FINAL YEAR PROJECTS, ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL, IEEE

PROJECTS @ NCCT
Quality Learning * Flexibility * Real Time Experience * Complete Guidance * On time Completion * Embedded Kit
* Model

IEEE PROJECTS - Latest, New, Innovative & Advanced Projects in Embedded Systems using Microcontrollers
We, NCCT offers Real Time Design & Implementation of IEEE Papers. 
Any IEEE Papers (Any Level) can be solved as per the user / student requirements (M.E - Research oriented
level as well as B.E Project Level) using Embedded Microcontrollers with Live Working Models / Kits
WE ARE OFFERING PROJECTS IN THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES 
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics & Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Instrumentation
Engineering, Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering
ELECTRONICS & EMBEDDED SYSTEM RELATED - 
PROJECTS IN THE AREAS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 
* Microcontrollers - PIC & ATMEL Microcontrollers 
* Digital Signal Controllers* - New & Latest Technologies 
* VLSI Design & Implementation – VHDL and VERILOG 
* DSP, RTOS Design & Implementation 
* ROBOTICS - Advanced Robotics Solutions
* Power Electronics / Electrical / Power Systems
* Motor Control & Power Management 
* Proximity Card Readers, Smart Card Readers, Bar Code Scanners related Projects 
* RF ID - Real Time RF ID Implementaion , Finger Print based Projects 
* Voice based - Voice Control / Activiation Projects
* RF, WAP, Mobile Computing, Zigbee, Bluetooth & Wireless Technologies related
PROJECT SUPPORT
Confirmation Letter, Attendance Letter, Completion Certificate, Synopsis, Abstract, Diagrams, Review Details,
Relevant Materials, Presentation, Supporting Documents, Theory Classes, Lab Working
************************************************************
NCCT
109, 2nd Floor, Bombay Flats, Nungambakkam High Road
Nungambakkam, Chennai – 600034.TAMIL NADU 
(Near Ganpat Hotel, Above IOB, Next to ICICI Bank, Opp to Cakes 'n' Bakes) 
Phone – 044-2823 5816, 98411 93224, 9380102891, 9380406869
E-mail – ncctchennai@gmail.com 
Visit us @ www.ncct.in
******************

The ad you chose "FINAL YEAR PROJECTS, ELECTRONICS, ELECTRICAL, IEEE - Coimbatore" is

