A

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“BUILDING CONSTRUCTION”

Session 2017 - 18

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mr. Ramesh Khatri Ashish Chauhan

8th Sem (14EBECE014)

Department of Civil engineering

Baldev Ram Mirdha Institute of Engineering and Technology

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Ramesh Khatri, faculty of

Civil Engineering department for his support and guidance for doing
the project.

We express our deep gratitude to Mr. Ramjan Ali for his valuable
suggestions and guidance rendered in giving shape and coherence to this
endeavor. We are also thankful to his team members for their support
and guidance throughout the period of project.

2
 ABSTRACT

As it is rapidly developing the construction in the city is very

costly. Economic point of view if the building is constructed
at a far distance from the city it will be cheaper and residents
can live peaceful without any external polluted sources.
Having a peaceful surroundings s the main point of view of
most of the people in today’s lifestyle.

3
 CONTENTS

1. AIM OF THE PROJECT

THEORY

2. INTRODUCTION
3. DEMAND OF HOUSES
4. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
5. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY
6. SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING
7. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
a) LIMITATIONS OF BUILT UP AREA
b) MINIMUM FLOOR AREA AND HEIGHT OF ROOMS
8. BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS
9. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

DESINGS
10. DESING OF SLAB
11. DESING OF BEAM
a) FRAME ANALYSIS
12. DESING OF COLUMN
13. DESING OF FOOTING

DRAWINGS
14. PLAN
15. BEAM
16.FOOTING

CONCLUSION

4
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to plan and design the framed

structure of a residential building.

5
 2.INTRODUCTION

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment

needed for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living
situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable and
pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

• General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye
laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement,
provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan
to any client.

6
 3.DEMAND OF HOUSES

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The
house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance
against physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depend on
the following factors.

• Availability of cheap finance.

• Availability of skilled labours.

• Availability of transport facility.

• Cost of labours & material of construction.

• Predictions of future demand.

• Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long
term payment may facilities investment in housing.

• Rate of population growth and urbanization.

• Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.

• Taxation policy on real estates

• Town planning & environmental conditions.

7
4.CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY

GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS

GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS

GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS

GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

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RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:

These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities.It includes single or multi-
family dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels,
dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:

These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly
for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation,
social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places
of work ship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and
for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and
records.

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MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of
merchandise and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication,
assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning
plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or
merchandise vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly
and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or
chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases
processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division
of matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

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 5.SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place
where there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of
present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation,
shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is
indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park & play ground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

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 6.RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people
& depends on the income &status of the individual a highly rich family with require a
luxurious building, while a poor man we satisfied with a single room house for even
poor class family.

A standard residential building of bungalow type with has drawing room, dining room office
room, guest room, kitchen room, store, pantry, dressing room, bath room, front verandah,
stair etc., for other house the number of rooms may be reduced according to the
requirements of many available.

a) LIMITATION OF BUILT UP AREA

Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd) ---- maximum permissable built up area

Ground and first ---- 60% of site area on floor only.

201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) ---- 50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) ---- 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m ---- 33% of the site area.

14
 b) MINIMUM FLOOR AREA & HEIGHT OF ROOMS

FLOOR AREA HIEGHT (m)

LIVING 10sqm (100sqft)

(breadth min 2.7 m or 9’) 3.3 (11’)

KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0 (10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)

GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH

FOR MAIN BUILDING ------- 0.6 (2’)

MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH FOR

SERVANT QUARTES ------- 0.3 (1’)

MIN. DEPTH OF FOUNDATION ------- 0.9 (3’)

THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ------

(9” to13.5”)

DAMP PROOF COURSE 2cms to 2.5cms thick full width of

(3/4” to1”) plinth wall

15
 7.BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around residential building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for means of access.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Special requirements for low income housing.

• Size of structural elements.

16
 8.ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

LIVING
ROOM

• KITCHEN

• STORE ROOM

• BED ROOM

• OFFICE ROOM

• BATH & W C

• DRESSING ROOM

• VERANDAH

• STAIR CASE

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LIVING ROOMS:
This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should be planned near
the entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards the south & will receive
sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine ti the northern side & entry
of sunrays from southern or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:
Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.

READING ROOM/ CLASS ROOM:

North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side for most part
of the year.

BED ROOM:

Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number of beds,
they should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair, cupboard, etc.,
and they should have north or – west south – west aspect.

BATH & W.C:

Bath and w.c are usually combined in one room & attached to the bed room and should be
well finished. This should be filled with bath tub, shower, wash-hand basin, w.c, shelves,
towels, racks brackets, etc., all of white glazed tiles. Floor should be mosaic or white glazed
files. Instead of providing all bed room with attached bath and W.C separated baths & latrines
may also be provided

VERANDAH:

There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The front verandah serves setting place
for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a ladies apartment
for there sitting, working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah project the room against
direct sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer and rainy
season & are used to keep various things verandah also give appearance to the building. The
area of a building may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.
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STAIR CASE:
This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of the family, when this is intended
for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for family use
only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case should be well ventilated & lighted
the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform through
to keep rhythm while climbing or descending.

Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a building are as follows:-

• Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.

• East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.

• Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.

• A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms cool.

• To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors & windows
sunshades are required in all directions.

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ORIENTATION
After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation
means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and out look and
at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.

The factors that effect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT:
Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter
and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration
of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION:
The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to
the maximum extent.

HUMIDITY:
High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which
is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more disomfort.

RAIN FALL:
Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it
is very important from orientation point of view.

20
INTENSITY OF WIND:

Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively
small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS:
Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation, sometimes to
achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular direction.

LIGHTING:

Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to promote
the work or other activities carried on within the building.
The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create,
in conjunction to interest and of well beings.

VENTILATION:
Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions.
Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. A
sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen are the basic
requirements in ventilation apart from reduction of dust.

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 DESIGNS

• DESIGN OF SLABS

• LOADS ON BEAMS

• DESIGN OF BEAMS

• LOADS OF COLUMNS

• DESIGN OF COLOUMNS

• DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

22
 10. DESIGN OF SLAB

Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.

• When the slab are supported in two way direction it acts as two way supported slab.

• A two way slab is economical compared to one way slab.

SLAB DESIGN:

fck = 15 N/mm2 fy =415 N/m2

Span
i. Shorter span:- Lx = 5.8m
longer span:-Ly =7.62m

ii. Check Lx/Ly= 7.62/5.8 =1.3<2

Hence the slab has to be designed as “two way slab”.

iii. Providing over all depth of slab as 5”,

120mm eff. depth= D-15-Ø/2
=120-15-10/2=100mm

iv. Condition:- supported on four sides.

v. Load calculation:-
Dead load = 25x0.12x1 = 3.0KN/m
Live load =2x1 = 2.0KN/m
Floor finish =1x1 = 1x1KN/m
= 6.0 KN/m

23
 vi. Bending moment calculation:- (as per IS code 456-2000)
Type of panel:- Two adjacent edges are discontinuous

ax(+) = 0.049 ax(-) = 0.065

ay(+) = 0.035 ay(-) = 0.047

(+ve) B.M at mid span in shorter directions.

Mx(+) = ax(+)wlx2
= 0.049x6x5.8^2= 9.9kn-m
factored B.M = 9.9x1.5 =14.85kn-m

Spacing and diameter:

As per sp-16.
Provide 8mmØ bars at 210mm spacing.

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in shorter direction.

Mx(-) =ax (-) wlx2
=0.062x6x(5.8)^2
=13.12kn-m
factored B.M = 13.12x1.5=19.67kn-m

(+ve) B.M at mid span in longer directions.

My(+)= ay(+)wlx2
= 0.035x6x(5.8)^2
=7.06kn-m
factored B.M=7.06x1.5
=10.69kn-m

(-ve) B.M at continuous edge in longer direction.

My(-ve) = ay (-ve)wlx2
=0.047x6x(5.8)^2
=9.48kn-m
factored B.M=9.48x1.5
=14.22kn-m.

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Check for depth:

Permissible depth=100mm
Mu.lim =0.36.Xumax(1-0.42Xumax)fckbd^2
d d
14.86x10^6= 0.36.Xumax (1-0.42x0.48)15x1000d^2

d= 84.71 < 100mm

Hence ok.

25
 11. DESIGN OF BEAMS

• Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and then foundation
to soil.

• Beam is a tension member.

• Span of slabs, which decide the spacing of beams.

• Following are the loads which are acting on the beams.

• Dead load

• Live load

• Wind load

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LOADS ON BEAMS:

B1: BEAM

SPAN=5.8m (shorter span)

Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)
Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations


Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

Slab load –

W = 6KN

Lx = 5.8

WLx/3= (6x5.8)/3 = 11.6Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+11.6 = 27.04Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:
B1:BEAM

Calculation of shear force

Va= Vb = total load

=27.04x5.8 =78.416KN

Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x78.416x10^3 =1.37

Bd 230x373

Calculation of permissible shear stress

31
 Tc = % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100

Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50
Tc < Tv
0.05 < 0.76
Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:
Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd
=(0.76-0.50)x230x373
=22.30KN

Calculation: Vus =22.30 =0.59 KN/cm

D(cm) 37.3
From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 20 cm c/c spacing.

Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm

0.4b 0.4x230

(c) design spacing 45cm c/c

Hence provide 6mm dia stirrups @ 15 cm c/c.

