SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES

(CONCEPT, METHODS, AND STEPS)

By Nghi H. Nguyen

DEFINITION.

A trig inequality is an inequality in standard form: R(x) > 0 (or < 0) that contains one or a few trig
functions of the variable arc x. Solving the inequality R(x) means finding all the values of the
variable arc x whose trig functions make the inequality R(x) true.
All these values of x constitute the solution set of the trig inequality R(x).
Solution sets of trig inequalities are expressed in intervals.

Examples of trig inequalities:

sin (x + 30 degree) < 0.75 tan x + cot x > 2 sin (2x + Pi/3) < 0.5
sin x + sin 2x < -sin 3x cos 2x + 3sin x > 1.5 2 tan x + cot x > 3

Example of solution sets of trig inequalities in the form of intervals:

(Pi/4, 2Pi/3) ; [0, 2Pi] ; [-Pi/2, Pi/2] ; (20 deg, 80 deg.) ; (30 deg., 120 deg.)

THE TRIG UNIT CIRCLE

It is a circle with radius R = 1 unit, with an origin O. The variable arc AM that rotates
counterclockwise on the trig unit circle defines 4 common trig functions of the arc x.
When an arc AM varies on the trig unit circle:
The horizontal axis OAx defines the trig function f(x) = cos x.
The vertical axis OBy defines the trig function f(x) = sin x.
The vertical axis At defines the trig function f(x) = tan x.
The horizontal axis Bu defines the trig function f(x) = cot x.
The trig unit circle will be used as proof in solving basic trig equations and basic trig inequalities.

COMMON PERIOD OF THE TRIG INEQUALITY

The common period of a trig inequality is the least multiple of all periods of the trig functions
presented in the inequality. Examples:
The trig inequality: sin x + sin 2x + cos x/2 < 1 has 4Pi as common period.
The trig inequality: tan 2x + sin x – cos 2x > 2 has 2Pi as common period.
The trig inequality: tan x + cos x/2 < 3 has 4Pi as common period.

Unless specified, a trig inequality must be solved, at least, within one whole common period.

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BASIC TRIG INEQUALITIES.

There are 4 main common types of basic trig inequalities:

sin x < a (or > a) cos x < a (or > a) a is a given number
tan x < a (or > a) cot x < a (or > a)

Solving basic trig inequalities proceeds by using trig conversion tables (or calculators), then by
considering the various positions of the variable arc x that rotates on the trig circle.

Example 1. Solve the inequality: sin x > 0.709

Solution. The solution set is given by both trig table and trig unit circle. On the trig unit circle,
sin x > 0.709 when the arc x varies between Pi/4 and 3Pi/4:

Pi/4 < x < 3Pi/4 Answer within period 2Pi

Pi/4 + 2k.Pi < x < 3Pi/4 + 2k. Pi Extended answers

Example 2. Solve: tan x < 0.414

Solution. The solution set is given by the unit circle and calculator. On the trig unit circle, tan x
> 0.414 when the arc x varies between the values – Pi/2 (or 3Pi/2) and Pi/8.

-Pi/2 < x < Pi/8 Answer within period Pi

-Pi/2 + k.Pi < x < Pi/8 + k.Pi Extended answers

Example 3. Solve: cos (2x + Pi/4) < 0.5 within period 2Pi

Solution. Solution set given by unit circle and calculator:

Pi/3 < 2x + Pi/4 < 5Pi/3

Pi/12 < 2x < 17Pi/12
Pi/24 < x < 17Pi/24 Answer

Example 4. Solve: cot (2x – Pi/6) < -0.578 (within period Pi)

Solution. Solution set given by trig circle and calculator:

2Pi/3 < x – Pi/6 < Pi

5Pi/6 < 2x < 7Pi/6
5Pi/12 < x < 7Pi/12 Answer

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To fully know how to solve basic trig inequalities, and similar, see book titled:”Trigonometry:
Solving trigonometric equations and inequalities” (Amazon e-book 2010)

SOLVING CONCEPT

To solve a trig inequality, transform it into one or many trig inequalities. Solving trig inequalities
finally results in solving basic trig inequalities.

To transform a trig inequality into basic ones, students can use common algebraic
transformations (common factor, polynomial identities…), definitions and properties of trig
functions, and trig identities, the most needed. There are about 31 trig identities, among them
the last 14 identities (from # 19 to # 31) are called transformation identities, since they are
necessary tools to transform trig inequalities (or trig equations) into basic ones. See book
mentioned above.

Example 5. Transform the inequality sin x + cos x < 0 into a product.

Solution. sin x + cos x = sin x + sin (Pi/2 - x) =

= 2sin Pi/4.sin (a + Pi/4) < 0 Use Sum into Product Identity, #28

Example 6. Transform the inequality sin 2x – sin x > 0 into a product

Solution. sin 2x – sin x = 2sin x. cos x – sin x

= sin x (2cos x – 1) > 0 Trig identity & common factor

Example 7. Transform (cos 2x < 1 + sin x) into a product.