over 90 days old.
Here are more recent ads from Private Tuitions - Coimbatore :
- Tuitions-all subjs till 10th std and Maths & Biology - 12th Std - Coimbatore 
- Smu project and assignment - Coimbatore 
- Yoga Teacher jobs - Search Yoga Teacher jobs,vacancies ... - Coimbatore 
 - Andrew Home Tutors - Coimbatore 
- IB Math SL Portfolio G-Force Tolerance Maths IA task help - Coimbatore 
- IB Math SL portfolio Infinite surds Maths SL Portfolio help - Coimbatore 
More Ads for - Private Tuitions - Coimbatore
     |   View Poster's other Ads
 Ads by Google
Electical slip ring
High-performance slip rings Designed for standard rotary joints
www.princetel.com/
Electrical Contacts
for electrical, electronic and automotive industries
www.amidoduco.com
Electrical Cabling
Mechanical Piping Contractors Doing Turnkey Projects. Call Us!
www.weldtechengineers.com
Need Energy Data?
All-in-one data logger measures power, flow, temp, psf and more
www.logicbeach.com
Electronic Components
Source Smarter w/Verified Suppliers 1 Stop Shop Comprehensive Search
GlobalSources.com
Popular Searches in Private Tuitions Coimbatore
spoken english lady teac...
projects for electronics...
hindi icse tuitions in c...
project topics for elect...
remote co
maths
ieee projects
rfid and zigbee based pa...
part time maths teacher
electrical projects for engineering students
A. Internet
therough ac/dc
moter speed
controlling
system.
B. Electrical
instrument or
eletrical
appliances
wattas/
efficiency
calculator.
C. Telephonene
line or
cellphone line
through remote
electrical
instrument
servicing/ minor
repair attending
system.
D. Internet
through
multichannel
electrical
appliences
controlling
on/of
system(remote
control).
E. Internet
through remote
multichannel
electrical
applience stasus
(on/off) reding
[censored]
controoling
system.
F. Wierless
(power line
through 230v ac
mains) ht
transformer
servicing
system.
G. Mainline
wier identifieer
for phase or
neutral or earth.
H. Wierless
multipoint
voltage reading
system.
I. Celluler
phone through
industrial ac/ dc
moter speed
controlling
system.
J. Poweline
therough (ac
mains 230v)
street light
on/off cotroling
system.
K. Ryb phase
cables wierless
identifier.
L. Power failuer
auto alert
announcement
system for
whole area
eletrical
consumers
through
wireless /
powerline
method from eb
station.
M. Artificial
intelligently
detect the
several grade
pupils and
segregate the
electrical lods
to switch on/off.
N. Ac/dc moter
speed control
through fibre
cable.
O. Wierless
ac/dc moter
speed
controlling
system.
P. Telephone
line through
ac/dc moter
speed
controling
system.
Q. Fibre cable
through motor
tacho reading.
R. Telphone
line through
remote eletrical
appliences
on/off indicator
[censored]
controller.
S. Celluler
through remote
house electrical
applances
controlling
multichannel
controlling
system.
T. Wireless
motor tacho
reding with
voice
communication.
U. Eb
(electrical)
wireless
billinng system
through power
line (230v ac
line).
V. Power theft
identefication
through
wierless (carrier
230v ac
powerline) 23.
Lt / ht
transformers
auto / heat
detecation and
auto message
transer to eb
station or fier
station.
W. On/off
programe time
changing for
electrical
appliances By
wireless
method.
X. Net through
temperature
reding
[censored]
controlling
system.
Y. Computer
through
multichannel
electrical
applences
controlling
system.
Z. Telephone
line through
automatic gas
cylinder / travel
ticket / any
booking system.
AA. Cellphone
through bidy
temprature
reading
[censored]
controlling
system.
BB. Cellphone
through body
temprature /
heartrate
monitoring
system.
CC. Genrator
power o/p
important lode
sharing system.
DD. Embedded
to embedded
data
cummunication
/ machine
controlling
through walkie
talkie/
telephone /
cellphone / fibre
cable.
EE. Embedded
to pc data
communication
/ machine
contrilling
through walkie
talkie /
telephone /
cellphone / fibre
cable.
FF.
Programmable
ac voltage
regulator.
GG. Battery
operated
motorised
wheeelchair for
handicaps.
HH. Single
wierless
multichannel
remote control
can control
several rooms.
II. Wireless
auto railway
traffic
signalling
[censored]
automatic gate
close /open
system.
JJ. Multi /
single storage
tank wirelss
liouid level
indicator
[censored]
wireless suction
motor / inlet
motor
controling
system.
KK. Home
monitoring
system.
LL. Wireless
230v ac
powerline
electrical
appliances
contriolling
system.
MM. Industrial
multi channel
control through
fibre cable.
NN. Pc as
voltmeter /
counter / tacho /
temperature /
body ter /
tacho /
temperature /
body
temperature.
OO. Incircuit
emulators.
PP. Electrical
units(watt per
hour) money
billing machine
QQ. Elecrical
uints(watts per
hour) billing
machaine
[censored]
(switch off)
controller for
saving money.
RR. New
electronic
insulating tape
machine
(moulded
insulated
between two
joints).
SS. Wireless
techometer for
one more
motors.
TT. Single
phase load
sharing system
(electrical
power) using in
3 phase.
UU. Electrical
switch (to
controal loads)
board concealed
much wiring are
totally reduced
using data
communication
(electrical load)
method.
VV. Ac
powerline
(mains 230v)
therugh all
industrial
electrical
appliences
working status
(on/off)
indicating
system by
wireless.
WW. Solar cell
voltage
generation with
auto tracking

