Information Technology

NVEQ Level 2 Class X

IT201-NQ2012-Functional English (Intermediate)
Student s Handbook

Practice and Speak

Fluent English
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, 2012

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

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 Student Details

Student Name:_______________________________

Student Roll Number:__________________________

Batch Start Date:____________________________

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 Acknowledgements

The following partners were instrumental in providing the content:

1. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in conjunction with Pandit

Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE) for
providing text and exercises in Computer and IT Basics. The team involved
included Dr. Om Vikas (Convener), Dr. Vinay Swarup Mehrotra (Co-
Convener), Ms Gurpreet Kaur, Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Ms Nancy Sehgal and
Mr. Yogesh Kumar and Mr. Rituraj Tamrakar.

2. Accenture India‟s Corporate Citizenship Program (Skills 4 Life). Accenture

has provided the content material they have commissioned and developed
as well as access to their implementing partners (Dr. Reddy‟s Foundation
and QUEST Alliance) for this material.

3. Microsoft Free Digital Literacy Program eLearning package has been used to
supplement CBSE/ PSSCIVE‟s content.

4. The Wadhwani Foundation team involved in designing and building this

curriculum and content include Ms. Darshika Sanghani, Ms. Sonia Kakkar, Mr.
Toral Veecumsee, Ms. Rekha Menon, Mr. Ajay Goel and Mr. Austin Thomas.

5. In addition, various public domain sources have been leveraged to create

materials and illustrations across module. The contributions of all these
sources is gratefully acknowledged and recognized.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 4

Preface …………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

About Your Workbook………….………………………………………………………………………….…………….8

SESSION 1: Ordering Food at a Restaurant……………………………………………………….……..9

SESSION 2: Making Resolutions .................................................................. 12

SESSION 3: Talking about Change ............................................................... 15

SESSION 4: Planning an Outing .................................................................. 18

SESSION 5: Narrating a Story .................................................................... 21

SESSION 6: Describing a Known Place.......................................................... 24

SESSION 7: Giving Directions .................................................................... 28

SESSION 8: Describing an Event ................................................................. 32

SESSION 9: Recounting an Experience ......................................................... 36

SESSION 10: Finding a Place to Stay ........................................................... 39

SESSION 11: Saying No ............................................................................ 43

SESSION 12: Describing a Lost Item ............................................................ 46

SESSION 13: Appreciating Someone ............................................................ 49

SESSION 14: Attending a Phone Call ........................................................... 52

SESSION 15: Giving Instructions ................................................................. 57

SESSION 16: Registering a Complaint .......................................................... 60

SESSION 17: Calling up to Find about a Job Vacancy ....................................... 64

SESSION 18: Writing a Resume .................................................................. 66

SESSION 19: Writing a Covering Letter ........................................................ 71

SESSION 20: Facing an Interview ............................................................... 76

SESSION 21: Taking a Telephonic Interview .................................................. 79

SESSION 22: Accepting a Job Offer ............................................................. 82

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 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children‟s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Functional English (Intermediate)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner‟s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student‟s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education

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outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions.

Participation of learners in skill development exercises and inculcation of

values and creativity is possible if we involve children as participants in
learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply considerable
change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-
table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in implementing the activities
and the required number of teaching days will have to be increased for
teaching and training.

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 About Your Workbook

This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT201-
NQ2012: Functional English (Intermediate). You should work through the
workbook in the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the
guidance and supervision of your teacher or trainer.

This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge
This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise

Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

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SESSION 1: ORDERING FOOD AT A RESTAURANT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Imagine that you are at a restaurant. The waiter has come to ask what you
would like to have, and you want to order a plate of vegetable chowmein. How
would you place the order? Think about it and try to frame some sentences to
do so.

When we place an order, there are some common terms used. Some of them
are introduced here. Read aloud the following terms:

 Starters - The first course in a meal, also called “appetizers” or “starters”.

Usage: “I would like to have Fried Vegetarian Momos for starters.”
 Main course - The primary or main dish in a meal.
Usage: “I would like to have Shahi Paneer, Chane Pindi, Raita and Rumali
Roti for the main course.”
 Dessert - The final course of a meal – it may be fruits or a sweet dish.
Usage: “I would like to have Kheer for dessert.”

Study the dialogue given below and fill up the blanks using the following
information:
 Starters - Chilly Potatoes.
 Main course - Vegetable Fried Rice and Chicken Manchurian with gravy.
 Dessert - Chocolate Ice-cream.
 A bottle of mineral water.

Using Articles – a, an, the

Examples

A false friend is worse than an enemy.

Are you a good teacher?
Are you the teacher who is going to teach English?

EXERCISE

Given below is a conversation between a waiter and the customer at a

restaurant. Imagine that you are the customer. Now fill in the blanks with the
statements that you like to make while talking to the waiter.

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1. Waiter: Are you ready to place your order, Ma‟am/Sir?
2. Customer: Yes. For _____________, I would like to have
________________________________________________________________.
3. Waiter: How many?
4. Customer: Just one plate will do.
5. Waiter: Okay.
6. Customer: For ____________________________________, I will have
_____________________________________.
7. Waiter: Okay. Anything else Ma‟am/Sir?
8. Customer: Yes. I would like to order a________________________
_________________________________________________________________
______________________________
9. Waiter: Okay. One Chilly Potatoes, one Vegetable Fried Rice, one Chicken
Manchurian with gravy, and one Chocolate Ice-cream. Is that correct,
Ma‟am?
10. Customer: Yes.
11. Waiter: Can I get you anything else?
12. Customer: Could you get me ___________________________________?
13. Waiter: Sure, Ma‟am/Sir.
14. Customer: ___________________ you. That will be all.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the correct articles A, AN, and THE, wherever
necessary.

1. Could you get me ____ bowl of chicken soup? (a, the).

2. I would like to cancel ____ (a, the) Masala Dosa I ordered and have _____
plate of Tandoori chicken with fried rice instead (a, the).
3. I ordered ______ chocolate ice cream, not strawberry (a, the, no article
needed).
4. I will have a tomato and mushroom pizza with ______ cheese topping. (a,
the, no article needed).
5. For dessert, ____ plate of kheer will do (a, the, no article needed).
6. I will have ______ kheer for dessert (a, the, no article needed).

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7. Our specialty is __________ Tandoori chicken. Do try it (a, the, no article
needed).
8. Please get me ________ glass of water.
9. I would like to have _______ onion masala dosa and vanilla ice-cream.
10. Excuse me, where is __________ washroom?
11. What is ___________ specialty of this restaurant?
12. Can I smoke ____________ cigarette here?
13. Can we sit on __________ upper floor?
14. What is on _____________ menu today?
15. Do you serve _______________ Chinese food here?
16. Please give me some ________ tissue paper.
17. Could you tell me ___________ recipe of this dish?

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SESSION 2: MAKING RESOLUTIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Have you ever made a promise to yourself? A promise could be as simple as:

1. I will never lose my temper again.

2. I will try to study hard this year and get a 1 st division.
3. I will talk less on my mobile.
4. I will help mother out with her household chores when she comes home
tired from work.
5. I will get 95% in Math this year.
6. I will learn to speak properly in English within six months.

Think about what you would like to promise to yourself. These promises are
actually what are known as your own “resolution”. In the session, we will learn
about this concept.

Simple future tense

The use of words like will and shall denote the future time of action.

Now read the following sentences:

Set A

1. I will try to learn English well.

2. I will try to see fewer movies.
3. I will learn three new words every day.
4. I will exercise every morning for 1 hour.
5. I will not carry forward any regrets.
6. I will keep my room neat and clean.
7. I will accept the terms and conditions.

8. He will not let you join.

9. But we will argue in your favor.

Now compare the above sentences with the following:

Set B

1. I try to learn English well.

2. I try to see fewer movies.
3. I learn three new words every day.

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4. I exercise every morning for 1 hour.
5. I take care of the dogs in my colony.
6. I do not carry any regrets.
7. I keep my room neat and clean.

Do you see the difference between the two sets i.e. set A and B of sentences?
The first set of sentences is in simple future tense. The second set denotes a
fact or a habit, and are all in the simple present tense.

EXERCISE

Read the following sentences. These are incomplete sentences. Try to fill them
with what you wish to do in your life.

1. I promise to…
2. I promise I will…
3. I resolve never to…
4. I resolve to…
5. I will try to…
6. I will try my best…
7. I am never going to…

ASSESSMENT

From the following options, select and tick the one that is in the simple
future tense.

1. I did not smoke.

(a) I will not smoke.
(b) I will not smoking
(c) I will not smoked.

2. I exercise everyday to stay fit and healthy.

(a) I will exercised everyday to stay fit and healthy.

(b) I will exercising everyday to stay fit and healthy.
(c) I will exercise everyday to stay fit and healthy.

3. I opened a small flower shop in the market.

(a) I will open a small flower shop in the market.

(b) I will opened a small flower shop in the market.
(c) I will opening a small flower shop in the market.
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4. The president and his wife raised funds for charity.

(a) The president and his wife will raising funds for charity.
(b) The President and his wife will raised fund for charity.
(c) The President and his wife will raise fund for charity.

5. I stuck to my resolution.
(a) I will sticking to my resolution.
(b) I will stick to my resolution.
(c) I will stuck to my resolution.

6. I changed most of the furniture in my house before Diwali.

(a) I will changed most of the furniture in my house before Diwali.
(b) I will changing most of the furniture in my house before Diwali.
(c) I will change most of the furniture in my house before Diwali.

7. I started going for driving classes on Tuesdays.

(a) I will started going for driving classes on Tuesdays.
(b) I will starting going for driving classes on Tuesdays.
(c) I will start going for driving classes on Tuesdays.

8. Team India won every match against Australia in the World Cup.
(a) Team India will won every match against Australia in the World Cup.
(b) Team India will win every match against Australia in the World Cup.
(c) Team India will winning every match against Australia in the World Cup.

9. I spoke in English with my friends.

(a) I will speak in English with my friends.
(b) I will speaking in English with my friends.
(c) I will spoke in English with my friends.

10. I wore the seat belt while driving.

(a) I will wore the seat belt while driving.
(b) I will wearing the seat belt while driving.
(c) I will wear the seat belt while driving.

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SESSION 3: TALKING ABOUT CHANGE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

In this session, you will learn how to talk about change. Read aloud and try to
understand from the examples given below.

1. Change for the better - to change so as to improve.

Example: He does not watch junk movies anymore and it is a change for the
better. He now enjoys serious cinema.

2. Change for the worse - to change but become worse.

Example: She has started reading novels. But it is a change for the worse as
she reads them more than her school books!

3. Change with the times - to accept and adapt to new developments.

Example: Our school is changing with the times. We now have computer labs
with free internet connection.

4. For a change - as something different.

Example: Why don‟t you wear a salwar suit for a change? You always wear
sarees.

5. Time for a change - an expression used when it is time to make a change.

Example: I asked her if she wanted a cake for her birthday, and she said, “It‟s
time for a change - let‟s have pizza instead!”

6. Times are changing - a response made when you hear a surprising piece of
news.

Example: Man: “They charged me 500 Rupees for this tie!”. Woman: “Well,
times are changing. Ties do not cost 100 Rupees anymore.”

7. Sea change - a major change.

Example: There is a sea-change in the choice of careers. Many youngsters are

more interested in MBA nowadays than in medicine or civil services.

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8. Times change - as time passes, different things become acceptable.

Example: The old man scolded his grandson for not cutting his long hair. He
said that when he was young, he had to keep it short and oiled. His grandson
said, “Times change, Grandpa!”

Active and Passive Voice

Read the examples given below:

Active: The hair stylist changed the color of my hair.

Passive: The color of my hair was changed by the hair stylist.
Passive: I was praised by the headmaster.
Active: The headmaster praised me.

In certain sentences in the passive voice, the subject may not be mentioned:

1. You should do the work - The work should be done.

2. We completed the marathon at last - The marathon was completed at last.
3. Has she finished her homework? - Has her homework been completed?

EXERCISE

Now, identify and tick the sentences that are in Active Voice:

1. They have been scolded.

2. I bought some clothes yesterday.
3. The teacher is correcting the test papers.
4. The test papers have been submitted.
5. We went there last summer.
6. We were welcomed by the hotel owner.
7. She believed him but we did not.
8. He was trusted neither by us nor by her.

ASSESSMENT

Select and tick the option that is in the passive voice.

1. Ravi had to revise the document.

(a) Ravi had to be revised in the document.
(b) The document had to be revised by Ravi.

2. Ram should learn how to adjust to change.

(a) Adjusting to change is what Ram should learn.

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 (b) How to adjust to change must be learned by Ram.

3. Seema has changed the curtains of the bedroom.

(a) The curtains of the bedroom have been changed by Seema.
(b) The curtains of Seema‟s bedroom are changed.

4. Can Nayan update this file?

(a) Can this file update Nayan?
(b) Can this file be updated by Nayan?

5. The youth should change things for the better.

(a) Things should be changed for the better by the youth.
(b) The youth have to change things for the better.

6. He made some changes to this document.

(a) To this document some changes he made.
(b) Some changes were made to this document by him.

7. You can change your future by learning English.

(a) Your English can change your future.
(b) Your future can be changed by learning English.

8. Nothing can change his mind.

(a) His mind can‟t be changed by anything.
(b) His mind can be changed by nothing.

9. The party workers do not like the new policies.

(a) The policies do not like the new workers.
(b) The new policies are not liked by the party workers.

10. Change makes progress possible.

(a) Progress is made possible by change
(b) Change makes possible progress.

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SESSION 4: PLANNING AN OUTING

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

An outing can be going for a picnic, going for a movie, going out for lunch or
dinner, or going out for shopping. All such outings require some preparation –
the extent of the preparation may vary depending on the nature of the outing.

Imagine that you have to plan a picnic for your family and friends. You may
have to prepare a “To Do” list of all that you need to do and take to the picnic.
What would you do to prepare for the picnic? Think!

Making a suggestion for an outing:

1. Let us go for an outing!

2. Let us go for a picnic!
3. Let us go to the movies!
4. Let us go out for lunch!
5. Let us go shopping and have lunch outside.
6. How about going for a movie?
7. Shall we go for a picnic this Sunday?
8. How about a shopping trip and lunch afterwards?

Planning the outing:

1. I will book the cab and you can arrange for the food.
2. You can take care of the plates and glasses.
3. Bring bottles of water, napkins, and some plastic bags.
4. Can you bring two mats or an old bedcover to spread on the grass?
5. Can you check till what time the park is open?
6. Can you book the movie tickets?
7. We can meet at 6 outside the theatre.
8. I will call up Meena and Rakesh and see if they want to come along.

Pronouns

In this session, you will learn how to make use of pronouns. The reflexive
pronouns discussed in this session are: myself, ourselves, themselves,
yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, and itself.

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Reflexive pronouns are used usually in 3 situations:

Situation 1: When the subject and object are the same.

For example:
1. I hurt myself.
2. The music group calls themselves “Dire Straits”.
3. He shot himself.

Situation 2: As the object of a preposition, when the subject and the object
are the same.

For example:
1. I bought a present for myself.
2. She did it by herself. (She did it alone)
3. That man is talking to himself.

Situation 3: When you want to emphasize the subject. For example:

1. I'll do it myself (No one else will help me).

2. They ate all the food themselves (No one else had any).

EXERCISE

Identify the incorrect use of the pronouns.

1. Mitali and I went to the café to buy us some snacks.

2. When I saw me in the mirror, I was horrified to see red spots all over my
face.
3. Did you learn typing yourself or you went to a school?
4. What he saw was so unexpected that he pinched him to see if it was for
real.
5. Please help yourselves to the food – there is plenty!
6. I hurt myself while fixing the broken shelf.
7. I am busy…can‟t you do the work yourself?
8. I bought a nice dress for me from the mall.

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ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns.

1. Except Ruhi and _____________, everyone else arrived late at the

movies.
(a) I, (b) me

2. Ravi was very helpful to ___________ when we went trekking in the

mountains.
(a) us, (b) ourselves

3. We really enjoyed ______________ on the trip to Manali last month.

(a) us, (b) ourselves

4. His friends did not appreciate ____________ going to the fair alone.
(a) his, (b) himself

5. Please bring some cotton for your ears if you do not want to be bored
by____________ continuous chatter on the trip.
(a) his, (b) him

6. As our driver had fever, Naman and ____________ offered to drive the
car for the rest of the journey.
(a) mine, (b) I

7. One of ____________ will have to speak to the travel agent and make
arrangements for the trip.
(a) you, (b) your

8. We must reach the airport on time, or else ______ will miss the flight.
(a) we, (b) us

9. It was ____________ who wanted to go to the mountains instead of the

beach.
(a) Himself, (b) he

10. Two of the group members, including ________, have offered to make
food and travel arrangements for the trip.
(a) he, (b) him

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SESSION 5: NARRATING A STORY

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Have you ever been told a story before? Perhaps many times! What it is that
you like the most about the narration of stories? Perhaps you like to know what
happened to other people, or stories tell you what you could do in a similar
situation, or maybe because it helps you to relieve tension and entertains you.
You may have many other reasons. Think about them.

You will soon see that narrating a story is similar to narrating an incident – only
story narration is desirable because it is presented in an animated fashion with
the right intonations, pauses and exclamations.

When we narrate an incident too, we could use voice modulation to express

what is being said with emotions. That would definitely make it interesting for
the listener.

Narrating a Story of “Two Wolves”

Read out the following story aloud. Try to narrate the story as best as you can.

One evening, an old tribal told his grandson about a battle that goes on inside
people.
He said: "My son, the battle is between “two wolves” inside us all…One is Evil.
It is anger, envy, jealousy, sorrow, regret, greed, arrogance, self-pity, guilt,
resentment, inferiority, lies, false pride,... superiority, and ego. The other is
good. It is joy, peace, love, hope, serenity, humility, kindness, benevolence,
empathy, generosity, truth, compassion, and faith."

The grandson thought about it for a minute, and then asked his grandfather:
"Which wolf wins?"

The old tribal simply replied: "The one you feed."

Simple Past Tense

In this session, you will learn how to make use of Simple Past Tense.

Read aloud the following sentences:

1. My grandmother loved to narrate the story of Ram and Ravan to me when I

was young.
2. I used to listen eagerly to her.
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3. She always left off the story at an interesting point, and said “I will tell
you what happened after that tomorrow”.
4. I would eagerly wait for the next day to come.
5. The next day I would pester her to tell me what happens next.
6. I enjoyed the storytelling sessions with my grandmother very much.
7. I don’t know if I will be able to entertain my grandchild in the same way.
8. Most probably I will not have many stories to tell or my grandchild will
not be interested in listening to stories.
9. But I can surely say that telling stories helps to expand a child‟s
imagination in a way that no other thing does.
10. I was exhausted.
11. It was a very tiring journey.
12. I had a tiring journey.
13. The journey exhausted me.

EXERCISE

Do you remember the difference in the tenses? Now, identify the sentences
that have been written in the present and future tense.

1. My grandmother loved to narrate the story of Ram and Ravan to me when I

was young.
2. I used to listen eagerly to her.
3. I would eagerly wait for the next day to come.
4. I enjoyed the storytelling sessions with my grandmother very much.
5. I don’t know if I will be able to entertain my grandchild in the same way.
6. Most probably I will not have many stories to tell or my grandchild will not
be interested in listening to stories.
7. I was exhausted.
8. It was a very tiring journey.
9. I had a tiring journey.

ASSESSMENT

From the options, select and tick the sentence that is in simple past tense.
1.
(a) Seema visiting aunt Rekha at her house near the beach last weekend.
(b) Seema visited aunt Rekha at her house near the beach last weekend.
(c) Seema visit aunt Rekha at her house near the beach last weekend.

2.
(a) It were a beautiful summer day.
(b) It was a beautiful summer day.
(c) It is a beautiful summer day.

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3.
(a) Seema building a giant sand castle on the beach.
(b) Seema build a giant sand castle on the beach.
(c) Seema built a giant sand castle on the beach.

4.
(a) Aunt Rekha took pictures of the castle.
(b) Aunt Rekha take pictures of the castle.
(c) Aunt Rekha taking pictures of the castle.

5.
(a) Seema wanted to play on the beach and build another sand castle.
(b) Seema want to play on the beach and build another sand castle.
(c) Seema wanting to play on the beach and build another sand castle.

6.
(a) But soon it has become very hot outside.
(b) But soon it became very hot outside.
(c) But soon it becomes very hot outside.

7.
(a) Aunt Rekha advised Seema to wear a hat.
(b) Aunt Rekha advising Seema to wear a hat.
(c) Aunt Rekha advises Seema to wear a hat.

8.
(a) But Seema does not have a hat.
(b) But Seema did not have a hat.
(c) But Seema didn‟t had a hat

9.
(a) So Aunt Rekha gave Seema one of her hats.
(b) So Aunt Rekha giving Seema one of her hats.
(c) So Aunt Rekha gives Seema one of her hats.

10.
(a) Seema wearing the hat and made another sand castle.
(b) Seema wears the hat and made another sand castle.
(c) Seema wore the hat and made another sand castle.

23
SESSION 6: DESCRIBING A KNOWN PLACE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Descriptive writing is an art form. It is like painting a word picture so that the
person who reads what you have written or listens to what you have said,
“sees” exactly what you meant to describe. To practice descriptive writing,
think of a few sentences about the city you grew up in. You could start off as:

1. The city that I grew up in is ______________________(name of the state).

2. It is a large/small city in __________________________(name of the state).
3. The weather there is quite ________________

Adjectives and adverbs

1. I am ready to take the test. - adjective

2. I am readily taking the test. - adverb
3. She ran out of the room in a hasty manner. - adjective
4. She ran out of the room hastily. - adverb
5. I was happy when I received the certificate. - adjective
6. I happily received the certificate. – adverb

Here are some adjectives to describe a city:

 City: active, bustling, noisy, busy, clean, dirty, windy.

 Traffic: loud, congested, snarled.
 Buildings: old, shabby, rundown, crumbling,modern, futuristic, sleek,
towering, squat.
 Buildings (walls): brick, stone, marble, glass, steel, graffiti-covered.
 Monuments, statues: stone, copper, carved, ancient, moss-covered,
faded, green, bronze.
 Sidewalk: concrete, cement, slick, cracked, tidy, littered, swept.
 Paint: fresh, weathered, peeling.
 Signs: neon, weathered, worn, bright, welcoming, flashing.
 Buses, cars, taxis: belching, crawling, speeding, honking, waiting,
screeching.
 People: hurried, bundled, smiling, frowning, eager, rushed.
 Now, try to describe your city using the above pointers.

24
EXERCISE

I. Read aloud the following phrases on “Describing Nainital”. Combine the

phrases so as to form a paragraph that describes Nainital. For example:

Example: Nainital is a beautiful hill-station in Uttarakhand.

1. Nainital is a beautiful hill-station…

2. It is surrounded by…
3. …in Uttarakhand.
4. …above sea-level.
5. …high mountain peaks
6. Nainital is a very…
7. …especially during winter…
8. …popular tourist spot,
9. …when the snow falls.
10. It attracts a lot of tourists in…
11. …during the British Raj.
12. The temperature varies between…
13. …which were established…
14. 15 °C and −3 °C at that time.
15. …and is situated at an altitude of 1, 938 meters.
16. Apart from its beautiful scenery…
17. …its many schools,
18. Nainital is also known for…

II. Now read aloud and very carefully, the description given below:

“Ladakh”.

1. Leh, Drass valley and Leh-Manali track are popular tourist spots.
2. Ladakh is a region situated in Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Tourists come for fishing and trekking.
4. Ladakh has a population of about 2,60,000.
5. The Kunlun mountain range lies to the north and the Himalayas lies to the
south.
6. The language is written in the Tibetan script.
7. The people of Dha-Hanu follow Tibetan Buddhism.
8. Ladakhi culture and Tibetan culture share many similarities.
9. Popular sports include archery, ice hockey, and cricket.
10. Buses and taxis are available as means of transport.
11. The dances are about the fight between good and evil.
12. The people speak Ladakhi which is also known as Western Archaic Tibetan.
13. About 18,000 tourists visit Ladakh every year.

25
14. On the other hand, those living around Dras have converted to Islam.
15. It is the highest plateau of Kashmir.
16. The Ladakhis celebrate masked dance festivals.

III. Read carefully the following passages on “adjectives and adverbs” and
identify whether the words in bold are adjectives or adverbs:

1. I went to Jaipur, also known as Pink City. Many people readily agree it is
one of the best structured places in India. The town was carefully planned
according to Vastu Shastra. It was built in the form of an eight-part
Mandala known as Pithapada.

2. I have never seen as heavenly a place as Kerala‟s backwaters. I took a ride

in a kettuvallam (house boat) and what I saw was truly beautiful. Palm
trees, pandanus shrubs, a variety of leafy plants and bushes attractively
decorated the place.

3. My family went on a trip to Manipur. One of the many places we visited was
the Keibul Lamjao National Park. It is the only floating national park in the
world. The place is marked by floating plants called Phumdi. The park is
the home of the Sangai or Brow Antlered Deer, an endangered species
which cannot be found anywhere else on earth.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the given options:

1. I _____________ moved to a new city.

(a) recently, (b) daily

2. I now live _____________ in the heart of Delhi.

(a) comfortable, (b) comfortably

3. My house is a _____________ two-bedroom flat in Mayur Lok.

(a) spaceful, (b) spacious

4. I live here with my _____________ friend, Manish.

(a) best, (b) better

5. There is a _____________ monument near our house.

(a) history, (b) historical

26
6. When I first moved to Delhi, I found the city to be too _____________ and
crowded.
(a) noisy, (b) noiseful

7. Now that I have lived here for a couple of years, I can‟t imagine moving back
to my _____________ town.
(a) small, (b) tiny

8. Delhi is the capital of India and is _____________ connected to all major

cities of the country by road, rail, and air.
(a) good, (b) well

9. Mayur Lok is one of the _____________ localities in Delhi.

(a) best, (b) good

10. The area is well-maintained and planned _____________.

(a) prettily, (b) beautifully

27
SESSION 7: GIVING DIRECTIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Look at the following map. How would you give the direction to City Mall?

City Mall

Mitthu Sweets Corner

Tara Bus Depot

Start here

Read the “Terms and phrases for giving directions” given below.

1. Intersection - Also known as “junction” and “crossroad”, it is a place

where two or more roads meet.
Example: We kept driving till we came to an intersection. We did not know
which road to follow, so we asked the traffic police for directions.
2. Fork - The point at which a road divides into branches.
Example: Keep walking left till you come to a fork; take the road on your
right and keep walking. The shop is there at the end of the road.
3. U-turn - A U-shaped turn made by a vehicle so as to take a direction
opposite to the original course.
Example: The market is on the other side of the road. You will have to
take a U-turn to reach it.
4. Turn left/right - Go to your left/right.
Example: The man told me to walk down the street and at the end, turn
left.
5. Signpost - A post bearing a sign that gives information.
Example: The signpost says that we have to take the road on the left for
Noida.
6. Landmark - An easily seen building or place that serves as a guide.
Example: The City Mall serves as a landmark for their office.
7. Across the street - On the other side of the street.
Example: The book store is just across the street.

28
8. Next to – Beside.
Example: Mohan Lal Grocery is next to the mobile shop.
9. Go straight down - Keep walking along the road.
Example: Go straight down this road and turn right. You will find the
hospital there.
10. Take the first/second road on the left/right.
Example: To reach the school, go straight and then take the second road
on the right.
11. Around the corner - Near the corner.
Example: The market is just around the corner of the DESU residential
complex.
12. At the end of.
Example: You will find the store at the end of this road.

EXERCISE

Study the flowchart given below:

DMK
Little Angels School
Hospital

Working Women’s
Association
Traffic Point A

Oriental
Restaurant

Khadi House
Pushpak Book
Store

Traffic Point B

Fun Village

Green Park

Start
here

29
  Route A - Fun Village, Pushpak Book Store, Traffic Point B, Traffic Point
A, Oriental Restaurant.
 Route B - Green Park, Khadi House, Traffic Point B, Traffic Point A,
Oriental Restaurant.
 Route C - Green Park, Khadi House, Working Women‟s Association, Little
Angels School, Oriental Restaurant.

In short, there can be more than one route in which you can give directions to
reach DMK Hospital.

Prepositions

A preposition is a word that links a noun and pronoun to other words in a

sentence. For example:

1. We went to the market.

2. The market is just around the corner.
3. Many kinds of stores can be found at the market.

Prepositions are used as follows:

 Prepositions of time: at, on, in, during, since, until, by, etc. We reached
the hostel at 9 pm. We reached the hostel on Monday. We will reach the
airport in an hour. Note: Use at for specific times, on for days and dates,
and in for non-specific times.
 Prepositions of place: at, on, in, over, above, under, beside, behind, etc.
We went to the library. The library is on Hudson Lane. Note: Use at for
specific places, on for roads, streets, etc., and in for cities, countries, etc.
 Prepositions of direction: to, from, across, through, around, into, towards,
etc. The electronics shop is across the street. The cricketers went in that
direction.
 Prepositions indicating other relationships: by, with, of, for, etc. This sari is
made of silk. A surprise is waiting for you.

ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition given in the bracket:

1. Go straight down Kingsway Street and you will find the shop _____ your
right (in, on).
2. The jeweler‟s store is right next ____ the bus-stop (for, to).
3. The florist‟s stall is _______ Kamna‟s house (below, under).

30
4. You can find her house ____ the corner of the main street. (around, from)
5. Walk ____ you reach the traffic point (till, before).
6. The book store is just _______ the street (across, under).
7. Walk straight _____ this road and you will come to a traffic point (down,
beside).
II. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition given in the bracket:

1. I‟m very excited about meeting my friend today _____________ Dilli

Haat in the evening at 4.
(a) on, (b) at

2. My friend stays in INA colony near Dilli Haat, whereas my house is quite
far _____________ it.
(a) across, (b) from

3. In the morning, my friend had given me the directions _____________

this place over the phone.
(a) to, (b) about

4. I will take Bus no. 540 _____________ the Central Terminal and get off
_____________ the INA bus stand.
(a) from, in (b) from, at

5. My friend had said that Dilli Haat is right ______________ the road.
(a) across, (b) over

6. She will be waiting for me ____________ the Sikkim food stall.

(a) on (b) at

7. The Sikkim food stall is located _____________ the Manipur and

Rajasthan food stalls.
(a) across, (b) between

8. The hot momos served there are so tasty – I can‟t wait _____________
eat them!
(a) for, (b) to

9. Oh! I think that‟s my bus _____________ that red truck.

(a) behind, (b) over

10. I must hurry up and get _____________ it or my plans for a great evening
will be spoilt.
(a) onto, (b) in
31
SESSION 8: DESCRIBING AN EVENT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Have you attended any event recently? It may be a wedding, a birthday party,
or any function – any event. Try and form sentences about the event. Maybe
answering the following questions might help you:

1. When was the event held?

2. Where was it held?
3. How many people came?
4. How was the food (if it was a party)?
5. Were there any special programs? If so, what were they?

Present Continuous Tense

The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe an action that is continuing at

the moment.
1. I am walking.
2. She is preparing lunch for everyone.

The verb will always take the form “is/am/are+verb+ing” depending upon the
subject.

