c2 Modeling Fracture Geometry PDF
c2 Modeling Fracture Geometry PDF
c2 Modeling Fracture Geometry PDF
R.D. Barree
Barree & Associates LLC
In this session …
• What are the dominant processes of
modeling?
• What are the requirements of a good design
model?
• What models are available?
• What are their assumptions?
• How should you select an appropriate model?
© 2009
Which Model & Why
Simplistic Models: Sophisticated Models:
• Easy to use • Require input to describe
• Require minimal input data the reservoir
• Take little or no time • Accurately describe the
fracture
• Allow for making informed
decisions
© 2009
Fracture Design:
Understanding & Modeling Dominant Processes
• Fracture geometry creation
– elastic properties, plasticity, pore pressure
– model assumptions, rock shear and slip
• Fluid leakoff
– pressure dependence, whole gel
• Fluid rheology
• Proppant transport
– rheology, localized leakoff
– causes & remedies for screenouts
© 2009
Design Model Requirements
• Describe/Include the basic physics of all
important processes
• Ability to predict (not just mimic) job results
• Provide decision making capability
– Understand what happened
– Isolate causes of problems
– Change necessary inputs
– Predict results
If your model can’t do this, why run it?
© 2009
Modes of Fracture
Mode I: Tension Mode II: Sliding Shear Mode III: Tearing Shear
© 2009
Available Frac Models
• 2D Models • Lumped Parameter
– Perkins‐Kern Nordgren Models
(PKN) – FracPro
– Khristianovich‐ – FracPro‐PT
Geertsma‐DeKlerk
(KGD) • 3D Models
– Penny‐Frac – GOHFER
– N‐StimPlan
• Pseudo‐3D Models – Terra‐Frac
– MFRAC
– StimPlan, e‐StimPlan
– FracCade
© 2009
All Frac Models Start With
A Width Equation
Consider the displacement
caused by a point load
on the surface of a
semi‐infinite half space:
The displacement of the
r surface is given by:
P
© 2009
Total Width Results from Surface
Integration of Distributed Pressure
The deflection of the surface of a semi‐infinite half‐
space acted on by a distributed pressure is:
This solution was developed by J. Boussinesq in 1885
© 2009
Distributions of “Tensile” Stress
at the Frac Tips
Distributed stress allowing
smooth closure at the fracture tip
Concentrated stress approaching
a singularity at the fracture tip
© 2009
Composite Process Zone Modeled
by Apparent Stress Concept
Net Stress Negative:
Internal Fluid Pressure
Less Than Closure
© 2009
Plane‐Strain Solution
• Applies for cracks of
large aspect ratio
• Width is a function
of net pressure and
a
characteristic
length
• Width is constant
along frac length
© 2009
Sneddon’s Equation
for Width of a Plane‐Strain Linear Crack
• Sneddon’s equation (1945) for an
infinite length (plane‐strain) crack,
2(1 − υ )p 2 2
with crack tips at +c and –c
2
• Simplified‐geometry solution
assumes two‐dimensional plane‐ u = c −y
strain behavior with an implied E
stress singularity (infinite stress) at
the crack tip
Most 2D and Pseudo 3D models
use a form of this equation
© 2009
Geometry Assumption in
2D models
• All 2D models require the user to input constant
frac height
• Length and width are calculated from compliance
and leakoff
• Called “2D” because only width and length are
calculated, while height remains fixed.
• Two 2D models are PKN and KGD
– Both were published by Royal Dutch Shell researchers
in the 1960s.
– Both use the Sneddon linear crack solution for a
plane‐strain crack.
© 2009
Differences in Geometry
Assumption for PKN and KGD
Fracture width at the mid-point (y=0) is given by Sneddon’s equation for
two common 2D models:
PKN KGD
The total The crack
( )
fracture half length
height
(H) is 2c w = 2u =
2 1 − υ 2 Hp
w = 2u =
(
4 1 − υ 2 Lp) (c) is
given by L
E E
Note that these are the same equations solved with different
characteristic crack lengths and assume an infinite stress and zero
displacement at the crack tips.
© 2009
Results Controlled by Assumptions
in Simplistic Models
10000 0.04
0.035
0.025
100 0.02
P_PKN
P_KGD
0.015
Width
10 0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
• Calculate pressure drop along fracture length
• Calculate width and equilibrium height at each segment
• May have proppant transport models run sequentially with
geometry
© 2009
Example of StimPlan Output
© 2009
Lumped Parameter Models
Upper Height
Frac Tip
Lower Height
• Model gives position of frac at three points only
• Frac growth is driven by vertical and horizontal pressure
gradient functions
• Fracture outline is connected with concentric ellipses
• May have separate prop transport models that may or
may not interact with geometry development © 2009
Example of Fracpro‐PT Output
© 2009
Available 3‐D Models
• N‐StimPlan
– Gridded width and flow solution similar to GOHFER™
– Fully‐coupled elastic finite‐element width solution
• GOHFER™
– Gridded deformation and flow solution
– Shear‐decoupled formulation
• Terra‐Frac
– Finite‐element solution
– Requires re‐meshing with time
– Single fluid entry point
– Linear‐elastic solution
© 2009
Elastically Coupled Displacement
© 2009
What is actually
Observed in the Field?
• Fracture widths are often less than
predicted
• High net treating pressures are common
• Height containment is often better than
expected
• Shear failure occurs in the rock mass
(microseisms)
© 2009
Displacement With Shear
Shear Plane
• No displacement transmitted across a freely
sliding shear plane
• No influence from any loads applied on
opposite side of shear plane
• Integrate applied load over a small area
• No stress concentration at fracture boundary
• Very small fracture widths
© 2009
Frac Extension with Shear‐Slip
Fluid pressure must Fluid pressure enters existing
penetrate rock and crack and generates a stress
exceed closure stress concentration
© 2009
Containment
Decoupled System
© 2009
Actual Fracture in Core Section
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Microseisms After Water Injection
© 2009
Fracture Height Containment Through Shear Slip
at Bed Boundaries
© 2009
Which Model & Why
Sophisticated Models: Simplistic Models:
• Require input to describe • Easy to use
the reservoir • Require minimal input data
• Accurately describe the • Take little or no time
fracture
• Allow for making informed
decisions
© 2009