A. SMS based
automatic two
wheeler locking
system
B. Human
tracking system
by using GPS
C. Electronic
Fuel Injection
(EFI) system
for Two
wheeler
D.
Microcontroller
based automatic
power factor
controlling
system
E. Automatic
drunken drive
avoiding system
for automobile
F.
Microcontroller
Based prepaid
energy meter
G.
Microcontroller
based sky car
parking system
H.
Microcontroller
based Auto-
Dialer Home
Security System
I. SMS based
vehicle Ignition
controlling
system
J. GPS based
bus or train
collision
avoiding system
K.
Microcontroller
based mini
computer
dictionary
L.
Microcontroller
based automatic
temperature
controller with
cooling system
M.
Microcontroller
based automatic
sensor based
wall painting
robot
N.
Microcontroller
based wireless
energy meter
O. PWM based
single phase AC
induction motor
with closed
loop controller
P. Finger print
based voting
machine
Q.
Microcontroller
Based Patient
care Monitoring
and Information
system
R.
Microcontroller
based fault
announcement
system
S.
Microcontroller
Based
Automatic
Ticket
Dispensing
Machine
T.
Microcontroller
based voice
recorder and
play back
system
U.
Microcontroller
based ball
printing robot
V.
Microcontroller
Based Voltage
and Current
monitoring and
control system
W.
Microcontroller
based wireless
Electric bill
reading system
X. SMS based
home
appliances
controlling
system
Y. PC based
pressure
management
and controlling
system
Z.
Microcontroller
Based Punch
card system
AA. Micro
controller Based
smart card
reader and
writer
BB.
Microcontroller
based automatic
Power theft
identifier
CC. PC based
wireless stepper
motor speed
controlling
system
DD.
Microcontroller
Based cash
register
EE. Intelligent
fire monitoring
using blue tooth
technology
FF. DSP based
signal analyzer
GG.
Microcontroller
based PC to PC
wireless data
transfer system
HH.
Microcontroller
Based Power
Management
System
II.
Microcontroller
Based Voltage
and Current
monitoring
system
JJ. SMS Based
DC Motor
Speed
Controller
KK.
Microcontroller
Based Closed
Loop Pressure
Control System
LL.
Microcontroller
Based
Automatic
Packing control
Machine
MM.
Microcontroller
based automatic
visitor guided
vehicle
NN. Finger
print based
banking system
OO.
Microcontroller
Based SMS
controlled
moving robot
PP.
Microcontroller
based digital
gear level
indicator
QQ.
Microcontroller
Based Railway
track crack
Detecting
Vehicle
RR. GPS based
location
indicating
system for
unmanned
automobile
SS. Artificial
Intelligent
Based
Automatic Path
finding
[censored]
Video
Analyzing
Robot
TT.
Microcontroller
Based Voice
Controlled
Robot
UU.
Microcontroller
Based Unaided
Guided Vehicle
(UGV)
VV. Digital
energy with
volt, current &
power factor
monitor
WW.
Microcontroller
based automatic
paint marking
machine
1. Internet therough ac/dc moter speed controlling system.
2. Electrical instrument or eletrical appliances wattas/ efficiency calculator. 
3. Telephonene line or cellphone line through remote electrical instrument servicing/ minor repair attending
system.
4. Internet through multichannel electrical appliences controlling on/of system(remote control).
5. Internet through remote multichannel electrical applience stasus (on/off) reding cum controoling system.
6. Wierless (power line through 230v ac mains) ht transformer servicing system.
7. Mainline wier identifieer for phase or neutral or earth.
8. Wierless multipoint voltage reading system.
9. Celluler phone through industrial ac/ dc moter speed controlling system.
10. Poweline therough (ac mains 230v) street light on/off cotroling system.
11. Ryb phase cables wierless identifier.
12. Power failuer auto alert announcement system for whole area eletrical consumers through wireless /
powerline method from eb station.
13. Artificial intelligently detect the several grade pupils and segregate the electrical lods to switch on/off.
14. Ac/dc moter speed control through fibre cable.
15. Wierless ac/dc moter speed controlling system. 
16. Telephone line through ac/dc moter speed controling system. 
17. Fibre cable through motor tacho reading.
18. Telphone line through remote eletrical appliences on/off indicator cum controller.
19. Celluler through remote house electrical applances controlling multichannel controlling system.
20. Wireless motor tacho reding with voice communication.
21. Eb (electrical) wireless billinng system through power line (230v ac line).
22. Power theft identefication through wierless (carrier 230v ac powerline) 23. Lt / ht transformers auto / heat
detecation and auto message transer to eb station or fier station.
24. On/off programe time changing for electrical appliances By wireless method. 
25. Net through temperature reding cum controlling system.
26. Computer through multichannel electrical applences controlling system.
27. Telephone line through automatic gas cylinder / travel ticket / any booking system.
28. Cellphone through bidy temprature reading cum controlling system.
29. Cellphone through body temprature / heartrate monitoring system.
30. Genrator power o/p important lode sharing system.
31. Embedded to embedded data cummunication / machine controlling through walkie talkie/ telephone /
cellphone / fibre cable.
32. Embedded to pc data communication / machine contrilling through walkie talkie / telephone / cellphone /
fibre cable.
33. Programmable ac voltage regulator.
34. Battery operated motorised wheeelchair for handicaps.
35. Single wierless multichannel remote control can control several rooms.
36. Wireless auto railway traffic signalling cum automatic gate close /open system.
37. Multi / single storage tank wirelss liouid level indicator cum wireless suction motor / inlet motor controling
system.
38. Home monitoring system.
39. Wireless 230v ac powerline electrical appliances contriolling system.
40. Industrial multi channel control through fibre cable.
41. Pc as voltmeter / counter / tacho / temperature / body ter / tacho / temperature / body temperature.
42. Incircuit emulators.
43. Electrical units(watt per hour) money billing machine 
 44. Elecrical uints(watts per hour) billing machaine cum (switch off) controller for saving money.
45. New electronic insulating tape machine (moulded insulated between two joints).
46. Wireless techometer for one more motors.
47. Single phase load sharing system (electrical power) using in 3 phase.
48. Electrical switch (to controal loads) board concealed much wiring are totally reduced using data
communication (electrical load) method.
49. Ac powerline (mains 230v) therugh all industrial electrical appliences working status (on/off) indicating
system by wireless.
50. Solar cell voltage generation with auto tracking 