1. He/she/it/Meena/Rajan is walking.
2. They/we/you/the people are walking.
3. I am walking.

Read the following:

1. I describe an event. I am describing an event.

2. She/he/Reena/Karan/etc. describes an event. She/he/Reena/Karan/etc.
is describing an event.
3. You/we/they/the students/etc. describe an event. You/we/they/the
students/etc. are describing an event.

The sentences with “is/am/are describing” as verb describe an action that is

continuing at the moment. Therefore,

1. We are learning the Present Continuous Tense.

2. We are learning how to describe an event.
3. We are learning English.

32
EXERCISE

I. Read the following sentences and identify whether they are in the present
continuous tense or not.

1. Everyone is enjoying Sarita‟s party.

2. Sarita is distributing cold drinks to her guests.
3. Devjit wants to play his guitar and sing a song for her.
4. All the guests encouraging him to do that.
5. Even Sarita herself is telling him to perform.

II. Read the sentences on “Smita’s Birthday” given below.

1. It was Smita‟s birthday …………...

2. We arranged a surprise birthday…………….
3. All her friends ………..
4. ………………..as it is her favorite.
5. Everyone arrived………..
6. ……………… at 12 p.m.
7. We screamed “………………..”!
8. Then, she blew the candles and …………..
9. Asha and Sumeet ……………………
10. …………………….. sang a song and entertained everyone.
11. We played Antakshari………………...

III. Using the following phrases fill in the blanks and complete the sentences.

1. “Surprise”
2. …were invited.
3. Smita entered the room…
4. …cut it for everyone
5. Smita even…
6. …party for her.
7. …on time.
8. …distributed food and drinks
9. We got a chocolate cake…
10. …on Sunday.
11. …and dumb charade.

33
ASSESSMENT

Choose and the tick the correct option, which is in the Present Continuous
Tense.

1.
a. We are gone to attend a friend‟s wedding at Sainik Farms on Saturday
evening.
b. We are going to attend a friend‟s wedding at Sainik Farms on Saturday
evening.
c. We went to attend a friend‟s wedding at Sainik Farms Saturday evening.

2.
a. Everybody will having a great time at the party.
b. Everybody is having a great time at the party.
c. Everybody have a great time at the party.

3.
a. The bride is looking gorgeous in a traditional red silk saree.
b. The bride looking gorgeous in a traditional red silk saree.
c. The bride will looking gorgeous in a traditional red silk saree.

4.
a. The waiters serving delicious snacks and drinks.
b. The waiters serves delicious snacks and drinks.
c. The waiters are serving delicious snacks and drinks.

5.
a. The DJ is playing soft music while the guests have their dinner.
b. The DJ is playing soft music while the guests are having their dinner.
c. The DJ plays soft music while the guests are having their dinner.

6.
a. He is going to play some popular Bollywood numbers.
b. He has some popular Bollywood numbers to play.
c. He going to play some popular Bollywood numbers.

7.
a. Some kids have running around while some will be dancing on the dance
floor.
b. Some kids are running around while some are dancing on the dance floor.
c. Some kids are running around while some dancing on the dance floor.

34
8.
a. We are planning to drink coffee to stay awake through the night.
b. We are planning to drink coffee to be staying awake through the night.
c. We drink coffee to be staying awake through the night.

9.
a. Punditji reciting mantras and performing various rituals.
b. Punditji is going to reciting mantras and performing various rituals.
c. Punditji is reciting mantras and performing various rituals.

10.
a. Everybody is showering flowers on the newlyweds.
b. Everybody are showering flowers on the newlyweds.
c. Everybody showering flowers on the newlyweds.

35
SESSION 9: RECOUNTING AN EXPERIENCE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past events by retelling the
events in the sequence in which they occurred. A recount tells about something
that happened in the past. Hence it is written in the past tense. (e.g. I run - I
ran, I go - I went). The details in the recount can include what happened, who
was involved, where it took place, when it happened and why it occurred.

A writer or speaker uses a recount to tell us about a story or an event. Recounts

are usually given in the order that the event occurred. Recounts can be:

 Factual, such as a news story

 Procedural, such as telling someone how you build or make something
 Personal, such as a family holiday or your opinion on a subject

Examples of a recount include:

 biographies and autobiographies

 newspapers or the television news
 letters and postcards
 textbooks
 conversations with friends

A well- structured recount includes details of the event or topic and personal
opinions. Oral (spoken) recounts may have a title if you are giving a
presentation. However if you are simply talking with friends you wouldn't
announce the title of your conversation!

Past continuous tense

The Past Continuous Tense describes an action that was happening at a time in
the past. A verb in this tense will always take the form:
Was/were + verb (+ing)

 I/she/he/it/Meena/Rajan/the man was walking.

 They/we/you/the people were walking.
 She was working on her painting.
 He was rehearsing for his performance.

Some examples of Past Continuous Tense are given below:

 I am walking. - Present Continuous Tense

 I was walking. - Past Continuous Tense

36
 She/he/it/Tina is walking. - Present Continuous Tense
 She/he/it/Tina was walking. - Past Continuous Tense
 We/they/the people are working. - Present Continuous Tense
 We/they/the people were working. - Past Continuous Tense

Can you tell the difference between the two tenses?

The Present Continuous Tense describes an action that is happening presently

while the Past Continuous Tense describes an action that was happening at a
time in the past.

A verb in the Past Continuous Tense will take the form:

Was/were + verb (+ing)

Now, from the following sentences, identify the sentences in the Past
Continuous Tense.

1. I was going to tell you a story.

2. They told me they playing a game.
3. She is making breakfast.
4. We were planning to visit the zoo.
5. The zoo was closed.
6. Celebrations were happening all over the world.

EXERCISE

Read the points given below, very carefully. Now, construct them into a
paragraph:

 Taking a walk in the park.

 Saw some people playing badminton.
 Sat down and watched.
 Realized one of the players was an old classmate.
 Called out to her.
 She came to me.
 Told me she was my classmate‟s twin.
 I apologized.
 She asked me to join their game.
 I agreed.
 Enjoyed a nice round of badminton with them.

37
Read the phrases in “Trip to A Mall”. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
phrases.

 …we decided to go.

 I told him…
 …for our lunch!
 Then we went looking…
 …if I had any plans this Saturday.
 …the food court had not been built…
 …in the mall.
 …where it was located…
 …for a while.
 …to search the huge mall.
 We were already hungry…

My friend called me up and asked me_________________. _________________ I

was free. So _________________ to the new mall. There were many good stores
_________________. We window-shopped _________________ .
________________ for the food-court. But we couldn‟t find it.
_________________ and we were forced _________________! At last, we asked
a guard _________________ and he told us that _________________ as yet. We
came out of the mall and had to go to a dhaba _________________.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the past continuous form of the verbs given in
brackets. The first two have been done for you.

1. I was visiting my childhood friend Venkat yesterday.

2. We were going to watch the movie Don on DVD.
3. We _________ (see) the movie for the second time.
4. We _____________ (enjoy) the popcorns more than the movie.
5. In the evening, we __________ (plan) to make a chocolate cake.
6. Both of us _____________ (go) to the market to buy vegetables for dinner.
7. We _____________ (driving) to the supermarket.
8. The supermarket ____________ (offer) sale on all stocks.
9. Everybody ____________ (move) towards the entrance at the same time.

38
SESSION 10: FINDING A PLACE TO STAY

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Imagine that you have just moved into a new city and are looking for a place to
stay. How they would go about doing it? You can use the following pointers:

 What kind of place do you want?

 What would you require in a room?
 Would you take the help of a broker?
 Would you negotiate the rent?

Make appropriate sentences.

Given below is a list of terms you will encounter when you want to rent a
residence. Read aloud the “Renting Terms”, understand its meaning and
usage:

1. Broker: One that acts as an agent for others in negotiation, bargain, etc.
E.g. The broker helped me find a room at a reasonable price.
2. Rent: Payment made by a person for staying in a place owned by others.
E.g. I and my three friends are living on rent now.
3. PG (Paying guest): Someone who lives on rent in the owner‟s house. E.g. PG
accommodations are easily available these days.
4. Apartment: A flat E.g. Sheila and Renu have rented a two-room apartment
in Pune.
5. Landlord/landlady: A man/woman who provides rooms for rent.E.g. Our
landlady allows us to stay out till 10 p.m. only.
6. Tenant: A person who lives on rent. E.g. Mr. Gupta’s tenants always pay
their rent on time.
7. Single-room flat: A flat with only one room. E.g. As I am planning to stay
alone, I will look for a single-room flat.
8. Double-room flat: flat with two rooms. E.g. As we are planning to stay
together, we will look for a double-room flat.
9. Commission: A fee that you have to pay to an agent/broker for their
services. E.g. We also have to pay the broker his commission.
10. Security: Money given as guarantee that you will pay rent as due. Also
known as “deposit”. E.g. We have to pay 2500 Rupees as security.
11. Notice: A formal announcement that you have to make if you want to move
out/ask a tenant to leave. E.g. The landlord has a simple rule – every
tenant must give a month’s notice if they want their security back.

39
Read the dialogue section below on “Finding a Place to Stay”. This is a
conversation/dialogue between a broker and his client. The client is looking for
a room.

You have to fill in the blanks by forming complete questions using the points
given in brackets. Two of them have been done to help them understand.

EXERCISE

Client: I am looking for a place to stay.

Broker: Ok. Do you want a single room or double room? (Single room or double
room)
Client: Since I am going to stay alone, I would prefer a single room.
Broker: _________________________________________? (just a single room, or
with kitchen)
Client: I want a single room with attached bathroom plus a separate kitchen.
Broker: You have come right on time. A room which has all these has just been
vacated.
Client: __________________________________________? (how much the rent
is)
Broker: 4500 Rupees.
Client: _____________________________________________? (whether includes
electricity bill and water bill)
Broker: Yes, yes. It includes both.
Client: Do I have to pay security? (whether I have to pay security)
Broker: Yes. You have to pay a security of 2000 Rupees.
Client: _____________________________________________? (how much your
fee is)
Broker: I charge only 25% of the rent.
Client: ____________________________________? (whether fee is negotiable)
Broker: I am afraid it isn‟t. It is quite low. Most brokers charge around 50%.
Client: Ok then.
Broker: _______________________________? (whether you want to see the
room now)
Client: Yes.

Future continuous tense.

The Future Tense describes an action that will be ongoing in the future. A verb
in the future continuous tense will always take the form:
“will+be+verb+ing”. For example:

 I will be reporting on the news channel tonight.

 He will be coming home at around 10.

40
 They will be working hard to win the match.
 You will be doing your homework.

We can understand the Future Continuous Tense with the help of the following
examples:

 We are looking for a new room. (Present Continuous Tense). We will be

looking for a new room. (Future Continuous Tense)
 I am looking for a new room. (Present Continuous Tense). I will be looking
for a new room. (Future Continuous Tense)
 She is looking for a new room. (Present Continuous Tense). She will be
looking for a new room. (Future Continuous Tense)

While in the Present Continuous Tense, we describe an action that is ongoing,

in the Future Continuous Tense, we describe an action that will be ongoing in
the future. The verb will always take the form: will / will not + be + verb (ing)

Now, read the following sentences and identify the sentences that are in the
Future Continuous Tense:

1. The rent will be 4,000 Rupees.

2. I will be hiring a broker to search for the room.
3. She will not be taking the flat.
4. The landlord will not returning the security.
5. They will be staying in a double room flat.

ASSESSMENT

Change the following sentences to the Future Continuous Tense.

1. Shantanu helped me locate a good room.

______________________________________________________.

2. The landlord charged me too much.

______________________________________________________.

3. I was negotiating with him to lower the rent.

______________________________________________________.

4. I also asked the landlord if he would provide me a cooler.

______________________________________________________.

5. If not, I am buying the cooler myself.

______________________________________________________.

41
6. I am staying here till December.
______________________________________________________.

7. Next year, I am moving to Mumbai.

______________________________________________________.

8. I contacted my broker Vijay.

______________________________________________________.

9. Vijay is searching for a two-room flat for me.

______________________________________________________.

10. I reminded him that the flat should have a separate kitchen.
______________________________________________________.

42
SESSION 11: SAYING NO

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Sometimes, in our lives, situations arise where you have to politely decline a
person's offer. This can be difficult; especially when you care about the other
person.

Some people might say “Yes” when they actually mean “No”. As a result, they
feel bitterness and anger towards the person they have said “Yes” to, even
though the person has done nothing wrong. People who cannot say “No” often
become annoyed and upset with themselves and if anyone continues this
behavior for a long time, it affects their self-esteem and adds to stress. On the
other hand, some people might say “No” but, in an impolite, disrespectful and
aggressive manner. This may result in others disliking them for being angry and
rude. So what‟s the way out?

How would you say “No” to the following?

1. A friend invites you to a party but you have to refuse.

2. A friend wants to borrow a book but you have to refuse.
3. A friend wants to go shopping with you but you have to refuse.

Think about it!

Read aloud the following phrases (polite ways of refusing):

1. I am sorry but - I am sorry but I won‟t be able to come.

2. Thanks for the offer but - Thanks for the offer but I won‟t be able to come.
3. I will have to say no - I really want to come but I will have to say no.
4. This is very kind of you. However…- This is very kind of you. However, I
won‟t be able to come.
5. I would love to…but can’t because of prior engagement - I would love to
come but can‟t because of prior engagement.

Read aloud the following phrases

 You can‟t work against the law.

 I can‟t abide by the law if it is not fair.
 I am working at the warehouse.
 You are working for the manager.

43
EXERCISE

Study the following situations in “Saying No”. Choose what would be the
appropriate way of saying no in each situation. Some situations may have more
than one appropriate option. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option(s).

Situation 1
Speaker 1: Can I borrow some money?
Speaker 2: ________________________________________________________.
(a) No, you cannot.
(b) I am sorry but I won‟t be able to lend you.
(c) I am sorry but you can‟t borrow right now.

Situation 2
Speaker 1: I am going to my aunt‟s house. Would you like to come?
Speaker 2: ________________________________________________________.
(a) I won‟t be able to come, but thanks for the offer.
(b) I am sorry but I won‟t be able to come.
(c) I am sorry but I won‟t like to come at all.

Situation 3
Speaker 1: There is a party at my place on Friday. You have to come.
Speaker 2: ________________________________________________________.
(a) Thanks. But I can‟t come as I have a prior engagement.
(b) Sounds great! But, no! I am not coming.
(c) I am sorry. I will not be able to make it. But thanks for the invitation.

Situation 4
Speaker 1: It is quite late now. Why don‟t you stay at our place tonight?
Speaker 2: ________________________________________________________.
(a) This is very kind of you. However, I can‟t stay.
(b) Thanks! But I really have to get back home.
(c) Thanks a lot. But I can‟t stay at your place tonight.

Situation 5
Speaker 1: Would you like to join us for a drink?
Speaker 2: ________________________________________________________.
(a) Thanks! But I will have to say no.
(b) Sounds fun! But, no! I can‟t join you.
(c) A drink? No. Not now.

44
ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blanks using the correct preposition given in the bracket:

1. They invited me ___their party, but I had refuse (to, for)

2. They said they will meet _____ 3 sharp. (in, at)
3. But I have to meet my grandparents _____ Monday. (at, on)
4. So, I said no. ______ now, I have never refused them. (till, before)
5. They were a little disappointed _______ me. (on, with)
6. But I haven‟t met my grandparents ______ a long time. (for, from)
7. I haven‟t seen them ______ last July. (since, from)

II. Fill in the blanks using the correct preposition given in the bracket:

with against for from by on at

1. Vikrant keeps borrowing money _______ me. The next time he asks me, I
will say, “I am sorry, Vikrant. I can‟t lend you anymore.”

2. My friends wanted to share a drink _______ me. But I refused saying

“Thanks _____ the offer. But I will have to say no.”

3. My boss makes me get tea _______ him every day. So, yesterday, I finally
said “I am sorry, Sir. I have got work to finish.” At that moment, I really did
not care if it would have any effect ______ my job.

4. My grandfather wants me to get up at 4 every morning and jog for an hour. I

had to politely refuse _____ saying, “Great idea! I will try that some day.
Thank you.”

5. Leena asked Rajul to do her homework again. It seems Rajul replied, “I am

not going to do whatever you ask me to.” And now, they are not talking
______ each other.

6. The opposition candidate wanted the people to vote ________ the ruling
party, but they shouted ______ him and told him to go back.

7. Though it was raining hard yesterday, my tutor wanted me to buy a book

______ the market. I said, “I am sorry, Sir. But the weather is really bad.
Can I buy the book tomorrow?”

45
SESSION 12: DESCRIBING A LOST ITEM

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Describing a lost item is a simple matter of stating the features of the item that
may help in identifying it. For example to describe a book you have lost, you
could describe its following attributes:

 Name of book
 Author‟s name
 Size of book
 Description of cover
 Publishers‟ name

There are some words that are used to express the quantity of things that can
be counted and some words that are used to express the quantity of things that
cannot be counted. Study the following table:

For Countable For Uncountable For Both

Nouns Nouns

Many Much Some

A few, few A little, little Any

Several A bit of All of the/most of

the

A couple of A good/great deal A lot of/lots of

of

None of the Plenty of

Some more examples are:

 Their family has a lot of influence over the local government.

 I bought a lot of children‟s books for my son.
 Some people don‟t agree with the new bill.
 There was much disagreement over the new bill.

46
EXERCISE

Now, read the details given below and fill in the blanks using the information
given:

 A mobile phone
 Nokia 0010
 Black color
 Lost while traveling in a train
 15th May, 2009, 2:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.
 Train from Allahabad to Delhi
 Shiv Ganga Express
 Compartment no. S 14, Berth 28, Sleeper Class

Policeman: Yes, may I help you?

Complainant: I lost ___________________.
Policeman: Where?
Complainant: I was traveling ________________ from __________ to_________.
Policeman: Which train was it?
Complainant: ___________________.
Policeman: When was the journey taken?
Complainant: ______________________.
Policeman: What time approximately?
Complainant: _____________________.
Policeman: Where was your seat?
Complainant: _______________________________________.
Policeman: Please describe the phone.
Complainant: It is a ________________. The color is ___________.
Policeman: Okay.

ASSESSMENT

I. Choose the correct quantifier from the given choices and fill in the blank:

1. I lost _________ books when I stayed at the hostel (several, much)

2. Hema asked ________ students if they had seen her new leather wallet
(some, a little)

3. The warden confirmed that _____________ thefts had occurred in the

hostel, so she had every room checked (a few, any)

4. _______________ students, including Hema, put up posters describing the

items that they had lost (A lot of, much)
47
5. Finally, _______ of the lost items were found in Hema‟s room – she had
nerve to pretend that her wallet too had been stolen! (much, many)

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct quantifier from the options given
below:

1. I was having _____________ fun with my family at the airport until I realized
that two of my bags were missing.
a. a lots of b. many c. a lot of

2. The black bag contained _________ valuable things that I had bought for my
sister‟s wedding.
a. many b. more c. much

3. It contained a diamond pendant, _________ gold bangles, a diamond ring,

etc.
a. a few b. enough c. a little

4. It also had _________ silver jewelry.

a. many b. a few c. some

5. The brown bag had _________ important documents such as my passport,

pan card, driving license, etc.
a. many b. more c. much

6. The bag also contained clothes, _________ silver coins, and a silver key.
a. enough b. a few c. a lot

7. Though the black bag contained _________ expensive items, its loss does
not bother me as much as the loss of the brown bag does.
a. little b. a little c. plenty of

8. It is more important to find the brown bag because it contains _______

important documents.
a. much b. very c. some

9. I do not have _________ hope of getting back my bag. Still, I am going to

lodge an FIR at the police station.
a. little b. much c. few

10. I will also post an advertisement about my bag in the „Lost and Found‟
section of _________ newspapers.
a. more b. little c. some

48
SESSION 13: APPRECIATING SOMEONE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

How would you feel if someone you knew very well and you had helped comes
up and says to you “Someday I hope to give to you a fraction of all you‟ve given
me”? For employers and employees, businessmen and clients, family members
close friends and associates, expressing appreciation for everything a person
means to you is absolutely necessary. It lifts your heart and makes the day to
day stresses that you face more manageable. Take the time today to tell
someone “I appreciate you.” To do so, you need to know how to appreciate and
that‟s what you will learn today.

Look at the following situation: A friend of yours has done a favor for you
Now, how would you express your appreciation for your friend? Think about it.

We generally show our appreciation when:

1. Someone has done something for which they are grateful or thankful
2. Someone has done something praise-worthy.

Therefore, appreciation may be shown not only when someone has done you a
favor but also when a person has done something good or admirable.

Read the details given below:

“Appreciating Someone 1”

1. When someone has done you a favor:

 Thanks a lot!
 Thanks! You are a life-saver.
 Thanks! I really appreciate it.
 Thanks! You really made my day.

2. When someone (e.g. a junior at work) has done his job well:

 Great job!
 Well done!
 Nice work!
 Good work! Keep it up.
 You did very well!
 Keep up the good work.

49
 I appreciate your effort.

3. When someone (e.g. a singer/dancer) has performed well:

 That was a great/an excellent/an outstanding performance!

 You performed very well!
 I enjoyed your performance.

4. When someone shows concern and support:

 I appreciate your concern.

 Thank you for your concern.
 Thanks for the support. I really need it.
 Thanks for standing by me.

5. Appreciating someone close to you (parents, friends, etc.):

 You are a wonderful/an amazing person!

 Thank you for being who you are.

EXERCISE

Study the situations described here. Fill the blanks with how you would express
your appreciation in the given situations. You can use the phrases and
sentences you learnt earlier.

Situation 1: You want to buy a book but do not have enough money. Your friend
lends it to you.
________________________________________________________________.
Situation 2: Your junior at work used to perform badly. Lately, his performance
has improved.
________________________________________________________________.
Situation 3: It is Mother‟s Day and you have bought a card for your mother. You
want to write a line showing your appreciation.
________________________________________________________________.
Situation 4: Your younger brother has come top of his class.
________________________________________________________________.
Situation 5: You are organizing a campaign for the adoption of stray dogs. A
man donates an amount (huge/small) for the cause.
________________________________________________________________.

50
ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:

1. You did me a ________ favor (great, large)

2. I am so ________ that you won! (happy, cheerful).
3. You are looking ___________ tonight (wonderful, brilliant)
4. You did a ________ thing by helping that poor boy. (well, good)
5. We thank you for being so __________ (kind, gentle)
6. That was a ____________ performance! (fantasy, fantastic)
7. Your generosity is appreciated by _________ (many, much)
8. You are doing your job _______ well (very, vary).

II. Choose the right word from the bracket to fill in the blanks:

1. Rama presented the show really well. I think she is very ___________
(arrogant, confident).

2. Sheela is very _______________ (patient, lenient) while talking to clients.

She tries to understand them.

3. I wonder how Nilanjana can be so _______ (relaxed, lazy) before any team
meeting.

4. Priya is extremely _______________ (dignified, grand), and that makes her

the team favorite.

5. I like the fact that Ram is ____________ (inquiring, nosy), that way he gets
his doubts cleared.

6. Raj spends his money _____________ (with a lot of care, like a miser), so
he has no major debts.

7. It was because of Ram‟s ___________________ (hard work, overwork) that

we got a new deal.

8. Raj uses _____________ (old-fashioned, outdated) ways to solve problems

because he feels that it always works.

9. Ravi is always __________ (up-to-date, modern) with his work.

51
SESSION 14: ATTENDING A PHONE CALL

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

How do you answer the phone when it rings? This session is about taking phone
calls, and that you will begin the lesson with a role play on the situation. Now
read aloud the following conversations:

Role Play 1

Student1: Hello? You: Hello!

Student2: Is this (name) speaking?
Student1: This is (name) speaking.
Student2: I am (student‟s name). Is this a good time to talk?
Student1: Ok. What is it about?
Student2: I am from Public Surveys. We would like to inquire if you are a
regular user of the internet.
Student1: Yes, I am.
Student2: That‟s all. Thank you for your co-operation. Have a nice day.

Role Play 2

Student1: Hello?
Student2: Hello!
Student1: Is this (your name) speaking? You: This is (your name) speaking.
Student2: I am (student‟s name). Is this a good time to talk?
Student1: No. I am afraid I am a little busy at the moment.
Student2: Can I call you later?
Student1: Ok.
Student2: Thank you for your time. Have a nice day!

Read the details below.

Making a phone call

Asking for the person you want to talk to:

 May I speak to (name of the person)?
 Is (name of the person) there?
 Am I speaking to (name of the person)?

Identifying yourself:

 I am (your name).
 My name is (your name).
52
 I am (your name) from (company or organization on whose behalf you are
calling).
 My name is (your name). I am calling from (company or organization on
whose behalf you are calling).

Asking if the call-recipient is free to talk:

 Is this a good time to talk?

 Are you free to talk?

When the person you want to talk to is not in:

 I would like to leave a message.

 Could you take a message for him/her?
 I will call later/ I will call after some time.

While hanging up:

 Thank you for your time. Have a nice day!

 Thank you. Have a nice day!

Receiving a phone call

When the caller asks for you:

 This is (your name) speaking.
 You are speaking to (your name).

When the caller asks for someone who is not in/cannot come to the phone:

 I am afraid he/she is not in at the moment Or He/she cannot come to the

phone right now.
 Would you like to leave message? Or Can I take a message?
 Could you call after some time? Or Could you call later?

When the caller asks you if you are free to talk:

 Sure! What is this about?

 I am sorry. I am a little busy at the moment.

While hanging up:

 Thanks for calling.

53
Study the details below and fill in the blanks:

1. “Attending to Phone Calls 1”

Receiver: Hello?
Caller: Hello. __________________(receiver‟s name)?
Receiver: This is (receiver‟s name) speaking.
Caller: (receiver‟s name), ______ (caller‟s name) __________ Life
Care Insurance.
Receiver: Ok.
Caller: _______________________________?
Receiver: Sure, we can talk.
Caller: Are you availing any life insurance policy?
Receiver: _____________.
Caller: Ok. Would you like to buy another policy?
Receiver: No, thanks.
Caller: Ok, Sir/Ma‟am. ____________________________________.

2. “Attending to Phone Calls 2”

Receiver: Hello?
Caller: Hello. ______________________(name)?
Receiver: I am sorry. He/she is not in right now.
Caller: Oh!
Receiver: ______________________________?
Caller: Yes. __________________ him/her that Rajeev Kumar called?
Receiver: Ok.
Caller: _________________.
Receiver: No problem. Anything else?
Caller: No, that‟s all.

Read the following examples:

 I eat ice-cream daily - Simple Present Tense

 I am eating ice-cream - Present Continuous Tense
 I have eaten ice-cream - Present Perfect Tense

In the first example, the person is saying that he eats ice-cream generally. In
the second, he is eating ice-cream right now. In the third, he ate ice-cream in
the recent past.

54
The Present Perfect Tense is thus used to describe an action which occurred
recently.

It also used to describe an action which started in the past and is still
continuing. For example:

 I have worked here for 5 years.

 She has lived there for 2 years.

Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense will take the following form:

 I/you + have + perfect form of the verb

 It/she/he/Reena/Akash + has +perfect form of the verb
 We/they/the people/the sisters + have + perfect form of the verb.

Read this before you attempt the exercise:

Present Perfect Tense is used to describe an action which occurred recently.

 I have read the essay.

 She has taken breakfast.

It also used to describe an action which started in the past and is still
continuing. For example:

 I have worked here for 5 years.

 She has lived there for 2 years.
 Verbs in the Present Perfect Tense will take the following form:
 I/you + have + perfect form of the verb
 It/she/he/Reena/Akash + has +perfect form of the verb
 We/they/the people/the sisters + have + perfect form of the verb.

EXERCISE

Identify the sentences in the Present Perfect Tense.

1. She has done her job well.

2. I have a file here.
3. They have been upset.
4. You have won the competition.
5. The man has a lot to say.

55
ASSESSMENT

I. Change the verbs in brackets to Present Perfect Tense and fill in the
blanks:

Two examples are given below.

 I have driven a car.

 She has driven a car.

A: Hello! My name is Akanksha from ABC Consultants. May I speak to Ms Kavya,

please?

B: Kavya _ _____________ (leave) the office. May I take a message?

A: Well, our company _____________ (plan) a camp at Siri Fort this Saturday.

Would she be interested in attending it?

B: Sure! In fact, I would also be interested. We ______________ (attend) such

camps before. We found them useful.

A: That‟s good. Can you give me your name and contact number as well?

B: My name is Manisha and my contact number is 9987654321. Some of my

other friends _____________ (volunteer) at such camps before. Would you like

me to ask them to come along?

A: That‟s great! You can ask them to call me on the same number if they need

more information in this regard.

B: Ok. I will tell Kavya you called. Bye!

A: Bye

56
SESSION 15: GIVING INSTRUCTIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Sentences that express an instruction are formed as an order or a direct

command. It is always in the Simple Present Tense. For example:

1. Tell us your name – Instruction

2. What is your name? Not an instruction.
3. Sit on the last bench – Instruction
4. I am asking you to sit on the last bench - Not an instruction.
5. Write down today‟s date on the board - Instruction.
6. You are writing down today‟s date on the board - Not an instruction.

Sentences expressing simple instructions begin with the main verb - tell, sit
and write. The subject of such sentences is “you” but it is generally omitted.

Read the following words:

1. First
2. Then
3. Next
4. After that
5. This should be followed by
6. Finally

These words are commonly used while giving a series of instructions. Let‟s,
read the following example to understand the concept:

How to make an omelette

“First, heat oil on a pan. Beat the eggs in a bowl and add salt. Fry chopped
onions and green chili as soon as the oil is hot enough. Then, pour the beaten
egg on the pan. Wait till the eggs get properly cooked on one side. Finally, turn
the eggs over on the other side with the help of a flat spoon. Cook for 2
minutes.”

Your facilitator will show you the “Letter Format” Chart. It will have the
following on it:

Sender‟s address Date

Recipient‟s name
Recipient‟s address
57
Salutation {should be “Dear (name of recipient)”}
Body of letter (main part of the letter)

Yours sincerely,
Name of sender

Attempt to write down a step-by-step set of instructions on how to write a

letter.

Prepositions

 We are sitting in the dining room.

 We are inside the house.
 Put the mug inside the cardboard box.
 Pour some coffee into the mug.
 We sprinkled water on his head to wake him up.

EXERCISE

Choose the appropriate preposition:

1. Come to the shop ____ 5 p.m. (at, in)

2. Finish the homework _____ 15 minutes. (at, in)

3. Turn this fan _____. (of, off)

4. Walk ____ a straight line. (in, with)

5. Get a kilo of sugar ______ the grocery. (at, from)

6. Stand _____ that chair and see if you can reach the shelf. (on, above)

7. Take these vegetables ____ the kitchen. (to, into)

8. Do not smoke ____ this area. (in, around)

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the correct options.

1. Do not honk unnecessarily _________ traffic signals.

(a) at (b) from (c) under

58
2. Do not stand _________ the glass door.
(a) like (b) during (c) near

3. The manager has given a new set of instructions ___ the staff on office
attendance.
(a) from (b) to (c) on

4. As per the school rules, students will not be allowed to enter the school
gates ______ 9:30 am.
(a) during (b) after (c) to

5. _________ our stay at Khairi in Chamba, we were not allowed to go out in

the evening without an armed guard.
(a) During (b) Before (c) After

6. Tell the gate keeper to make sure that cigarettes or other tobacco products
are not sold ______ the school building.
(a) near (b) on (c) through

7. Get me a cup of coffee and a sandwich ______ the shop across the street.
(a) for (b) of (c) from

8. You cannot park your car anywhere ______ this building for security reasons.
(a) from (b) around (c) like

9. Park your car ______ the parking lot behind that mall.
(a) in (b) on (c) for

10. The shop is not far; it is just ______ the road.

(a) across (b) on (c) at

59
SESSION 16: REGISTERING A COMPLAINT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

What would be your response to the following situation?

