Building The Capacity To Lead PDF

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
West Point, New York
W est Point is responsible for the development of leaders who, as

commissioned officers, are prepared for a career of profession-
al service to the Army. The Cadet Leader Development System
(CLDS), the framework we use to achieve West Point’s mission, represents a
transformational change in the culture of education at the Military Academy.
Philosophically, CLDS is influenced by the strategic environment into which
our graduates are launched, the social environment from which our students
are drawn, and higher educational accreditation standards and practices. As
such, leader development at West Point is an evolving system of planned and
integrated educational experiences, which both guide curriculum development
and structures mechanisms to assess the product of that system—the commis-
sioned officer.
BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD i
BUILDING
CAPACITY TO LEAD
THE WEST POINT SYSTEM FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT

WEST POINT, NEW YORK
• DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY •

ii BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD
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BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEST POINT’S LEADER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM v

MISSION OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY vi
MANAGING A SYSTEM FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT 1
OFFICERSHIP & PERSPECTIVE: OUR TARGETS FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT 9
FRAMING LEADER DEVELOPMENT 15
OUR LEARNING MODEL FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT 23
ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT 33
ASSESSING LEADER DEVELOPMENT 39
ARMY STRONG 42
iv BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD
BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD v
WEST POINT’S LEADER

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
est Point is theory of leader development is intentionally linked
W about lead-
er develop-
ment for the Army. The
curriculum in place at
to our educational and training activities to ensure our
cadets can apply their knowledge in real and practical
ways. Within this curricular context, CLDS provides
a framework for our system: standards based, indi-
West Point is intention- vidually focused, and developmental. CLDS provides
ally coordinated and clear guidance to the Staff, Faculty, and Corps of Ca-
integrated to achieve dets on their responsibilities in the execution of our
the overarching goal Leader Development System.
for our graduates: to be
commissioned officers CLDS guides our faculty in the implementation of
who are warrior-leaders West Point’s strategic concept for leader develop-
prepared for intellec- ment. Our vision for cadet leader development draws
tual, ethical, social, and from the Army’s needs and is consistent with stan-
physical demands across the broad spectrum of chal- dards in higher education.
lenges in professional military service.
CLDS has been developed by the Military Academy’s
Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001, faculty and staff, past and present, and stands as a
our national leaders called on the Army to take a lead- testament to their commitment and dedication to
ing role in several complex, long-term missions. The service and their steadfast development of cadets.
American commitments in Afghanistan and Iraq have
demonstrated in dramatic ways that officers at all lev- West Point is recognized for excellence throughout
els of responsibility must be prepared to confront di- the Nation and around the world. To remain the pre-
verse missions that range from conventional combat eminent leader development institution for the Army,
to counterinsurgency operations--from the political, we must ensure the institution grows and adapts to
economic, and security dimensions of postwar stabil- changes in the environment. Furthermore, we must
ity assistance to physical reconstruction efforts. grow as one holistic program of leader development
rather than as a set of independent programs. The
As the Army looks to the future, it must be prepared Cadet Leader Development System provides an inte-
to respond effectively to the diverse challenges likely grated system of experiences that prepare our gradu-
to accompany changes in the international environ- ates for the uncertainties of a changing world. It is
ment. Great power rivalries have not yet vanished as our means of ensuring that our graduates are smart,
security challenges in the international system; re- aware, capable leaders who can lead units at every
gional trouble spots will continue to demand Ameri- level of the Army to success; it is also our means of
can attention for the foreseeable future. There is also ensuring that West Point’s staff and faculty are unified
the problem of failing and failed states worldwide; in their effort to produce leaders of character who
ungoverned spaces created within these states are can successfully lead our Army in peacetime and in
characterized by a lack of effective governance and war.
human security challenges such as intrastate violence
and extreme poverty. These changes in the interna- Army Strong!
tional strategic environment, when coupled with U.S.
interests, demand an Army and an officer corps able to
meet a diverse set of security needs. Given the com-
plexity and uncertainty of the strategic environment F. L. Hagenbeck
in the 21st Century, the competence and character Lieutenant General, US Army
requirements of Officership have never been greater. Superintendent
Every member of the Military Academy is critical to

the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS). This
system describes our graduates: who they must Be,
what they must Know, and what they can Do. Our
vi CADET LEADER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
MISSION OF THE
To educate, train, and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate
is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of
Duty, Honor, Country;

and prepared for a career of professional excellence and service to the
Nation as an officer in the United States Army.
MANAGING A SYSTEM FOR