Solution. cos 2x – 1 – sin x < 0

1 – 2sin^2 x – 1 – sin x < 0 (Replace cos 2x by 1 – 2sin^2 x)
-sin x(2sin x + 1) < 0

Important Note. The transformation process for the inequality R(x) > 0 (or < 0) is exactly the
same as the transformation process of the equation R(x) = 0. Solving the trig inequality R(x)
requires first to solve the equation R(x) = 0 to get all of its real roots.

STEPS IN SOLVING TRIG INEQUALITIES

There are 4 steps in solving trig inequalities.

Step 1. Transform the given trig inequality into standard form R(x) > 0 (or < 0).

Example. The inequality (cos 2x < 2 + 3sin x) will be transformed into standard form:
R(x) = cos 2x – 3sin x - 2 < 0
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Example. The inequality (sin x + sin 2x > - sin 3x) will be transformed into standard form
R(x) = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x > 0.

Step 2. Find the common period . The common period must be the least multiple of the periods
of all trig functions presented in the inequality. The complete solution set must, at least, cover
one whole common period.

Example. The trig inequality R(x) = cos 2x – 3sin x - 2 < 0 has 2Pi as common period

Example. The trig inequality R(x) = sin x – cos x/2 - 0.5 > 0 has 4Pi as common period.
Example. The trig inequality R(x) = tan x + 2 cos x + sin 2x < 2 has 2Pi as common period.

Step 3. Solve the trig equation R(x) = 0

If R(x) contains only one trig function, solve it as a basic trig equation.

If R(x) contains 2 or more trig functions, there are 2 methods, described below, to solve it.

a. METHOD 1. Transform R(x) into a product of many basic trig equations. Next, solve
these basic trig equations separately to get all values of x that will be used in Step 4.

Example 8. Solve: cos x + cos 2x > - cos 3x (0 < x < 2Pi)

Solution. Step 1. Standard form: R(x) = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x > 0

Step 2. Common period: 2Pi
Step 3. Solve R(x) = 0. Transform it into a product using Sum to Product Identity:

R(x) = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x = cos 2x (1 + 2cos x) = 0.

Next, solve the 2 basic trig equations f(x) = cos 2x = 0 and g(x) = (1 + 2cos x) = 0 to get all values
of x within the period 2Pi. These values of x will be used in Step 4.

Example 9. Solve sin x + sin 2x < -sin 3x (0 < x < 2Pi)

Solution. Step 1: sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x < 0

Step 2: Common period 2Pi.
Step 3. Solve R(x) = 0. Transform it into a product using trig identity:

R(x) = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = sin 2x (2cos x + 1) = 0

Next, solve the 2 basic trig equations f(x) = sin 2x = 0 and g(x) = 2cos x + 1 = 0. The found values
of x will be used in Step 4.

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 b. METHOD 2. This method transforms a trig inequality with 2 or more trig functions into a
trig inequality having only one trig function (called t) as variable. Next, solve for t from this trig
equation, as a basic trig equation. Then, solve for x from these values of t. The common trig
functions to be chosen as function variable are: sin x = t; cos x = t, cos 2x = t; tan x = t; and
tan x/2 = t.

Example 10. Solve: 3sin^2 x = sin 2x + cos^2 x

Solution. Divide both sides by cos^2 x (cos x not equal 0; x not equals Pi/2). Let tan x = t.

3 t^2 – 2t - 1 = 0 This is a quadratic equation having 2 real roots: 1 and -1/3

Next, solve the 2 basic trig equations: tan x = t = 1 and tan x = t = -1/3

Example 11. Solve tan x + 2 tan^2 x = cot x + 2 (0 < x < Pi)

Solution. Let tan x = t. (with t not equal Pi/2; t not equal Pi)

t + 2t^2 = 1/t + 2 Let tan x = t

t^2 (1 + 2t) = 1 + 2t Multiply both sides by t
(2t + 1) (t^2 – 1) = 0 Factor out (2t + 1)

Next, solve the 3 basic trig equations: (2tan x +1) = 0; tan x = -1; tan x = 1.

Step 4. Solve the trig inequality R(x) < 0 (or > 0). Then express the solution set in the form of
intervals.
Based on the found values of x from Step 3, solve, algebraically, the trig inequality R(x) < 0 (or >
0) by separately solving each basic trig inequality f(x), g(x) .., and then by setting up a sign sable
(sign chart).