a. Telephone line
or cellphone line
through remote
instrument
servicing / minor
repair attending
system.
b. Internet
through
multichannel
electrical
appliances.
controlling (on /
Off) system
(remote control).
c. Internet through
remote
multichannel
electrical
appliances status
(on / off) reding
[censored]
controlling
system.
d. Internet
through AC/DC
motor speed
controlling
system.
e. Electronic
controller for
telephone heavy
billing Charges.
f. Internet wireless
communication
system that could
Not tapped by any
receiver
instrument.
g. Cellphone
through body
temperature /
heart rate
Monitaring
system.
h. Unauthorised
computer file
accessing or
copying of
Peripheral
devices (printer
etc) Auto
detection and
auto telephone or
cellular dialing to
owner / incharger.
i. Hospital in-
patient's blood
pressure / body
temperature /
heart rate / heart
beat auto
detecation if the
value exceeds the
determined value,
it gives the
emergency
wireless auto
paging to the
concerned
doctor / nurse.
j. Computer to
Computer
communication
through power
line (by using
wireless FM
carrier method
230V AC Mains)
Newway of
communication
method.
k. Car mobilwe
movement
idntification
system.
l. Cellular through
remote house
electrical
appliances
controlling /
multichannel
controlling
system.
m. Wireless 230V
AC power line
through telephone
line (massage)
connecting
system /
powerline
telephone
exchange
exchange system.
n. Temperature
reding data are
transmitted
through Fiber
cable.
o. Electronic
instruments or
electrical
appliances watts /
Efficiency
calculator.
p. On/off program
time changing for
electrical
appliances by
wireless method.
q. Wireless
multipoint voltage
reding system.
r. Net through
temperature
reding [censored]
controlling
system.
s. Computer
through
multichannel
electrical
appliances
controlling
system.
t. Telephone line
through automatic
gas cylinder /
travel / ticket / any
booking system.
u. Computer
telephone
answering system
for incoming calls.
telephone
answering system
for incoming calls.
v. Cellular phone
through industrial
AC/DC motor
speed controlling
sytem.
w. Cellphone
through
temperature
reading
[censored]
controlling
system.
x. Embedded to
Embedded data
communication /
controlling
through walkie
talkie / telephone /
cellphone / fibre
cable.
y. 25 Embedded
to PC data
communication /
controlling
through Walkie
talkie / telephone /
cellphone / fibre
cable.
z. Telephone line
monitoring system
(watching Dog)
aa. Patient's fever
/ body
temperature /
blood pressure /
Heart rate / heart
beat wireless auto
analysing and
auto temperature
dialing to
concerned
hospital.
bb. Telephone /
cellular through
computerdrives /
pheropherals
on/off accessing
system.
cc. Computer
controlled Inter-
telephone
exchange system.
dd. Wireless
selectable
classroom
announcement
system.
ee. Battery
opreted motorised
wheel chair for
haedicaps.
ff. 230V AC line
through voice
communication
exchange system.
gg. Wireless auto
railway traffic
signalling
[censored]
automatic gate
open / close
system.
hh. Artificial
Intelligently detect
the several grade
pupils and secret
the electrical
loads to switch
on/off.
ii. Wireless bus
stop to moving
bus
Communication
system.
jj. Wireless
moving person's
availability / or
location(position)
finder in multi -
storeys bulding /
compelx / hospital
industry.
kk. Home
monitaring
system.
ll. Temperature
reding and
controlling
through fiber
cable.
mm.
Alaphanumeric
data transmission
through fibre
cable.
nn. Industrial multi
channel electrical
control through
fibre cable.
oo. Industrial
machine data
(Sensors)
transmiting,
receiciving control
through walkie
talkie. 42. Remote
data transmitting,
receiving control
through cellular.
43. Data locking
and controlling
system. 44. Fibre
optic through
communication
Electrical loads
controlling
system.
pp. Industrial
internal pager
network system.
qq. Complete
telephone line
through remote
monitaring &
controlling system
for house /
industry.
rr. Programmable
incoming phone
call segregation
with respect to
various timing it
avoids irritating
incoming calls & it
answer / transfer ,
we are at busy
time.
ss. Telephone
answering
machine
[censored] remote
message
Capturing system.
tt. Walkie Talkie
through telephone
dialling [censored]
conversation
hearing system.
uu. . Intelligent
teleohone
incoming
message
automatic volume
controlling with
respect to
external
circumference or
vv. 12 bit ADC
interface system
for pcs.
ww. Computer
based ultrasonic
distance meter.
xx. Computer
based video
digitizer.
yy. Computer
controlled robotic
vehicle.
zz. Computerized
object counter
[censored]
decoder.
aaa. Comuterized
temperature
monitor.
bbb. Gas leakage
detector.
ccc. Gas sensing
fire alarm system.
ddd. Internet
based Remote
device operation.
eee. Internet
linked zone
control/monitoring
system.
fff. Auto scale
50Mhz Frequency
counter.
ggg. Micro PLc
system.
hhh. Mini digital
oscilloscope.
iii. Multi channel
data acquisition
system.
jjj. Multi-channel
industrial activity
monitoring
system.
kkk. PC based
fingerprint
analyzer
[censored]
verifier.
lll. Mains
frequency &
Phase detector.
mmm. PC based
liquid level
analyzer.
nnn. PID
temperature
controller for
furnaces.
ooo. Plant
humidity monitor.
ppp. Point-to-
point PC
communication.
qqq. RF id system
for workers.
rrr. Robot for
automatic process
control.
sss. Simple relay
and sensor
interface for pc.
ttt. Smart card
oprated code
lock.
uuu. Solid state
power Controller.
vvv. Temperature
controlled fan.
www. Voice
command for
device
controlusing pc.
xxx. V-to-f
converter.
yyy. 3-phase
motor starter with
rf remote control.
zzz. 4- Channel
logic analyzer.
aaaa. 50 MHz
logic analyzer.
bbbb. Advanced
bench top power
supply.
cccc. Advanced