LEADER DEVELOPMENT
est Point is responsible for the develop- description of how all components of the West Point
W ment of leaders who, as commissioned

officers, are prepared for a career of
professional service to the Army. The Cadet Leader
Development System (CLDS), the framework we use
community contribute to the development of cadets
during their 47 month experience.
This booklet delineates the operational concept for

to achieve West Point’s mission, represents a trans- leader development at West Point. Our mission to
formational change in the culture of education at the produce commissioned leaders of character for a
Military Academy. Philosophically, CLDS is influenced career as professional Army officers and a lifetime
by the strategic environment into which our gradu- of service to the Nation demands that we possess a
ates are launched, the social environment from which clear, synchronized approach to leader development.
our students are drawn, and higher educational ac- Each of the chapters in this booklet describes aspects
creditation standards and practices. As such, leader of our leader development system. We begin with a
development at West Point is an evolving system of description of the influences that impact upon leader
planned and integrated educational experiences, development and their subsequent incorporation into
which both guide curriculum development and struc- a theoretical framework that guides curricular experi-
tures mechanisms to assess the product of that sys- ences. We then discuss the structure of the West Point
tem—the commissioned officer. curriculum and our efforts to align and integrate the
various components of that structure into a holistic
Our faculty and staff, collectively, own and continu- experience.
ously improve CLDS. To ensure that CLDS is current
with the Army’s needs, our staff and faculty must be 1.1 INFLUENCES ON LEADER DEVELOPMENT
cognizant of the strategic environment in which our
graduates work, the social environment from which The Strategic Environment
our students are drawn, and a higher educational
environment that ensures that cadets are achieving Insofar as the strategic environment is ever changing,
learning outcomes essential to their future roles as the geopolitical, social, and economic conditions of
commissioned officers. The CLDS framework em- the world dictate what we must prepare our cadets
powers cadets to own and assume responsibility for to face. The impact of globalization and the intercon-
their development. The faculty and staff are primarily nectedness of competing nations create worldwide
responsible for facilitating cadet development. This tensions and opportunities. The Army must be pre-
document, written by the faculty, staff, and cadets pared to respond to a broad set of operations and
provides a rationale and justification for CLDS and a contingencies to ensure the nation’s success within
2 BUILDING CAPACITY TO LEAD
this environment. Officers must still be competent negotiate rather than dictate. As in previous lower in-
in the fundamentals of conventional land warfare, tensity conflicts (e.g., our Indian Wars, the Philippine
but they must be equally adept in a full range of op- Insurrection, Vietnam, and the Balkans), our gradu-
erations from counterinsurgency, to peacekeeping, ates now have great responsibilities and autonomy,
to nation building. From the onset of the Cold War since these types of conflicts are more commonly
through the current Global War on Terror, the Army influenced by small-unit leaders. The Military Acade-
has operated in an uncertain and complex strategic my must ensure that the curriculum reflects both the
environment. This environment will only continue current and future environmental needs of our Army.
to become more complex and require an agile and
adaptable officer. The Social Environment
The development of such officers demands that The environment from which our students are drawn
greater emphasis be placed on intellectual develop- is constantly changing. Values reinforced by society
ment versus training--that is, on the importance of influence the expectations and attitudes of students
knowing how to think versus what to think. Our grad- toward their educational experiences. Consumer ori-
uates will need to understand how to acquire knowl- ented students tend to view education as a commodi-
edge and develop information in a variety of operating ty, which may have an impact on our ability to prepare
environments as opposed to being prepared to serve them for self-directed lifelong learning. Greater varia-
in a specific region or mission. Contrary to our Cold tion in students’ preparation for collegiate work may
War experience, the Army now places increased im- affect the quality and number of available candidates
portance on the ability to work with people of differ- and influence the level of remediation required upon
ent cultures. This operational environment requires matriculation to the United States Military Academy
our officers to exercise a greater degree of empathy (USMA). Consistently, changes in the way students
with the local populations, coupled with the ability to learn and apply disciplinary content may create a
need for additional pedagogical strategies to develop
students uniformly toward desired outcomes. Addi-
tionally, the disciplinary interests of prospective ca-
dets impacts directly upon the future of the Army’s
resources. As a result, West Point must continuously
assess cadets’ orientations toward education and the
environments from which they are drawn to consis-
tently prepare our graduates to meet the technical
and human resource needs of the Army.
Higher Education
A broad-based knowledge of the sciences and the

