Nozzles are provided buildings, structures, and equipment in a piping facility.
in locations where a commodity is either introduced Plug Screwed fitting havíng externa! threads that ter-
or removed from a vessel or piece of equipment. minates a piping configuration.
Nozzle arrangement Toe positioning of nozzles on a Plug valve A particular valve having a rectangular
piece of piping equipment. shaped hole through a tapered plug. Uses one-quarter
Nozzle orientation Plan drawing depicting the loca- tum of a handle to align the hole with the valve port.
tion of nozzles around the perimeter of a vessel Pressure alarm lnstrument designed to signa! dra-
using angular measurements from Oº. matic changes in interna! pressure.
Pressure controller A control valve that regulates
interna! pressure of a pipe or vessel after receiving a
o signa! from a transmitter.
Octagon An eight-sided concrete foundation placed Pressure differential recording controller Controls
below vertical vessels that distributes the vessel's the pressure differential between two pipes or ves-
load over a broader area. sels by means of a control valve.
0-lets Any of severa! fittings used to make branch Pressure indicator Dial instrument that indicates
connections for welded, screwed, or socket-weld interna! pressure of a pipe or vessel.
pipe. Pressure indicating controller Control valve with an
Operator Device used to activate valving. indicating transmitter that controls interna! pressure
Orifice flange Flange with a hole drilled into the on a pipe or vessel.
flange face perpendicular to the pipe that permits Pressure recorder A recording instrument that makes
testing equipment to be inserted. a permanent record of interna! pressures within a
Orifice flange union Pair of orifice flanges, orifice pipe or vessel.
plate, bolts, nuts, jackscrews, and gaskets. Primary Pressure recording controller lnstrument similiar to a
components of a meter run. pressure recorder and having the capability to trans-
Orifice plate Metal plate with a hole of predetermined mita signa! to a control valve.
size sandwiched between orifice flanges. Pressure safety valve An automatic pressure-reliev-
OWS (Oily water sewer) An underground píping sys-
ing device actuated by excessive interna! pressure of
tem used to collect and transfer contaminated dis- a pipe or vessel.
charge to a treatment facility. Process equipment Pipíng equipment having the
capability to alter the chemical makeup of the com-
p modity it contains.
P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram. Pump Mechanical device used to move fluids under
Pedestal See foundation. pressure from one location to another.
Pipe guide See guide. Purge Toe act of removing foreign matter from the
Pipe hanger See hanger. interna! surfaces of a pipe or vessel.
Pipe rack Structural framework consisting of a series
of vertical columns connected with horizontal mem- R
bers. Major thoroughfare for pipes traveling in a pro- Raised face Type of flange facing used with flat ríng
cess facility. gaskets. 150# and 300# raised face flanges have a Yi6'
Reflux A liquid product returned to a fractionation that allow toxic and explosive gases to escape.
column that aids in the fractionation process. Sleeper Near grade-leve! structural support used to
Reinforcing pad A plate contoured to the shape of a support horizontal piping runs.
vessel shell. lt is positioned around nozzles to pro- Slip-on flange Flange with a low hub that allows pipe
vide additional strength in the areas where metal to be inserted prior to welding.
was removed from the shell. Slotted anchor Saddle or other support having elon-
Restriction orifice Standard orífice union assembly gated bolt holes that allows for movement due to
including spectacle blind used to create smooth flow. heat expansion.
Ring-type joint Flange face that uses a steel ring Specifications Guidelines established by governmen-
rather than flat or full ríng gasket. tal agencies, standards associations, and vendors, for
Root gap The 1/16" space between two butt-weld fit- plant design and construction.
tings prior to welding. Spectacle blind A figure 8-shaped plate placed
Rotary pump Displacement-type pump using pistons, within an orifice flange assembly. One end has a hole
gears, or screws to discharge a commodity. through which flow can pass to create smooth flow
Run Generic name for any length of pipe. for accurate instrument readings.
Rung Horizontal member of a ladder. Spiral weld Type of pipe formed by twisting metal
plate in spiral shapes then welding.
s Spool Type of isometric or orthographic drawing con-
Saddle U-shaped structural support welded to hori- taining dimensions and callouts for fabrication.
zontal vessels and exchangers. Saddles are bolted to Spring hanger Pipe hanger using a coil spring to
concrete foundations and create a craddle-like sup- absorb movement within a pipe.
port in which the vessel can rest. Steam Toe vapor phase of water.