“Your neighbors have been partying for the last three nights. They play loud
music and you can‟t sleep. You had requested them to keep the volume low but
they haven‟t done anything about it. So you went to the police and complained.
A friend of yours does not know why you went to the police station. How would
you tell her?”

Study the details given here.

“Registering a Complaint - 1”

1. To register a complaint: To make a complaint before an authority.

E.g. We registered a complaint to the Principal regarding the bad canteen
food.
2. To lodge a complaint: To make a complaint before an authority.
E.g. She lodged a complaint against her supervisor to the CEO.
3. To file a complaint: To make a complaint before an authority
E.g. They are filing a complaint against their neighbors to the police
4. To press charges: To make an official complaint in a court of law
E.g. The actor is pressing charges against the newspaper for printing rumors
about her.
5. Object: To protest against something
E.g. We objected to the serving of alcohol at the camp site
6. Protest: Complain
E.g. The students are planning to protest against the teachers.

The Past Perfect Tense is used to describe an action which occurred before
another action in the past.

Verbs in the Past Perfect Tense will take the following form:

I/you/It/she/he/we/they/the people/the sisters + had + past participle form of

the verb.

Read the following examples:

 I did my homework - Simple Past Tense

 I went out to play - Simple Past Tense
 I went out to play as I had done my homework - Past Perfect Tense
60
Examples

1. I went out to play as I had done my homework.

2. They had already left by the time we reached the place.
3. I had had my breakfast before the alarm woke you.

Identify which sentence belongs to the Past Perfect Tense.

1. I had my dinner.
2. I had had my lunch.
3. He had gone to Paris.
4. Have you understood the theory?
5. I had understood the theory.
6. The dog had gone away somewhere.
7. It had been abandoned.
8. It had a collar on its neck

EXERCISE

Rearrange the sentences to form a conversation between A and B. The first two
have been done for you.

 Because the canteen owner allows them to smoke.

 They should smoke somewhere else as it harms non-smokers too.
 So the problem is with him!
 Then why at the canteen?
 Too many people at our college smoke in the canteen.
 Alright!
 Actually, they don‟t smoke anywhere else because of the signs.
 That‟s true.
 Who else? Let us write a letter stating our formal complaint and drop it in
the “Complaint Box”.
 Exactly! Why should they make us unhealthy too?
 To the Principal?
 But how do we make them stop smoking at the canteen?
 I think we should lodge a complaint against him.
 Hmmm…those No Smoking signboards at the gate are not helping much.
 Yes. What do we do?

A: Too many people at our college smoke in the canteen.

B: That‟s true.
A: __________________________________________________________________

61
B:
____________________________________________________________________
A:
______________________________________________________________
B:
____________________________________________________________________

A:
____________________________________________________________________

B:
____________________________________________________________________

A:
____________________________________________________________________

B:
____________________________________________________________________

A:
____________________________________________________________________

B:
____________________________________________________________________

A:
____________________________________________________________________

B:
____________________________________________________________________

A:
____________________________________________________________________

ASSESSMENT

Change the verbs in brackets to Past Perfect Tense and fill in the blanks. An
example is given below to help you understand this tense.

Simple Past Tense: I did my homework.

Past Perfect Tense: I had done my homework.

1. Rahul ___________ (lose) cell phone on his way to Delhi from Lucknow. He
_____________ (travel) in the first class of the Lucknow Shatabdi. He had
no idea how to get his cell phone back. He knew he had to lodge an FIR
first. He knew he would have to go to the police station but he was not

62
 sure if he would go. He ___________ (hear) stories of how taking the help
of the police took a lot of time and effort.. Then he remembered what his
friend _________ (tell) him. If his phone was used for some bad purposes,
he would have to take responsibility for it. So, Rahul decided it was better
to go and deal with the police than end up in some problem later on.
2. I _____________ (drop) a complaint in the complaint-box about the lazy
watchman as many people __________ (complain) against him.
3. Shilpa ____________ (file) an FIR as soon as she found out about the theft.
4. We ______________ (protest) against the use of animal fur in fashion.
5. They ___________ (object) to the use of animal fur in fashion.

63
SESSION 17: CALLING UP TO FIND ABOUT A JOB VACANCY

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Making calls to inquire about vacancies is a skill you need to acquire, as,
sometimes in real life you may need to call up and find out about job
vacancies.

Read the following phrases and sentences:

1. I saw your advertisement in the newspaper…

2. I am calling with reference to your advertisement in…
3. Could you tell me if there is a job vacancy in your organization?
4. Could you tell me if there is any vacancy for the post of…?
5. Do you have a vacancy for the post of…?

Modals are helping verbs. They help to express the mood of the main verb.

The various modals are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, and would.
They have various uses:

 Asking for permission: May I come in? Can/Could I use your pen? Can I go?
 Making a request: Can/Could you pass me the book? Will you be my partner?
 Expressing obligation: You should do the work yourself. I shall be
responsible for your safety.
 Expressing determination: I will finish the project, come what may.
 Expressing ability: I can solve the riddle. We could jump over the bench
when we were kids.
 Expressing probability: I may be able to help you out. It might rain
tomorrow.
 Expressing willingness: I will meet you tomorrow.

EXERCISE

Read the jumbled up conversation in the “Job Vacancy”. The italicized

sentences have jumbled words. You need to rearrange the words in order to
make meaningful sentences.

A: Hello!
B: Hello! JobBazaar this Consultancy is? ____________________________
A: Yes. What can I do for you?
B: Your in Sunday’s I Times of India saw issue advertisement.
___________________________________________________.
A: Okay.
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B: Is wanted to if find out I a vacancy job there.
___________________________________________________.
A: Could you tell me what kind of a job you are looking for?
B: I am a high-school English teacher.
Looking for am I for a vacancy job same the post.
___________________________________________________.
A: Okay. You would have to consult our agent for jobs in education.
B: do that I do how?
___________________________________________________.
A: You would have to come to our office with your resume.
An appointment you like would now to make?
___________________________________________________.
B: Sure.
A: Okay. Monday at 11 a.m.
B: Okay. I will be there. Thanks a lot!

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the given table:

might, ought, have to, can, shall, may, should, could, would, will.

Kavita: Hello, this is Cure Pharmaceuticals. How _______ I help you?

Gargi: Hi Kavita. This is Gargi here._______ I speak to anyone from the HR
department?
Kavita: Of course, _______ I connect you to the HR manager?
Gargi: That _______ be great. Thanks a lot.
Kavita: Please hold on for a minute.
Nilesh: Nilesh speaking.
Gargi: Hi Nilesh, This is Gargi speaking. _______ you tell me if you have any
vacancy in your company?
Nilesh: We are a large company Gargi, which department _______ you be
interested in?
Gargi: That _______ be the HR department itself, as I have an MBA in HR from
Amity.
Nilesh: MBA in HR from Amity? That _______ to be useful…let me have a
look…You‟re in luck. _______ you come down here tomorrow for an interview?
Gargi: That _______ be a problem._______ I come in day after?
Nilesh: Let me see…that _______ be possible. Can you come by 9 am?
Gargi: Yes that‟s fine. I _______ be there by 9. Thanks a lot.
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SESSION 18: WRITING A RESUME

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

What is a resume and why spend time writing one? Resume writing is a crucial
part of the job application process. If you rush a job application and send your
resume without thinking it could damage your chances of finding a job.
Considering the current economic climate, there is fierce competition in most
industries so spending time to make your resume stand out from the rest is very
worthwhile.

A resume - sometimes called a 'Curriculum Vitae' or 'CV' - is a summary of your

skills, education and work experience. A good resume demonstrates how your
skills and abilities match up with the requirements of a job.

Here are a few reasons why writing a good resume is very important:

 It promotes you! A resume is a self-promotional document that presents you

in the best possible light for the purpose of getting selected for a job
interview.
 A good resume will compliment your cover letter writing and make your
overall application stronger.
 You can achieve your dream job. By spending time perfecting your resume
you stand a better chance of landing your dream job, especially if you
include all relevant work experience.
 Networking can be boosted with a good resume. If your resume stands out
from the rest an employer is more likely to speak to people in their industry
about you.
 It opens up referral job applications. If an employer likes your resume but
doesn‟t have any suitable vacancies they are likely to recommend you for
other job openings.

Read the following list, and tick the ones you think should be included in a
résumé or Curriculum Vitae (CV).

1. Email address
2. Favorite films and actors
3. Nationality
4. Phone number
5. Computer skills
6. Gender
7. Address
8. Date of birth
9. The newspaper you subscribe to
10. Marital Status

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11. Awards and achievements
12. Place of birth
13. Your height and weight
14. Details of education
15. Skills and interests
16. Languages
17. The festivals you celebrate
18. Details of previous employments
19. Your religion

“CV Terms”: Study the terms given below.

1. Contact details: Your name, address, phone number, and email address
2. Objective: A statement of what you intend to achieve and contribute
through your service to the organization. E.g., To use my skill and work to
the best of my ability for the development of the organization
3. Personal information: You may include your gender, date of birth, place of
birth, nationality, marital status, and languages known to you under this
heading. Optional information includes spouse‟s name and number of
children.
4. Area of expertise: The work skills that you have
5. Employment history: This states your work history. It should include the
different organizations where you were employed previously, the length of
each employment, and the positions you held.
6. Educational qualification: Details of the education that you have received –
details of degrees and training
7. Skills and interests: You can state here other skills and interests that you
have
8. Other enhancements/Awards and achievements: Any other achievement or
work that you want to make special mention of
9. About me/Biography: This is an optional section where you give a short
account of yourself.

Connectors and conjunctions

Connectors are words used to express relationship between ideas and combine
paragraphs and sentences. For example: but, also, however, moreover, firstly,
next, then, therefore, in brief, still, for example, thus, of course, certainly,
hence, at the same time, on the contrary, etc.
Conjunctions are words used to connect phrases and words. For example: but,
so, as, and, nor, yet, so, although, though, because, either…or, neither…nor, as
soon as, and or.

Note: Conjunctions can also be used as connectors.

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EXERCISE

Look at the format given below and develop your CV:

“CV Format”

Name:
Address:
Email address:
Telephone number:

Objective:
____________________________________________________________________
Personal Information
Date of birth:
Place of birth:
Nationality:
Marital status:
Languages known:
Employed: Yes/no
Area of expertise: E.g. Direct sales, customer help, and visual merchandizing.

Employment history (if any)

E.g. Worked as sales representative for SellWell for 2 years.
1. ________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.

Educational qualification
E.g. 1. HSC from Amravati High School (CBSE), Chandigarh, in 2003;
2. Diploma course in Basic Computer Education from AII, Chandigarh, in 2004
1.
____________________________________________________________________.
2.
____________________________________________________________________.
3.
____________________________________________________________________.

Computer Skills
1.
____________________________________________________________________.
2.
____________________________________________________________________.

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Skills and interests
E.g. 1. Possess good communication skills
2. Reading books
1. ________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________.

Awards and achievements

E.g. 1. Won “Sales Representative of the Year” Award at SellWell

2. Captain of the college cricket team for 2 years
1. _________________________________________________________________.
2. _________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________.

Fill in the details to make your own CV. Examples have been given to show how
some information may be filled in.

Note: There is a small difference between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV)
i.e., the length of the document. While a resume is brief and concise summary
of your skills, experience and education – less than a page or two, a curriculum
vitae is a longer (at least two page) and more detailed synopsis.

Covering Letter

Improve the following covering letter by changing some sentence structures.

The sentences that can be changed (or linked) have been underlined.
To
The HR Manager
Healthy Pharmaceuticals
Healthpur
Healthy Pradesh

Dear Madam,

I‟m writing to you regarding sales positions at Healthy Pharmaceuticals. I‟m

also writing to you about marketing positions.

I‟m a fresh graduate. I have a B.Com degree in marketing. I would like to work
in a sector that improves our society. I want to improve people‟s lives. I have a
keen interest in working with a pharmaceutical company. I am interested in
working with Healthy Pharmaceuticals.

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Though I have no experience in sales and marketing so far, I‟m confident that I
will be a successful salesperson. I have good people skills. I am disciplined. I am
a hard worker. Also, at my college I participated in many activities. I
participated in awareness campaigns for youth. ______, I think I‟m suited for a
job that requires communicating with customers.

I hope you will consider my job application positively. Please consider me for
an interview.

Do you require any additional information? Please let me know.

Sincerely,

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks with suitable connectors/conjunctions

1. I went to see her _____ she wasn‟t at home. (and, but)

2. It started raining ____________ we went out. (as soon as, because)

3. We came back _________ she was not at home. (as, yet)

4. She was not at home _______ we came back. (so, however)

5. _______, boil the water. _______ add the sugar. (First-then) (Then-first)

6. _________ we missed her ______ she never received our message. (Either-

or, Neither-nor)

7. We drove fast. __________ we could not reach on time __________of the

traffic jams. (However-because, Because-however)

8. He told you that he gave me the book? _______________, the book is still

with him. (Thus, On the contrary)

9. I came to see you ________ you are not well. (because, so)

10. ____________ I had messaged them, they still were not ready on time.

(Although, And)

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SESSION 19: WRITING A COVERING LETTER

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A covering letter written by Mr. A of Arjun Nagar in response to an

advertisement placed by Welcome Travels, Sarojini Nagar is given below. There
are four errors in the format and you have to spot them.

Arjun Nagar.
Email: a@hotmail.com
Ph no: 09891989198
Dated: 22 Dec, 2008
Subject: Application for the post of sales executive
Welcome Travels,
The HR Manager,
Sarojini Nagar

Dear Sir,

With reference to your advertisement in Times Ascent, dated 21 Dec, 2008, I

wish to apply for the post under concern.

I have just graduated in Commerce (with Honours) from Delhi University. I am a

dedicated individual who possesses good communication skills and I am eager to
join your company.

My CV is enclosed herewith.

Thanking you,

Mr. A.,
Yours faithfully.

Read the “Lines for Covering Letters” given below.

The lines with which a covering letter begins when it is written in response to
a vacancy advertisement:

1) I am writing in response to your advertisement…for the post of…

2) With reference to your advertisement in…I wish to apply for the post of…
The lines written to show that you have the ability to handle the job:
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1) I will be able to handle responsibilities well.
2) I have the skills that are required for the concerned job.

The lines written before the last paragraph:

1) Please find attached a copy of my resume.

2) My CV is enclosed herewith.
3) My resume is enclosed for your review.

The lines written in the last paragraph:

1) Thank you for your consideration.

2) I would appreciate it if my application is considered for the post.

The lines written in the last paragraph, following the lines given above:

1) Looking forward to your response…

2) I look forward to hearing from you soon.

EXERCISE

Read the details given below.

“Siddhesh Sharma’s Covering Letter”

Siddhesh Sharma‟s contact details

 B-12,Manak Chand Basti, Arjun Nagar, Delhi -11003.
 Email: siddhesh.sharma@gmail.com
 Phone: 09891223314

Contact details of recipient

 HR Manager
 SellWell Organization, Maurice Road, Delhi - 110007

Subject: Application for the post of Sales Manager

Body of the letter (you have to rearrange the sentences):

 I would appreciate it if my application is considered for the post.

 My resume is enclosed for your review.
 Thus, I have the skills as well as experience required for the concerned job.
 I also have a MBA in Retail from AIBM, Hyderabad.

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 I am writing in response to your advertisement in The Times of India for the
post of Sales Manager.
 I look forward to hearing from you soon.
 I was hired by GoShop, a reputed supermarket chain, as Sales Manager for
two years.

You have to write Siddhesh Sharma‟s covering letter in the correct format. The
details of the letter have been given. The sentences that make up the body of
the letter have also been provided. However, you have to rearrange them so
that they are presented in the correct order. The salutation and leave-taking
have to be inserted by you.

Reported speech

Let‟s understand Reported Speech with the help of the following examples and
explanations:

1. He said, “I am thirsty” - Direct Speech

2. He said he was thirsty - Reported Speech.
3. She said, “What are you doing?” - Direct Speech.
4. She asked me what I was doing - Reported Speech.
5. They said, “We have won the match” - Direct Speech.
6. They said they had won the match - Reported Speech.

Reported speech (or indirect speech) is used to tell what people say or think.
While changing a sentence from direct speech to reported speech, the verb will
change into its past form.

For example:
 am/is - was
 are - were
 has/have - had
 do - did
 am doing - was doing
 have done - had done
 will - would
 can - could
 shall - should
 may – might

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But these remain the same:

 had - had
 would - would
 could - could
 should - should
 might - might
 ought to - ought to

Other standard changes include:

 yesterday - previous day/the day before

 this - that
 these - those
 now - then
 here - there
 tomorrow - the following day
 next (day/week/etc.) - the following (day/week/etc.)

Note: The following remain the same: that - that, those - those, then - then,
and there - there.

ASSESSMENT

Read the following and identify the correct options:

1. Meena said to me, “I can‟t go tomorrow.”

(a) Meena told me that she couldn‟t go tomorrow.

(b) Meena told me that she can‟t go the following day.
(c) Meena told me that she couldn‟t go the following day.

2. I asked, “Why aren‟t you going tomorrow?”

(a) I asked Meena why she wasn‟t going tomorrow.
(b) I asked Meena why she were not going tomorrow.
(c) I asked Meena why she wasn‟t going the following day.

3. She said, “I have to go to the post office to mail a covering letter.”

(a) Meena said that she had to go to the post office to mail a covering letter.
(b) Meena said that she will go to the post office to mail a covering letter.
(c) Meena said that she have to go to the post office to mail a covering letter.

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4. I said, “Can I go with you?” (a) I asked if I could go with her.
(b) I asked if I can go with her.
(c) I said I could go with her.

5. Meena said, “That would be great!”

(a) Meena told me that would be great. √
(b) Meena told me this would be great.
(c) Meena told me that will be great.

The following is a conversation between a boy and a girl. You have to turn the
direct speech to reported speech. The first three have been done for you.

1. Boy: “I have never written a covering letter.”

Reported speech: The boy said that he had never written a covering letter.

2. Girl: “Would you like to learn how to write one?”

Reported speech: The girl asked him if he would like to learn how to write one.

3. Boy: “Yes, I would like to learn to write one.”

Reported speech: The boy replied that he would like to learn to write one.

4. Boy: “Who can teach me how to write a covering letter?”

Reported speech: _________________________________________________.

5. Girl: “I have written a lot of them so I can teach you.”

Reported speech:__________________________________________________.

6. Boy: “Are there a lot of rules?”

Reported speech:__________________________________________________.

7. Girl: “Yes. Even something like writing a covering letter has a lot of rules.”
Reported speech: ________________________________________________.

8. Girl: “Often people write these letters in any way they want.”
Reported speech: _________________________________________________.

9. Boy: “Have you sent any covering letter recently?”

Reported speech: _________________________________________________.

10. Girl: “I sent one to a company just yesterday.”

Reported speech:__________________________________________________.

75
SESSION 20: FACING AN INTERVIEW

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Read carefully the “Common Interview questions” given below:

1. Please introduce yourself/ Could you tell us a little about yourself?

Interviews usually start with this question. You have to introduce yourself
by stating some basic personal information (Refer to session 6 of Level 1
textbook).

2. Why have you applied for this job?

For this question, you may need to do some background research on the
company. You may also add that the skills and experience you have makes
you suitable for the job.
For example: “I am interested in this job as I will get to work for a well-
known and successful organization. I also believe that the skills and
experience I have makes me suitable for the job.”
OR “I am interested in this job because I like the work profile. I also
believe that the skills and experience I have makes me suitable for the
job.”

3. What are your key areas of expertise?

For this question, you will state the skills that you have which are related to
your job. For example, the key areas of expertise of a sales representative
may be direct sales, customer help, visual merchandising, etc.

4. Why do you think you are suited for this job?

For this question, you should talk about your qualities as well as skills that
would make you suitable for the job.
For example, a sales representative should have good communication skills
as well as knowledge of current trends. If the candidate is experienced (i.e.
not a fresher), then he must also talk about how the skills he has acquired
from a previous job can contribute to the new one.
For example: “I have been working as sales representative for a year and I
am skilled in direct sales as well as marketing. Therefore, I can easily adapt
myself to the new job.”

5. Why did you leave your last job?

While answering this question, you should never give any negative
comments about your previous employers. Instead of saying, “I was not
happy with my last job as it was boring” say “I was not unhappy with my last
job. But I am eager to take on more challenges.”

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6. What are your career objectives?
While answering this question, talk about the job first and then about what
you can do for the company. For example, “My career objectives are to do
my job well and to contribute to the overall development of the company.”

7. What are your salary expectations? If you are a fresher, then it is better to
ask the interviewer the salary range of the position you have applied for.
For example, “As this is my first job, I have no idea of the salary range of
this position. I would be happy with your decision.”
If you have experience, then you must have already quoted your current
income in your resume. It is safe to quote around 10-15% more than your
current salary if you are applying for the same post. If you are applying for a
higher post, you can quote 20-25% more. While negotiating, you must
mention your skills and the advantage of your experience. For example, “I
am already earning ______ and I have my experience and skills. Therefore, I
would expect a salary of ______________.”

8. Can you tell me what your strengths and weaknesses are?

While discussing your strengths in an interview, focus on those skills which
are related to the job. For example, “I have the ability to work well in a
team and to communicate well with people.”
While discussing your weaknesses, do not mention personal ones, such as, “I
have a short temper” or “I am very lazy”. Instead, talk about those
weaknesses which can be easily overcome. For example, “I have not
handled such a big team before. But I am confident that I will learn on the
job.”

EXERCISE

You need to imagine that you are having a conversation with your facilitator.
He/she will say the answers and you have to frame the questions to them.

1. The train leaves at 10:20 a.m.

2. I am reading a book.
3. Yes, you can borrow the book.
4. No, I don‟t think the train will be late today.
5. I know because I always take that train and it has never been late.
6. The interview went very well.
7. No. They said they will inform me of the outcome next week.

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ASSESSMENT

Choose the correct option and fill in the blank:

1. Nishi: _____ I come in, Ma‟am? (may, might)

2. Interviewer: Come in, come in. Have a seat.

Nishi: Thank you, Ma‟am.

3. Interviewer: It is Nishi, ________? (is it, isn‟t it)

Nishi: Yes, Ma‟am.

4. Interviewer: ______ are you? (where, how)

Nishi: I am fine, thank you.

5. Interviewer: Ok.So tell us,Nishi____ have you applied to SellWell?(why, how)

Nishi: SellWell is one of the largest supermarket chains in India. It is a
successful organization that has been popular ever since it started five years
ago.

6. Interviewer: _____ you have any experience as a sales executive? (do, did)
Nishi: Yes, Ma‟am. I have worked as sales executive at Shopper‟s Haven for
a year.

7. Interviewer: That‟s good. We take only experienced people here. _______

departments were you in? (which, whose)
Nishi: I worked at food section for the first six months and clothing for the
next six months.

8. Interviewer: _______ salary are you expecting? (what, how much)

Nishi: My previous salary was 10,000 Rupees per month. So, I am expecting
around 13, 000 Rupees at SellWell.

9. Interviewer: Okay. That is reasonable. ______ will you be able to join?

(when, where)
Nishi: I can join this Monday.

10. Interviewer: Great! We are one member short in our shoes and bags
department. _______ you comfortable with this post? (have, are)
Nishi: Yes, Ma‟am.

11. Interviewer: Good. ______ there any question you would like to ask? (are,
is) Nishi: No, Ma‟am.

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SESSION 21: TAKING A TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Read the statements below:

“Telephonic Interview”

1. I am a little busy right now. Can we reschedule the interview?

- Used when the interview call is unexpected and you are not prepared, or
when you are busy in some work.

2. I am sorry. I will not be able to join on Monday as I have some urgent work.
Is it okay if I join on Tuesday?
- Used when you are unable to join work on the day that the caller/interviewer
suggests.

3. I was looking forward to your call.

- Used when the interview is pre-scheduled.

4. I hope you can hear me …

- Used if the phone line is not clear. Avoid sentences like “Speak louder!” and
“I can‟t hear you.”

5. When am I likely to hear from you?

- Used while hanging up, when the caller/interviewer has not specified when
he/she is going to call you back.

These are some standard lines that can be used during a telephonic interview.
Note: The questions discussed in the previous session under the “Common
Interview Questions” are equally relevant to a telephonic interview.

You will again have a role play like in the last session, but this time, it will be a
telephonic interview.

EXERCISE

Identify the sentences in the Present Perfect Tense.

1. I have had my telephonic interview.

2. She had tried to call you.
3. Did you get selected?
4. She has told me that I can join on the 22nd.
5. I haven’t received the call as yet.
6. I have been asked to bring all documents on the day I join.
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7. I have read the contract and have agreed to sign.
8. I have had my dinner.
9. Have you done the job?
10. They have not come yet.

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Change the italicized sentences to present perfect tense.

Caller: Hello! This is Ranjita Mehta calling from SellWell.

Sarthak: Hello.
Caller: May I speak to Mr. Sarthak Gupta?
Sarthak: This is Sarthak Gupta speaking.
Caller: I received the job application email that you sent me.
(1) ______________________________________________.
Sarthak: Okay.
Caller: I just read your resume.
(2)______________________________________________.
Sarthak: Ok.
Caller: I am pleased to inform you that we have a vacancy at the moment.
Sarthak: That‟s great news.
Caller: Sarthak, did you ever take a telephonic interviewer?
(3)______________________________________________.
Sarthak: No, I did not.
(4)______________________________________________.
Caller: Well, we need to take your interview this way. We need to fill in the
vacancy urgently.
Sarthak: Okay then.
Caller: So, Sarthak. We need someone who can keep an account of the stocks.
Are you doing anything similar to this?
(5)______________________________________________.
Sarthak: Yes, Ma‟am. I was also in charge of the daily stock count apart from
sales.
(6)______________________________________________.
Caller: Okay. You will be doing something related to that. You will be placed in
charge of receiving stocks, stacking shelves and daily stock count.
Sarthak: I am familiar with the work.
Caller: And Sarthak, did you ever read planograms?
(7)_____________________________________________.
Sarthak: Yes, I read them.
(8) _____________________________________________.
Caller: Good. This is all we require from you. When can you join us?
Sarthak: I can join this coming Monday.
Caller: Ok. What are your salary expectations?

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Sarthak: I earned an annual income of 1, 20, 000 Rupees at my previous
company. I would therefore like a higher pay.
Caller: Ok Sarthak. We are offering a monthly salary of 10, 500 Rupees
presently. That is what we wrote informed at our website.
(9)_____________________________________________.
Sarthak: Yes, I am aware of that.
Caller: But on account of your experience and excellent resume, we decided to
offer you 13, 500 Rupees. Is that agreeable?
(10)___________________________________________.
Sarthak: That sounds agreeable.
Caller: So Sarthak, can we expect you on Monday?
Sarthak: Yes, I will be there. Thanks for the opportunity.

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SESSION 22: ACCEPTING A JOB OFFER

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Writing a job acceptance letter when you have received a job offer is one of
the best and most pleasurable things to do as it represents the culmination of
all your efforts in searching for a new job.
A job acceptance letter is a letter that you write to a company which has
offered you a job. In such a letter, the following points are included in the
given sequence:

 Written acceptance of the job offer.

 The terms and conditions of employment (salary, benefits, etc.).
 Starting date of employment.
 Thanks and appreciation for the opportunity.
 Request for notification of any changes or if the candidate is required to do
anything before starting employment.

Note: You don‟t have to write the subject line of the letter.

Read the details given below: “Accepting a Job Offer”

Written acceptance of a job

 It is with great enthusiasm that I accept your offer of the post of Sales
Executive at SellWell Org. Please consider this letter as my formal
acceptance of it.
 I would like to express my pleasure at your offer of the post of Sales
Executive at SellWell Org. Please consider this letter as formal acceptance
of it.
 I am writing this letter as an acceptance of your offer of the post of Sales
Executive at SellWell Org.

Terms and conditions of employment

 I understand that I will be receiving a starting salary of Rs 12,000 per

month. I also understand that I will get full pay and benefits during the 3
months‟ probationary period.
 As discussed, my starting salary will be Rs. 12,000 per month. I also
understand that I will receive full pay and benefits during the 3 months‟
probationary period.

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Starting date of employment

 As agreed, my joining date will be the 1st of June, 2009.

 As discussed, I will be starting work from the 1st of June, 2009.

Thanks and appreciation for the opportunity

 Thank you once again for this wonderful opportunity. I look forward to
joining your team/organization/company and becoming a part of the
continued success that the team/organization/company represents.
 Thank you for the opportunity. It is an honour to be selected for your
team/organization/company.
 Thank you for this wonderful opportunity. I will put in my best efforts to
make a positive contribution to your team/organization/company.

Request for notification if the candidate is required to do anything before

starting employment.

 Do let me know if I need to do anything prior to joining the company.

 If there is anything I need to do before my starting date, please let me
know.

Find out the meaning of the following words and phrases that have been taken
from the “Accepting a Job Offer”.

 Prior to - before/after/during
 Enthusiasm - laziness/eagerness/happiness
 Positive - useful/useless/unhelpful
 Per - one/each/first
 Opportunity - offer/order/chance
 Probationary – on trial/sample/training

83
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT202-NQ2012-Web Applications (Basic)
Student s Handbook
© PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, 2012

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
 Student Details

Student Name:_______________________________

Student Roll Number:__________________________

Batch Start Date:____________________________

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 5

Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

About Your Workbook………………………………………………………………………………………..8

SESSION 1: Working With Accessibility Options ....................................... 9

SESSION 2: Networking Fundamentals ................................................ 16

SESSION 3: Introduction to Instant Messaging ....................................... 23

SESSION 4: Chatting With a Contact – Google Talk ................................. 26

SESSION 4: Creating and Publishing Web Pages - Blog ............................. 30

SESSION 5: Using Offline Blog Editors ................................................. 34

SESSION 5: Online Transactions ........................................................ 38

SESSION 6: Internet Security ........................................................... 45

4
Acknowledgements

The following partners were instrumental in providing the content:

1. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in conjunction with Pandit

Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education (PSSCIVE) for
providing text and exercises in Computer and IT Basics. The team involved
included Dr. Om Vikas (Convener), Dr. Vinay Swarup Mehrotra (Co-
Convener), Ms Gurpreet Kaur, Mr. Mukesh Kumar, Ms Nancy Sehgal and
Mr. Yogesh Kumar and Mr. Rituraj Tamrakar.

2. Accenture India’s Corporate Citizenship Program (Skills 4 Life). Accenture

has provided the content material they have commissioned and developed
as well as access to their implementing partners (Dr. Reddy’s Foundation
and QUEST Alliance) for this material.

3. Microsoft Free Digital Literacy Program eLearning package has been used to
supplement CBSE/ PSSCIVE’s content.

4. The Wadhwani Foundation team involved in designing and building this

curriculum and content include Ms. Darshika Sanghani, Ms. Sonia Kakkar, Mr.
Karthik Chandru, Ms. Toral Veecumsee, Ms. Rekha Menon, Mr. Ajay Goel and
Mr. Austin Thomas.