humanities, practical and intellectual skills, a sense of
personal and social responsibility, and the ability to
apply learning to complex problems serves strategic
leaders in and out of the Army. Our education must
embrace these four essential learning outcomes,
which are reinforced by the vision of the American
Association of Colleges and Universities.
The accreditation process ensures that West Point

focuses its academic program to meet these learn-
ing outcomes. Accreditation is our mechanism for
self-regulation and peer review, and it ensures that
the institution is appropriately resourced and organi-
zationally aligned with its mission. The Middle States
Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) accred-
its USMA, while ABET Inc. accredits its engineering
and technology programs. The accreditation process
requires demonstrable adherence to a set of higher
educational standards, which are developed and
maintained by the educational community. Likewise,
MSCHE requires that each member institution have tion, and a “never-quit” attitude. As commissioned
a mission appropriate to higher education, a corre- officers, our graduates accept a moral obligation to
sponding set of goals, organizational structure, al- “support and defend the Constitution of the United
location of resources, and governance and planning States.” In this capacity, they must continuously hone
process to guide decisions on institutional priorities. their intellectual capabilities so they can adapt to the
Required assessment mechanisms evaluate both in- dynamic nature of the battlefield or the world. They
stitutional effectiveness and student-learning out- must maintain physical fitness to meet the physi-
comes. ABET Inc. requires compliance with regional cal and mental demands of leading in combat. Their
accreditation standards and engineering practices. strength of will to persevere and prevail to accom-
plish the mission and meet responsibilities in a moral
While MSCHE does not dictate specific course con- and ethical manner is a testament to their character.
tent, programmatic structures, or educational pro- Their core values and beliefs assist them in determin-
cesses, it does require that all member institutions ing truths about the world regarding right and wrong,
adhere to a set of higher educational standards to making moral judgments, creating intentions to be-
ensure alignment of demonstrable student outcomes have in accordance with personal values, and the ad-
with the stated mission. Consequently, structures, ministration of moral and ethical action.
processes, and content become visible artifacts of
accreditation self-studies. Furthermore, higher edu- The 47-month West Point experience focuses on de-
cational practices have gravitated toward a stronger veloping in cadets’ the unique professional identity of
emphasis on the assessment of student outcomes Officership while broadening their perspectives. The
and purposefully integrated curricular offerings. identity of Officership consists of four facets: warrior,
leader of character, servant of the Nation, and mem-
1.2 OFFICERSHIP AND PERSPECTIVE: OUR TARGETS ber of the profession of arms. Cadets’ perspectives
FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT are broadened by participation in experiences that
challenge their current views and exposure to differ-
The West Point experience is designed to imbue our ent views of the world.
graduates with tough mindedness, tireless motiva-
Leaders’ identity, character, and perspective form by the values of Duty, Honor, and Country.
the core of West Point’s leader development model
because they influence perceptions, intentions and, Various character strengths support the develop-
most importantly, moral and ethical actions that are ment, sustainment, and expression of a leader’s iden-
aligned with their sense of self (See Figure 1.1). Identi- tity, character, and worldview, as depicted in Figure
ty is one aspect of character that provides cadets with 1.1.2 First, leaders use self-awareness to discover
a sense of self over time and across situations. The their core values, shape their identities, strengthen
other aspect of character is the integration of core their character, and create more complex perspec-
values and beliefs into one’s identity. The more cen- tives to understand their experiences and the world.
tral core values and beliefs are to cadets’ identities, Second, agency empowers cadets with ownership
the greater the consistency in their moral and ethical for their development. Cadets’ sense of responsibil-
judgments and behavior.1 Thus, character is viewed ity for their development promotes both engagement
as the degree of integration of core values and be- in and a commitment to the pursuit of challenging
liefs into one’s identity such that individual behavior developmental opportunities and self-reflection for
is consistent with core values and beliefs. Perspective further growth. Agency also provides leaders with
or worldview entails an individual’s collection of be- the autonomy to self-author their values and belief
liefs or philosophy about life, which influences how systems, shape their identities, and construct more
s/he interprets the world. To use a computer anal- complex perspectives. Third, self-regulation provides
ogy, identity, character, and perspective (worldview) cadets with the ability to understand and control
form a leader’s internal operating system or the es- their thoughts, emotions, and behavior, which greatly
sence of the person. West Point adopted this model bolsters leaders’ sense of agency and their manage-
from the conceptualization of the domain of the hu- ment of anxiety. Self-regulation empowers cadets to
man spirit because it portrays the targets for holistic become active authors of their individual journeys.
leader development, which are applicable to all the Fourth, self-motivation entails leaders’ expectancy,
CLDS domains. The model provides West Point with optimism, and hope; through practice, leaders gain
a common understanding, language, and targets to an appreciation that living by their values, actively
tailor and synchronize its leader development efforts seeking developmental opportunities, consistently
to forge each cadet’s unique identity and perspective engaging in reflection, and continuously working to
to produce leaders of character committed to living
2 Figure 1.1 is adopted from Patrick Sweeney, Sean Hannah, & Don Snider
1 Anne Colby & William Damon (1993). The uniting of self and morality in the (2008). Domain of the Human Spirit. In Don Snider (PM) and Lloyd Mat-
development of extraordinary moral commitment. In Gill Noam & Thomas thews (Ed.), Forging the Warrior Character (pp. 23-50). Boston, MA: McGraw
Wren (Eds.), The Moral Self (pp. 99-122). Cambrigde, MA: MIT Press. Hill.
Figure 1.1: West Point’s Leader Development Model