Automatic meter reading

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Older US residential electric meter location, retrofitted with a 1-phase digital smart meter. The meter communicates to
its collection point using 900 MHz mesh network topology.

Automatic meter reading, or AMR, is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic,
and status data from water meteror energy metering devices (water, gas, electric) and transferring that data
to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This advance mainly saves utility providers
the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is billing can be
based on near real time consumption rather than on estimates based on previous or predicted
consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis, can help both utility providers and customers
better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption.

AMR technologies include handheld, mobile and network technologies based on telephony platforms (wired
and wireless), radio frequency (RF), or powerline transmission.

Contents
 [hide]

1 Technologies

o 1.1 Touch technology

o 1.2 Radio frequency network

 1.2.1 Handheld
  1.2.2 Mobile

 1.2.3 Fixed network

 1.2.4 RF technologies commonly used

for AMR

 1.2.5 Wi-Fi

o 1.3 Power line communication

o 1.4 AMR Hosting

2 Brief history

o 2.1 Advanced AMR and AMI

o 2.2 Benefits of Advanced Metering

o 2.3 Disadvantages of Advanced Metering

o 2.4 Notable deployments

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

[edit]Technologies

[edit]Touch technology
With touch based AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer or data collection device with a wand
or probe. The device automatically collects the readings from a meter by touching or placing the read probe
in close proximity to a reading coil enclosed in the touchpad. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an
interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. The software in the device matches the
serial number to one in the route database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or
data collection computer. Since the meter reader still has to go to the site of the meter, this is sometimes
referred to as "on-site" AMR.

[edit]Radio frequency network

Radio frequency based AMR can take many forms. The more common ones are handheld, mobile, and
fixed network. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed
and unlicensed RF bands.