5. In addition, various public domain sources have been leveraged to create

materials and illustrations across module. The contributions of all these
sources is gratefully acknowledged and recognized.

5
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Web applications (Basic)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

6
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

7
 About Your Workbook
This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT202-
NQ2012: Web applications (Basic). You should work through the workbook in
the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the guidance and
supervision of your teacher or trainer.
This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction

This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge

This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

8
SESSION 1: WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for

all, regardless of their disability. This is mainly a software issue. However,
when a combination of hardware and software, it enables a person with a
disability or impairment to use a computer. It is known as Assistive Technology.
In this session, you will learn about the basic accessibility options available on
your computer.

There are numerous types of impairment that impact computer usage. These
include:

 Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention

deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism.

 Visual impairment such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness,

and color blindness.

 Hearing impairment including deafness.

 Motor or dexterity impairment such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal

tunnel syndrome and repetitive strain injury.

Accessibility Options in Control Panel

are used to customize the way your
keyboard, display, or mouse function.
Many of these features are useful for
people with disabilities as discussed
earlier. In this session, you will learn
to use accessibility options in
Windows XP.

Launching accessibility options

 To launch accessibility options in

Windows XP, Click Start > Control
Panel > Accessibility Options. The
Accessibility Options window
appears.

Figure 1

9
Keyboard Tab

StickyKeys

StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical

disabilities, but it is also used by others as a means to reduce repetitive strain.
StickyKeys allows the user to press and release a modifier key, such as Shift,
Ctrl, Alt, or the Windows key, and have it remain active until any other key is
pressed.

 To enable StickyKeys, select Use StickyKeys.

 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

The StickyKeys icon appears in the system tray (figure 2).

Figure 2

After having enabled StickyKeys, you will now practice and see its effect.

 Start Notepad. To do so, click Start > All Programs > Accessories >
Notepad.
 Type some text (3 – 4 lines at least) and place the cursor at the beginning of
the text.
 Press CTRL key on your keyboard.
 Press letter A on your keyboard.

Notice the entire text gets selected. This action is equivalent to pressing
CTRL+A simultaneously!

To disable StickyKeys, uncheck Use StickyKeys and then click on Apply > OK.

FilterKeys

FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that

tells the keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier
for people with hand tremors.

 To enable FilterKeys, check Use FilterKeys.

 Click Settings under FilterKeys and check "Ignore Repeated Keystrokes".
 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

10
The FilterKeys icon appears in the system tray (figure 3).

Figure 3

After having enabled FilterKeys, you will now practice and see its effect.

 Start Notepad and type some repeated characters.

Notice that the repeated characters are ignored.

To disable FilterKeys, uncheck Use FilterKeys and then click on Apply > OK.

ToggleKeys

ToggleKeys is also a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function

which is designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive
disabilities. When ToggleKeys is turned on, computer emits sound cues when
the locking keys (Caps Lock, Num Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high
sound is emitted when the keys are switched on and a low sound is emitted
when they are switched off.

 To enable ToggleKeys, Check Use ToggleKeys.

 Click Settings under ToggleKeys.
 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

Having enabled ToggleKeys, you can see

its effect by any one of the following
keys NUM LOCK, CAPS LOCK or SCROLL
LOCK. Notice that on doing so, you hear
a beep.

To disable ToggleKeys, uncheck Use

ToggleKeys and then click on Apply >
OK.

Sound Tab

Select the Sound Tab. A window with

options to configure accessibility options
for sound is displayed (figure 4).
Figure 4

11
SoundSentry

SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry

generates visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border,
whenever the computer generates a sound.

 To enable SoundSentry, Check Use SoundSentry under Sound Tab. Doing so

activates a drop down list wherefrom you can choose the type of visual
warning desired.
 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

For understanding SoundSentry, you need to create an error!

 Click Start> Run. Type note instead of notepad and press Enter.
 Type some repeated characters in the notepad. Notice that the desktop will
flash for a fraction of second along with visual error sound code.

To disable SoundSentry, uncheck Use SoundSentry and then click on Apply >
OK.

ShowSounds

ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also

provide information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

 To enable ShowSounds, Check Use ShowSounds under Sound Tab.

 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

Display Tab

Select the Display Tab. A window with

options to configure accessibility options
for display is displayed.

High Contrast

High Contrast is an accessibility feature to

assist people with vision impairment. You
can change the size and color of fonts and
the background for ease of viewing.

 To enable HighContrast, Check Use Figure 5

HighContrast Under Display Tab
(figure 5).

12
 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

Notice the difference on your monitor as the High Contrast option is enabled.

To disable High Contrast, uncheck Use High Contrast > Apply > OK.

Cursor Options

Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people with vision
impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

 To change the speed of the cursor blink, move the Blink Rate slider back
and forth. Notice the cursor blinking at various speeds.
 To change the width of the cursor, move the Width slider back and forth.
Notice the width of the cursor changing.

Mouse Tab

MouseKeys

MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty

using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad) as a
pointing device instead of a mouse.

Select the Mouse Tab, a window to configure accessibility options for mouse
will be displayed (Figure 6).

 To enable MouseKeys, Check Use MouseKeys.

 Click Apply.
 Click OK.

Figure 6

Notice the MouseKey icon in the System Tray (figure 7).

Figure 7

13
Use number pad keys for moving mouse pointer instead of using mouse after
enabling "Use MouseKeys". Use number key 4 to move left, 6 to move right, 2 to
move down and 8 to move up.

To disable MouseKeys, uncheck Use MouseKeys and then click on Apply > OK.

General Tab

This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users.

Select the General Tab, a window to configure additional accessibility options

will be displayed (figure 8).

“Turn off accessibility features after idle for”, “Give warning message when
turning a feature on” and “Make a sound when turning a feature on or off”.

Now check these features one by one and see what happens.

Figure 8

SerialKeys

SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty

using a keyboard or a mouse (or both). They can use special devices such as Sip,
Puff and Breath Switches to provide input to the computer through Serial Ports.

For example, sipping on the tube activates one device, while puffing on the
same tube activates another.

14
 Figure 9

A user controlling a device using a sip and puff switch.

 Apply all settings to logon desktop can be used to apply configured

accessibility options to this user at logon.

 Apply all settings to defaults for new users can be used to apply
configured accessibility options to all users using a particular computer.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Use StickyKeys option
2. Use SoundSentry option
3. Use High Contrast option
4. Use SerialKeys option

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. The option in Microsoft Windows XP used for helping users with physical
disabilities and to reduce repetitive strain is ____________________
2. SoundSentry is designed to help users with ______________________
impairments.
3. The High Contrast option in Microsoft Windows XP is designed to assist
people with ________________ impairments.
4. ___________________ is designed to assist people that have difficulty using
a keyboard or a mouse.

15
SESSION 2: NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware

components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites)
that allow sharing of resources and information. This session introduces you to
the basic fundamental concepts of networking and Internet and using different
types of Internet connection.

Networks are designed using the following architecture:

Peer-to-peer (P2P)

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer
networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent
CPU.

Client- Server

Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing

services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks.
The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that
use these services are called clients.

Types of networks

There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area
Network (WAN).

Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a
limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office
building, or closely positioned group of buildings.

Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting
computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.

Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network
that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is
the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit
organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

16
Internet

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use

the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks.

Internet is one of the most useful technologies of modern times which help us
in our daily, personal and professional life. Internet is widely used by students,
educational institutes; scientist and professionals to gather information for
research and general information. Businesses use the Internet to access
complex databases such as financial database. The Internet is the largest
encyclopaedia for all age groups. The Internet helps in maintaining contact
with friends and relatives who live across different locations via Internet
chatting systems and email software. Internet is also becoming a major source
of entertainment for the general public.

World Wide Web

World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is
a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a
web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos,
and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

Information is stored on web servers referred to as web pages are retrieved by

using a web browser such as Firefox on the local computer. A Web Browser is a
software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface between the user and
the World Wide Web. A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and
their related files for viewing on the Internet.

Some of the advantages associated with networking are:

 Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the
sharing of data. Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents,
presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users.
 Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc.
can also be shared. For example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each
user, one printer can be purchased and shared among multiple users thus
saving cost.
 Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and
share it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple
Internet connection for each computer. This is very commonly found in
Internet café (browsing centres), schools, colleges, companies, etc.
 Usage of network based applications such as web browsers, email clients,
chat application, audio & video calling, etc is another advantage.

17
Getting access to the Internet

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet connections are
provided by Internet Service Providers such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
(BSNL), Airtel, MTS, Vodafone, Tata Docomo, etc.

Internet Service Provider

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with

access to the Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or
wireless connection.

Choosing connectivity depends on the availability of a particular technology,

speed and connection type in your area. Usually small and medium business
users, home users use connectivity types such as DSL, cable modem, dial-up,
broadband wireless, WiMAX or 3G. Medium to large business users or customers
with more demanding requirements may use high speed connectivity such as
DSL (High Speed), ISDN, etc.

Modem

Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog
signals) that can travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals
back into digital signals. The word modem is derived from its function
MOdulator/DEModulator.

Types of Common Internet Connectivity

There are different types of Internet Connectivity available today; it can be

widely categorized into wired and wireless access. Following table is a summary
of different types of Internet connectivity categorized into wired and wireless:

Technology Type of Connectivity

Dial-Up Wired
DSL Wired
Cable Internet Access Wired
3G Wireless
WiMAX Wireless
Wi-Fi Wireless

Some of the commonly used Internet connectivity are:

Dial-up: Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the
facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a
connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via telephone lines using a
device called MODEM. Users dial a particular number provided by the ISP and
gain access to the Internet.

18
Dial-up connections are extremely slow and in most cases, it is replaced by a
high speed connection such as DSL or Cable Modem.

DSL: Digital subscriber line(DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting digital

data over wires of a local telephone network. DSL service is delivered along
with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. On the customer
premises, a DSL filter removes the high frequency interference, enabling
simultaneous use of the telephone and data transmission. For using a DSL
connection, you need a DSL modem and a subscription.

Cable Internet Access: Cable Internet Access is a form of broadband Internet

access that uses the cable television infrastructure. Cable Internet Access is
provided through existing cable TV networks; this is similar to DSL that is
provided over existing telephone lines.

3G: 3G, short for 3rd Generation is a set of standards used for mobile devices
and mobile telecommunication services and networks. High-Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) is 3G mobile telephony communications protocol that
allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity. If support for 3G is available
on your mobile phone, you can subscribe to the 3G connectivity with your ISP in
order to get high speed Internet connection on your phone.

WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless

communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity
across cities and countries through a variety of devices. WiMAX is a long range
system, covering many kilometres and is typically used where DSL or Cable
Internet Access cannot be used; this could be difficulty in laying out cables for
home or offices located in remote locations but need access to the Internet.

WI-Fi: Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device such as

computers or mobile phones to exchange data wirelessly over a network,
including high-speed Internet connections. Wi-Fi devices such as personal
computer, smartphones, video game console, etc. can connect to a network
resource such as Internet through a device called the Wireless Access Point
(WAP). Wi-Fi is used where cables cannot be run (such as old buildings, outdoor
areas) to provide network and Internet access. Wi-Fi can also be used where
users require mobile connectivity.

Wi-Fi connectivity is used in home & offices, hotels, college & school campus
typically for Internet Access. Shopping malls, coffee shops, resorts mostly offer
free or paid Wi-Fi access to the Internet for their customers.

19
Data transfer on the Internet

Having talked of data transfer and the Internet, have you ever wondered how
sitting in one corner of the world, you get information from another distant
area in a few seconds?

In very simple language, let’s see what happens to a piece of data, say a Web
page, when it is transferred over the Internet:

 The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
 A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from,
where it should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
 Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination.
Each computer on the way decides where next to send the packet. All
packets may not take the same route.
 At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or
damaged, a message is sent asking for them to be re-sent. This continues
until all packets have been received intact.
 The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in
seconds!

To access the Internet, you need an active internet connection. You need to
gather and understand your requirement carefully before subscribing to an
internet connection plan. In this exercise, you will learn how to choose an
Internet connection.

Some of the common questions that help you in your decision are:

 What is the purpose of getting this connection?

 Will you use the connection regularly?
 How much data will be downloaded on an average per month?
 How much speed do you need?
 What technology is available in your particular area?
 What are the different plans available from the ISP?
 Is there any limitation or catch for the selected plan?

Use the following table to compare different subscription plans to get an

estimate and analyse if that would suit your requirement.

3G
ISP Plan Download Speed Download Free Modem
Name Limit

20
 DSL
ISP Plan Download Speed Download Free Modem
Name Limit

Cable Internet Access

ISP Plan Download Speed Download Free Modem
Name Limit

WiMAX
ISP Plan Download Speed Download Free Modem
Name Limit

To access Wi-Fi, you need an access point with an active Internet connection.
Usually when you subscribe to an Internet connection, the ISP provides options
to purchase or rent a Wi-Fi router that can act as both an internet connectivity
device and an access point for Wi-Fi connectivity. Setting up a Wi-Fi network
requires technical expertise; however, you can access the Wi-Fi network by
connecting to an access point that is already setup for use. On computers that
run Windows XP, you can view the list of wireless networks available by using
the following procedure:

 Right-Click on the Wireless Icon in the system tray and Click View Available
Wireless Networks (figure 10)

Figure 10

Windows XP will display the list of available Wi-Fi networks; you can choose any
of the connection from the list. Select by Double-clicking on the name
displayed in the list.

21
 Figure 11

Note: You may be prompted to enter a password if the selected network is

secure. You will receive a confirmation that you are connected to a wireless
network. Now the system is ready to be used for network related applications
such as Firefox, Chrome, Skype, etc.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. List any 3 ISP’s available in your city. After collecting information such as
connectivity type, speed and charges, compare them and state which is the
best ISP and why?

ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. The acronym for LAN is _________________.

2. Three types of Wired Internet Connectivity are ___________ ,
______________ & _______________.
3. Three types of Wireless Internet Connectivity are ___________ ,
______________ & _______________.

II. Answer the following:

1. What is the definition of networking?

2. What are the advantages of networking?
3. What are the different types of networking?
4. Explain LAN and WAN.

22
SESSION 3: INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers
an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver.
Most instant messaging software include the option for performing file
transfers, audio chat, video calling and conferencing, sharing desktops, etc.
apart from standard text chat. Instant messaging software is widely used for
personal and commercial use. In this session, you will be introduced to the
concept of instant messaging, the steps to create an instant messaging account
and also work with instant messaging software.

Unlike email, instant messaging happens in real-time and the response from
participants can be spontaneous. Some instant messaging software allows users
to view messages received when they are not logged on. These are called
“Offline Messages”.

For utilizing audio and video chat or conferencing, you need to have
microphones and headsets or speakers and web cameras so that users can talk
or see each other.

Key features of an instant messaging are as follows:

 Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)

 Audio calling and conferencing.
 Video calling and conferencing.
 File transfers (Not limited to documents, spread sheets, audio files, video
files, etc.)
 Message history (Save messages for future reference).

Instant Messaging Account

Participants messaging to each other need to be signed in to the same instant

messaging software. To use instant messaging software, a user must have a
valid instant messaging account.
Instant messaging accounts differ in formats; some instant messaging software
such as Yahoo! Messenger, Windows Live Messenger use email addresses for
managing the account and software such as Skype use standard names.
Instant Messaging Services

There are two kinds of instant messaging software – application based and Web
based.

23
 Application based instant messaging software is downloaded and installed on
user’s computer. Some of the popular instant messaging software are:
o Google Talk
o Yahoo! Messenger
o Skype
o Windows Live Messenger
o Rediff Bol, etc.
 Web based instant messaging software is accessed using browsers such as
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. Some of the popular
web based instant messaging software are:
o Meebo
o Yahoo! Messenger for the Web
o MSN Web Messenger
o IMO, etc.

Creating an instant messaging account

In this exercise, you will learn to create an instant messaging account for using
Google Talk.

Google Talk is an instant messaging service that provides both text and voice
communication developed by Google Inc. Google Talk can also be used for
making video calls and to view updates from GMAIL mailbox.

Google Talk is free and is available as application based (users need to

download and install Google Talk application to their desktops, mobiles or
laptops) and web based (users can use Google Talk through a browser after
signing into their Gmail account).

Before you start using Google Talk, a Gmail account is required. You have
learned how to create a Gmail account earlier. In this exercise, you will learn
how to use Google Talk.

Note: You need to download and install Google

Talk application from www.google.com/talk
prior to this exercise.

Launching Google Talk

 To launch Google Talk, Click Start >

Programs >Google Talk>Google Talk.
 You can also double-click on the Google Talk
icon on the desktop if available.

24
You need to have a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have
any contacts, you can add their Gmail account to your contact list by sending
an invite.

If you don’t have a Gmail account already you can create a new Gmail account.

Signing In into your Google Talk Account:

To use Google Talk, you need to sign in with your account details.

After signing in into your Google Talk account, you should see a window similar
to the one displayed below. Now the Google Talk application is ready for use.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. You have learnt to sign-in into Google Talk. Now try Signing Out and
Signing back in using Google Talk.

ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. _______________ is a form of communication over the Internet that offers
an instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to
receiver.
2. ____________ , ____________ & _______________& Web Camera are
required for audio and video conferencing.

II. Answer the following:

1. List any five application based instant messaging software.

25
SESSION 4: CHATTING WITH A CONTACT – GOOGLE TALK

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

In this session, you will learn to chat with a contact that is already added to
your contact list.

 Whenever your friend in the contact list is online you can see the person
along with a green dot as in the figure 12:

Figure 12

 You can start sending text chat message instantly by double-clicking on a

contact. A window will pop up as displayed in the figure below. You can
type the text in the text box and press enter; the other person will see the
text message and respond to your message.
 Go ahead and get the contacts of a couple of your classmates and chat with
them.

There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting.
They are almost the same as those that apply for emails.

26
 Messages should be short and to the point.
 Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn't reflect it.
 Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of how
important you think what you have to say is, it's not going to be well
received if the recipient is busy.
 In a business environment, know exactly what you want to discuss.
 TYPING YOUR MESSAGES IN UPPERCASE is extremely rude - it's considered
shouting and very aggressive.
 Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a recipient before
they've had a chance to answer can seem more like an interrogation rather
than a conversation.
 Wherever possible, give the person you are communicating with your
undivided attention. It's not just a sign of respect, but if you have multiple
conversations happening or are allowing other issues to distract you, you
may miss an important point in the other person's messages or lose the gist
of the conversation.
 It's important to properly end an IM conversation - you may think the chat is
over, but the other person may not. While you're off doing other things,
they may be sitting there staring at the screen waiting for further
communication from you!!

Chatting on Gmail

In this exercise, you will learn to chat with a contact using the Gmail account
through a web browser.

You can also use the chatting services after signing into their Gmail Account.
The same procedure will be followed while making voice chats, text chats etc.
using the Gmail Account.

Once you sign into your Gmail account, a contact window will be displayed
either on the left side or the right side within the browser as displayed below.

27
 Figure 13

If you would like to chat with a contact, double click on the contact’s name .
You will see a pop-up similar to the one displayed below.

Figure 14

Figure 15

Now you can start typing the message you want to send and the other contact
should be able to respond to your chat message.

28
Chatting on Yahoo

Having learnt to use one IM software, you will experiment with another. In this
exercise, you will create an instant messaging account for using Yahoo!
Messenger.

Note: You may need to download and install Yahoo! Messenger application from
http://in.messenger.yahoo.com/download/ prior to this exercise.

Before you start using Yahoo! Messenger, a Yahoo Mail account is required. If
you don’t have a Yahoo! Mail Account already you can use the built in option
for creating a new Yahoo! Mail Account.

You should a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have any
contacts, you can add their Yahoo Mail account to your contact list by sending
an invite.

Note: If you would like to import your contacts from other sources such as
Microsoft Outlook, Gmail, Hotmail, etc., you can use the import option.

Having used Yahoo! Messenger, now go ahead and chat with your classmates
using a Yahoo mail account through a web browser.

You can also try using other chat services such as MSN, Rediff, Sify, etc. Refer
to respective websites for further instructions to download and using the
software.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Add more contacts to your contact list and chat with multiple
contacts.
2. Download, install and use Windows Live Messenger, Rediff, Sify
messengers. Create respective accounts to practice.

ASSESSMENT

Answer the following:

1. Sate any 03 rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting on the

Internet.

29
SESSION 4: CREATING AND PUBLISHING WEB PAGES - BLOG

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical (and technical users)

users for creating personal web pages. Blogs are similar to an online personal
diary and simple to use.

You can use a blog to convey messages about events, announcements, news,
reviews, etc. Blogs are usually managed using a web browser and this requires
active internet connection. You can also use offline blog software to create
content first and later publish the content when an active internet connection
is available.

There are hundreds of websites that offer blog service for free. Some of the
popular blogs include:

 www.WordPress.com
 www.blogger.com
 www.blog.com
 www.weebly.com
 www.blogsome.com

Creating a Blog Account

In this session, you will learn how to create a blog account in WordPress.

WordPress is free web service that you can use to create a beautiful website or
blog. WordPress has support for “themes” for customizing the design of a blog.
Themes can make the blog or the webpage look attractive.

 Before you start using a blog, a blog account is required. To create one, you
need a web browser and an internet connection.
 Open the Web Browser.
 On the address bar type https://signup.WordPress.com/signup/.You should
now get to a page with the fields Blog address, Username, Password, Email
Address and Language.
 Blog Address: You must provide a unique address to your WordPress Blog.
This is the address which others will use to view your blog.
 Username: You should choose a username for managing this blog.
 Password: Securing your WordPress blog account with a strong password is
important. A combination of uppercase and lowercase letters with some

30
 digits along with symbols would be a strong enough password. You need to
enter the password twice.

 Email Address: You must provide your Email Address here. An activation
link will be send to you from WordPress after you click "Create Blog”.
 Language: You can choose your own language for blogging from the list
given.
 Click Create Blog.

On doing so, you will be sent an email for activating your blog account. Open
your email and click on the activation link. Once you click Activate Blog, you
will be redirected to your WordPress Blog Account and you should see a web
page similar to the one displayed below.

Figure 16

Now the blog is ready for use. You will be presented with the address of your
blog as displayed in the web page above; you can either double click on the link
or type the address manually in the web browser. Either action takes you to the
homepage of your blog.

Once you have created a blog, you need to submit content that you want others
to view. This process ids called posting content.

 To create a post, click New Post. A Window similar to the one displayed
below appears.

31
 Figure 17

 Title: You must provide a title for your post; choose a tile that this post will
focus on. For example, “School Annual Day Function 2012”.

Using the rich text box, you can type content that you want others to read.

Once you have finished typing the content, you need to publish the post for
others to see. Click Publish Post to publish your content. To view the post,
you can type the blog address in the address bar of the web browser; you
should see your blog along with the post (displayed below).

Figure 18

You can also add photos, videos, etc. to the blog using the options available in
WordPress.You can comment on posts published by others. Usually, the
comment option is available towards the end of the post. Look for options such
as Leave a comment, Leave a reply, etc. in the blog to comment. For example,
in WordPress the comment box is located below the post and labelled as Leave
a reply.

32
 Figure 19

 In the Enter your comment here… text box, type your comments about the
post.
 In the Email (required) field, type your email address.
 In the Name (required) field, type your name.
 In the Website filed, you may type your blog address (Optional).
 Once you have typed the content in the comment area, review carefully and
Click Post Comment.
Once you click the Post Comment, you will see the blog along with your
comment. (displayed below

Figure 20

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. You have learnt to create and work with blogs using WordPress. Now create
and work with other blog websites such as blogger, weebly,
2. Create blogs for:
 Announcing School Annual Day Function
 Blood Donation Camp

ASSESSMENT

Answer the following:

1. Explain the purpose of a blog.
2. List any 5 websites that provide blog service.

33
SESSION 5: USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create blogs using a
blog application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is
available.

There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded
and installed on the local computer such as:

 Qumana
 Windows Live Writer
 Blogdesk

In this exercise, you will learn to use an offline blog editor Qumana. Qumana is
a free blog application that is simple and easy to use. In this exercise, you will
learn about using Qumana.

Note: You need to download and Install Qumana. Qumana can be downloaded
from www.qumana.com. Once installed, you can use the program to manage
blogs.

Launching Qumana

 To launch Qumana, Click Start > Programs > Qumana > Qumana.
 You can also Double-click on the Qumana icon on the desktop if available.

Figure 21

You need an existing blog account to use with Qumana. In this exercise, you
will learn to use your existing WordPress account with Qumana. Enter your
WordPress blog address and Click Next.

34
 A login window appears. You need to provide details of your WordPress
account. However, if you wish to use it for other blog services, you need to
enter appropriate details. Give the WordPress blog address in the Web
address field. Enter the Username and password of the WordPress account.

 Click Next > Finish.

A window similar to the one below appears.

Figure 22

If posts are already available in your blog, Qumana will download and display
the existing blogs as well.

To create a post,

 Click New Post.

 A window similar to the one below will be displayed (figure below).

Figure 23

35
 Note: Enter the title for the post in the Title field and the post
content in the area given below the page title.

 Click Publish Post.

Once you click Publish Post, the post will get automatically updated to your
WordPress blog.

To view the published content, open the web browser and type your blog
address.

You can include photos or pictures in your blog to make it attractive. To insert
a picture,

 Click on the image icon on the right hand side of the application.

 Once you click the image icon, the following window will be displayed.

Figure 24

 Click Browse to locate the image that you want to publish in the blog.

 Once you click "Browse", the OS browse window appears, enabling you to
locate the image to be loaded. When you have chosen the image click
Upload & Insert.

 Click Publish Post.

To view the published content along with the picture, open the web browser
and type in your blog address.

Now try using other blog applications such as Windows Live Writer, Blogdesk,
etc. using different blog accounts.

36
EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1. Download and use different offline blog editors

ASSESSMENT

Answer the following:

1. Explain the purpose of an offline blog editor.

2. List any 5 offline blog editors.

37
SESSION 5: ONLINE TRANSACTIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where customers can buy or

sell goods over the Internet. Customers need to have an active internet
connection for viewing goods or services offered by a seller; customers can pay
online using a credit, debit card.

Online shopping could be useful in situations when:

 A customer does not have sufficient time to visit stores.

 Visiting a store is more expensive than purchasing a product online.
 A product or service that is not available in the local market is available
online.

Some of the popular online transaction websites are:

 IRCTC, an online portal for booking flight and train tickets.

 Flipkart, an online shopping portal for buying consumer products.
 EBay, an online portal for buying and selling goods.
 Redbus, an online portal for booking bus tickets.

To perform an online transaction, all you need is a web browser and an active
internet connection. In some cases where purchasing is involved, you will need
a valid credit card, debit card or online banking support referred to as Net
Banking Subscription. Some websites even allow COD (Cash on delivery) where
the users can pay once they receive the product or service.

Online Transaction Using Flipkart

In this exercise, you will learn to perform an online transaction using Flipkart.

Flipkart is an online store where you can purchase a variety of electronic goods,
books, accessories, digital cameras, mobile phones and peripherals such as
printers, etc.

Flipkart offers multiple payment methods like credit card, debit card, net
banking, e-gift voucher, and Cash on Delivery.

To work with Flipkart, you need to use a web browser and an active internet
connection.

 Open any Browser such as Firefox, Chrome or Internet Explorer

 Type www.flipkart.com in the address bar and Press Enter.

38
A web page similar to the one below will be displayed.

 To perform transactions using Flipkart, you need to sign up for a Flipkart

account.
 Locate and click on the Sign Up link at the top of the web page, a
window similar to the one below will be displayed for signing up with
Flipkart.

 Email Address: You must provide your Email Address. The Email Address
is also used for sending offer mails, promotional mails to you. The Email
Address will be used as the login name for your Flipkart Account.

 Password: You must secure your Flipkart Account by giving a strong

password. You need to enter the password twice.

 Click Sign Up Now!

Once you have signed up successfully, a window similar to the one below will
be displayed.

39
 Figure 25

Flipkart has a variety of products organized as categories. You can either look
for respective product in appropriate category or you can use the search
feature to locate a particular item. For example, if you would like to buy a
digital camera, you can Digital Camera in the search box and choose a model
from the search results window. You can select a model of your choice by
clicking on the product image. You can browse the catalog of products
available in Flipkart; once you have decided to purchase a product, you can use
purchase the product by using the option Buy this now. You can select one or
more products before you proceed to payment. Products added to your
shopping cart will be available for review prior to payments.

Figure 26

40
Flipkart allows a variety of methods for online payment. You can use credit
card, debit card, Net Banking, Cash on Delivery or e-gift voucher to complete
the payment; you need to enter appropriate details as required in the
mentioned fields and Click Pay to initiate the payment. Depending on the
method select, additional windows may be displayed and procedures will vary
to complete the online transaction.

Some vendors (websites) also offer payment to be made in installments thus

making it a convenient option for the customers. Refer to the website payment
terms for information on payment procedures and practices.

Online Transaction for Booking Rail Tickets

In this exercise you will learn how to perform online transactions for booking
train tickets using IRCTC.

Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) is an online portal

that can be used for booking travel tickets.

To work with IRCTC, you need to use a web browser and an active internet
connection.

 Open any Browser such as Firefox, Chrome or Internet Explorer

 Type www.irctc.co.in in the address bar and Press Enter.

A web page similar to the one below will be displayed.

Figure 27

 To perform transactions using IRCTC, you need to sign up for an IRCTC

account.

41
  Locate and Click Signup link at the top of the web page, a window
similar to the one below will be displayed for signing up with IRCTC.

 You will be redirected to a web page for signing up with IRCTC similar to
the one below. Follow the onscreen procedures for filling up the details
to complete the registration.

Figure 28

Once you logon to IRCTC, you can use the website for booking tickets. By now,
you are quite familiar with what each field represents. Go ahead and fill in the
details. The ones marked with an star (*) are mandatory fields.

42
 Figure 29

Once you click “Find Trains”, list of available trains with ticket availability will
be displayed (Figure below).

Figure 30

You can view the status of available tickets sorted by day (displayed above);
once you have fixed a date that is convenient for travel, you can proceed to
book the tickets by following the instructions provided in the website.

Once you book the ticket, an electronic copy of the ticket will be displayed on
the screen. Additionally, the ticket will be mailed to the email address
specified during registration.

43
EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1. Register with Junglee (www.junglee.com), Yatra (www.yatra.com)
and practice online transactions.

ASSESSMENT

Answer the following:

1. Explain the purpose of Online transactions.

2. List any 5 websites that allow online transactions.

44
SESSION 6: INTERNET SECURITY

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the

Internet, often involving browser security but also network security. Its
objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the
Internet. The Internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging
information leading to a high risk of intrusion or fraud, such as phishing. This
session introduces you to Internet security concepts and how to secure online
and network transactions.

Though Internet provides valuable information and entertainment, it may leave

your computer unsecure due to many online threats. You need to ensure that
your usernames, passwords, credit card or online banking information secure as
they are prone to be tracked and used by unauthorized users. Some websites
can also install Malware on the computer without user consent thereby leaving
the computer damaged or insecure.

Online threats such as Phishing, email spoofing, chat spoofing, etc. can
increase the chances of users getting compromised.

You can reduce the risks by using best practices such as using Antivirus
Software, Antispyware Software, Firewalls, strong passwords, etc. in addition
to spreading awareness of the best practices.