32
 LOADS ON BEAMS:

B2: BEAM

SPAN=7.62m (longer span)

Assuming beam size = 9”x16”(230x405mm)
Height of the wall-10’-3m

Load calculations


Wall load - 0.23x3x19 =13.11Kn/m

Self load – 0.23x0.406x25 =2.33Kn/m

Slab load –

W = 6KN

Ly = 7.62

WLy/3= (6x7.62)/3 = 15.24Kn/m

Total load = 13.11+2.33+15.24 = 30.68Kn/m

DESIGN OF STIRRUPS:
B2:BEAM

• Calculation of shear force

Va=Vb= total load

=30.68x7.62 =116.89KN

• Calculation of normal shear

Tv =Vu =1.5x116.89x10^3 =2.04

Bd 230x373

33
 • Calculation of permissible shear stress Tc

= % of tension steel

Pt = Ast x 100 Bd

Ast = 2x16^2xp =402.12mm^2

Pt = 402.12x100 = 0.60%

230x373

Tc =0.50
Tc < Tv 0.05 <
0.85
Hence provide shear reinforcement.

Design of shear:

Vs = (Tv-Tc)bd
=(0.85- 0.50)x230x373
=30.02KN

Calculation: Vus =230.02 =0.89KN/cm D(cm)

37.3
From sp-16 table no 62 we will get dia & spacing.

Hence provide 6mm dia @ 15cm c/c spacing.

Check for spacing:

Spacing should be provided min of the following.

(a) 0.75d = 0.75x373 =279.75 mm

(b) Asv fy =2x(6^2xp/4)x250 =153.2mm

0.4b 0.4x230

40
 12. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
• Columns are compression members.

• Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower stores of multi

storied buildings.

• Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger
spans of beams shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the
deflection & cracking.

COLUMNS:

The column which takes load are:

(a) Slab loads
(b) Beam loads
(c) Wall loads
(d) Self. Wt of column

S.NO TYPE OF ROOF LOAD FLOOR LOAD

LOAD
1. Wall load (5.8+7.62) x0.115x 0.91x19 (5.8+7.62) x0.23x3x19
2 2
=12.09KN =29.32KN
2. Slab load (5.8+7.62) x6 (5.8+7.62) x6
2 2
= 40.26KN =40.26KN

3. Self wt. of beam 0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25 0.23x0.406x(5.5+7.62)x25

2 2
=25KN =25KN

Total load
77.35KN 94.58KN

40
Total loads on column:

Loads from roof = 77.35KN

Loads from floor = 94.58KN

Self wt. of column = 0.23x0.23x3x25

= 34.5KN

total loads = 167KN

Column Axial load:

Pu = 167 KN
Cross section--- 230x230mm
calculation: Pu = 167x10^3 = 0.15
fck*b*d 20x230x230

Calculation of Eccentricity:
e= 1 + b
500 30
= 4640 + 230 = 16.94m
50030
e≤20 mm

Mue = Pu*e
= 167*0.020
= 3.34 Kn-m

Mue = 3.34x10^6 = 0.0112

fck bd^2 20x230x230^2

d’ = 0.2
D

P = 0.02
fck

41
 P =0.02*fck
=0.02x20
=0.4% minimum 0.8% area of steel = 0.8 Bd =
0.8x230x230 = 423.2 mm
100 100
No. of bars for 12mm dia

= 423.2 = 4 bars
p/4x12^2

STIRRUPS SPACING:

LEAST OF THE FOLLOWING:

a) 16dia of main reinforcement=16x12 =192 mm.

b) 48dia = 48x12 = 576 mm.

Provide 6 mm dia. @ 192 mm c/c when main bars size is 12 mm

42
 13.DESIGN OF FOOTING

Size of column (b) 230x380(a)

Load = 400.69KN

Self wt. of footing = 10%

Bearing capacity of soil = 250 Kn/m2

Area of footing

Total load = 440.76KN

Area of footing = 440.76/250 = 1.76m2

the side of the footing be in the same ratio of

column =0.23x*0.38x =1.76

= 0.0874x^2=1.76

x=4.48m

= 1.0 m

Long side of footing = 0.38*4.48

= 1.70 m

Proved a rectangle footing 1mx1.7m

Up ward soil pressure = 440.76 = 259.27 Kn/m2 = 260 KN/m2

(1*1.7)

43
BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION:

Maximum bending moment along y- direction longer

direction Mxx = q x1/8 (B-b)^2
=260x1.7/8 (1-6023)^2
= 32.75 KN-m

Maximum bending moment along x- direction shorter

direction Myy = q-b/8 (B-b)2
= 260x1/8(1.7-0.38)62
= 56.62 KN-m

Depth of footing:
Depth of footing form moment consideration
d = v Myy/Qb = v 56.62x10^6/0.91x1000
d =249.43
say 250 mm
check for shear (two- way shear) V=
q[Lxb-(a+d)(b+d)]
=250[1.7x1-(0.38+250)(230+250)]
=363.37 KN

Normal shear stress:

V = 363.37x1063 = 654.72 N/mm^2

[2(a+d)(b+d)d] [2(0.38+0.25)(0.23+0.25)0.25]

Tc = 0.65 N/mm2.

44
DRAWINGS

50
BEAM

51
FOOTING

52
 CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done.
As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more
knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter
span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end
condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S.
code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams
and columns and designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very
low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.

53