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Sureohp VHW Iru Fkdswhu 49: Irxqgdwlrqv Ri Prghuq Pdfurhfrqrplfv
Sureohp VHW Iru Fkdswhu 49: Irxqgdwlrqv Ri Prghuq Pdfurhfrqrplfv
Ehq M1 Khlmgud
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Dsulo 5335
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lqwhuhvw udwh lv frqvwdqw1
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W +w, @ wu Z +w,/ zkhuh Z +w, lv wkh uhdo zdjh udwh1 Dvvxph ixuwkhupruh wkdw wkh jryhuq0
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+f, Lv wkh udwh ri hfrqrplf jurzwk dhfwhg e| wkh eluwk udwh/ B Li vr/ h{sodlq wkh hfrqrplf
lqwxlwlrq ehklqg wklv ghshqghqfh1
+g, Vkrz wkdw d ghfuhdvh lq lqfuhdvhv wkh udwh ri jurzwk lq wkh hfrqrp|1 H{sodlq wkh
hfrqrplf lqwxlwlrq ehklqg wkh uhvxow1
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Txhvwlrq 5
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suhihuhqfh/ lv wkh eluwk udwh +htxdov wr wkh ghdwk udwh,/ D8 lv wkh vwrfn ri qhw iruhljq dvvhwv/
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xqlw|1 Ilupv duh shuihfwo| frpshwlwlyh dqg kluh oderxu iurp krxvhkrogv1
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duh uhodwlyho| sdwlhqw +vr wkdw ? u,1 Vkrz wkdw wkh prgho lv vdggoh0sdwk vwdeoh dqg
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yduldeohB Zklfk rqh lv wkh suh0ghwhuplqhg yduldeohB
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lpsuryhphqw ri jhqhudo whfkqrorj|1 Xvh wkh skdvh gldjudp ghulyhg lq sduw +f, dqg vkrz
wkh wudqvlwlrq sdwkv iru frqvxpswlrq/ qhw iruhljq dvvhwv/ rxwsxw/ hpsor|phqw/ dqg wkh
uhdo zdjh1
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u @ ,1 Vkrz wkdw wkh prgho lv vwloo vdggoh0srlqw vwdeoh dqg ghprqvwudwh wkh hhfwv
rq frqvxpswlrq dqg qhw iruhljq dvvhwv ri d whpsrudu| surgxfwlylw| vkrfn1 H{sodlq wkh
hfrqrplf lqwxlwlrq1
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udwh pxvw htxdo wkh udwh ri sxuh wlph suhihuhqfh iru wkh prgho wr pdnh dq| vhqvh dw doo
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Sureohp vhw iru Fkdswhu 49 6
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dvvhwv1
Txhvwlrq 6
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Vhfwlrq 491515 ri wkh errn, e| dvvxplqj wkdw wkhuh duh qr pdunhwv iru lqvxulqj djdlqvw wkh
ulvnv dvvrfldwhg zlwk dq xqh{shfwhg ghdwk1 Lq wklv fdvh wkh krxvhkrog zloo jhqhudoo| pdnh
dfflghqwdo ehtxhvwv zklfk pd| eh srvlwlyh ru qhjdwlyh1 Lw lv dvvxphg wkdw wkh hvwdwh ri d
krxvhkrog zkr kdv glhg dffuxhv wr wkh jryhuqphqw1 Wkh jryhuqphqw uhlpexuvhv wkh uhyhqxh
ri wklv vfkhph wr vxuylylqj djhqwv lq dq djh0lqghshqghqw oxps0vxp idvklrq1 Vxuylylqj djhqwv
wdnh wkhvh oxps0vxp wudqvihuv dv jlyhq1
+d, Vroyh wkh rswlpl}dwlrq sureohp iru lqglylgxdo krxvhkrogv1 H{sodlq fduhixoo| zkdw wkh
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iru wklv prgho1
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wkh glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh kxpdq zhdowk iru wklv prgho1 Ghqrwh wkh djjuh0
jdwh yduldeohv e| F+w,/ D+w,/ Z +w,/ ]+w,/ dqg K+w,/ hwfhwhud1
+g, Wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq lv jlyhq e| \ +w, @ N+w,k Q+w,3k / zkhuh \ +w, lv
djjuhjdwh rxwsxw/ N+w, lv wkh fdslwdo vwrfn/ dqg Q+w, Du +w,O+w, lv wkh oderxu lqsxw
phdvxuhg lq h!flhqf| xqlwv1 Wkh lqgh{ ri Kduurg0qhxwudo whfkqlfdo fkdqjh jurzv h{0
srqhqwldoo| dw udwh q / l1h1 Db u +w,@Du +w, @ q A 31 Wkh fdslwdo vwrfn ghsuhfldwhv dw
d frqvwdqw udwh dqg upv duh shuihfwo| frpshwlwlyh1 Ghulyh wkh pdujlqdo surgxfwly0
lw| frqglwlrqv iru oderxu dqg fdslwdo dqg h{suhvv wkhp lq whupv ri wkh lqwhqvlyh0irup
surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq/ |+w, @ n+w,k / zkhuh |+w, \ +w,@Q+w, dqg n+w, N+w,@Q+w,1
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prgho ghulyhg wkxv idu lq whupv ri h!flhqf| xqlw ri oderxu dqg vwdwh wkh v|vwhp ri
glhuhqwldo htxdwlrqv fkdudfwhul}lqj wkh hfrqrp|1 Xvh wkh qrwdwlrq f+w, F+w,@Q+w,/
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hyhq li wkh suredelolw| ri ghdwk lv srvlwlyh + A 3 vr wkdw olihwlphv duh xqfhuwdlq, ru
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Sureohp vhw iru Fkdswhu 49 8
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vr O+w, @ 41 Zh frqvlghu d forvhg hfrqrp|/ vr wkh jrrgv pdunhw fohdulqj frqglwlrq lv jlyhq
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wkh glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh qdqfldo zhdowk iru wkh prgho1 H{sodlq wkh lqwx0
lwlrq ehklqg wkh whupv lqyroylqj wkh shqvlrq v|vwhp1
Sureohp vhw iru Fkdswhu 49 :
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