Best Practices for Security

Use strong passwords, a combination of alphanumeric and special characters

could be used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by
other users. Do not keep passwords such as your favorite color, friends or
relatives name, bike number, mobile number either as single or combined
option. These passwords are easy to guess if a user knows you personally.
Change your password frequently at least 2 or 3 weeks so that your account
information remains secure.

Using strong passwords can lower the risk of a security breach; effectiveness of
a password depends on the security mechanism of the software and users
involvement in generating a strong password.

Most websites check for password effectiveness when a user attempts to

register for the first time or when they change password. For example, when
you register with Gmail, you may notice a password meter displaying the
strength of your password similar to the one displayed below.

45
 Figure 31

Following is a general guideline for managing strong passwords.

 Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.

 Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition, dictionary words, letter or
number sequences, usernames, relative or pet names, etc.
 Including numbers, and symbols in passwords if allowed.
 Use capital and lower-case letters.
 Avoid using the same password for multiple sites or purposes.
 Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly
like or dislike.
 Use random password generators if possible.

Example of a strong password: u1vX:,4Hd{]$

You may also websites such as www.strongpasswordgenerator.com that can

generate random strong passwords. To generate a strong password using
www.strongpasswordgenerator.com do the following:

 Open any web browser. Type www.strongpasswordgenerator.com in the

address bar and press Enter.
 Click Generate strong password. Notice the password displayed under
your new password.

Backup your data: Always keep copies of personal data in additional media
such as compact discs, pen drives, etc. This could be helpful in situation when
there is a loss of data. Keep the data away from unauthorized users.

Use encryption software (usually available within the operating system) to

protect your data from unauthorized users. If encryption software is not
available within the operating system, use a 3 rd party software.

Keeping your username and password private: Never save your username or
password on computers that are used in shared environments such as internet
café. Browsers may save your personal data on the local computer that can be
used by another user using the same computer.

46
Registering with websites: Read the privacy statement or policy whenever you
register with a website, the statement or policy will include information about
how the website use personal data.

Do not share personal information; websites require you to fill out forms
containing fields such as name, gender, age, email address, school, etc. Be
cautious when filling out such forms; research and verify if it’s a trustable
website . Your email addressed could be used by unauthorized users to send
you fake or unwanted emails; think twice or thrice before providing information
to any website and decide if it is really necessary.

Secure transactions: If you are using online shopping or transactions, websites

even store your credit card or online banking personal information such as your
credit card number, account details, etc. This information can be tracked and
used by un-authorized users often known as hackers to misuse this information.
Again, ensure the website is legitimate and uses secure practices for
performing and maintaining online transactions. Since information such as
credit card details or personal information is sent over the network, it is always
recommended to use only secure websites for such transactions. Verify if the
website uses secure transaction; usually it is indicated through a digital
certificate represented as a golden lock in the web browser’s address bar.

Use antivirus and antispyware software, computers are prone to attacks from
software known as Malware that could harm your computer. Malware track
browsing behavior or transmit personal data from your computer; programs
such as keyloggers could be installed on your computer track and transmit
every key that is pressed on a keyboard (keystrokes) to unauthorized users.
Antivirus and Antispyware programs also offer real-time protection monitoring
your computer for any changes by malware software. Keep your Antivirus and
Antispyware software always up to date, this can help in protecting your
computer from recent threats.

Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users, it may be a fake mail
trying to gather personal information such as your bank account details, home
address, etc. Some mails could promise you jobs or announce lottery results
which in turn could compromise the user. And in some cases, virus or scripts
that are dangerous could be attached to the mail; NEVER open the attachment
from an unknown source.

Clear browser cookies frequently, cookies are programs that are created on
your local computer when you visit websites. Though cookies are meant for
storing data based on your activity performed during your earlier visit such as
logon details, details of a shopping cart, visited pages in a website, etc. they
could also be tracked by unauthorized users and possibly gain access to your
personal information.

47
Keep the operating system and software applications up to date; though
operating systems and applications are designed, tested and distributed,
sometimes they may have security holes through which a hacker can take
advantage; they may track and gather information or even damage the whole
computer. In general, most vendors notify the users whenever a security hole is
identified and an update is available to address that particular issue. You can
also visit respective vendor’s website to check if there are any updates
available, download and keep your operating system and software applications
up to date, free from security holes.

Install firewalls: Firewalls could be software or hardware and can assist in

keeping a computer and a network secure. Firewalls analyze the network
traffic and determine if the traffic should be allowed or not. In most cases,
operating systems such as Linux, Windows or Mac include firewall software as a
part of operating system thus keeping the computer secure. In rare cases, you
may need to configure your firewall for additional security.

Never install software from unknown sources as they might not be

trustworthy; download only from well-known or reputed websites. Verify the
source if it is legitimate by searching the internet or referring to comments
from other users before downloading them; understand the nature and the
purpose of the software before attempting to download and install them.

Remove unwanted or unknown software applications; these might have got

installed without your knowledge when you have visited some websites.
Unwanted software could get installed as they might have been bundled along
with necessary software. Some programs such as toolbars get installed usually
through bundled software and are programmed to send personal data without
your consent.

Clearing Data Stored In Browsers

Web browsers have built-in password management designed to store passwords

used in forms on websites. Browsers often prompt to save usernames and
passwords when users attempt to logon to websites.

This facility is offered to users, so that they can logon to their frequently used
websites without having to type the usernames or passwords. However it is not
advisable to leave the web browser store this data particularly on public or
shared computers.

To clear personal data from a web browser such as Mozilla Firefox, launch the
browser.

 Click Tools Menu, click Options.

 Click Security Tab. The following window will be displayed:

48
 Figure 32

Notice that under Passwords section, Remember password for sites is

checked. This means the browser is configured to save passwords for websites
automatically. You can uncheck Remember password for sites option, if you
prefer NOT to store passwords.

Mozilla Firefox can also store data such as cookies, visited websites or
webpages data, browsing history, etc. To clear this stored data, click General
tab > Option. The following window will be displayed:

Figure 33

 Click Privacy Tab. The following window will be displayed:

49
  Under History section, click the drop down menu next to Firefox will:.

Figure 34

 Select Use custom settings for history from the drop down list. The
following window will be displayed:

Figure 35

Notice the preferences; Firefox is configured to remember browsing and

downloading history search and form history and cookies. If you do not wish
store the above mentioned data, select Never remember history from the
drop down list. If you are in a public environment such as a cyber café, you may
select the option Clear all current history. On selecting this option, the
following window will be displayed:

50
 Figure 36

 Click Clear Now and then click OK. From now on, Mozilla Firefox will not
remember any history as you have configured it that way.
 There are several online threats such as Phishing, email spoofing, chat
spoofing, etc.
 You can reduce the risks by using best practices such as using Antivirus
Software, Antispyware Software, Firewalls, strong passwords, etc. in
addition to spreading awareness of the best practices.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. You have learnt to work with Mozilla Firefox. Now perform tasks outlined
earlier using Mozilla Firefox with other browsers such as Internet Explorer,
Google Chrome. Use the help file or online help to find procedures.

ASSESSMENT

Answer the following:

1. Explain the purpose of Internet Security.

2. Explain different kinds of online threats.

51
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT203-NQ2012- Word Processing (Intermediate)
Student s Handbook

1
© Central Board of Secondary Education

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. 5

Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

About Your Workbook……………………………………………………………………………………….8

SESSION 1: Modifying Layout of a Paragraph .......................................... 9

SESSION 2: Managing Headers ............................................................................13

SESSION 3: Managing Footers ........................................................... 16

SESSION 4: Managing Styles ............................................................. 18

SESSION 5: Document Template ....................................................... 20

SESSION 6: Working With Page and Section Breaks ................................ 24

SESSION 7: Applying Character Formats ............................................. 27

SESSION 8: Insert Graphical Objects and Illustrations ............................. 31

SESSION 9: Text Wrapping .............................................................. 35

SESSION 10: Inserting Objects .......................................................... 38

SESSION 11: Insert Shapes, Symbols and Special Characters ..................... 40

4
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Word Processing (Intermediate)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

6
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

7
 About Your Workbook
This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT203-
NQ2012: Word Processing (Intermediate). You should work through the
workbook in the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the
guidance and supervision of your teacher or trainer.
This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge

This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

8
SESSION 1: MODIFYING LAYOUT OF A PARAGRAPH

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You have already learnt the basics of word processing. Now consider a situation when
you write a lengthy article that spans several pages, and you need to make it easier for
the readers to read it? Look at the following example:

What is Culture and Gender Sensitization? Culture in simple terms refers to our values, the
way we speak, behave, think, dress, religious beliefs, the music we like, our interactions,
and the food we eat. Diversity is a commitment to recognizing and appreciating the variety
of characteristics that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and
celebrates individual and collective achievement. Many people mistakenly use such phrases
as “Indian culture,” “white/black culture,” or “Western/Eastern culture,” to describe a
particular culture but these people fail to acknowledge the presence of cultural diversity,
or the presence of multiple cultures and cultural differences within a society. In reality,
many different cultural groups exist today in India and most developing and developed
countries. Diversity in the workforce means employing people without discrimination on the
basis of gender, age and ethnic or racial background. Since globalization is the current
overwhelming trend in business, diversity in the workplace is a better accepted and applied
concept now more than ever. There are different kinds of diversity that one encounters at
the workplace. These include diversity of gender, age, psychology, education, language and
culture.

Is the content presented above easy to read? Now, look at the formatted sample
below:

What is Culture and Gender Sensitization?

Culture in simple terms refers to our values, the way we speak, behave, think, dress,
religious beliefs, the music we like, our interactions, and the food we eat. Diversity is a
commitment to recognizing and appreciating the variety of characteristics that make
individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and celebrates individual and collective
achievement.

Many people mistakenly use such phrases as “Indian culture,” “white/black culture,” or
“Western/Eastern culture,” to describe a particular culture but these people fail to
acknowledge the presence of cultural diversity, or the presence of multiple cultures and
cultural differences within a society. In reality, many different cultural groups exist today
in India and most developing and developed countries.

Diversity in the workforce means employing people without discrimination on the basis of
gender, age and ethnic or racial background. Since globalization is the current
overwhelming trend in business, diversity in the workplace is a better accepted and applied
concept now more than ever. There are different kinds of diversity that one encounters at
the workplace. These include diversity of gender, age, psychology, education, language and
culture.

9
Using paragraphs you can break continuous text to one or more sentences. This way, it
is lot easier for the readers to understand and enjoy the content. In this exercise, you
will learn to work with paragraphs and layouts.

Have you tried to make a professional looking resume? One important part of working
with a resume involves alignment. For the sake of both professional appearance and
accessibility, it is conventional for similar parts of a resume to all line up along the
same vertical axis. So that all the bullet points are aligned, and so are the headers,
and sections. You may come across situations where some bullet points don’t line up,
or where there are many empty spaces that complicate editing and revising. So now
what do you do?

1. Open a new document in word processor. Click on the Page Layout tab on the
Ribbon.
2. Click on the icon under Paragraph group, as shown below.

Page Layout

Figure 1

3. The Paragraph dialog box appears. You can see the options for automatic
alignment, spacing, etc. that you can setup while composing the document
itself instead of doing the alignment towards the end.

4. Click on Tabs... button, Tabs dialog box appears.

5. You can specify the tab stop position by mentioning the stopping position in the
Tab stop position box. After specifying the tab stop position click on Set button
and the Tabs window appears.

Note: You can also the set the initial tab stop position value from the default
value (0.5") by specifying the new value under Default tab stops. You may
specify the value at which the tab stops by giving the value specified along with
the unit (like 7cm, etc.)
6. Click OK. The ruler of the document will be marked with a L shaped symbol at
2”, meaning that the tab stop position has been set at that position. Now when
you press the tab key, the cursor will automatically jump from its initial
position to the next tab stop position. And this solves your problem too!

10
 Figure 2

Note: You can also set the tab stop position by clicking at the required point on the
ruler.

Now open a new document, type some text and press Enter. Notice that the
continuous text is automatically formatted as paragraphs, with the size that you have
specified in the Tabs Dialog box.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create the details given below (the tab descriptions are provided as a hint
for you):

11
 2. Create the one page of Table of Contents of this book using a word
processor. Save this document with the name TOC_{your name}. You will use
it in the next exercise

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _______________ can be used to break continuous text to one or more

sentences
2. Paragraph group is available under _____________.
3. Default tab stop position is __________ .

12
SESSION 2: MANAGING HEADERS

Headers are text or images included at the top of the page. They usually contain
important information such as company or department name, logo, page numbers,
name of the author, etc. separated from the work or actual document area.

Look at the following example:

Figure 3

Notice the header in the above document; the title “Application From, June 2012” will
be included on all pages of this document.

In this exercise, you will learn to include a header to a document.

To understand and work with headers, open a new document in word processor

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Header in the Header & Footer group, as shown below.

Insert Header

Figure 4

3. A drop down list appears which lists predefined header options (Figure below).

13
 Figure 5

Now try inserting any of the predefined options from the list and observe the changes
at the header area of the document.

You can insert the page number at any position within the header area by selecting the
alignment option under Page Number. You can also change the number format for
page numbers by clicking Format Page Numbers... under Page Number options. The
Page Number Format dialog box appears as shown below.

Figure 6

You can insert date and time by clicking the Date & Time option available under
Insert Group. You can choose the date and time format from the available formats.

You can also insert a picture or clipart within the header. This option can be useful in
situations when you need to insert company’s or an event’s logo. Try inserting a

14
picture or a clipart into the header using the Picture and Clip Art option under Insert
Group; observe the changes made to the document.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Open the file saved in the last exercise (saved as TOC_{your name}). Give an
appropriate name in the center of the header section with your School name
on the left hand side. Download a logo from the Internet or use a picture
(Insert>Picture) on the right hand side. Save the file.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. ______________ can be used for inserting information at the top of each

page automatically.
2. Header option is available under ____________ group in Insert Tab.

Answer the following:

1. List any five items that can be added to the header area.

15
SESSION 3: MANAGING FOOTERS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Footers are text or image included at the bottom of the page and may repeat in all
pages of the document. The procedure for creating a footer is similar to that of
headers.

For example, if you wanted to create a text book, you can include the name of the
text book using the headers and the page numbers using the footer option. This makes
the document look neat and organized.

To insert footer to a document, open a new document in Word processor

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Footer in the Header & Footer group, as shown below.

Figure 7

3. A drop down list appears which lists collection of predefined Footer options

Now try inserting date and time, page numbers, pictures and clip arts in the footer
area and observe the changes.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a one page article on “Influence of Gandhiji on Youth Today”.
Insert a picture of Gandhiji and the title of the article in the header.
Insert your name, class and date in the footer. Save as Gandhiji_{your
Name}, print and submit this article to your facilitator for evaluation.
You may try the same in Google docs too.

16
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. ______________ can be used for inserting information at the bottom of

each page automatically.
2. The Footer option is available under ____________ group in the Insert
Tab.

17
SESSION 4: MANAGING STYLES

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Styles or Style sets are pre-defined or customized options used for creating good
looking professional documents with least efforts. You can find a number of styles
available within word processor that can be applied to a document. In this exercise,
you will learn to apply and manage styles.

To work with styles, open a new word document in word processor,

1. To view list of styles, locate the Style group under Home tab (Figure below)

Figure 8

2. If you would like to view the list of style sets available, point to Style Set
under Change Styles option. A drop-down with different styles will be displayed
(Figure below).

Figure 9

Select any of the styles listed by clicking it. The entire document will change to the
specified font or color automatically.

18
EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Open the article on “Influence of Gandhi ji on Youth Today” created in the
previous session and try using elegant, formal, fancy and manuscript style
sets on different sections of the document and observe the changes.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. __________ are customized options for creating professional looking documents

with the minimum efforts.

2. You can change styles by using the ____________ group under the Home tab.

19
SESSION 5: DOCUMENT TEMPLATE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Templates or document templates refer to a sample fill-in-the-blank document that

can help in saving time. Usually templates are customized documents that may have
sample content, themes, etc. For example, if you want to create a resume you can use
a resume template and modify only the sections that require changes.

In this exercise, you will learn to work with document templates.

To view sample templates available with your word processor,

1. Go to File > New. You will be displayed with different types of templates
(Figure below). For example, if you would like to create a letter, you can select
the Letters option under Office.com Templates section.

Suppose you need to create certificates for a recently held competition, you can select
the Certificates option. You will be displayed with a list of Certificate templates.

Figure 10

Now select any of the templates by double-clicking on it.

A sample certificate window similar to the one below appears. Now you can use this
template and customize the contents by replacing the school name, student name,
etc.

20
 Figure 11

You can also download other types of templates from websites. Some of the websites
that offer free templates are:

 office.microsoft.com/templates
 www.thepapermillstore.com
 openoffice.blogs.com/openoffice/templates/
 www.docstoc.com

You can visit the above mentioned websites to search, download and use a template
that suits your needs.

Creating a new document based on a template can save you time and effort because
all the work it takes to design the document has already been done. You may use the
templates that come with word processing software, or downloading templates
created by other people, or you can also create and save your own templates for
future use. First of all, you need to create a document that will serve as the template.

Note: You create the template as a normal document, but the magic step is where you
save it. Click on File >Save As, and give the template a name. Select Word Template
from the Save as type: drop down list.

Notice that there is a Templates folder within Microsoft Word. If you save your
template there, then we'll be able to see the template in the My templates category.
So select that and click Save.

Now to use the template, click on the File > New. Go to My templates, and as you
scroll down, you will find the file {your name}_Invoice , the template you just created.
Select that and click OK.

Notice that this is a new document and it's not the template. So, we've just created a
new document based on one of your own templates. Now when you save this
document, it gets saved as a normal .docx file.

21
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Download and use templates from the Internet
2. You will now create a template of an invoice. An invoice is just the kind of
document that needs to have a set format and one that will be created over
and over again. Save the file with the name – {your name}_Invoice.

Hint on how to create an invoice: You can divide the invoice into 3 main parts: The
Header, Body and Footer.

The invoice header may contain Your letterhead : (Your business name, address,
telephone & email and web address if available); the word “Invoice” or “Bill” clearly
written towards the top of the page; an invoice number (this a running serial number
that you maintain and should be unique for every invoice); an invoice date; Your
payment terms or how soon you expect to be paid e.g. “COD”, “Cash”, ”30 days”
etc.; your customer or client name and address; “Our Ref#” or “Our Reference”
(here you can enter your quotation number if you issued a quotation prior to the
invoice) ; “Your Ref#” or “Customer Ref” (if you were given a Purchase order or Work
Order by your customer, here you should enter the PO or WO number so the customer
can match your invoice with their own paper work).

The invoice body could have a description of the goods you are supplying, quantity,
unit of measure, price per unit and total amount for individual items. In the case of
services, your brief scope of work and amount for individual items. You may specify
information in a tabular form. You are creating a template, so you need to just create
the skeleton, the details will be filled in when you use the template and make multiple
invoices. The invoice footer could have a Total Amount of all individual items;
Payment instructions (only if necessary! This tells recipients how to make their
cheque payment, whom to address it to etc. If you expect payments by bank transfer,
you should provide your bank account number and details here.); Other comments
(delivery instructions, goods return policy, overdue payment policy etc).

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Templates or document templates refer to a __________________ document.

2. Creating a new document based on a _____________ can save you
____________ because _____________________________.

22
SESSION 6: WORKING WITH PAGE AND SECTION BREAKS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Page and Section breaks can be used to separate a document into sections.

If you would like to start a new page in a document, you can use a page break.

To separate a section in a document, you can use the section break. For example, you
can lay out part of a single-column page as two columns. You can separate the
chapters as separate sections in your document so that the page numbering for each
chapter begins at 1. You can also create a different header or footer for a section of
your document. For example, if you are creating a textbook and you can create
different sections for digital literacy, word processing, spread sheets, etc.

To work with breaks, open a new document in the word processor and type some
contents. If you need another fresh page, choose the page break option in the Page
Layout tab.

a) Click on the Page Layout tab on the Ribbon.

b) Click on the option Breaks in the Page Setup group (Figure below).

Breaks
Page Layout Tab

Figure 12

c) A dropdown list with options for different types of breaks appears. An explanation
is given for each type of page or section break.

A page break can be inserted anywhere in a document to force the end of a page and
the beginning of a new one.

To create a new page, you can keep pressing enter and the cursor moves from line to
line till a new page starts. But if you add content to the previous page, the content of
the new page will automatically shift!

To avoid such problems, there is an easier method – use a page break and start a fresh
page! You may also use a page break when you want to be sure that a new chapter or
sub-heading automatically starts at the top of its own page.

24
 Figure 13

Section breaks add flexibility to formatting your document. Using them, you can create
different headers and footers, different footnote numbering, change the layout of
columns, change page borders for different pages, and even change page layouts in the
same document! Using section breaks is like having mini-documents in one large
document.

A section break controls the formatting of the document content that precedes it,
until it reaches another section break. For example, if you have a 10 page document,
with a section breaks on page 3 and on page 8, the section break on page 3 controls
the formatting of pages 1, 2, and 3 while the section break on page 8 controls the
formatting for pages 4 to 8.

You need to be able to see where your section breaks or page breaks are inserted in
order to see where the formatting stops and ends or to delete them. To see a
section/page break, click the Show/Hide button on the Home tab in the Paragraph
section. The section/page breaks are displayed in your document.

1. Click on the section/page break.

2. Press Delete on your keyboard and the section/page break is removed.

Anytime you need to add a page border to a single page or have a table in Landscape
orientation with the rest of the document in Portrait orientation, try using section
breaks to make the task easier!

25
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create Page and Section breaks
2. Delete Page and Section breaks
3. Open a new document. Divide your page into two columns. (Page
Layout>Columns). Pick up an article from a newspaper and key it in. Try
using column break and page break anywhere in the text.

4. Open a new document. Type in the heading of your Local newspaper. Use
section break and divide the next section into columns and key in an article.
Save the document file as Newspaper_{your name} and print your document.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. _____________ & _________ breaks can be used to separate a document

into sections.
2. Using page breaks, you can create different
____________________________.
3. A section break controls the __________ of the document content that
________ it, until it reaches another section break.
4. To see a section/page break, click the ________ button.

26
SESSION 7: APPLYING CHARACTER FORMATS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

If you are creating a textbook with scientific content, you need to use special
formatting for some characters. Character formatting can be applied to a single
character or word.

In this session, you will learn to perform character formatting.

Working with Character Formatting

To work with character formatting,

a. Open a new document in word processor and type the following paragraph:

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is
a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice,
and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state
near hydrophilic surfaces. The density of water is 1,000 kg/m3.

Now to make changes, you may need to format the characters as shown below. You
will notice that some words of this paragraph are in bold, some are in Italics, some are
underlined, some are in colour and some are changed in its position (superscript &
subscript).

b. In order to apply formatting to the contents in the document you must select
the concerned word or group of words.

Use the following options to make changes to a character or word:

Font Face: After selecting the text you need to click Font Name in the Font group to
select the particular font style from the fonts listed.

Font Size: After selecting the text you need to click Font Size in the Font group to
select the particular font size from the values given.

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains
one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient
conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water
vapor or steam). WATER also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. The
3
density of water is 1,000 kg/m .

27
Grow Font: After selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font group
to make the font size larger than the current font size by the specified point.

Shrink Font: After selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font group
to make the font size smaller than the current font size by the specified point.

Strikethrough: After selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font
group to make a strike through the middle of the selected text.

Subscript: After selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font group to
make the selected text lower than the normal text position.

Superscript: After selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font group
to make the selected text higher than the normal text position.

Figure 14

Figure 15

Clear Formatting: Clear Formatting is used to clear the character formatting (such as
Bold, Italics ,Underline, font face & size, superscript & subscript etc.) of the selected
text. To remove the character formatting, select the text and click on icon in the
Font group.

Text Highlight Colour: Use this option to change the background colour. To do so,
select the text and click on icon in the Font group. You can choose the
background colour by clicking on the down arrow on the icon.

Font Colour: Use this option to change the colour of the text. To do so, select the text

and click on icon in the Font group. You can choose the text colour by clicking
on the down arrow on the icon.

28
Change Case: Word processor helps us to change the text case to capital letters or
small letters. You can also capitalize each word in the sentence and capitalize the
starting word of the sentence using Change Case under Font Group. To do so, after
selecting the text you need to click the icon in the Font group

Sentence Case: On selecting this option from the dropdown list, the first character in
the first word of the selected sentence will be converted to Capital Letter
(Uppercase).

Lowercase: On selecting this option from the dropdown list, the selected text will be
converted to Small Letters (Lowercase).

UPPERCASE: On selecting this option from the dropdown list, the selected text will be
converted to Capital Letters (UPPERCASE).

Capitalize Each Word: On selecting this option from the dropdown list, the first
character in all the words of the selected sentence will be converted to Capital Letter
(Uppercase).

tOGGLE cASE: On selecting this option from the dropdown list, the small letters in the
selected text will be converted into capital letters and capital letters will be
converted into small letters.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Change font face
2. Change font size
3. Change font color
4. Highlight text
5. Change text case
6. Reopen the document created in the previous exercise Newspaper_{your
name}. Decorate the first page of your article using each one of the
character formats you have learnt in this exercise. Take a printout of page 1
of the document and compare it with the printout taken in the previous
session.

29
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. After selecting the text you need to click the _______ in the Font group

to make the font size larger than the current font size.

2. To remove the character formatting, select the text and click on

______in the Font group.

3. On selecting _______________________, the first character in the first

word of the selected sentence will be converted to Capital Letter.

4. On selecting _______________________, the first character in all the

words of the selected sentence will be converted to Capital Letter.

30
SESSION 8: INSERT GRAPHICAL OBJECTS AND ILLUSTRATIO NS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Often when you write a technical report, or a newsletter or even letter to friends,
including some form of graphics makes the document more interesting!

In a technical report, you may want to incorporate a graph of corporate performance

or a technical illustration. While in a newsletter or letter to family and friends, you
enjoy sharing memorable events that are represented by photos or maybe even
cartoons. The facility to blend these graphics into the document is part of the charm
and power of every major word processing program.

But not only can we blend graphic images into our message, but Word, WordPerfect
and OpenOffice also allow us to blend in other special features. These features are
generally known as “objects”. These objects can be almost any form that can be
generated as a computer file. Sounds, Music, drawings, documents spreadsheets, etc.
are all examples of possible objects that you can include in a document, or link to a
document.

Note: Embedding an object makes it part of the document while linking an object does
not include the object file into the document files. Readers trying to access the linked
object must also have direct access to the separate file that forms that object. That
may mean they have to have access to your hard drive in order to see the linked
object.

Most Word processors has support for inserting illustrations in the form of Clip Arts,
Shapes, pictures, charts, etc.

Clip Art can help in making a document look colourful and presentable. Clip arts are
pre-defined images available for use in documents. For example, if you would like to
create a greeting card for your friend, you can use clip arts such as balloon, flowers,
etc. along with text message.

You can use the clip art gallery built-in within the word processor; you can also
download clipart from websites. Some of the websites that have free clip arts are:

 www.openclipart.org
 www.pdclipart.org
 www.clker.com
 www.freeclipartnow.com
 www.wpclipart.com

In this exercise, you will learn to use Clip Arts.

To insert a clip art in a document,

a) Open a new document in word processor

31
1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
2. Click on the option Clip Art in the Illustrations group (Figure below).

Clip Art
Insert

Figure 16

3. The Clip Art Task Pane appears. Enter the clipart category name in the search
box and Click Go. For example, if you want to insert a logo, type logo in the
search box and Click "Go".

4. Once you click Go (Figure 17), a window appears along with list of clip arts
matching the search keyword (Figure 18).

Figure 17

32
 Figure 18

Select the clipart that you want to use, double-click on it and it will be inserted into
your document. Sometimes, you may need clip arts that may not be available within
the word processor application. In such cases, you can visit websites that offer clip
arts such as OpenClipart.org.

Now, you will learn to download a clip art from a website and use it in your document.

b) To download a clip art from www.openclipart.org,

1. Open the web browser, Type www.openclipart.org in the address bar and press
Enter

You can use the search box available on the website for viewing the list of clip arts to
suit your needs. For example, Type School Bag in the search box and Click Search

You will be displayed with list of clip arts matching the keyword School bag, similar to
the one below.

Figure 19

Now you can select the clip art you like, download it to your computer and insert it
using the photo option in the word processor.

33
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert pictures and Clip art in a document
2. Open a new document. Search for “Birthday Balloons” in Clip Art. Select
one from what is made available and make a one page birthday card for a
family member
3. Download a few clip arts from the net and design a poster on Earth Day. In
this exercise, you will only insert the appropriate pictures. You will insert
relevant text in the next exercise.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Embedding an object _____________ the document while linking an

object does ____________ into the document files.
2. Readers trying to access the linked object must also have __________
file that forms that object.
3. Clip Art can help in making a document look
___________and_______________.
4. Clip Art is available under ___________ Illustrations group in Insert Tab

Answer the following:

1. List any two websites that offers free clip arts.

2. What are Objects in a Word processing software?

34
SESSION 9: TEXT WRAPPING

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You have learnt to insert graphics and illustrations in the last exercise. How do you
want the text to fit to the picture? Do you want a graphics to stand alone with text
above it and below it? Do you want the text to be along one side of the graphics? Do
you want to have the text message split so that part of the text is on the left side and
then continue on the right side of the graphics? Do you want the text to run right
across the graphics? All these options are possible depending on the text wrap options
you choose.

What if the graphic image is too large, or too small? This is a problem you may face
when placing graphic images into a document. In all word processing software, if you
select the image (left mouse click on it) control handles will appear on the sides and
on the corners of the graphics. When you place your mouse on these handles, the
cursor changes to a double headed arrow and you can click and drag the handle in or
out to decrease or increase the size of the picture. In this exercise, you will learn to
use text wrapping.

Open a new word document and type the following:

Apache OpenOffice Writer is the word processor component of the OpenOffice package. It
is free and is available for a variety of Operating Systems including Windows, Linux,
FreeBSD and Solaris. It is capable of opening and saving documents in a variety of formats.

You can either include a screenshot of the OpenOffice Writer or search for a picture in
your computer.

To take a screen shot, simultaneously press <Shift> and <Print Screen> keys. Place the
cursor on the right of the text and simultaneously press <Ctrl> and <V> keys.

To search for a picture, place the cursor before the text, click Insert Tab, and click
Picture under Illustrations. Browse for the picture and click Insert.

35
 Figure 20

 Once you have inserted the picture, you can wrap the text by using the Wrap
Text option under Text section of the Insert Tab after double-clicking on the
picture (Figure below). If you are working on Word, select the picture then
select the Text Wrapping dropdown arrow in the Arrange group under the
Format tab.

Figure 21

Now try selecting different Wrap Text options such as Square, Tight, Through, etc.
and observe the changes made to the wrapping. A screen shot when the Square option
was used is shown below:

36
 Figure 22

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Wrap text around a picture
2. Reopen the document you had created in Exercise 1, Gandhiji_{your Name}.
Search for an appropriate picture of Gandhiji and try all the Text wrapping
options. Select the one you feel suits the best and take a printout of your
modified article. Save your document with a different name Gandhiji2_{your
Name}.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. To search for a picture, place the cursor _______ the text, click Insert Tab, and
click _______ under Illustrations.
2. After you have inserted the picture, you can wrap the text by using the _______
option.