Schedule Wall thickness of pipe. Steam, dry Steam that is devoid of suspended water
Scrubber Used to separate contaminants from gases particles.
duríng the refining process. Steam, saturated Steam that exceeds boiling point
Seal pan Installed below the bottom tray in a vessel to temperature for an equivalent pressure.
prevent liquids from bypassing the trays. Steam traced Tubing coiled around a pipe containing
Seamless Pipe manufactured without any resulting steam to help maintain a desired temperature.
welded connection. Steam turbine Pump or generator driver using high
Separator Any collection-type vessel used to separate pressure steam to power the turbine's impeller.
liquids from gases or other liquids during the refin- Stem Threaded shaft within a valve that raises and
ing process. lowers the valve wedge or disc by rotating the
Shape roller Mechanical apparatus that sizes and handwheel.
shapes rolled plate to forro pipe. Stub-in Branch connection made on a run of pipe
Shell The cylindrical walls of a vessel. without the use of a fitting.
Suction Toe inlet or incoming side of a pump or Tube bundle Removable section of an exchanger con-
compressor. taining interna! tubes.
Swage Typically a screwed or socket-weld type of fit- Tube sheet Vertical plate separating the shell side
ting used to make a reduction in the diameter of the from the channel end of an exchanger.
síze of pipe. Turbulence Uneven flow produced by directional
changes or obstructions within the pipe.
T
Tank Storage vessel used for the collection of process
materials. u
Tank farm Area within a process facility where sev- Union A three-piece fitting placed within a screwed
era! storage tanks reside. or socket-weld configuration that permits quick dis-
Tee Three-way fitting used to make branch connec- assembly of the configuration.
tions on a run of pipe. Utility One of many plant services required for the
Temperature alarm lnstrument designed to signa! efficient operation of the facility, for example, air,
dramatic changes in interna! temperature. water, steam, sewer, and fiares.
Temperature controller A control valve that regulates Utility air Compressed air used to drive pneumatic
interna! temperature of a pipe or vessel after receiv- tools, clean equipment, and perform other mainte-
ing a signal from a transmitter. nance services.
Temperature control valve Valve using fluctuations
in temperature to make adjustments in commodity V
flow. Valve Device used to control the flow of a commodity
Temperature element Thermocouple that allows porta- through a pipe.
ble test equipment to be inserted to measure the tem- Vapor Toe gaseous state of any substance that is liq-
perature of the commodity within a pipe or vessel. uid or solid under ordinary circumstances.
Temperature indicator lnstrument that indicates Vapor lock Trapped air or vapor in a pipe that pre-
temperature of the commodity in a pipe or vessel vents the flow of a commodity through the pipe.
(thermometer). Vendor A third-party supplier of parts, equipment, or
Temperature recorder A recording instrument that other components of the piping facility.
makes a permanent record of temperature within a Vendor drawing A drawing or rendering that depicts
pipe or vessel. descriptive information pertaining to the equipment
Temperature recording controller Instrument that or pipíng component that a supplier or manufacturer
provides simultaneous recordíng and regulation of delivers to the piping facility.
the temperature within a pipe or vessel by sendíng a Vertical heater Device used to raise the temperature
signa! to a control valve and recorder. of a commodity to the point at which it can be used
Temperature well (Thermowell) lnserted into a cou- in a process system.
pling to protect the temperature instrument bulb. Vessel Generic term used to describe any closed con-
Thermal expansion Growth of pipe due to the appli- tainer housing liquid, vapor, or gaseous commodity.
cation of heat.
Threaded end Any piping component having interna!
or externa! threads. w
Threads, external Pipe component having screw Wedge Sealing component of a gate valve.
threads cut into the exterior surface (male threads). Weir Dam-like plate welded on a tray that allows a
Threads, interna! Pipe component having screw fractionated by-product to collect and be extracted
threads cut into the interior surface (female threads). by a nozzle.
Tower Vertical vessel or colurnn. Welding ring See back-up ring.
Transmitter Instrument that sends signals to indicat- Weld neck flange Flange with a tapered neck for butt-
ing, controlling, or recordíng devices. welding to other bevel-end piping components.
Trapeze Pipe hanger consisting of two vertical rods
connected with a horizontal support member.
Tray Flat metal plates spaced approximately 30" apart
inside a vertical vessel that aid in the fractionation of
crude petroleum into by-products.
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462 INDEX