Example 12. Solve: sin x + sin 3x < - sin 2x

Solution. Step 1. Standard form: R(x) = sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x < 0

Step 2. Common period 2Pi

Step 3. Solve R(x) = 0. Transform R(x) into a product, using Trig Identity # 28;

R(x) = 2sin 2x (2cos x + 1) = 0 (0 < x < 2Pi)

Next, Solve the basic trig equation: f(x) = sin 2x = 0. The solution arcs x are: 0, Pi/2, Pi, 3Pi/2, 2Pi.
Using the trig unit circle as proof, determine the variation of f(x) from 0 to 2Pi with (+) and (-)
values:
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x 0 Pi/2 Pi 3Pi/2 2Pi
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f(x) 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 - 0

Solve g(x) = 2cos x + 1 = 0. The solution arcs are: 2Pi/3, 4Pi/3. Determine the variation of g(x)
from 0 to 2Pi with (+) and (-) values:

x 0 2Pi/3 4Pi/3 2Pi

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g(x) + 0 - 0 +

Step 4. Solve the inequality R(x) < 0 by the algebraic method.

First, create a sign table, in which the top line figures all values of x obtained from Step 3, and
progressively varying from 0 to 2Pi. These x values create various intervals between them.
Next, determine the variations of f(x) and g(x) on the second and third line of the table, by
putting + or – sign inside each corresponding interval.
The last line of the table figures the variation of R(x) that has the resulting sign of the product
f(x).g(x). In this Example 12, all the intervals where R(x) is negative (< 0) constitute the solution
set of the trig inequality R(x) < 0.

THE SIGN TABLE (SIGN CHART)

x : 0 Pi/2 2Pi/3 Pi 4Pi/3 3Pi/2 2Pi

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f(x) : 0 + 0 - - 0 + + 0 - 0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g(x) : + + 0 - - 0 + +
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R(x) : 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 - 0 + 0 - 0
Yes Yes Yes

Solution set of the trig inequality R(x) < 0: (Pi/2 , 2Pi/3) and (Pi , 4Pi/3) and (3Pi/2 , 2Pi)

NOTE 1. The approach to determine the variations of f(x) and g(x) is exactly the same approach
in solving basic trig inequalities, basing on the positions of the variable arc x that rotates on the
trig unit circle.

NOTE 2. THE GRAPHING METHOD

Solving trig inequalities is a tricky work that often leads to errors/mistakes. After solving trig
inequalities by the algebraic method, you can check the answers by graphing the trig function
R(x) by graphing calculators.
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You can also use graphing calculators to directly solve the trig inequality R(x) < 0 (or > 0). This
method, if allowed, is fast, accurate and convenient. To know how to proceed, read the last
chapter of the book mentioned above (Amazon e-book 2010).

EXAMPLES ON SOLVING TRIG INEQUALITIES

Example 13. Solve: (2cos x – 1)/(2cos x – 1) < 0 (0 < x < 2Pi)

Solution.

Step 1: The function F(x) = f(x)/g(x) = (2cos x + 1)/(2cos x – 1) < 0 is undefined when x = 2Pi/3
and x = 4Pi/3.

Step 2. Common period 2Pi.

Step 3. Solve f(x) = 2cos x – 1 = 0  cos x = ½  x = Pi/3 ; x = 5Pi/3

Solve g(x) = 2cos x + 1 = 0  cos x = -1/2  x = 2Pi/3 ; x = 4Pi/3

Step 4. Solve F(x) < 0, algebraically, by setting up the sign chart (sign table)

x I 0 Pi/3 2Pi/3 4Pi/3 5Pi/3 2Pi

f(x) I + 0 - - - 0 +
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g(x) I + + 0 - 0 + +
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F(x) I No I Yes II No II Yes I No

Answer or solution set: (Pi/3 , 2Pi/3) ; (4Pi/3 , 5Pi/3).

Example 14. Solve: tan x + cot x < -4 (0 < x < Pi)

Solution.

Step 1. Transform the inequality into standard form;

sin x/cos x + cos x/sin x + 4 = 2/sin 2x + 4 < 0

F(x) = 2(2sin 2x + 1)/sin 2x < 0 undefined when x = kPi/2 and x = kPi

Step 2. The common period of F(x) is Pi since the period of sin 2x is Pi.

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Step 3. First, solve f(x) = 2sin 2x + 1 = 0

sin 2x = -1/2  x = 7Pi/2 ; x = 11Pi/12

Next, solve g(x) = sin 2x = 0  sin 2x = 0  x = 0 ; x = Pi/2

Step 4. Solve F(x) < 0, algebraically, by setting up the sign chart (sign table):

x I 0 Pi/2 7Pi/2 11Pi/2 Pi

f(x) I + + 0 - 0 +
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
g(x) I 0 + 0 - - - 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F(x) I II No II Yes I No I Yes II

Answer or solution set: (Pi/2 , 7Pi/2) ; (11Pi/12 , Pi)

(This article was written by Nghi H. Nguyen, the co-author of the new
Diagonal Sum Method for solving quadratic equations)

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