Answer the following:

1. List any three word wrapping options available in a word processing software.

37
SESSION 10: INSERTING OBJECTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

In addition to graphic images, to add a personal touch to a special message or to

illustrate a special feature, you may want to embed sound files or maybe even actual
files from other software applications in your document. For example, you can insert a
PDF file or a spread sheet within the word processor.

In this exercise, you will learn about inserting objects in a document.

To insert an object,

 Open a new word document

 Select Insert Tab
 Click Object under Text section. A dialog box will be displayed, as shown in
figure 23.

Figure 23

 Select Create from File Tab

 Click Browse and select a file such as a spread sheet or a PDF document that is
available on your computer, Click Open and Click OK
 Notice the document is available embedded within your word document.

Note: If you would like to edit the embedded document, double-click on it. It will
automatically open it for editing using respective application.

Now try inserting different types of document using the procedure mentioned above.

Note:

1. The embedded objects cannot be printed.

38
2. The person opening your document must have the relevant software loaded on
their computer to operate the embedded file.

3. If you embed an object, the size of your document increases significantly and this
may cause problems in emailing the document as an attachment.

4. If you link an object, the person opening that document must have a direct
connection to the original file location of the object.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert objects in the text

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. To open an embedded document, ___________ it.

2. Embedded objects ______ be printed.

3. When you embed objects in a document, you may have trouble emailing

it because ____________________________________________________.

39
SESSION 11: INSERT SHAPES, SYMBOLS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can insert objects that have different shapes such as lines, basic geometric
shapes, arrows, equation shapes, flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using
the shape option.

In this exercise, you will learn to work with shapes in a word document.

To work with shapes, open a new document in word processor,

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Shapes in the Illustrations group, as shown in figure 24.

Shapes
Insert

Figure 24

3. Once you click the Shapes option a dropdown list with pre-defined shape such
as box, circle, etc. appears.
4. You can select the shape from the list of shapes available and draw the shape
by dragging the mouse with the left button clicked. For example, if would like
to insert a square, select the box shaped item from the list, click and drag the
shape to draw a square.

Now try inserting other shapes from the list available and work with them by changing
colors or adding content inside them.

In some cases, you may need to insert special characters or symbols in documents such
as currency sign of a different country, copyright or trademark symbols, etc. In this
exercise, you will learn to insert symbols or special characters.

To work with symbols or special characters, open a new document in word processor.

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click on the option Symbol in the Symbols group, as shown in figure 25.

40
 Insert Symbol

Figure 25

3. A dropdown list appears (figure 26).

Figure 26

Select a symbol from the list and double-click on to insert the symbol into the
document.

If you would like to view more symbols and special characters for inserting into a
document, click on the More Symbols… option in the Symbols Dropdown list.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Use different shapes, symbols and special characters in a document.
2. Create a two page brochure for Nainital or any other tourist spot near your
town. The brochure must include pictures. Wrap the text around the
pictures. It must also include a places to see, hotels to stay in and details
of how to reach the place.
3. Open a new document. Create the basic flowchart diagram as shown below

41
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. You can insert lines, basic geometric shapes, arrows, equation shapes,

flowchart shapes, stars, banners, and callouts using the ___________

option.

2. Symbol option is available under _________________ group in the Insert

tab.

42
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT204-NQ2012-Spreadsheet (Intermediate)
Student s Handbook

1
© Central Board of Secondary Education

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Spreadsheet (Intermediate)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

5
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

6
 About Your Workbook
This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT204-
NQ2012: Spreadsheet (Intermediate). You should work through the workbook
in the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the guidance and
supervision of your teacher or trainer.
This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge

This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

7
SESSION 1: USE AUTOSUM IN CELLS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You have learnt to navigate in a spreadsheet, populate cells, and perform calculations.
As you know, a spread sheet offers various mathematical functions to perform the
calculations. Sum is one of the functions available in the spread sheet to perform
addition of selected numbers in the sheet. In this exercise, you will learn how to use
autosum function to perform addition in a spread sheet.

Autosum is used for adding the values given in cells automatically without writing the
formula to perform the operation.

Open a new spread sheet and enter the following data.

Figure 1

Now to total the marks of each of the students, do the following:

 Go to cell G2. While the cell G2 is selected, click on the AutoSum option
available under Editing Group in the Home tab.

AutoSum

Figure 2

 The values in the cells from c2 to f2 will be automatically selected as shown

below.

8
 Figure 3

 Press Enter.
o The total marks of Abhas appears in cell G3.
o Similarly, calculate the total marks of the rest of the students.

Figure 4

Note: Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either horizontally or
vertically. In the above example you want to perform addition of numbers listed from
left to right, after finding the total of two persons when you try to perform autosum
for another person the values on top of the current cell get selected. In that case, you
have to select the cell values that you want to perform addition.

Now change the marks of one of the students in one or more subjects. The total marks
of that student will get calculated automatically. Automatic calculation of formulas is
one of the most powerful features of electronic spreadsheets.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Calculate without writing the formulae using the Autosum function
2. Create a list of all your personal expenses made during the month and
calculate the total expenses using the autosum function
3. Create a list of names of the month and holidays in that month. Add
and calculate the total number of holidays in a year using the
autosum function

9
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. ____________ _________________of formulas is one of the most
powerful features of electronic spreadsheets.
2. ________________ is used for adding the values given in cells
automatically without writing the formula.
3. AutoSum option is available in _________________ group under the
Home tab.
4. Autosum automatically selects the values around the cells either
_____________ or ______________.

10
SESSION 2: CONDITIONAL FORMATTING

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Conditional formatting allows you to change the formatting (font color, border,
shading) of the cells based on the values in it. Yes, you can do that manually, but it
can be a tiresome task if you have a huge amount of data. So, you specify a condition
for the values in the cell, and if the condition is satisfied then automatically the
formatting of the cell changes. This feature would be very useful if you were working
on a profit and loss spreadsheet, or a temperature variance spreadsheet, or a
marksheet. You could highlight cells that have values are greater than a defined rule
with one color and those less than another with a different color.

Basically, you can select one or more cells, and create rules (conditions) for when and
how those cells are formatted. The conditions can be, based on the selected cell's
contents, or based on the contents of another cell.

You can control the following formats:

 Number format
 Font, font style, and font colour (but not font size)
 Fill colour and fill pattern
 Border colour and border style (but not border thickness)

Open a new spreadsheet and enter the following data.

Figure 5

Now to apply conditional formatting for the data do the following.

 Select all the cells you want to format conditionally.

Figure 6

11
  Click on Conditional Formatting option available under Styles group in the
Home tab. A drop down list appears.

Figure 7

Click on Highlight Cells Rules option, a submenu appears.

 Note: you can select the condition listed according to your needs. In this
example if you want to highlight the values that are greater than 75, select
“Greater Than...” available under the submenu. A dialog box appears.

Figure 8

 Specify the value in the box and click on the down arrow next to the with field
and select a predefined format for the condition from the drop down list. If you
want to highlight the cell contents with your own formatting style click Custom
Format option in the dropdown list.
 A Format Cells dialog box appears. You can select a different font color under
Font tab, border style and color under Border tab and fill color under Fill tab.
 Go ahead and create the data below and format it in the manner displayed.

Figure 9

12
Note: Similarly you can set various conditions for the selected value like less than,
equal to, between etc.

Optionally, you can also specify the cell address where the value is stored. This can be
very helpful as simply changing the value in one place can change the conditional
formatting all over the previously selected range. An example is shown in the figure
below.

Figure 10

The result is displayed below.

Figure 11

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Perform conditional formatting on a data subset
2.
Create a student mark list of at least 10 students and five subjects.
Highlight the marks of the students who got marks greater than 80
with green colored text with blue fill. Save the worksheet as
Marks_{your name}.

13
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. _________________conditional formatting allows you to change the

formatting (font color, border, shading) of the cells based on the values
in it.
2. Conditional formatting is available under _______________ Styles group
in Home tab.

Answer the following:

1. List any five conditions/formats/items that can be used for conditional

formatting.

14
SESSION 3: HIDE / UNHIDE / FREEZE ROWS AND COLUMNS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Sometimes you have data in rows and columns which are needed for formulas or
charts, but you do not want the data to be visible. A very handy feature of a
spreadsheet is the ability to hide a row/column that is not to be shown to the end
user. The data in hidden row/column is available for calculations though not visible!

Freezing rows and columns is another helpful feature in a spreadsheet. When you are
dealing with a huge amount of data that spans several rows or columns, you may want
the headers to remain constant (frozen) while you scroll through the data so that you
can see the identifying names of the rows/columns.

Open a new spreadsheet. To hide a row or column, do the following:

 In order to hide any row or column you can either select the particular row or
column that is to hidden or just one cell in the corresponding row or column
(for example B3).
 Click on Format option available under Cells group in the Home tab.
Format

Figure 12

 A dropdown list appears as shown below.

Figure 13

15
  Click on Hide & Unhide > Hide Rows. The spread sheet will be displayed as
shown below.

Note: Alternatively, you can select the row/column, right click and select Hide.

Figure 14

Note: In this example the cell in the 3 rd row of the spread sheet was selected and then
Hide Rows option was selected. So, the 3rd row is hidden. What would have happened
if you had selected Hide Columns instead?

 In order to unhide the row or column that is hidden you have to select any cells
before and after the cell that is hidden then click Unhide Rows in the Format
option available under Home tab.

To freeze the rows or columns do the following.

 Open a new spread sheet.

 In order to freeze rows or columns click on Freeze Panes option available
under Window group in View tab.
 A drop down list appears as shown below. Click on Freeze Panes. Doing so will
freeze all the rows above and all the columns to the left of the selected cell. Scroll
your mouse in the spreadsheet the frozen rows and columns remain constant.

Figure 15

Note: The panes are formed where your cursor is placed. Select the option again and
notice the change in the available options! Go ahead and try the other options too.
You can also freeze the entire row or column by selecting the entire row or column
and click “Freeze Panes” to freeze the entire row or column.

16
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Hide/unhide rows/columns
2. Freeze/unfreeze rows/columns
Create the worksheet given below, keeping your cursor on B2, try all the
options of freezing cells and observe the effect. Take specific note of
column and row movements. Save the worksheet as expenses_{your name}.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. When you freeze a row, ____________ remains constant.

2. Freeze Panes option is available under _________ group in ________ tab.

3. The panes are formed where your __________ is placed.

17
SESSION 4: SET PAGE BREAKS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

To print a worksheet with the exact number of pages that you want, you can adjust
the page breaks in the worksheet before printing it. This feature is very useful
especially when printing huge sheets. You can use the Page Break view to see how
other changes (e.g. changing row height / column width) affect the automatic page
breaks.

In this exercise you will learn how to set page breaks in the spreadsheet.

Open a new spread sheet and create the sheet below. On the View tab, in the
Workbook Views group, click Page Break Preview.

Figure 16

Now to set the page break do the following.

 To insert a vertical page break, select the row below where you want to insert
the page break. To insert a horizontal page break, select the column to the
right of where you want to insert the page break.
 Click on Breaks down arrow under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab. A
dropdown appears as shown below.

Figure 17

18
  Click on Insert Page Break option. The spread sheet will be displayed as shown
below. The content you have typed comes in the first page and you can print it.
 To move a page break, simply drag the page break to the desired location.

Figure 18

Note: You can also remove the page breaks by clicking the Remove Page Break option
in Breaks drop down list.

To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks, click Normal
in the Workbook Views group under the View tab.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Set, move and delete page breaks
2. Create the worksheet given below. Calculate the closing balance. Add 10
more items to the list and set page breaks for printing. Move page breaks if
contents do not fit onto one page. Save this file to be used in the following
exercise with the name items_{your name}.

19
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. To insert a _________ page break, select the row below where you want

to insert the page break.

2. To insert a ____________ page break, select the column to the right of

where you want to insert the page break.

3. The Breaks option is available under______________ group in the Page

Layout tab.

4. To return to Normal view after you finish working with the page breaks,

you need to click _____________ in the _____________ group under the

View tab.

20
SESSION 5: SET PAGE LAYOUT

If you have a worksheet that contains a huge amount of data with many charts and you
want a professional looking printout, what would you do? Spread sheet software
provides various page layout options for organizing pages using the Page Layout option.
In this exercise, you will learn how to set the page layout options in the spread sheet
application. Open a new spread sheet.

To set the page layout options, do the following:

 Click on Page Layout option under Workbook Views group on View tab. The
spreadsheet will be displayed as shown below. You can set the

o Margins
o Orientation
o Page headers and footers
o Hide or display grid lines
o Size of the page
o Define the print area
o Specify the background

Figure 19

 Click on Margins option under Page Setup group, a dropdown list appears as
shown in figure 20.

Figure 20

21
  You can either select anyone of the predefined margin option available or else
you can define your own margin settings by clicking Custom Margins.. option.
A dialog box appears.

Figure 21

 You can set the margin values manually from the options available under the
dialog box.
 You can set the orientation of the page to either Portrait or Landscape by
clicking the Orientation option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout
tab.
 You can set the size of the page by clicking the Size option under Page Setup
group in the Page Layout tab.
 You can specify the area to be printed by selecting the area and then clicking
Print Area option under Page Setup group in the Page Layout tab. A drop
down list appears as shown below.

Figure 22

 Click on Set Print Area to set the selected to get printed. You can also clear
the print area by clicking the Clear Print Area option.
 You can specify a background for your sheet using the Background option under
Page Setup in the Page Layout tab.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1.
Reopen the worksheet created in the previous exercise named
items_{your name}. Modify the margins, view the document using

22
 print preview and observe the changes

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Spread sheet software provides various page layout options for

organizing pages using the _____________ View.

2. Margins option is available under______________ group in the

_____________ tab.

3. Two types of page orientation are __________________ &

_______________.

23
SESSION 6: MANAGE WORKBOOK VIEWS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Spread sheet offers the users with variable views for the purpose of viewing the
outcome of the sheet while printing.

There are five types of views available in the spreadsheet.

 Normal
 Page Layout
 Page Break Preview
 Custom Views
 Full Screen

You can select one of the above said views by clicking the appropriate option under
Workbook Views in the View tab.

Figure 23

Normal View: The default view of the spreadsheet application is the Normal. It’s a
collection of cells arranged in the work area.

Page Layout: You can select the Page Layout view in order to quickly fine tune a
worksheet that contains many charts or huge amounts of data and achieve professional
looking results.

Page Break Preview: This option is similar to the Page Layout option except you can
set the area that is to be set as a page after inserting page break.

Custom Views: If you would like to view selected areas of a document , you can use
the custom view option. For example, if you would like to point out certain row and
column, you can add that to the Custom view.

Full Screen: Selecting this option makes the workbook cover the entire screen. All tabs
are hidden from view. To get back the tabs, click on File> Restore.

Additionally, in spreadsheet, you can open multiple windows that display the current
spreadsheet and then arrange those windows in a variety of ways. You can also open
and arrange multiple workbook windows.

To open a second instance of a workbook in a separate window:

 Click the New Window button on the View tab, in the Window group.

24
To arrange multiple program windows:

 Click Arrange All button in the Window group. An Arrange Windows dialog
box appears.
 Click either Tiled, Horizontal, Vertical, or Cascade options.
 To include only windows displaying views of the current workbook, select the
Windows of active workbook check box.
 Click OK.
.

Figure 24

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Reopen the worksheets created in the exercises SS 2 named Marks_{your
name}, SS3 named expenses_{your name} and SS 4 named items_{your
name} Using the commands in the Window group on the View menu, tile the
three windows, and then arrange them so that they overlap. Move each
window separately and observe what happens in the others. Try the Cascade
and Tile options too
2. Use the New Window command to open a second instance of one of the
workbooks. Then arrange only the two windows of the active workbook
horizontally

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks

1. Different types of views are available under _______________ in the

View tab.
2. The five types of views available are ________ , ______,
______________, ______________ & _________________________.
3. The ________________ helps you to view a selected area of a workbook.

25
SESSION 7: APPLY CELL AND RANGE NAMES

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can assign names to cells in a worksheet and use it for quickly locating specific
cells by entering the names. This could be useful when working with large spread
sheets. For example, if you have a lengthy list of groceries and prices, you can use
names to quickly locate and find total pricing of fruits from the entire list.

In this exercise, you will learn to work with cell and range names.

Open a new spreadsheet and enter the following (figure below):

Figure 25

Now to apply range names, do the following:

 Select the cost against the cells that have Apple, Banana, Cherry, Grape,
Guava, Mango, Pineapple values (Keep the Ctrl key pressed and click on the
cells – you will be able to select selective cells together!). Right click and
select Name a Range…. Alternatively, you can select Define Name under
Defines Names group in the Formulas tab.
 A New Name dialog box appears prompting to enter a name. Enter Fruits in the
Name field and click OK (figure below).

26
 Figure 26

 Select the cost against the cells that have Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chilli,
Cucumber, Ginger, Potato, Pumpkin, Spinach, Tomato values. Right click
define the name Vegetables for this group.

Figure 27

If you would like to calculate the total cost of fruits from the list,

 Select an empty cell

 Type Total Cost of Fruits and in the adjacent cell, Type =SUM(Fruits) and press
Enter.

Notice the total cost of all items named as Fruits is displayed.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Apply names to cells and cell ranges and use them in formulae
2. Using the worksheet created in this exercise, calculate the cost of
Vegetables. Save the workbook as Grocery_{your name}.

27
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Assigning names to cells in a worksheet help you to _________________ specific

cells.

2. The Define Name option is available under _________________ group in the

________ tab.

28
SESSION 1: CREATE MODIFY AND FORMAT CHARTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by

symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A
chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative
structures.

A Spread sheet enables you to create, modify and format charts based on the data
given in the spread sheet. In this exercise you will learn how to create, modify and
format chart using the spreadsheet.

Reopen the worksheet expenses_{your name}.

Figure 28

Now to create charts do the following.

 Select all the expenses data.

 Click on the chart type that you want from Charts group under the Insert tab.
 After selecting the chart type the spread sheet will be displayed as shown
below.

29
 Figure 29

 You can modify the chart values by making necessary modifications in the data
table.

Expenses
8000
7000
6000
5000 Phone / Mobile Bill
4000
3000 Travelling Expenses
2000 Grocery Expenses
1000
0 Electric Bill
House Rent

Expenses per month

Figure 30

Chart has many elements; however, only some of the elements are displayed by
default. Following is an description of the elements used in the above chart:

1. Chart Area of the Chart

2. Plot Area of the Chart
3. Data Points that are plotted in the chart
4. Horizontal and Vertical Axis in the chart
5. Legend of the chart
6. Chart and Axis Title used in the chart

30
 7. Data Label for identifying details of data point in the chart

Note: Once you insert a chart in the spreadsheet three additional tabs are available on
the Ribbon namely Design, Layout and Format. You can edit the chart, its design,
layout and formatting options using the three tabs available. You can change the chart
type, chart options etc. in the Design tab and can give the titles etc. in the Layout tab
and set the borders, colors and size of the option under Format tab.

Figure 31

Choosing the right type of chart is very important. Different charts display data in very
different ways. Using the best chart type and format helps you to display data visually
in the most meaningful way.

Bar charts: A bar chart (horizontal bars) emphasizes the comparison between items at
a fixed period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder, cone, and pyramid
subtypes.

Column charts: A column chart, unlike a bar chart to which it is often compared,
emphasizes variation over a period of time. This chart type also includes cylinder,
cone, and pyramid subtypes

Line charts: A line chart shows the relationship of the changes in the data over a
period of time.

Pie charts: Pie charts contain just one chart data series. A pie chart shows the
relationship of the parts to the whole.

Area charts: An area chart shows the relative importance of values over time.

XY (Scatter) charts: Scatter charts are useful for showing a correlation among the data
points that may not be easy to see from data alone.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a chart
2. Create a worksheet using the sales data given below:

31
 3. Create bar and line charts using this data. Enhance the design of your chart
to make it more presentable.
4. Calculate the total sales for each city. Create a pie chart representing the
total sales of each city.

ASSESSMENT

I. Fill in the blanks:

1. A chart is a ______________ ______________ of data, in which the data is

represented by symbols, such as ____ in a bar chart, _____ in a line chart, or

______ in a pie chart.

2. The three tabs that are available after inserting the chart in the spreadsheet

are _____________ , ____________________ & _________ _______________.

II. Answer the following:

1. List seven chart elements.

2. List five chart types available in spreadsheet.

32
SESSION 2: SORT AND FILTER DATA

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Sort is a feature that helps you arrange the selected data either in an ascending or
descending order. Filter is a feature used for extracting particular data using some
conditions. Spread sheet offers both these features for sorting and filtering data in the
spreadsheet.

Open a new spreadsheet and enter the following data:

Figure 32

Now to sort or filter the data do the following:

 Select the data to be sorted and then click on Sort option under Sort & Filter
group in the Data tab. A dialog box appears as shown below.

Figure 33

 You need to specify on what basis you are going to sort the data in the Sort by
field and select the order that is ascending and descending and then click OK.
For example, if you wanted to sort the data in Sales 2008, you would select the
relevant detail in the Sort by list and click OK. The spreadsheet would be
displayed as shown below. You can notice that the data has been sorted as per
the data in 2008 and also that values in the Sales 2008 field are arranged in
ascending order that is from smallest to largest.

Figure 34

33
To filter data, do the following:

 Click the Filter option available under Sort & Filter group in the Data tab.
Before applying a filter you have to select the data along with the header as
shown below.

Figure 35

 Once you click on filter, the headers will be displayed with a down arrow as
shown below.

Figure 36

If you want to filter data that is greater than 75 in the Sales 2009 do the following.

 Click the down arrow available under Sales 2009 header, a dropdown list
appears as shown below.

Figure 37

 You can specify the filter by selecting the available values in the list.
 You can also sort the filtered data by selecting Sort Smallest to Largest or Sort
Largest to Smallest option available in the dropdown list.
 Click on Number Filters option under the dropdown list, once you click the
following submenu appears.

34
 Figure 38

 Here you can select the condition that you want to specify for the data in the
list, If you select Greater Than.. option the following dialog box appears.

Figure 39

 Specify the value that you want in the value box, (here it is 75) and click OK.
The spreadsheet will be displayed as shown below. Notice that only data
greater than 75 is displayed under the Sales 2009.

Figure 40

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Sort a dataset in the required order
2. Filter data on specified criteria

35
 3. Create a worksheet with the data given below. Create totals. Calculate
percentages. Use this to sort data subject wise and also rank-wise. Save this
file as Student_{your name}.
Students Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4
Shilpa 50 65 57 77
Sheela 98 99 78 58
Avikal 76 78 98 96
Vaibhav 87 76 92 67
Abhijeet 56 88 66 88
Surbhi 68 85 92 99
Kavita 99 58 78 89
Tanishk 79 78 56 78
Vishwank 59 81 78 67

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Sort helps you arrange the selected data either in an__________ or

___________ order.

2. Using filter you can extract data based on _________.

3. Sort option is available in _______________________ group under the Data tab.

4. Filter option is available in _______________________ group under the Data

tab.

36
SESSION 10: CALCULATE DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Suppose you were working at the head office maintaining had data for six regions, and
you use exactly the same worksheet layout and labels to track the average sales of
each region over the previous quarter. Each sheet contains headings by region (such as
Region01, Region02 ….. Region06), and in cell H15 on each sheet, the calculated total
sales for the quarter appear. If you want to obtain the average sales over the quarter,
what would you do?

In this exercise you will learn how to perform calculations on data across different
worksheets.

Open a new spreadsheet. Name sheet 1 as year1 and type the following data.

Figure 41

Now to calculate the data across worksheets do the following.

 Go to sheet 2, name it year2 sheet, and insert the same data in the Sheet2 for
the next year.
 Go to sheet 2, name it Totals, and insert the same labels.
 Type the sum formula in cell B2, =sum( , while the parenthesis is opened go to
year1 sheet and go to year2 sheet and press Enter. Repeat the same step to
calculate sum for other expenses. Note the way the range is specified
(sheetname!cellnumber).

37
 Figure 42

To answer the question raised earlier, you could create a new sheet, called Quarter
Summary. To find the average, enter the following formula in one of the cells in the
Summary sheet: =AVERAGE(Region01: Region06!H15)

Spreadsheet calculates the average for all values stored in H15 on all sheets in the
range Region01:Region06. If you move the Region06 sheet between Region04 and
Region05, the software will adjust the calculation to include the sheets for Regions01,
02, 03, 04, and 06; Region05 will be omitted. Similarly, if you delete or add a sheet
anywhere between Region01 and Region06, the software will include all the sheets
located within the range in its calculation.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Make calculations across worksheets
2. Create 2 worksheets populated with subject and marks for 1st and 2nd
terms. Create another worksheet called Average and calculate the average
of marks for all subjects.

38
SESSION 11: USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS AND LINKING CELLS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Spreadsheet also allows you to link the cells from various worksheets and from various
spread sheets to summarize data from several sources. In this manner, you can create
formulas that span different sources and make calculations using a combination of
local and linked information. You can link data from other spreadsheets and keep the
information up to date without editing multiple locations every time the data changes.
For example, you can display data from multiple departments for an overview of
details without sharing information between sources.

In this exercise you will learn how to link cells from different spreadsheet applications.

Open a new spread sheet and enter the following data:

Figure 43

To link cells from different worksheet do the following:

 Open a new spreadsheet workbook.

 Type some formula, for example sum formula in any cell =sum(, while the
parenthesis is opened, click on Switch Windows option under Window group in the
View tab. A dropdown list appears with the active workbook names.

Figure 44

 Click on Book1 to select the earlier spreadsheet you had created and select the cells
A2:D2.

39
 Figure 45

 Press Enter. You are back on the second spreadsheet. The cell where you were
entering the formula has the total of the values in the first spreadsheet!. Note the
way the software gives the cell reference. If you update any values in the first
spreadsheet, automatically the sum value in the second spreadsheet is updated! Try
this out.

Figure 46

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Link cells and make calculations across workbooks

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Switch Windows option is available in _____________ group under the View tab.
2. Linking cells from different _______ / __________ helps you to summarize data
from different sources.
3. Linking data helps you help to keep information __________ without editing at
multiple locations.

40
SESSION 12: SHARING WORKSHEET DATA

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

In most office settings, there is a shared drive where teams can store common files for
everyone to use. This usually leads to sighting of the message: “The document [file
name] is locked for editing by another user. To open a read-only copy of this
document, click“!! This message appears because someone else already has the file
open. Sometimes however, it is necessary to have multiple people working on a file at
the same time. This can be to either speed up data entry or simply make things easier
for collaboration purposes.

Spreadsheet software allows the user to share the workbook and place it in the
network location where several users can access it simultaneously. In this exercise,
you will learn how to share a worksheet.

Open a new spreadsheet and type the following.

Figure 47

Now to share the spreadsheet do the following.

 Click on Share workbook option under Changes group in the Review tab.
 A dialog box appears as shown below.

41
 Figure 48

 Check the option Allow changes by more than one user at the same time.
This also allows workbook merging.
 Click OK.

Note: Most spreadsheet software automatically turn off some features in shared
workbooks. This is to simplify the workbook since multiple people can be working on
the file at the same time. For example, shared workbooks don’t allow merging cells,
conditional formatting, or inserting pictures/graphs/etc.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1. Share worksheet data with other users.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Share Workbook option is available in ___________ group under the

Review tab.

2. Shared workbooks don’t allow __________________-, ________________

& inserting _________or ________.

42
43
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT205-NQ2012-Digital Presentation (Intermediate)
Student s Handbook

1
© Central Board of Secondary Education

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 5
Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

About Your Workbook……………………………………………………………………………………….8

SESSION 1: Inserting a Movie Clip ........................................................ 9

SESSION 2: Inserting an Audio Clip .................................................... 13

SESSION 3: Working With Tables ....................................................... 15

SESSION 4: Working With Charts ....................................................... 19

SESSION 5: Inserting Transitions ....................................................... 22

SESSION 6: Inserting Animations ....................................................... 24

SESSION 7: Grouping Objects ........................................................... 26

SESSION 8: Inserting Speaker Notes ................................................... 28

SESSION 9: Reviewing Content ......................................................... 30

SESSION 10: Preparing to Deliver a Presentation .................................. 33

SESSION 11: Print a Presentation ...................................................... 35

4
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Web applications (Basic)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

6
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

7
 About Your Workbook
This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT202-
NQ2012: Web applications (Basic). You should work through the workbook in
the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the guidance and
supervision of your teacher or trainer.
This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge

This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

8
SESSION 1: INSERTING A MOVIE CLIP

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Presentation allows the user to add movie clips to the presentation in order to make
the presentation colourful and meaningful. You can insert movies or YouTube videos
downloaded from the Internet.

In this exercise you will learn how to insert a movie clip in slides. Open a new file
using presentation software.

You can insert a movie in two ways:

 Using Insert tab

 Using Title and Content Layout Option

Click on Movie option under Media clips group in the Insert tab, a drop down appears
as shown below.

Figure 1

You can select the Movie from File… option to insert the movie clip that you have
already downloaded from the Internet. A dialog box appears as shown below:

Figure 2

You can locate the movie clip and click OK to insert the same in the slide. The
presentation will be displayed as shown below.

9
 Figure 3

You can set one of the two options available for playing the media clip, i.e
Automatically or When Clicked.

Alternatively, you can select Movie from Clip Organizer… option to insert the movie
clips that are available under Clip Organizer. Doing so displays the clip art task pane as
shown below:

Figure 4

You can select any of the movies available and insert it in the slide. Once you have
inserted the movie clip in the slide, the presentation will be displayed as shown below.

Figure 5

10
Using Layout Option

Open a new file using presentation software and change the layout of the slide.

Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab, a dropdown list
appears as shown below.

Figure 6

Click on Title and Content option and a slide will be displayed with the layout as
shown below.

Figure 7

11
You can insert a movie in the slide by clicking the icon in the Layout option. Once
you click the icon, a dialog appears as shown below.

Figure 8

When you play the slideshow, the movie clip will be played automatically.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert a movie clip using Insert option
2. Insert a movie clip using Layout option
3.
Download different clips on either “Effects of thoughts on water” or “Our
place in the cosmos” or “Effects of Global Warming”. Create a presentation
giving an appropriate name to the file. Insert the relevant video clips and
save the presentation. You will use this file in future sessions too.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Presentation allows the user to add ______ _______ to the presentation in

order to make the presentation colourful and meaningful.
2. You can use two options to insert a movie clip the _________________ &
______________________.
3. The two options available under Movie option are _____________________ &
_________________.
4. Movie option is available in ______________ group under the Insert tab.

12
SESSION 2: INSERTING AN AUDIO CLIP

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can include audio clips to a presentation similar to that of videos. For example,
you can play mild background music while making your presentation. In this exercise
you will learn how to insert an audio clip in slides.

Open a new file using presentation software. Click on Sound option under Media clips
group in the Insert tab, a drop down appears as shown in figure 9.

Figure 9

You can select the Sound from File… option to insert the sound clip. A dialog box
appears as shown below.

Figure 10

You can locate the audio clip and click OK to insert the same in the slide. You may
follow the same steps as you learnt while inserting a Movie Clip. There is an inbuilt clip
organizer for a list of sounds. You can access them via the Sound from Clip

13
Organizer… option. Go ahead and insert an audio clip using this option.When you have
completed inserting the sound clip, and you play the slideshow, the audio clip will be
played automatically.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert a sound clip in a presentation
2. Download appropriate music and then reopen the file created in the last
session. Add the music files to enhance the effect of your presentation.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. You can include _______________ to a presentation similar to that of videos.