In a two-way or "wake up" system, a radio transceiver normally sends a signal to a particular transmitter

serial number, telling it to wake up from a resting state and transmit its data. The meter attached
transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals and data. In a one-way
“bubble-up” or continuous broadcast type system, the transmitter broadcasts readings continuously every
few seconds. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter AMR device a
transmitter only. Data goes one way, from the meter AMR transmitter to the meter reading receiver. There
are also hybrid systems that combine one-way and two-way technologies, using one-way communication
for reading and two way communication for programming functions.

RF based meter reading usually eliminates the need for the meter reader to enter the property or home, or
to locate and open an underground meter pit. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has
lower liability from entering private property, and has less chance of missing reads because of being locked
out from meter access.

The technology based on RF is not readily accepted everywhere. In several Asian countries the technology
faces a barrier of regulations in place pertaining to use of the radio frequency of any radiated power. For
example in India the radio frequency which is generally in ISM band is not free to use even for low power
radio of 10 mW. The majority of manufacturers of electricity meters have radio frequency devices in the
frequency band of 433/868 MHz for large scale deployment in European countries.The frequency band of
2.4 GHz can be now used in India for outdoor as well as indoor applications but few maufacturers have
shown products within this frequency band. Initiatives in radio frequency AMR in such countries are being
taken up with regulators wherever the cost of licensing outweighs the benefits of AMR.

[edit]Handheld

In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer with a built-in or attached
receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This
is sometimes referred to as "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where
meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used
to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support
exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically.

[edit]Mobile

Mobile or "drive-by" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader
drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often for mobile
meter reading the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by GPS and
mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any
particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components often consist of
a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and external vehicle antennas.

[edit]Fixed network

Fixed Network AMR is a method where a network is permanently installed to capture meter readings. This
method can consist of a series of antennas, towers, collectors, repeaters, or other permanently installed
infrastructure to collect transmissions of meter readings from AMR capable meters and get the data to a
central computer without a person in the field to collect it.

There are several types of network topologies in use to get the meter data back to a central computer.
A star network is the most common, where a meter transmits its data to a central collector orrepeater.
Some systems use only collectors which receive and store data for processing. Others also use a repeater
which forwards a reading from a more remote area back to a main collector without actually storing it. A
repeater may be forwarded by RF signal or sometimes is converted to a wired network such as telephone
or IP network to get the data back to a collector.

Some manufacturers are developing mesh networks where meters themselves act as repeaters passing
the data to nearby meters until it makes it to a main collector. The Swedish city of Gothenburgis having
their electric meters connected in this manner, using the ZigBee protocol.[1] A mesh network may save the
infrastructure of many collection points, but is more data intensive on the meters. One issue with mesh
networks it that battery operated ones may need more power for the increased frequency of transmitting. It
also requires that the meter devices be receivers as well as transmitters potentially making
individual transceiver cost higher. However, the additional cost may be outweighed by the savings of
multiple collectors and repeater antennas and finding places to mount them.

Some fixed network systems are also capable of being installed as a hybrid AMR system where mobile
and fixed network are intermixed by design. In a hybrid system, part of the system is read by fixed network,
and parts may read by mobile or other technology, or both. Utilities with low density rural areas may not
cost justify the fixed network infrastructure for parts of their service area, using it only for higher density
zones or commercial accounts. Some hybrid networks allow reading of a meter by both methods
concurrently as a source of redundancy. In the event of a failure of the network due a natural disaster,
sabotage, power failure, or other network interruption, the mobile reading system is available in their
disaster recovery plan as an alternative means of data collection to the fixed network.

[edit]RF technologies commonly used for AMR

 Narrow Band (single fixed radio frequency)

 Spread Spectrum

 Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)

There are also meters using AMR with RF technologies such as cellular phone data
systems, zigbee, bluetooth, Wavenis and others. Some systems operate with FCC licensed frequencies
and others under FCC Part 15 which allows use of unlicensed radio frequencies.

[edit]Wi-Fi

The city of Corpus Christi became one of the first cities in the United States to implement city wide Wi-Fi,
which had been free until May 31, 2007, mainly to facilitate AMR after a meter reader was attacked by a
dog.[2] Today many[which?] meters are designed to transmit using Wi-Fi, even if a Wi-Fi network is not
available, and they are read using a drive-by local Wi-Fi hand held receiver.

