Simulation of Uhf-Rfid Wireless Repeater Using Matlab

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Chapter 3
SIMULATION OF UHF- RFID WIRELESS REPEATER USING

MATLAB
3.1. INTRODUCTION:
Presently we are using GPS (K. Brown and Peter Brown, 2005; Robert
MacCurdy 2009; Patrick E. Clark et al., 2005) and GSM for tracking an
object. The given solutions for tracking that are very expensive. Nowadays
RFID is used in Logistics management, Library management and Farm
management (Sewon Oh et.al, 2005; Raj Bridgelall, 2008; Urachada Ketprom
et al., 2007). But it is having severe coverage/ read range problem (Clinton S.
Hartmann and Lewis T. Claiborne, 2007).
In passive RFID technology, tags won’t have battery to transmit data. Each tag
gets energy signal from reader unit. Due to free space loss and passive antenna
efficiency the tag gets very low energy signal for its operation. So, the tag
cannot communicate over larger distance. H-E. Nilsson, et.al. 2007 have
developed a printed patch antenna for robust RFID tags to improve efficiency
of read range. But it is useful for short range of coverage extension only and
cannot give better coverage for large areas. To solve this wireless repeater
approach is proposed. The main component in repeater is signal booster; this
will improve RFID signal strength and can give better reading range.
Here we proposed wireless repeater with switch to control selection of antenna

of particular area which yields better tracking of tag. In the previous research,
wireless repeater was proposed as a simple energizer for LF application. It is
used to energize the tag and not to boost received signal (Afshin Partovi and
Micheale Sears, 2008; Ben J.Wild 2010). In our work we propose wireless
repeater for UHF range with switches to control the repeater and antenna for
tracking information. The selection of repeater and particular antenna is
50
controlled by switch. The repeater signal booster section amplifies weak RFID
signal transmitted from the tag, thereby it can reach long distance. The system
is simulated using Matlab software.
3.2. Repeater:
In wireless communication engineering, the part of repeaters is very important.

It helps better signal reception and for good decision making. It is basically an
amplifier which amplifies the RFID signal. In RFID system the reader sends
command/energy
energy signal towards tags. This signal energises internal circuitry
of RFID tag from incoming signal and retransmits it towards the repeater. This
signal is so weak in strength and should not be able to reach reader in the long
distance. It reduces the coverage
coverage of RFID system. So we introduce signal
booster to increase the strength. It will enhance the reading range of the
system.
3.3. Cell Structure:
Structure
In mobile communication we are using hexagonal cellular architecture for
better frequency resource management and coverage. The same principle is
adopted here for antenna installation as discussed in previous chapter. Every
antenna is considered as base station
station of the cell. This structure is more
compact and efficient in coverage. It is given in figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Cellular Structure
3.4. Antenna Networking:

Networking
It is the technique of connecting more number of antennas with each reader to

improve its efficiency in tracking range. Here we are using star network
51
topology based structure to connect antennas with the repeater ports. The
repeater will be placed at the centre cell for better performance and less loss. It
gives most efficient and suitable shortest path to our design.
3.5. General Block Diagram:
The general block diagram of our proposed system is given figure 3.2.
Initially RFID reader transmits energy signal to the RFID tag. Then the tag
transmits the ID data to the reader through antenna, switch (MUX/DEMUX)
and wireless repeater. Here wireless repeater plays major role in amplifying
the weak signal from tag. UHF passive tags are simulated in this work. In
general maximum coverage is 10 to 15 Meters operating at 865 MHz range.
Here we are proposing cellular architecture for implementing base station
antenna. It gives greater performance in coverage for larger areas. The read
error probability and antenna cabling issue is solved in this method. The
physical area is divided by hexagonal cells and repeater antenna is placed in
this cell. For the given physical area number of cells, number of antennas and
number of readers are calculated by following procedures.
Number of cells (Cn) = Farm Area( Fa) / 2.59 D2
D is radius of hexagon.
Area of the hexagon = 2.59 R2
If we consider each antenna to cover 10 meters radius,
Test antenna range = 10 meters;
D = 10 meters; If Fa = 10000 Sq. meters,
Cn = 100X100/2.59 X 100
No of Hexagon Cells = 38.7
No of Antennas per repeater ( Na) = 8
No of repeater = 39/8 = 5;
No of reader = 1
So, we need Approximately1reader and 5 repeaters to cover 10000 Sq.
Meters area. Proper division of land area and antenna placement will lead
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good results. Rough and tough uneven areas we have to choose special
directional antennas for better results
M M
U U
X X
RF AMPLIFIER
/ / RFID
D D
RFID E E RFID
Reader M M
U U
X Encoder/Decoder
X
RFID tag
Figure 3.2: Repeater model
3.6. Design of Repeater:

Elements of repeaters are transmitting and receive purpose antennas, low
noise and power amplifiers. Based on the distance and frequency range power
loss is calculated. Amplifier gain is selected based on the loss in the particular
site. Free-space path loss is proportional to the square of the distance between
the transmitter and receiver, and also proportional to the square of the
frequency of the radio signal.
The equation for Free Space Path Loss is
FSPL = (4πd/λ)2
FSPL = (4πdf/c)2
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Where:
• is the signal wavelength (in metres), is the signal frequency (in

hertz), is the distance from the transmitter (in metres), is the speed
of light in a vacuum, 2.99792458 × 108 metres per second.
This equation is only accurate in the far field where spherical

spherical spreading can be
assumed; it does not hold close to the transmitter.
Free-space
space path loss in decibels
A convenient way to express FSPL is in terms of dB:
FSPL (dB) = 10 log10 ((4πdf/c)2)
= 20 log10 (4πdf/c)
= 20 log10 (d) + log10 (f) + log10 (4π/c)
FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + log10 (f) – 147.55; Where the units are as before.
For typical radio applications, it is common to find measured in units of