2. Audio Clips are used for playing _____________________ while making
presentations.
3. Sound option is available in the Media Clips group under the _____________
tab.

14
SESSION 3: WORKING WITH TABLES

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Presentation software enables the user to add tables in the slides in order to represent
the statistical data meaningfully.

In this exercise you will learn to work with tables.

Open a new file using presentation software. You can insert a table in two ways:

 Using Insert tab

 Using Title and Content Option

Click on Table option under Tables group in the Insert tab, a drop down appears as
shown below.

Figure 11

You can have learnt to create tables in a word processor by dragging the mouse over
requisite number of boxes. Follow the same method here and create the table shown
below. Now go ahead and try the Insert Table… and Draw Table options to create the
table.

Figure 12

15
 Figure 13

Using Title and Content Option

Open a new file using presentation software and change the layout of the slide. To
change the layout of a slide do the following:

Click on Layout option available under Slides group in the Home tab, as you did while
selecting a movie clip. Click on Title and Content option from the dropdown list. You

can insert the table in the slide by clicking the icon available within the layout.
Once you click the icon, a dialog appears as shown below.

Figure 14

Now enter the values for the number of columns and rows that you would like to have
in the table. For example, if you need a table with 3 columns and 3 rows, type 3 in
both Number of columns and Number of rows fields.

Once you have inserted the table into the slide, additional tabs - Design and Layout -
are made available. You can use them for editing and formatting the table further.

16
 Figure 15

You can change the design of the table by changing background, borders or effects by
using Table Styles group in the Design tab. To use a particular design, Select a design
under Table Styles group and double-click on it. If you would like to change a design,
choose a different design under Table Styles group and double-click on the new design.

You have learnt to create a table in a presentation, but if the table already exists in a
word processor document or a spreadsheet, you can directly import it from there. To
do so:

With a slide in edit mode, choose Object from the Insert menu.

 In the Insert Object dialog box, click the Create From File option and click
Browse to locate and choose the document or spreadsheet that contains the table.
By default, the presentation software will insert the table.
 When you click OK, the entire document or spreadsheet is imported to your slide.
Double-click the inserted text to remove extra text if the document contains more
than the table.
 If you check the Link checkbox while inserting. On doing so, after you update the
table in the document or spreadsheet, then right click on the imported table in the
presentation software, and select the option Update Link , the embedded table
gets updated automatically.
 Drag and drop the table on the slide to position it.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert a table in a presentation using Insert and Layout tab
2. Change the design and format of a table in a presentation
3. Import a table from another application
4. Open a new file. Try inserting the table given in this exercise with multiple
rows and columns and also use different pre-defined styles by using the
Table Styles option under Design tab.

17
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. __________________ are used to represent the statistical data meaningfully in

a presentation.

2. Table option is available in _____________ group under the Insert tab.

3. Two ways to create a table are : _______________ & _______________.

4. Additional tabs that will be available for editing and formatting the table are

__________ & ________________.

18
SESSION 4: WORKING WITH CHARTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Presentation software enables the user to insert charts in slides to present statistical
table data in a pictorial representation. This ensures that the audience can grasp
complex data at a glance.

In this exercise you will learn to work with charts. Open a new file using presentation
software. To insert a chart in the slide, click on Chart option under Illustrations group
in the Insert tab. A dialog box appears as shown below.

Figure 16

You will notice different type of the charts that can be used in the presentation.

Select a chart type and click OK. A default chart will be inserted on the slide. The
default data table for that chart will be opened in a spreadsheet application
separately as shown below.

Figure 17

19
You can edit the values in the spreadsheet and the presentation software will
automatically update the chart. Now enter the following in the spreadsheet window:

Day 1 Savings Day 2 Savings Day 3 Savings

Arun 300 250 500
John 200 300 300
Jacob 150 500 600
Salim 500 750 150

Once you have modified the data table in the spreadsheet the chart in the slide gets
modified automatically and the chart will displayed similar to the one below.

Figure 18

Now change the values in the spreadsheet and observe the changes in the chart.

You can change the colors and effects of the chart by using Chart Styles available
under Design tab. To change to a different style, select a style from Chart Styles and
double-click on it.

Some basic guidelines are as follows:

 Convey one message per chart. Make the message the heading.
 Make the chart easy to read. Label the X and Y axis and label the lines, bars, or pie
wedges. Make the most important text largest, the most important data lines or
sections darkest.
 Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between them.
 Be accurate. Always start a numerical axis at zero. Compare only like variables.
 Eliminate all unnecessary details. Avoid grid lines, data points, boxes, etc. unless
they relate to the message.
 Use a few (maximum four) colors per visual.

Importing a chart

You can also import a chart from a spreadsheet. The method is the same as importing
a table into presentation software. Since the entire sheet is imported, you may need

20
to maneuver around and display the chart in the embedded object. To increase /
decrease the size of the object, you can double click on it and resize it.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert a chart onto a slide
2. Modify an already created chart
3. Import a chart from another application
4.
Create a chart using the data below in a spreadsheet. Import the chart onto
a slide.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Presentation enables the user to insert __________ in slides to present

statistical table data in a pictorial representation.

2. Chart option is available in _____________ group under the Insert tab.

21
SESSION 5: INSERTING TRANSITIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Transition effects can help in increasing audience’s interest during a presentation.

A slide transition is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a
presentation. By default, one slide simply replaces the previous one on screen, just
like a slide show of photographs would change from one to the next. Most presentation
software provides many different transition effects that you can use to liven up your
slide show.

In this exercise you will learn to add transitions in the presentation. Open a new file
using presentation software and add contents to the presentation based on the
guidelines provided earlier. To work with transition effects, click the Animations tab.
You will be displayed with list of transition effects similar to the one below.

Figure 19

To apply, select an effect from Transitions to this slide group and double-click on it.

You can also increase or decrease the duration of the transition effect by setting up
the time interval (in seconds) in duration option under Timing group. Try setting the
duration as 1 minute and observe the effect by performing the slide show.

You can set sound effects during transitions by selecting a sound scheme available in
Sound option under Timing group. Try using different sound schemes and observe the
sound effect by performing the slide show.

If you would like to keep the same transition and sound effect across the entire
presentation, click Apply to all under the Timing group. Selecting this option will
apply all the selected effects across all slides.

Note: A common mistake made is using too many transitions, or using one that doesn’t
fit well with the subject matter. Try to find one transition that doesn’t detract from
the presentation and use it throughout the show. Using too many makes your
presentation looks amateurish. A transition is the final effect to be given to your
presentation so edit and arrange all slides in the preferred order before setting them.

22
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Apply transitions to slides
2.
Now open the presentation created in Exercise 1 (either “Effects of thoughts
on water” or “Our place in the cosmos” or “Effects of Global Warming”.)
and try applying different transition effects to your presentation slides.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. ____________ effects can help in increasing audience’s interest during a

presentation.

2. A ___________ is the visual motion when one slide changes to the next during a

presentation.

3. The list of transition effects will be available under _____________ tab.

4. Transition effects are available in ___________________________ group under

the Animations tab.

5. ___________________, _________________________, _____________________,

____________, ________________ are some of the transition effects available

in a presentation software.

23
SESSION 6: INSERTING ANIMATIONS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

While transition occurs between each slide, animation allows you to put slide
elements, such as text and graphics, in motion within a slide! Animations are helpful
way to make your slides look more dynamic. Besides adding action, they help steer
audience focus and emphasize important points. They are also a great way to reveal
text or object on a slide one step at a time. For example, you could have five bullet
points of text, and reveal them one-by-one on the slide with each click.

In this exercise you will learn to add animations in a presentation. Open a new file
using presentation software and add contents to the presentation based on the
guidelines provided earlier. To work with animations, Click Animations tab. You will
see Animation options similar to the one below.

Figure 20

To apply, select the graphical object and click Animate under Animations group.
Select the animation effect under the Animate dropdown list. You can apply an
animation effect by selecting different animation scheme from the dropdown menu.

Figure 21

Once you have selected an animation scheme, play the slideshow to preview the
effect.

Surveys show that animation effects are one of the most annoying elements in
presentations. However, when used effectively, these effects can insert a dramatic
moment to a particular message and add spice to a dull presentation.

24
To summarize the effective uses of animation effects:

 Helps focus audience attention on information.

 Controls the flow of information especially while explaining a diagram.
 Reveal concepts one by one.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Apply animation on slide objects
2. Create a presentation with 3 slides on your favorite sport. Use different
animation effects available in the presentation software to enhance your
presentation as per your choice. Make your presentation in the class.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. __________________ enables you to put slide elements, such as text and

graphics, in motion within a slide.

2. ____________ are helpful way to make your slides look more dynamic.

3. To apply an animation, select the Animate option available in ________ group

under the Animations tab.

25
SESSION 7: GROUPING OBJECTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Grouping can help when you want to move, rotate or resize multiple objects in a
presentation. You can group objects such as pictures, clip art, shapes and text box;
once grouped they appear as a single object.

In this exercise you will learn to work with grouping and ungrouping of objects. Open a
new file using presentation software and add graphical objects to the presentation
based on the guidelines provided earlier. To group the graphical objects, select all the
objects that you want to group in the slide. To select more than one objects in the
slide hold down the ctrl key and select the object in the slide.

To group the objects, click Format tab.

You can select the Group option available under Arrange group in the Format tab.
Once you select the option, you should see a dropdown similar to one displayed below.

Click on Group, to group all the selected graphical objects in the slide.

Similarly you can ungroup the grouped objects by selecting the ungroup option
available under Group dropdown menu.

26
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Group objects on a slide
2. Open a new presentation, and create the following images and add small
textboxes as headers to describe them:

Now try selecting the objects, practice grouping and ungrouping functions.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. ___________ helps to move, rotate or resize multiple objects in a presentation.

2. The Group option is available in ___________ group under the Format tab.

3. The three options available under Group dropdown option are:

_______________, ______________ & ________________ .

27
SESSION 8: INSERTING SPEAKER NOTES

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Good presenters always rehearse their presentations well but there’s often one more
thing that helps them deliver flawless presentation – speaker notes. Speaker notes are
guided text used by the presenter during a presentation. Speaker notes can be short or
long texts that can be used as a reference by the presenter while making a
presentation. An area of a PowerPoint or OpenOffice Impress slide that is hidden
during the presentation is reserved for notes for the speaker. Here you as the
presenter can note important key points that you wish to cover during the
presentation.

You can print these notes out, accompanied by a thumbnail version of the appropriate
slide, to keep as a handy reference to use when you are making your oral presentation.
This can help you to communicate specific points related to each slide and make the
presentation effective for the audience.

In this exercise you will learn to add speaker notes. Open a new file using presentation
software. To add notes to a particular slide, select the slide and type the notes in the
Click to add notes area located at the bottom of the presentation software (Figure
below).

Figure 22

Alternatively, you can select View tab and click Notes page under Presentation Views
Group.

28
Key things to remember about speaker notes:

1. They should not restate the contents of the slide.

2. Speaker notes should support the content of the slide with in-depth information.

While the regular presentation slides are shown on the main screen for the audience,
the view on your computer screen is slightly different – you can not only see the
current slide but also the text notes and other key points that should be discussed with
that slide. To do so, open the presentation file using your presentation software, go to
the Slide Show tab and check the option Use Presenter View.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Insert speaker notes on slides
2. Open the presentation you had created in Exercise 1 (either “Effects of
thoughts on water” or “Our place in the cosmos” or “Effects of Global
Warming”.) and enhanced in Exercise 5. Add speaker notes to each of your
slides.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _________________ are guided text used by the presenter during a
presentation.
2. _________________ can be short or long texts that can be used as a
reference by the presenter.
3. Notes page option is available in ______________ group under the View
tab.

29
SESSION 9: REVIEWING CONTENT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You should always review the presentation and make changes if required before you
present it to the audience. Presentation software includes options such as spell checks
for correcting errors in a presentation. However, it is the presenters’ responsibility to
check each and every point manually on each slide before attempting to make a
presentation.

In this exercise you will learn to make an effective presentation. Making effective
presentations takes practice, but with a few tips up your sleeve, you are ready to take
on the challenge.

1. Know your topic.

You may want to charge right in and start using the presentation software.
However, do the research first and know your material, think through what and
how you will present get comfortable with the matter before beginning the
project on the computer. Creating the presentation is the easy part. The best
classroom presentations are created by people who are comfortable with what
they are going to talk about.
2. Use key phrases about your topic.
Good presenters use key phrases and include only the most important
information. Choose only the top three or four points and make them several
times throughout the presentation. Highlight key points that are necessary for
the audience to remember. Keep the points as short as possible, use 5-6 words
to describe the point.
3. Avoid too much text on each slide.
Do not write your whole speech on the slides. The slide show is meant to
accompany your oral presentation. Summarize the content as bullet points. Use
simple language and limit the number of bullets to three or four per slide.
4. Limit the number of slides.
Too many slides in a presentation may cause you to rush to get through them
and your audience might end up paying more attention to the changing slide
than to what you are saying. On average, one slide per minute is about right in
a classroom presentation.
5. Plan the layout of your slide.
Make your slides easy to follow. Put the title at the top. Phrases should read
left to right and top to bottom. Keep important information near the top of the
slide.
6. Avoid fancy fonts.
Make sure the fonts, design and colors are consistent throughout the
presentation; don’t use different styles for each slide. Use fonts that are
readable; recommended fonts are Arial, Tahoma, Verdana. Use standard font
size that is readable even from the last row if presented in a large hall or to a
large audience. Use combination of capital and small letters; Do NOT use all

30
 capital letters as it may be difficult to read. Use bold, italics or underline only
if required or to highlight key points.
7. Use contrasting colors for text and background.
Use reasonable mix of text color and background; preview to check if it is
readable without any difficulty. Dark text on a light background is usually the
best as this combination offers the maximum visibility. Keep your slide color
scheme consistent throughout your presentation.
8. Use a slide design template to keep your presentation look consistent.
Use a single background on all slides; do NOT use multiple backgrounds. Use a
pleasant template or style set; do NOT use different style sets for different
slides as it will distract the audience and they might lose the focus.
9. Use animations and transitions sparingly.
You may enjoy applying animations and transitions in every place that you can.
This will certainly be entertaining, but at the same time very distracting. So
use this feature with prudence.
10. Also, always review the presentation 2-3 times before making a presentation;
this can help in reducing or eliminating any errors in it. Remove irrelevant
points during the review, add or remove images during review. Try presenting
to a smaller audience, make necessary corrections before presenting it to a
larger audience

Note: Most presentation software includes many features; do NOT try to overuse
them!!!

Once you have created the presentation of your choice using the guidelines, you may
now proceed to reviewing the presentation. Use the additional guidelines below:

 Do a thorough spell check across all slides

 Perform a manual spell check for terms that is not included during the standard
spell check in the presentation software; NOT all terms (particularly technical
terms such as biological names, etc.) will be checked
 Remove irrelevant content such as images or clip arts, terms, etc. if they are
not required.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1. Prepare a presentation with a topic of your choice or as assigned by your
teacher. Review using the guidelines and have it validated by your teacher.

31
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Presentation software includes options such as ____________ spell checks for

correcting errors in a presentation.
2. Tips to make an effective presentation are:
a) ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

b) ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

c) ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

d) ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

e) ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

32
SESSION 10: PREPARING TO DELIVER A PRESENTATION

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Now that you have a presentation ready, you can customize the delivery of the
presentation. For example, you can customize to display selected slides to be
displayed to the audience or configure for multiple monitors, etc.

In this exercise, you will learn to deliver a presentation.

To work with Slide Show, open an existing presentation in the presentation software.

Click on Set Up SlideShow option under Set Up group in the Slide Show tab.

Once you click Set Up SlideShow, a dialog box appears as shown below.

Figure 23

If the presentation is to be made to an audience, use the Presented by a speaker

(full screen) option.

If the presentation is to be made to an individual, use Browsed by an individual

(window) option.

If the presentation is to be made at Kiosks, use the Browser at a Kiosk (full screen)
option.

Note: A kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and software

designed within a public exhibit that provides access to information and applications
for communication, commerce, entertainment, and education.

In addition, you can configure the presentation to be automated (run continuously),

with or without animation by using the options under Show Options group.

You can display selective slides from a presentation using the Show slides option.

33
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a slide show
2. Reopen the presentation created in Exercise 1 (either “Effects of thoughts
on water” or “Our place in the cosmos” or “Effects of Global Warming”.)
and enhanced in Exercises 5and 8. Prepare to deliver the presentation based
on all you have learnt in this session, preview and make your presentation.
3.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Set Up Slide Show option is available in _______________ group under the Slide
Show tab.
2. The _______________ option should be used while presenting the presentation
to an audience.
3. The _______________ option should be used while presenting the presentation
to an audience.
4. A ____________ is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and
software designed within a public exhibit that provides access to information
and applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, and education.

34
SESSION 11: PRINT A PRESENTATION

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Sometimes you may need to provide print outs of the presentation to the audience as a
reference material. You can print notes, handouts or outline of the presentation using
the presentation software. In this exercise, you will learn to print notes, handouts and
outline.

To print, open an existing presentation and select the Print option.

Select the Notes Page option under Print what: dropdown list (figure 24.

Figure 24

Click OK once you are ready to print the notes.

You can print handouts for audience reference by selecting the Handouts option under
Print what: dropdown list. To save paper, you can print multiple slides on a single
sheet.

To print multiple slides, select the number of slides that you would like to print by
choosing the number displayed under Slides per page dropdown under Handouts Group
(figure 25).

Figure 25

35
If you would to print only the text part of the presentation, you can use the Outline
option in the presentation software.

To print the outline, select the Outline View option under Print what: dropdown list.

Figure 26

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Print a presentation
2.
Create a presentation (10-12 slides) on any two of the following topics.

o School Annual Day function.

o Sports Day.
o Independence Day.
o Healthy Diet.
o Savings Plan (Post Office).
o Creating Presentations.

While making the presentations use the following features based on the
presentation guidelines learnt earlier.

o Use Transition effects for slides.

o Use Animation effects for text and objects.
o Group related pictures.
o Use tables and format them with different table styles.
o Use charts to represent data in graphical form.
o Download and use templates.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Print option is used to print __________ , __________ & __________ of a
presentation.
2. Handouts option is available under ____________ dropdown list.
3. The ______________ option is used to print only the text part of the presentation.

36
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT206-NQ2012-Email Messaging (Intermediate)
Student s Handbook

1
© Central Board of Secondary Education

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 5

Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6

About Your Book………………………………………………………………………………………………..8

SESSION 1: Working With Calendar ...................................................... 9

SESSION 2: Schedule an Appointment ................................................ 13

SESSION 3: Categorize an Appointment .............................................. 17

SESSION 4: Share a Calendar ........................................................... 19

SESSION 5: Print a Calendar ............................................................ 25

SESSION 6: Creating a Meeting Request .............................................. 27

SESSION 7: Respond To a Meeting Request .......................................... 29

SESSION 8: Create and Edit a Task .................................................... 31

SESSION 9: Create and Edit a Note .................................................... 33

SESSION 10: Create and Edit a Journal Entry ....................................... 35

4
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Email Messaging (Intermediate)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

6
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

7
 About Your Workbook
This workbook is to assist you with completing the Unit of Competency IT206-
NQ2012: Email Messaging (Intermediate). You should work through the
workbook in the classroom, at the workplace or in your own time under the
guidance and supervision of your teacher or trainer.
This workbook contains sessions which will help you to acquire relevant
knowledge and skills (soft and hard) on various aspects of the unit of
competency. Each session is small enough to be easily tackled and digested by
you before you move on to the next session. Animated pictures and
photographs have been included to bring about visual appeal and to make the
text lively and interactive for you. You can also try to create your own
illustrations using your imagination or taking the help of your teacher. Let us
now see what the sections in the sessions have for you.
Section1: Introduction
This section introduces you to the topic of the Unit. It also tells you what you
will learn through the various sessions covered in the Unit.
Section 2: Relevant Knowledge

This section provides you with the relevant information on the topic (s) covered
in the session. The knowledge developed through this section will enable you to
perform certain activities. You should read through the information to develop
an understanding on the various aspects of the topic before you complete the
exercise (s).
Section 3: Exercise
Each session has exercises, which you should complete on time. You will
perform the activities in the classroom, at home or at the workplace. The
activities included in this section will help you to develop necessary knowledge,
skills and attitude that you need for becoming competent in performing the
tasks at workplace. The activities should be done under the supervision of your
teacher or trainer who will guide you in completing the tasks and also provide
feedback to you for improving your performance. To achieve this, prepare a
timetable in consultation with your teacher or trainer and strictly adhere to the
stipulated norms or standards. Do not hesitate to ask your teacher or trainer to
explain anything that you do not understand.
Section 4: Assessment
The review questions included in this section will help you to check your
progress. You must be able to answer all the questions before you proceed to
the next session.

8
SESSION 1: WORKING WITH CALENDAR

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Time Management is the act of planning to stay organized that will result in increased
efficiency and productivity. Time management can be performed using simple
techniques such as a paper and pen; you can also use calendar software to plan your
time.

Calendaring software provides the user an electronic version of a calendar. It is a time

management tool, a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or
administrative purposes. Most email applications include support for working with
Calendar; you can also use online calendar such as Google Calendar however this
requires internet connectivity.

In this exercise, you will learn to work with a calendar application. In these exercises,
you will be practicing on Outlook Calendar. At the end of the sessions, you can easily
navigate on any other calendar software as the features are almost the same. To learn
about Google calendar you can explore the site
http://services.google.com/apps/resources/overviews_breeze/Calendar/index.html.

Start the email program by:

Click Start > Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft Outlook.

Click Calendar located at the bottom left corner (figure below).

A window similar to the one below appears.

9
You can create appointments and schedule day-to-day activities using calendar. The
application provides three views:

 Day
 Week
 Month

For example, to schedule an activity for a particular time in the day, choose Day view.
The default view is by “Day”.

You can select either the Show work week (Monday to Friday) or Show full week
(Sunday to Saturday) to view the appropriate days in the week by selecting one of the
given options.

Selecting the Month view shows calendar for a month. You can plan your monthly
schedule here. Any appointments/meetings/commitments previously set in the
day/week view will also be reflected here.

You can switch over to a specific date in the calendar by selecting the date in the data
navigator.

10
You can set the options for the calendar by selecting Tools > Options. A dialog box
appears as shown below.

Click on Calendar Options… and a dialog box appears as shown below.

You can make changes to the calendar by using appropriate options in the dialog box.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Try each of the options in the Calendar Options dialog box and
observe the changes. Make a note of all changes in your notebook.

11
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _________________ is the act of planning to stay organized that will

result in increased efficiency and productivity.

2. A _____________ software provides the user an electronic version of a

calendar.

3. The three view supported by a calendaring software are ________ ,

_______ & ______.

12
SESSION 2: SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can create appointments using the calendar. For example, you can create an
appointment for visiting a dentist.

In this exercise, you will learn to schedule an appointment.

You can schedule an appointment in two ways:

1. Using menu bar.

2. Using calendar view.

Go to File > New > Appointment, a window similar to the one below will be displayed.

Subject of the
appointment

Location of the appointment

Once you have created an appointment, click the Save & Close option for the calendar
to store this information. The details will be reflected in the calendar.

13
Calendar software prompts you with an alert based on entries scheduled in the
calendar.

You can create appointments on a daily, weekly, monthly or yearly basis. You can
create recurring appointments, for example, you create your breakfast schedule
everyday between 7:30 to 8:00 AM. To do so, right-click on the calendar and click New
Recurring Appointment.

14
An Appointment Recurrence window appears. You can specify the appointment time,
recurrence pattern and the range of recurrence here.

Enter a recurring event, select multiple days and click OK.

Recurring appointments appear on the calendar as a daily activity as displayed below.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Schedule a onetime and a recurring appointment
2. Create appointments for the following items:
1. Daily class schedule.
2. Exam schedule.
3. Exam preparation schedule.

15
 4. Visit to Circus (One time activity).
5. Parent / Teacher Meeting (Monthly activity).
6. Visit to a book store (One time activity).
7. Vaccine Schedule (Yearly activity).
Save the appointments, you will use them in the next exercise.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. The two ways to schedule an appointment are:

____________________________ & _____________.
2. Calendar software prompts with an __________ based on entries
scheduled in the calendar.
3. _______________ appointments can be used for scheduling repetitive
tasks.

16
SESSION 3: CATEGORIZE AN APPOINTMENT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can categorize the appointments in time management software by giving the
specific colors to the appointments. For example, you can use green color for all
school related activities and blue for all personal activities. Using Calendar you can
name colors (and change the names when you want to). You use colors to make
specific entries stand out at a glance and catch your eye. In this exercise, you will
learn to categorize appointments.

You can either categorize the appointments at the time of creation of the appointment
or categorize after creating the appointment.

To use a category while creating an appointment, select a color from the Categorize
dropdown list (figure above). To apply category for an existing appointment, double-
click on the appointment and select a color from the Categorize dropdown list.

You can name all the categories. A sample has been shown below:

17
EXERCISE

Perform the following activity till you are confident:

S.No. Activity
1. Create appointments with different categories and apply categories to
existing appointments created in the previous exercise. Also, try to rename
a named category and to remove a category you have created.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. You can categorize appointments in time management software by giving

specific __________ to appointments.

2. Some of the categories in the time management software are:

a) ____________________________

b) ____________________________

c) ____________________________

d) ____________________________

e) ____________________________

f) ____________________________

18
SESSION 4: SHARE A CALENDAR

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can also share your calendar with someone else by sending the calendar to the
concerned person’s email id. The question that comes to the mind is why should I?
Sharing your calendar helps to share various segments of your time-centric life with
your spouse, family, and others. You are able to receive time-centric news and
updates from trusted providers. Calendar sharing is the last frontier for true
collaboration and social networking. Moreover, you can create calendar folders and
choose specific folders to share. For example, you can create a calendar folder for a
particular project and share it with your co-workers. You can also grant them
permission to modify the events and appointments in the calendar.

In this exercise, you will learn to share a copy of your calendar in an email message
using email server. The calendar will be uploaded to the mail server and can be
accessed by others using their email id.

Click on Publish My Calendar… option available in the Navigation Pane of the

Calendar as shown below.

Note: In order to upload your calendar to the mail server, you must have an email
account in Microsoft Mailing service. Click Sign in, to login with your account, if you
having one; otherwise create an email account by selecting click here to sign up for a
free account available in the window. Enter your email ID and password and click Sign
in. The following window appears:

19
Click Finish to publish the calendar on the mail server. The following dialog box
appears:

Select the time span in the calendar to be shared by selecting the drop down values.
You can configure what details are to be shared with others using the Detail list and
Permissions options. After specifying necessary details, click OK. The following dialog
box appears as shown below.

You are asked to enter your email account details to publish the calendar.

Once you enter all the details, click OK. Once you click OK the following message box
appears.

20
To send the invitation, click Yes. The Calendar - Share window appears.

Enter the email accounts to whom you would like to share the calendar with and click
Send and the invitation will be sent to their email accounts.

When others sign in into their mail accounts, the following message will be displayed
to the recipients.

To view the shared calendar, the recipients have to click on Subscribe to this
Calendar option available at the top of the message. The following dialog box
appears:

21
Click Yes to subscribe to the shared calendar. Once you click Yes, the recipients will
be displayed with a window similar to the one below to enter their account details.

Once the authentication is complete, the calendar will be downloaded and made
available on their calendar program.

Now other users can view your calendar.

You can also send a copy of your calendar to other users as a standard email message.
The calendar will be displayed as an attachment to the recipients in the email. To do
so, click on Send a Calendar via E-mail option available in the Navigation Pane of the
Calendar as shown below.

The Send a Calendar via E-mail dialog box appears.

22
You can send either the entire calendar or particular week or day in the calendar by
selecting the appropriate option and click OK.

You can specify the address of the user to whom you want to share the calendar and
click Send to send the calendar to the person.

23
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Share the calendar you have created in the previous sessions with
your classmates using both the methods you have learnt in this
exercise.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _____________ your calendar helps to share various segments of your

time-centric life with your spouse, family, and others.

2. _____________ is the last frontier for true collaboration and social

networking.

3. To share a calendar you have to select __________________ option

available in the Navigation Pane.

24
SESSION 5: PRINT A CALENDAR

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

You can print the calendar and keep it for reference. This might be useful in situations
when you don’t have access to a computer. In this exercise, you will learn to print a
calendar.

Go to File > Print, the Print dialog box appears.

Select the range of the calendar by specifying the dates that you need to be printed
and click OK.

Now try printing using different styles (Daily, Weekly, and Monthly) available in the
Print style box (figure above).

To print the details of private appointments, uncheck the Hide details of private
appointments check box.

To print non-adjacent days, change to Week or Month view and then select the days
you want to print, and then click File > Print.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1.
Print a calendar using options in the print dialogue box. You may opt for
either the daily, monthly or weekly style as per your choice.

25
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Print option is available under ___________ menu.

2. To print the details of private appointments you have to uncheck

______________________ checkbox.

26
SESSION 6: CREATING A MEETING REQUEST

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A meeting is an appointment to which you invite people or reserve resources for

(meeting hall, equipment etc.). You can create and send meeting requests and reserve
resources for face-to-face meetings or for online meetings. To create a meeting, you
identify the people to be invited, the resources to be reserved and pick a meeting
time. Responses to your meeting request appear in your Inbox. You can also add
people to an existing meeting or reschedule a meeting if the schedule is not
convenient. In this exercise, you will learn to create a meeting request. You can
schedule a meeting request using email application software.

Go to File > New > Meeting Request, the following window will be displayed:

You can send the meeting details to another user by setting the Subject, Location and
Timings of the meeting in the window shown above.

Click Send.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1.
Create meeting request for the following items:

1. School Annual Day function discussion.

2. Blood donation camp discussion

27
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. A __________ is an appointment to which you invite people or reserve

resources.
2. You can specify ________, _________ & ______ while sending a meeting
request.

28
SESSION 7: RESPOND TO A MEETING REQUEST

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Calendar software allows the user to respond to other users meeting requests. In this
exercise, you will learn to respond to a meeting request.

Open the email application to view the request. To respond, select Accept,
Tentative, Decline or Propose New Time options (figure below)

As a meeting attendee, you can propose an alternative meeting time. However, the
meeting organizer must accept the new time. Meeting organizers can send meeting
requests that restrict the ability to propose alternate meeting times. If the meeting
organizer has restricted meeting proposals, the Propose New Time command is not
available. By default, when you propose a new time, you tentatively accept the
meeting. However, if you click the text Propose New Time, you have the additional
options to click Tentative and Propose New Time or Decline and Propose New
Time.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1.
Respond to the meeting requests sent by one of your classmates using
mentioned procedure you have learnt today.

2. Respond to requests from other classmates using options such as Accept,

29
 Tentative, etc. and observe the results sent to your mail.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Calendar software allows the user to _________ to other users meeting

requests.
2. Responses to your meeting request appear in your ____________.
3. Some of the response options for meeting request are
__________,____________,___________ & ________________ .
4. You have received a meeting request for which the schedule is not convenient
to you; however you would like to reschedule this meeting. Which option should
be used when responding to this meeting request? ________________

30
SESSION 8: CREATE AND EDIT A TASK

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Tasks refers to actions that can be performed by an user; tasks may include action
items such as booking a conference room, booking tickets, reminder for a task
completion itself, etc. In this exercise, you will learn to create and edit a task.