The meters installed in Corpus Christi are not directly Wi-Fi enabled, but rather transmit narrow-band burst
telemetry on the 460 MHz band. This narrow-band signal has a much greater range than Wi-Fi, so the
number of receivers required for the project are far fewer than the number of Wi-Fi access points covering
the same area. These special receiver stations then take in the narrow-band signal and report their data via
Wi-Fi.

Most of the automated utility meters installed in the Corpus Christi area are battery powered. Compared to
narrow-band burst telemetry, Wi-Fi technology uses far too much power for long-term battery-powered
operation.

[edit]Power line communication

PLC is a method where electronic data is transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed
to a central computer in the utility's main office. This would be considered a type of fixed network system—
the network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to deliver electric power.
Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water
meters to feed into a PLC type system.

[edit]AMR Hosting
AMR Hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track his/her electricity, water,
or gas consumption over the Internet. All data is collected in near real-time, and is stored in a centralized
database by high-end data acquisition software. The user can view the data via a secure web application,
and can analyze the data using various online analysis tools. The user can easily chart load profiles,
analyze tariff components, and verify his/her utility bill. Google PowerMeter is an example of this type of
web-based tool.

[edit]Brief history

In 1972, Theodore George “Ted” Paraskevakos, while working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama,

developed a sensor monitoring system which used digital transmission for security, fire and medical alarm
systems as well as meter reading capabilities for all utilities. This technology was a spin off of the automatic
telephone line identification system, now known as Caller ID.

In 1974, Mr. Paraskevakos was awarded a U.S. patent for this technology. [3] In 1977, He launched
Metretek, Inc.[4], which developed and produced the first fully automated, commercially available remote
meter reading and load management system. Since this system was developed pre-internet, Metretek
utilized the IBM series 1 mini-computer. For this approach, Mr. Paraskevakos and Metretek were awarded
multiple patents.[4]

The primary driver for the automation of meter reading is not to reduce labor costs, but to obtain data that is
difficult to obtain.[citation needed] As an example, many water meters are installed in locations that require the
utility to schedule an appointment with the homeowner in order to obtain access to the meter. In many
areas, consumers have demanded that their monthly water bill be based on an actual reading, instead of
(for example) an estimated monthly usage based on just one actual meter reading made every 12 months.
Early AMR systems often consisted of walk-by and drive-by AMR for residential customers, and telephone-
based AMR for commercial or industrial customers. What was once a need for monthly data became a
need for daily and even hourly readings of the meters. Consequently, the sales of drive-by and telephone
AMR has declined in the US, while sales of fixed networks has increased. The US Energy Policy Act of
2005 asks that electric utility regulators consider the support for a "...time-based rate schedule (to) enable
the electric consumer to manage energy use and cost through advanced metering and communications
technology." [5]

The trend now is consider the use of advanced meters as part of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure.

The First Commercially Available Remote Meter Reading and Load Management System - Metretek, Inc. (1978)

[edit]Advanced AMR and AMI

Originally AMR devices just collected meter readings electronically and matched them with accounts. As
technology has advanced, additional data could then be captured, stored, and transmitted to the main
computer, and often the metering devices could be controlled remotely. This can include events alarms
such as tamper, leak detection, low battery, or reverse flow. Many AMR devices can also capture interval
data, and log meter events. The logged data can be used to collect or control time of use or rate of use
data that can be used for water or energy usage profiling, time of use billing, demand forecasting, demand
response,rate of flow recording, leak detection, flow monitoring, water and energy
conservation enforcement, remote shutoff, etc. Advanced Metering Infrastructure, or AMI is the new term
coined to represent the networking technology of fixed network meter systems that go beyond AMR into
remote utility management. The meters in an AMI system are often referred to as smart meters, since they
often can use collected data based on programmed logic.

The Automatic Meter Reading Association (AMRA) endorses the National Association of Regulatory Utility
Commissioners (NARUC) resolution to eliminate regulatory barriers to the broad implementation of
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The resolution, passed in February 2007 [6], acknowledged the role
of AMI in supporting the implementation of dynamic pricing and the resulting benefits to consumers. The
resolution further identified the value of AMI in achieving significant utility operational cost savings in the
areas of outage management, revenue protection and asset management. The resolution also called for
AMI business case analysis to identify cost-effective deployment strategies, endorsed timely cost recovery
for prudently incurred AMI expenditures and made additional recommendations on rate making and tax
treatment of such investments.

