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    The Paraxial Approximation

    Uploaded by

    Subhadip Pal
    The document discusses the paraxial approximation, which models a transducer beam as a quasi-plane wave propagating in a given direction with an amplitude profile described by a diffraction correction term. This approximation reduces computational burden in beam modeling by neglecting higher-order terms in the phase and amplitude of waves. It satisfies the paraxial wave equation and allows obtaining diffraction correction terms for practical testing setups. Limitations include near critical angles, rapidly varying surface curvature over the beam width, and locations too close to the transducer or highly focused beams.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Paraxial Approximation

    Uploaded by

    Subhadip Pal
    56 views11 pages
    The document discusses the paraxial approximation, which models a transducer beam as a quasi-plane wave propagating in a given direction with an amplitude profile described by a diffraction correction term. This approximation reduces computational burden in beam modeling by neglecting higher-order terms in the phase and amplitude of waves. It satisfies the paraxial wave equation and allows obtaining diffraction correction terms for practical testing setups. Limitations include near critical angles, rapidly varying surface curvature over the beam width, and locations too close to the transducer or highly focused beams.

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    Paraxial 20

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    The document discusses the paraxial approximation, which models a transducer beam as a quasi-plane wave propagating in a given direction with an amplitude profile described by a diffraction correction term. This approximation reduces computational burden in beam modeling by neglecting higher-order terms in the phase and amplitude of waves. It satisfies the paraxial wave equation and allows obtaining diffraction correction terms for practical testing setups. Limitations include near critical angles, rapidly varying surface curvature over the beam width, and locations too close to the transducer or highly focused beams.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views11 pages

    The Paraxial Approximation

    Uploaded by

    Subhadip Pal
    The document discusses the paraxial approximation, which models a transducer beam as a quasi-plane wave propagating in a given direction with an amplitude profile described by a diffraction correction term. This approximation reduces computational burden in beam modeling by neglecting higher-order terms in the phase and amplitude of waves. It satisfies the paraxial wave equation and allows obtaining diffraction correction terms for practical testing setups. Limitations include near critical angles, rapidly varying surface curvature over the beam width, and locations too close to the transducer or highly focused beams.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    The Paraxial Approximation

    Learning Objectives

    Introduction to the paraxial approximation and its


    importance in beam modeling
    The Paraxial Approximation
    A transducer generates a complex beam of sound. Modeling that
    complexity is a challenging task.

    The modeling computational burden can be reduced considerably


    by introducing approximations. The paraxial approximation is
    one of the most useful of those approximations.
    The Paraxial Approximation
    The paraxial approximation models the transducer beam as a
    quasi-plane wave where most of the sound is propagating in

    a given direction with an amplitude profile described by a


    diffraction correction term, C(x,y,z,ω).
    x
    z
    v0 C
    p = ρ cv0C ( x, y, z , ω ) exp ( ikz − iω t )
    The Paraxial Approximation

    To illustrate the paraxial approximation in a simple setting


    consider a spherical wave. Suppose that we are only interested
    in the spherical wave field in the vicinity of a particular direction
    which we will take as the z-axis (i.e. x,y <<z)

    z
    x

    y
    r0 exp ( ikr )
    p = p0
    r
    p0 r0 exp ( ikr )
    vz ≅ vr ≅
    ρc r
    The Paraxial Approximation
    Then, since r = x 2 + y2 + z 2
    x2 y2
    = z 1+ 2 + 2
    z z
    ρ2
    ≅z+
    2z
    where ρ = x2 + y2

    we find ⎛ ik ρ 2 ⎞
    r0 exp ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝ 2 z ⎠ exp ikz = p C x, y, z; ω exp ikz
    p = p0 ( ) 0 ( ) ( )
    z
    ⎛ ik ρ 2 ⎞
    r0 exp ⎜ ⎟
    p0 ⎝ 2 z ⎠ exp ikz = p0 C x, y, z; ω exp ikz
    vz = ( ) ( ) ( )
    ρc z ρc
    The Paraxial Approximation

    ⎛ ik ρ 2 ⎞
    r0 exp ⎜ ⎟
    z ⎝ 2 z ⎠ exp ikz = p C x, y, z; ω exp ikz
    x p = p0 ( ) 0 ( ) ( )
    z
    ⎛ ik ρ 2 ⎞
    r0 exp ⎜ ⎟
    p0 ⎝ 2 z ⎠ exp ikz = p0 C x, y, z; ω exp ikz
    y vz = ( ) ( ) ( )
    ρc z ρc

    Note that in obtaining this diffraction correction term we only


    approximated the amplitude part of the spherical wave to first
    order ( r ~ z) while we approximated the phase to second order.
    This is because terms neglected in the phase must not only be small
    with respect to the terms retained but also must be small with
    respect to 2π if they are to be negligible.
    The Paraxial Approximation

    Consider the wave equation


    ∂2 p ∂2 p ∂2 p 1 ∂2 p
    + 2 + 2 − 2 2 =0
    ∂x 2
    ∂y ∂z c ∂t

    Let p = P ( x, y, z , ω ) exp [ikz − iω t ]

    ∂2 P ∂2 P ∂2 P ∂P
    Then + 2 + 2 + 2ik =0
    ∂x 2
    ∂y ∂z ∂z
    ∂2 P ∂P ∂ 2 P ∂ 2 P
    If we assume << 2ik , 2 , 2
    ∂z 2
    ∂z ∂x ∂y
    ∂2 P ∂2 P ∂P
    + 2 + 2ik =0
    ∂x 2
    ∂y ∂z
    ∂2 P ∂2 P ∂P
    + 2 + 2ik =0
    ∂x 2
    ∂y ∂z

    paraxial wave equation

    Our paraxial approximation for a spherical wave


    satisfies this paraxial equation exactly:

    p0 r0 ⎛ ik ρ 2 ⎞
    P= exp ⎜ ⎟
    z ⎝ 2 z ⎠
    There are other solutions, such as Gaussian waves
    that also satisfy this equation and form important
    building blocks for modeling ultrasonic transducer
    radiation in complex problems
    The Paraxial Approximation
    The paraxial approximation allows one to obtain diffraction
    correction terms for many practical testing setups

    x'
    x fluid
    z' k1 =ω/cp1
    v0
    ds

    solid dp (x,y,z) k2 = ω/cp2


    z or k2 = ω/cs2

    v ( x, y, z , z ′, ω ) = v0T12d C ( x, y, z , z ′, ω ) exp ( ik1 z ′ + ik2 z )

    velocity plane wave polarization


    transmission d or d diffraction
    p s correction
    coefficient
    Limitations of Beam Models based on the Paraxial Approximation

    near critical angles

    cases where the surface curvature


    varies rapidly over the beam width

    at locations too close to


    a plane transducer or for at high refracted angles
    too tightly focused transducers

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