You can create tasks in email calendar application software.

Go to File > New > Task, a Task window will be displayed as shown below.

Here you can define a subject name for the task; the start date and end date of the
task; the status of the task and the priority of the task. Once you have given the entire
details click Save & Close at the top of the page. A window is displayed as shown
below.

You can also the edit the task by double clicking the task name available in the email
application software.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a new task
2. Edit an existing task

31
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _______ refers to actions that can be performed by a user.

2. While creating a task you can define_______________ , ____________,
______________, _______________ & _________________ of a task.

32
SESSION 9: CREATE AND EDIT A NOTE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Notes are short text messages that can be used for taking quick notes. You can create
notes in the calendar software. In this exercise, you will learn to create and edit a
note.

Go to File > New > Note, a window will be displayed as shown below.

You can type the content of the note and click the icon. Once you click the
icon, a dropdown list appears as shown below.

To view the notes that you have created, click Notes in the calendar application. If
you would like to edit the note, double-click on it and edit as required.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a note
2. Edit a note
3. Create note for the following items:
1. Grocery list.
2. Books to buy list.

33
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. __________ are short text messages that can be used for taking quick notes.

2. To view the list of notes you select the ___________ option in the Calendar

application.

34
SESSION 10: CREATE AND EDIT A JOURNAL ENTRY

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Journal entry creates a timeline of transactions that can be linked to a contact. A

transaction might be an email, task, appointment etc. The following activities can be
automatically recorded:

 Emails Sent & Received

 Telephone calls
 Meeting requests & responses
 Office documents you manage

By automatically recording all documents you work on, email sent to specific contacts,
and phone calls made, the journal logs all your activity. This is very useful when you
needs to know how long you worked on a document or spent on a phone call because
the journal tracks the elapsed time along with the event; or when a manager might
want to know the number of calls made or email sent by the team members or track
the number of documents created per hour.

In this exercise, you will learn to work with journal entries.

If you would like to track the usage of an application such as Microsoft Word, go to
Tools > Options, a dialog box will be displayed as shown below.

Click on Journal Options button.

Once you click the button, a dialog box will be displayed as shown below.

35
Check Microsoft Word under Also record files from Section and Click Ok. Close the
time management software.

Now open the word processing software, create a document and save it. Close the
Word Processing software. Open the time management software.

Select Go > Journals.

Following window will be displayed:

Notice the document that you created earlier is listed. You can edit the journal entry
by double-clicking the entry or by right-clicking the entry and selecting Open Journal
Entry.

36
A window similar to the one below will be displayed:

Notice the following items that are displayed:

 Document file name and path

 Created time and date
 Duration (Amount of time spent on that document)
 Shortcut to the document itself! (Double-clicking the shortcut will open the
document)

Similarly if you would like to track emails send to your contacts, Go to Tools >
Options. Click on Journal Options button.

37
Under For these contacts: section, select the contacts that you wish to track by
placing a check against each contact. Click OK.

Note: The contacts added in the calendar application will be visible here.

Now send mail to the contacts (selected in the previous step). Once you have
completed sending the mails, Click Go > Journals. A window similar to the one will be
displayed.

Notice the mail entries (sent & received) displayed. Right-click on the entry and select
Open Journal Entry.

38
Notice the following items that are displayed:

 Mail Subject
 Timestamp (time and date)
 Shortcut to the mail itself! (Double-clicking the shortcut will open the mail)

Now that you have learnt to work with Journal, work with different other options such
as task requests, meeting requests, etc. and observe the tracking in the time
management software.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a new journal entry
2. Edit an existing journal entry

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. _______________ creates a timeline of transactions that can be linked to a

contact.
2. __________________, __________________, ________________,
______________ are some of the items that can be automatically recorded by
the Calendar Software.

39
 Information Technology
NVEQ Level 2 Class X
IT207-NQ2012-Database Development (Basic)
Student s Handbook

1
© Central Board of Secondary Education

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the

Copyright Act, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication
to the public are prohibited without prior written permission.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ....................................................................... 5

Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

About Your Workbook………………………………………………………………………………………..8

SESSION 1: Database Concepts ................................................................... 9

SESSION 2: Data Storage .......................................................................... 13

SESSION 3: Manipulating Data .................................................................... 19

SESSION 4: Creating a Database Object ........................................................ 21

SESSION 5: Creating a Table ..................................................................... 25

SESSION 6: Building Forms ....................................................................... 29

SESSION 7: Create and Manage Queries........................................................ 35

SESSION 8: Design Reports ....................................................................... 41

4
 Preface

The National Curriculum Framework, 2005, recommends that children’s life at

school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle makes a
departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our
system and causes a gap between the school, home, community and the
workplace.

The student workbook on “Database Development (Basic)” is a part of the

qualification package developed for the implementation of National Vocational
Education Qualification Framework (NVEQF), an initiative of Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India to set common principles
and guidelines for a nationally recognized qualification system covering
Schools, Vocational Education and Training Institutions, Technical Education
Institutions, Colleges and Universities. It is envisaged that the NVEQF will
promote transparency of qualifications, cross-sectoral learning, student-
centred learning and facilitate learner’s mobility between different
qualifications, thus encouraging lifelong learning.

This student workbook, which forms a part of vocational qualification package

for student’s who have passed Class IX or equivalent examination, was created
by a group of experts. The IT-ITeS Skill Development Council approved by the
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) for the IT/ITeS Industry
developed the National Occupation Standards (NOS). The National Occupation
Standards are a set of competency standards and guidelines endorsed by the
representatives of IT Industry for recognizing and assessing skills and knowledge
needed to perform effectively in the workplace.

The Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education

(PSSCIVE), a constituent of National Council of Educational Research and
Training (NCERT) in association with Wadhwani Foundation has developed
modular curricula and learning materials (Units) for the vocational qualification
package in IT/ITes sector for NVEQ levels 1 to 4; level 1 is equivalent to Class
IX. Based on NOS, occupation related core competencies (knowledge, skills, and
abilities) were identified for development of curricula and learning modules
(Units).

This student workbook attempts to discourage rote learning and to bring about
necessary flexibility in offering of courses, necessary for breaking the sharp
boundaries between different subject areas. The workbook attempts to
enhance these endeavours by giving higher priority and space to opportunities
for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups and activities
requiring hands-on-experience. We hope these measures will take us

6
significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education
outlined in the National Policy of Education (1986). The success of this effort
depends on the steps that school Principals and Teachers will take to encourage
children to reflect their own learning and to pursue imaginative and on-the-job
activities and questions. Participation of learners in skill development exercises
and inculcation of values and creativity is possible if we involve children as
participants in learning, and not as receiver of information. These aims imply
considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in
the daily time-table would be a necessity to maintain the rigour in
implementing the activities and the required number of teaching days will have
to be increased for teaching and training.

7
SESSION 1: DATABASE CONCEPTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A database is an organized collection of data. You can visualize it as a container of

information. The data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality (for
example, the availability of rooms in hotels), in a way that supports processes requiring
this information (for example, finding a hotel with vacancies).

Suppose if you own a stationary shop, you need to keep detailed records of the materials
available in your shop. You also need to store information about pricing, stock levels for
reordering, old stocks, etc. While in the manual system, you would maintain several files
with different bits of information; in the computerized system you would use database
programs such as Microsoft Access, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL, to organize the
data as per your business need.

The database concept has evolved since the 1960s to ease increasing difficulties in
designing, building, and maintaining complex information systems (typically with many
concurrent end-users, and with a large amount of diverse data).

In this lesson, you will learn database concepts and to work with a Database
Management System (DBMS).

Database Management System

A database management system is a software package with computer programs that

controls the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to
conveniently develop databases for various applications. A database is an integrated
collection of data records, files, and other objects. A DBMS allows different user
application programs to concurrently access the same database.

Well known DBMSs include Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access,
PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro, and SQLite.

Data can be organized into two types:

 Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
 Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a
common field. Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers

Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only
the DBMS and related software. Typically databases available on the database servers
are accessed through command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Front-
ends; database servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is
referred to as a client-server model.

9
RDBMS

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system

that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose
Research Laboratory. Most popular databases currently in use are based on the
relational database model.

The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order
predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd. In the relational
model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A
database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.

The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data
and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what
information they want from it, and let the database management system software take
care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for
answering queries.

Database Concepts

Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing information. To
understand a database in very simple language, let’s look at the example of your
address book. What do you store in an address book? You may have people’s name,
people’s address, people’s phone number and maybe even people’s birthdays. There is
a common element here – people. In this example, each person is considered an “item”.
So, an item is what the database is storing information about. When you were recording
information in your address book, what did you ask the people? What is your address?
What is your phone number? etc. Each question that we ask about our item is a “field”.
Now, say you make new friends and want to add their information to your address book.
You will ask questions, get the answers and create a new “record”. So a record is a set
of information (made up of fields) stored in your database about one of the items. A
“value” is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while adding
information to your database. When you put all the information together in a grid (like you
do in a spreadsheet), a collection of similar records creates a table.

A database can have one or many tables. An address book example is a very simple
one, in real life there are many more details involved. A big company would have in its
database, one table for its products, one table for its suppliers, one table for its customer
details, one for orders received and maybe many others. Basically each table in a
database contains information about one type of item. So a database is basically a
container that holds tables and other objects and manages how they can be used.

Another very important thing to remember is that when we put in information, we may
have people with the same name (there can be more than one Charu Arora) or the same
address (members of a family). But when creating a database an important feature is
record uniqueness in every table. It is important to be able to distinguish between
different items having duplicate values.

Uniqueness helps to avoid accidental duplication of records caused by user or computer

error. This can be achieved by using some number or value that uniquely identifies a

10
record. If such a unique value does not exist in your fields, as the database designer,
you can create a special additional field in a table where unique numbers or values can
be assigned for each new entry. Therefore, every table has a key field which ensures
that there are 100% unique values throughout the database.

Every database table should have one or more fields designated as key. You can assign
a unique value to this key for differentiating records that may have similar names or
address. Look at the following example of student database:

Name Standard Section

Ram X A
Ravi X A
Ravi X A
Sanjay X B

In this table, it will be extremely difficult to differentiate between student records as they
have names that are similar. To differentiate, you can add additional field - roll number -
that will be unique for each record (example below).

Rollno Name Standard Section

19 Ram X A
20 Ravi X A
21 Ravi X A
22 Sanjay X B

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Analyze database requirements for a retail shop. Record the business
requirements and document. (You can use this information for
creating a database to suit this business requirement)
2. Analyze database requirement for your school; visit different
departments such as library, student admission centre, to gather
requirements. Document the business requirement. (You can use this
information for creating a database to suit this requirement

ASSESSMENT

Short Answer Questions

1. What does DBMS stands for?

2. What does RDBMS stands for?
3. How is data organized in a RDBMS?

11
Fill in the blanks:

1. A __________ is an organized collection of data.

2. A ________________ is a software package that can be used for creating and
managing databases.
3. A __________________________ is a database management system that is
based on the relational model.
4. Three popular DBMS software are ________________, ___________________, &
_________________________.

12
SESSION 2: DATA STORAGE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Data in a relational database management system (RDBMS) is organized in the form of

tables. You will now quickly recap what you learnt in the last session and assimilate
more concepts.

Tables:

A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical
columns (which are identified by their name) and horizontal rows. A table has a defined
number of columns, but can have any number of rows. Each row is identified by the
values appearing in a particular column identified as a unique key index or the key field.

Columns or Fields:

A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table.
The columns provide the structure according to which the rows are composed. For
example, cFirstName, or cLastName are fields in a row.

Rows or Records or Tuples:

A row also called a record or tuple represents a single, data item in a table. In simple
terms, a database table can be visualized as consisting of rows and columns or fields.
Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the
same structure.

Data types:

Datatypes are used to identify which type of data (value) we are going to store in the
database. Fields themselves can be of different types depending on the data they
contain. Data types in OpenOffice base is broadly classified into five categories listed
below.

 Numeric Types
 Alphanumeric Types
 Binary Types
 Date time
 Other Variable types

Numeric Types:

Numeric data types are used for describing numeric values for the field used in the table
of a database. Numeric data types in a database can be using for storing information
such as mobile number, roll number, door number, year of school admission, true or
false statements, statistical values, etc. The different types of numeric data types
available are listed here.

13
 Name Data type Description

Values as 0 or 1. Example: True or

BOOLEAN yes / no
False, Yes or No.

TINYINT tiny integer Store integer range between 0 to 255

Store integer range between -215 to

SMALLINT small integer
+215-1

Store integer range between -231 to

INTEGER Integer
+231-1

BIGINT big integer Range between -263 to +263-1

NUMERIC Number Maximum precision of e(+/-)231

Maximum precision of
DECIMAL Decimal
e(+/-)231

REAL real 2-1074 to (2-2-52)* 21023

FLOAT float 2-1074 to (2-2-52)* 21023

DOUBLE double 2-1074 to (2-2-52)* 21023

Alphanumeric Types:

Name Data type Description

Stores up to the max length or number

LONGVARCHAR memo indicated by user. It accepts any UTF 8
Character.

14
 Name Data type Description

Stores exactly the length specified by user.

CHAR text (fix) Pads with trailing spaces for shorter strings.
Accepts any UTF 8 Character.

Stores up to the specified length. No

VARCHAR text
padding (Same as long var char)

Stores up the specified length. Comparisons

VARCHAR_IGNORE
text are not case sensitive but stores capitals as
CASE
you type them.

Binary Types:

Binary data types are used for storing data in binary formats. Binary data types in a
database can be using for storing photos, music files, etc. In general, files of any format
can be stored using the binary data type. The different types of binary data types
available are listed here.

Name Data type Description

Stores any array of bytes (images, sounds,

LONGVARBINARY image
etc.). No validation required.

Stores any array of bytes. No validation

BINARY binary (fix)
required.

Stores any array of bytes. No validation

VARBINARY binary
required.

Date time:

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in
the table of a database. Date time data types in a database can be using for storing
information such as date of birth, date of admission, date of product sale, etc. The
different types of date time data types available are listed here.

15
 Name Description Format

Date Stores month, day and year information 1/1/99 to 1/1/9999

Time Stores hour, minute and second info Seconds since 1/1/1970

Timestamp Stores date and time information

Other datatypes:

Name Description

Stores serialized Java objects – user application must supply

Other/Object
serialization routines

You had used the example of an address book in the previous lesson. An address book
uses only one table. But look at a different situation. If you are a dealer selling a single
type of item and want to record details of your sales in the past month and also want the
details of the client who purchased the item ( name, address, phone, date purchased,
number of items bought etc), what would you do?. You create a table Sales with all the
details:

OrderID Customer Customer Phone SaleDate #ItemsBought

Name Address
000789 Sheela Arora xxxxxxNoida 2444490 01/11/12 3
000790 Vaibhav Mittal xxxxGhaziabad 2443358 01/11/12 4
000791 Saurabh Tayal xxxxNew Delhi 2678945 02/11/12 12
000792 Vaibhav Mitttal xxxxGhaziabad 2443258 02/11/12 23
000793 Prashant Singh xxxxRohtak 6784534 02/11/12 4
000794 Shila Arora xxxxxxNoida 2444490 03/11/12 18
000795 Vaibhav Mittal xxxxGhazibad 2443258 03/11/12 45

Do you see a problem here? Every time you sell an item to Sheela or Vaibhav or any
other customer (client) you need to store the details again. So, what is the solution?
Create one table for client details and another for sale details. Since each record has to
be unique, you can insert a ClientID field to uniquely identify each client in the client
table. In the Sales table, you would give a point of reference which “points” to a particular
record in the Client table.

16
 Client Table

ClientID Name Address Phone

0000001 Sheela Arora xxxxxxNoida 2444490
0000002 Vaibhav Mittal xxxxGhaziabad 2443358
0000003 Saurabh Tayal xxxxNew Delhi 2678945
0000004 Prashant Singh xxxxRohtak 6784534
Primary Key

One client, three orders for that

client.
Sales Table

OrderID ClientID SaleDate #ItemsBought

000789 0000001 01/11/12 3
000790 0000002 01/11/12 4
000791 0000003 02/11/12 12
000792 0000002 02/11/12 23
000793 0000004 02/11/12 4
000794 0000001 03/11/12 18
000795 0000002 03/11/12 45
Primary Key

In the example here, the field ClientID occurs once in the Client table, but since one
client can place many orders, it occurs a number of times in the Sales table. . Since we
cannot have an order without a customer, we call Client the parent and Sales the child
table. Related tables like these share a common field. You store data about people once,
but refer to those people many times in the database.

This unique field is called the primary key (PK). A primary key is a unique value that
identifies a row in a table. In our example, ClientID is the primary key in the Client table.
Primary Keys are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to
search for a record.

The referred field ClientID which occurs in the Sales table is called the foreign key (FK).
Hence, the foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing) table
that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table. The “one” side of
a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK attributes to be copied. The “many”
side of a relation is always the child, into which the FK attributes are copied. Memorize it:
one, parent, PK; many, child, FK.

Another point to remember is that the end users will/may never have direct access to the
database. They can only see what you permit them to and can select only from the
options you give them.

17
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a database for a stationery shop.
Hint : Create fields for items, price, color, vendor, etc.

ASSESSMENT

Short Answer Questions

1. List the data types used in a DBMS /RDBMS?

2. State the relationship and difference between a primary and foreign key?
3. List datatypes available in Numeric Datatype.
4. List datatypes available in Alphaumeric Datatype.
5. List datatypes available in Numeric Datatype.
6. List datatypes available in Data Datatype.
7.

Fill in the blanks:

1. A ___________ is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of
vertical columns and horizontal rows.
2. A _________ is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each
row of the table.
3. A ___________ represents a single, data item in a table.
4. _____________ are used to identify which type of data we are going to store in
the database.
5. A ____________ is a unique value that identifies a row in a table.

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SESSION 3: MANIPULATING DATA

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

In a database you can define the structure of the data and manipulate the data using
some commands. There are two types of languages for this task. These are:

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Definition Language (DDL)

A data definition language or data description language (DDL) is a standard for

commands that define the different structures in a database. DDL statements create,
modify, and remove database objects such as tables, indexes, and users. Common DDL
statements are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

A data manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access and
manipulate data in a database. The goal is to provide efficient human interaction with the
system. Data manipulation involves:

 Retrieval of information from the database- SELECT statement

 Insertion of new information into the database - INSERT statement
 Deletion of information in the database - DELETE statement
 Modification of information in the database - UPDATE statement

A query language is a part of DML involving information retrieval only. The terms DML
and query language are often used synonymously.

A popular data manipulation language is Structured Query Language (SQL). This is used
to retrieve and manipulate data in a relational database. Other forms of DML are those
used by IMS/DLI, CODASYL databases, such as IDMS and others. Data manipulation
language comprises the SQL data change statements, which modify stored data but not
the schema or database objects.

There are two types of DML:

 procedural: the user specifies what data is needed and how to get it
 nonprocedural: the user only specifies what data is needed. This is easier for the
user but may not generate code as efficient as that produced by procedural
languages.

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ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. Types of languages used for creating and manipulating the data in the
Database are ___________________ & ________________.
2. A ____________________ is a standard for commands that define the
different structures in a database.
3. A ______________ is a language that enables users to access and
manipulate data in a database.
4. A _____________ is a part of DML involving information retrieval only.
5. A popular data manipulation language is _________________.
6. Common DDL statements are _________, ___________ and __________ .

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SESSION 4: CREATING A DATABASE OBJECT

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

There are a variety of DBMS/RDBMS available; in this exercise, you will learn about
OpenOffice Base an Open Source RDBMS.

LaunchingOpenoffice

 To launch OpenOffice, click Start>Programs>OpenOffice.org

3.4.1>OpenOffice.org. Alternatively, you can also double-click on the
OpenOffice.org 3.4.1 shortcut on the desktop if available. You should see a
Window similar to the one displayed below

Select the option database to launch the base application.

You can also directly launch the OpenOffice Base Application by doing the following:

 Click Start>Programs>OpenOffice.org 3.4.1>OpenOffice.org Base. You

should are guided through the Database Wizard for creating a database. You will
see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

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You can create a new database by selecting the option Create a new database.

You can also open an existing database file that you have already created by selecting
the option Open an existing database file.

Click Next. A dialog box similar to the one displayed below appears.

Click Finish. The Save As dialog box appears as shown below.

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Specify a name for the database in the File name: field and click Save. A window similar
to the one displayed below.

Now that you have created a database, you can work with the database as outlined in
the next few sessions.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a database

23
ASSESSMENT

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the file extension for databases created using OpenOffice.Org Base?
2. List any three file formats that can be managed using OpenOffice.Org Base?

24
SESSION 5: CREATING A TABLE

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Tables are the basic building blocks of a database. You store the data in the database in
the form of tables. In the previous exercise you have learnt how to create database
objects in OpenOffice.

In this exercise you will learn how to create a table in a database.

After creating the database, you see a window as shown below.

Click on Create Table in Design View… option available under Tasks and a Table
Design window appears as shown below.

Specify the field name and data type of the field to be created by selecting the
appropriate type available under Field type dropdown list.

Now create a table with the following fields displayed below:

Specify the field name and the data type for each field name. For example, the table
contains Name field and the data type of the Name is TEXT [VARCHAR]. You can
specify the length of the field value.

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Field Name Data type Length
Name VARCHAR 50
Rollno TINYINT 3
DOB Date DD/MM/YY
Class Char 1
Phone INTEGER 10
Email VARCHAR 75
Color VARCHAR 15
Location VARCHAR 30

After specifying the field name and data type for the field variables, save the table by
clicking on File>Save shown below.

Specify the table name. The default name is Table1. Click OK.

A dialog box appears, similar to the one displayed below.

You are asked to set a primary key for the table you just created. You can select the
appropriate option to set the primary key or leave the table without a primary key.

If you click Yes, the application will set the primary key for the first field created
automatically. If you click No, you should see a window similar to the one displayed
below.

26
Notice the table by the name SDetails created and visible under Tables section.

Create the following records:

To insert values into the table, just double-click the table name, you should see a window
similar to the one displayed below.

Start typing the records in the table with the data provided in the excel sheet and select
File > Savecurrent record to save data in the table.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a table and enter data in it
2.
Create a database to store your academic records using the guidelines below:

 Use your roll number as the file name for your database.
 Create fields such as subject name, required score, passing score and

27
 your percentage.
 Set the subject name field as the primary key.

Populate your database with your most recent exam results.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. __________ are the basic building blocks of a database.

2. To design a table, you need to select __________ _______in _________ _______

option available under Task.

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SESSION 6: BUILDING FORMS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A form provides the user a systematic way of storing information into the database. It is
an interface in a user specified layout that lets users to view, enter, and change data
directly in database objects such as tables.

In this exercise, you will learn to create a form.

To create a form, Click on Forms option located under Database section (Figure below).

Click Use Wizard to Create Form… option under Tasks group. The Form Wizard dialog
box appears as shown below.

You can select selective fields to be sent onto the form by selecting the field name and
clicking > button. You can select individual fields in a database or all fields in a database.

To use all the fields in the table in a form, click the >> button.

Notice the fields displayed under Fields in the forms section (Figure below).

29
Click Next>. You see the Set up a sub form step dialog box of the wizard as shown
below.

You can select the option Add Subform if you need to insert the contents in the table in
a separate form. Click Next>.

Now you need to arrange selected fields in a form. You can use different styles from the
list displayed below:

Once you have selected a style, click Next >

A dialog box appears wherein you can select the data entry model.

30
Click Next >. You should see a dialog box wherein you can specify the styles to be used
in the form.

Click Next >. You see a dialog box where you can specify the name of the form. Click
Finish.

A form window appears. Notice that the records in the table are displayed automatically
within the form that you just created.

31
You can add new records to the table using the form by clicking the symbol located
at the bottom as shown below.

Once you click the symbol, you will be displayed with a window for creating records
(Figure below).

You have learnt to create records using design view in the earlier sessions. You can add
records using the form as displayed below. Type the following data in the textbox
provided in the box as shown below:

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 Name Gautam

Rollno 43

DOB 10/12/99

Class X

Phone 325476

Color Pink

Email gautam43@gmail.com

Location Assam

To view the saved records, Double-click SDetails (Table name) under Tables section. A
window similar to the one below will be displayed; notice the record that you created
using a form is also displayed along with other records (Figure below)

Now enter three more records using the form and view them using the above mentioned
procedure.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a form
2. Enter data in a table using a form
3. Create a form for the academic database created in the earlier session.
Populate the academic database with mark results using the form.

33
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. A _______ helps the user to systematically store information in the database.

2. A ________ enables users to view, enter, and change data directly in database

objects such as tables.

3. To create a form you need to select _________ option available under Database

section.

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SESSION 7: CREATE AND MANAGE QUERIES

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

Having created the tables and entering data into them, now you want to extract some
information. That’s when you query the database. As the name suggests, query is to
collect specific information from the pool of data. A query helps us join information from
different tables and filter that information. Filtering means that the query uses criteria you
provide it to hide some data and present only what you want to see.

Some RDBMS provide a graphical means to create queries, but most RDBMS do not do
so. That’s where you use SQL (pronounced as “sequel”) or Structured Query Language.
Query languages are computer languages used to make queries into databases and
information systems. Queries are commands that are used to define the data structure
and also to manipulate the data in the database.

A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or
database views. In most applications, SELECT is the most commonly used Data
Manipulation Language (DML) command.

The SELECT statement has many optional clauses:

 WHERE specifies which rows to retrieve.

 ORDER BY specifies an order in which to return the rows.

To retrieve all the columns in a table the syntax is:SELECT * FROM TABLENAME;

In order to execute queries click on the Queries option available on the left side under
database section, click Create Query in SQL View as shown below.

A window appears similar to the one displayed below.

35
You can type the query in the above window and execute it by using the F5 function key

or by clicking the icon in the window.

For example, if you want to display all the data in the table that you created in the early
session, then the select statement will be: select * from SDetails;

After executing the select query the output will be shown similar to the one displayed
below.

To get details about the list of students whose favorite color is blue, you can use:

select * from SDetails where Color='Blue'.

After executing the select query the output will be shown similar to the one displayed
below.

To view records in ascending order of RollNo, from the table the select statement will be:

36
select * from "SDetails" order by "Rollno" ASC;

You can add, modify or delete records using the Insert, Update and Delete commands.

To type and execute SQL commands, click on Tools > SQL. A window similar to the one
below will be displayed.

You can type the SQL Commands in the Command to execute space and click on
Execute.

INSERT statement

INSERT statement is used to add one or more records to a database. The general
syntax of the insert statement is shown below.

INSERT INTO table (column1, column2, column3 ...) VALUES (value1, value2,
value3 ...)

To add a record in the database created earlier, type the following and click Execute.

insert into "SDetails" ("ID", "Name", "Rollno", "DOB", "Class" , "Phone", "Email",
"Color", "Location") values ('8', ' Ranjith Singh',' 67' , '12-03-99','X' , '435363' , '
ranjth99@gmail.com' , 'White', 'Bihar');

After inserting the data into the table, use select query to view the updated table. After
execution you should see a window similar to the one displayed below.

37
UPDATE statement

Update statement is used for modifying records in a database. The general syntax of the
update statement is as follows:

UPDATE table_name SET column_name = value [, column_name = value ...]

[WHERE condition]

To update a record using update statement, type the following and click Execute.

update "SDetails” set "Location"='Bhubaneswar' where "Rollno"=14;

Execute select query to view the updated table. After execution you should see a window
similar to the one displayed below.

DELETE statement

Delete Statement is used to remove one or more records in a database. The general
syntax of the delete statement is as follows:

DELETE FROM “table_name” [WHERE] condition;

To delete one of the records in the table created earlier using delete statement, type the
following and click Execute:

delete from "SDetails" where ID=8;

38
Execute select query to view the updated table. After execution you should see a window
similar to the one displayed below.

Notice the record with the Roll No 8 is deleted from the database.

CREATE Statement

Create statement is used for creating a database or a table in any RDBMS Software. A
commonly used CREATE command is the CREATE TABLE command. The general
syntax of the create statement is shown below.

CREATE TABLE TABLENAME ([column definitions]) [table parameters]

Column definitions: A comma-separated list consisting of any of the following

Column definition: [column name] [data type] {NULL | NOT NULL} {column options}

Primary key definition: PRIMARY KEY ([comma separated column list])

For example, if you would like to create a table using the Create statement, type the
following and click Execute.

CREATE TABLE "Employee" ("ID" INTEGER," Name "VARCHAR (50),

"Department" VARCHAR (50),

"Address" VARCHAR (120),

"Contact Number" INTEGER);

Now create 5 records in the table and use the SQL statements to view, modify and
delete them.

39
EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Open the academic database created in the previous sessions.
2. Use the select query statement to query and sort on subjects marks scored
was greater than 50%.
3. Create a database for a school library.
Hint : Create fields for book title, cost, provider, availability, etc
4. Create a database for maintaining a song collection.
Hint : Create fields for fields such as artist, movie, year released, etc.
5. Create a database for collecting and maintaining census data.
Hint : Create fields for fields such as First Name, Last Name, DOB, Place of
birth, Employment Status, etc.

ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. A __________ is helps to collect specific information from the pool of

data in the database.
2. _________ statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more
database tables or database views.
3. __________ statement is used to add one or more records to a database.
4. __________ statement is used for modifying records in a database.
5. __________ statement is used to remove one or more records in a
database.
6. __________ statement is used for creating a database or a table in any
RDBMS Software.

40
SESSION 8: DESIGN REPORTS

RELEVANT KNOWLEDGE

A report is used to generate the overall work outcome in a clear format. You can also
create reports in database.

Click on Reports section under Database in the OpenOffice base application.

Once you select the option, you should see a window similar to the one displayed below.

Now we can generate the report for the table created earlier.

Click on Use Wizard to Create Report… option available under Tasks.

Once you select the Use Wizard to Create Report… option. You should see a window
similar to one displayed below.

You have to select all the table fields by selecting the >> button, once you click the
button >> you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

41
Click Next >.

Once you click Next>.you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

You can redefine the label of the fields in the reports or else you can set the default
name.

Click Next >.

Once you click Next >, you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

You can define grouping for the fields of the table.

42
Click Next >.

Once you click Next >, you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

You can sort the field variables in the report by selecting the appropriate field and sorting
method.

Click Next >.

Once you click Next >, you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

You can select the layout of the report by selecting the appropriate option available
under the Layout of data down list and you can also select the orientation of the report.

Click Next >.

Once you click Next >, you should see a dialog box similar to the one displayed below.

43
You can define a name for the report or you can use the name of the table itself for the
report also.

Click Finish.

Once you click Finish you should see a window similar to the one displayed below with
the report.

Now create a report containing only Name, RollNo and Phone details. Use different
layouts for the report design.

EXERCISE

Perform the following activities till you are confident:

S.No. Activities
1. Create a report to display data from table
2. Open the academic database created earlier.
3. Design a report to display your entire academic score card.

44
ASSESSMENT

Fill in the blanks:

1. A ____________ is used to generate the overall work outcome in a clear format.

2. To create reports you need to select ___________________ option available

under Tasks.

45