MHz and in km, in which case the FSPL equation becomes
FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + log10 (f) + 32.45
In our design we have to consider free space loss at tag to repeater and
repeater to reader link. So, we have to design a power amplifier to compensate
this loss for collect the data from repeater link.
3.7. Multiplexer Switch Unit:
Here we are using MUX/DEMUX for switching RF signal between

reader and tag. At any particular time of interval one port will be activated to
collect data. Antenna networking is used instead of more readers.
readers It will
reduce cost of the network. The switching control signal will be sent to the
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repeater from reader and based on that it will activate specific ports for
communication. In our design we have explained forward control path and
return signal path from repeater antenna port. The signal path from tag to
reader through repeater is very important in decision making for RFID data
retrieval. We have taken 10000 square meter area as an example and here we
need 39 output ports to connect an antenna and 5 repeaters with 8Ch switch.
3.8. Antenna Installation:
Antenna selection and installation is an important task in communication

engineering. Here we are using star networking topology to connect the
antennas. Every antenna is connected to its repeater and selection of the port is
controlled by main reader. An Antenna is installed at the center of the base
station. Here we have in this case we have designed 39 hexagon cells and
therefore 39 base stations. So, we have to use 39 antennas. We must find out
shortest path to connect antenna and network center for less wire loss.
3.9. Mapping of Tracking Data :
Mapping is identifying physical locations using graphical representation.

Here the physical areas are structured by hexagonal cells. Every cell is
represented by specific ID which gives its exact location. Actually the antenna
selection control signal is sent from the reader. So, we can easily visualize the
tags and location. Here we are using predetermined location mapping, that is
antenna and base station is controlled by repeater control signal transmitted by
reader. It can be used for identifying the present location of the tag. This
method is most economic for tracking the object.
3.10. Implementation:
We have used hexagonal cell structure for placing antenna tower. It is very
efficient method for calculating number of antennas and readers for area
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mapping. It gives perfect solution for complete coverage. That is visibility will
be more compared with other mapping methods. Using wireless
wireless repeater and
this hexagonal structure we can cover large physical area with less number of
RFID readers. In the above mentioned calculation totally 1 reader, 5 repeater
and 39 antenna ports are needed to cover 10000 Sq. meter
eter areas. It is very
economical and closed loop algorithm is used to track the objects. In this work
we tried to solve reading range issue with switch controlled wireless repeater
and antenna networking. The block diagram is given by figure 3.2,
3. figure 3.3
and Matlab model is represented by 3.4.
Figure 3.3: Block Diagram

Here we are using passive RFID because of battery replacement and cost. For
long range, life and low cost application UHF tags are more suitable. Mobile
communication technology uses cellular structure for base station
management. Here also we tried the same approach to fix reading point
antennas for successive read rate. Every cell will have one antenna as a base
station. It will identify the tag and based on the control signal information
infor of
particular port the location map is updated. Suppose the control signal is 1,
then the first antenna of repeater will be activated and others will be off. If we
read any tag in this time slot, means that it is transmitted from location
correspondss to reader 1, cell 1. By this data we can locate particular object and
its present location.
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Figure 3.4: Simulation model in Matlab

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Figure 3.5: Simulation result window snapshot
Figure 3.6: BER
3.1. Conclusion
Conclusion:
We have simulated 8 cells. One reader was used to cover whole area. We used
one multiplexer and one repeater. The location is mapped based on the port
control signal and corresponding tag data was displayed. Here we have tested
for 8 different tags which are
are placed in 8 different cells. The mapping chart
was displayed for individual cases. Power spectrum and BER is calculated and
displayed in figure 3.5 and figure 3.6.

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49

SIMULATION OF UHF- RFID WIRELESS REPEATER USING

Here we proposed wireless repeater with switch to control selection of antenna

In wireless communication engineering, the part of repeaters is very important.

Figure 3.1: Cellular Structure

3.4. Antenna Networking:

It is the technique of connecting more number of antennas with each reader to

Figure 3.2: Repeater model

3.6. Design of Repeater:

The equation for Free Space Path Loss is

• is the signal wavelength (in metres), is the signal frequency (in

This equation is only accurate in the far field where spherical

A convenient way to express FSPL is in terms of dB:

FSPL (dB) = 10 log10 ((4πdf/c)2)

= 20 log10 (d) + log10 (f) + log10 (4π/c)

For typical radio applications, it is common to find measured in units of

FSPL (dB) = 20 log10 (d) + log10 (f) + 32.45

3.7. Multiplexer Switch Unit:

Here we are using MUX/DEMUX for switching RF signal between

3.8. Antenna Installation:

Antenna selection and installation is an important task in communication

3.9. Mapping of Tracking Data :

Mapping is identifying physical locations using graphical representation.

Figure 3.3: Block Diagram

Figure 3.4: Simulation model in Matlab

Figure 3.5: Simulation result window snapshot

Figure 3.6: BER

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