[edit]Benefits of Advanced Metering

Advanced Metering systems can provide benefits for utilities, retail providers and customers. Benefits will
be recognized by the utilities with increased efficiencies, outage detection, tamper notification and reduced
labor cost as a result of automating reads, connections and disconnects. Retail Providers will be able to
offer new innovative products in addition to customizing packages for their customers. In addition, with the
meter data being readily available, more flexible billing cycles would be available to their customers instead
of following the standard utility read cycles. With timely usage information available to the customer,
benefits will be seen through opportunities to manage their energy consumption and change from one REP
to another with actual meter data.

The benefits of smart metering are clear and proven.[citation needed]

 Accurate meter reading, no more estimates

 Improved billing

 Accurate Profile Classes and Measurement Classes, true costs applied

 Improved Security for premises

 Energy Management through profile data graphs

 Less financial burden correcting mistakes

 Less accrued expenditure

 Less time chasing call centers to provide meter readings

 Transparency of “cost to read” metering

 Improved procurement power though more accurate data - “de-risking” price

Many companies are moving towards complete AMR solutions.

[edit]Disadvantages of Advanced Metering

 Loss of privacy - details of use reveal information about user activities

 Greater potential for monitoring by other/unauthorized third parties

 Reduced reliability (more complicated meters, more potential for interference by third parties)

 Increased security risks from network or remote access

[edit]Notable deployments
Construction practices, weather, and the need for information drive utilities in different parts of the world
towards AMR at different rates. In the US, there have been significant fixed network deployments of both
RF based and PLC based technologies[7]. Some countries have either deployed or plan to deploy [8] AMR
systems throughout the entire country.
Australia AMI in Australia has grown from both government policy, seeking to rectify observed market
inefficiencies and distribution businesses, seeking to gain operational efficiencies. Currently (July 2008),
there is a mandated program being planned in Victoria with a planned deployment of 2.6 million meters
over a 4 year period. The anticipated peak installation rate of AMI Meters is 5,000 per day across Victoria.
The program governance is provided by an Industry Steering Committee.

In 2009 the Victorian Auditor General undertook a review of the program and found that there were
"significant inadequacies" in advice to Government and that project governance "has not been
appropriate"[9]. The Victorian government subsequently announced a moratorium of the program [10]

 Public Utility Commission of Texas Report 2006

 Pennsylvania, (Exelon-PECO) 2.2 million meters deployed

 Missouri, (Ameren) 1.7 million meters deployed.

[edit]See also
Energy portal

 Distributed generation

 Electricity meter

 Feed-in Tariff

 Gas meter

 Net metering

 Nonintrusive load monitoring

 Meter-Bus

 Power line communication

 Public utility

 Smart meter

 Utility submetering

 Water Meter

 Wavenis
[hide]

v • d • e

Electricity generation

Concepts Availability factor · Baseload · Black start · Capacity factor · Demand factor · Demand management · EROEI · Grid storage · Intermitte

NonrenewableCoal · Fossil fuel power plant · Natural gas · Petroleum · Nucl

Sources
RenewableBiomass · Geothermal · Hydro · Marine · Solar · Wind
 Technology AC power · Cogeneration · Combined cycle · Cooling tower · Induction generator · Micro CHP · Microgeneration · Rankine cycle · Virtu

Distributio
Demand response · Distributed generation · Dynamic demand · Electricity distribution · Electrical grid · High-voltage direct current · L
n

Policies Carbon offset · Coal phase out · Ecotax · Energy subsidies · Feed-in Tariff · Net metering · Pigovian tax · Renewable Energy Certificate

Categories: Electric power distribution · Electricity economics · Power station technology · Por

[edit]References

1. ^ Forget municipal Wi-Fi, welcome to Zigbee City

2. ^ EarthLink Dedicates Wi-Fi Network In Corpus Christi
3. ^ U.S. Patent 3,842,208 (Sensor Monitoring Device)
4. ^ U.S. Patent 4,241,237 and U.S. Patent 4,455,453 and Canadian Patent # 1,155,243 (Apparatus
and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control)
5. ^ [1] US Congress, Energy Policy Act of 2005
6. ^ Resolution to Remove Regulatory Barriers To the Broad Implementation of Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (from NARUC Committee on Energy Resources and the Environment Resolutions
of 2007-02-21)
7. ^ [2] PPL 1.3 million residential and commercial electric meters
8. ^ [3] Sweden, (Vattenfall) 850k meters
9. ^ http://www.itnews.com.au/News/160398,auditor-general-slams-victorian-smart-meters.aspx
10. ^ http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/newsroom/9853.html
[edit]External links