manage their emotions, actions, and anxieties, will

develop them into officers worthy and capable of
leading soldiers in combat. Fifth, social awareness
provides cadets with the ability to form positive, co-
operative relationships with others. Relationships are
critical to leader development because they provide
insights into oneself about self-awareness, character,
and perspective.
Throughout the West Point leader development ex-

perience, cadets are embedded in multiple social net-
works and cultures that influence their development.
Social contexts and cultures, including community
and society, families, philosophical and faith groups,
schools, clubs, and teams significantly influence the
shaping of each cadet’s core values and beliefs, iden-
tity, and perspective or worldview. At West Point,
leaders leverage unit, team, club, and classroom cul-
tures to positively influence cadets’ development.
Cadet, faculty, and staff leaders model the Military
Academy’s and Army’s values, discuss how the orga-
nization’s activities support the development of the
unique professional identity of Officership, reinforce
core values, and challenge existing perspectives.
Leaders encourage cadets to reflect on their expe-
riences, and engage cadets in discussions regarding
significant events to understand and challenge their
perspectives. The result is a positive learning environ-
ment that facilitates leader development.
1.3 FRAMING LEADER DEVELOPMENT
The Military Academy’s curriculum is grounded in a

developmental framework that draws heavily on the-
ories of human development, leadership, and orga-
nizational behavior. Leader development requires the
ability to comprehend and integrate complexity in a
manner that supports one’s capacity to anticipate and
respond effectively to the uncertainties of a chang-
ing environment. While such development involves
the expansion of a person’s capabilities through the
accumulation of knowledge, experience, and com-
petence, it also requires a fundamental transforma-
tion of personal identity. Development occurs when
persons encounter increasingly complex problems
and modify their current perspectives to better un-
derstand themselves and the environment in which
they are operating.
Like most college students, prospective cadets typi-

cally enter West Point with the ability to take the per-
spective of another, but are only able to view that
perspective in terms of how it contributes to their
own needs or interests. CLDS purposefully embeds
cadets in a developmental process whereby they en-
counter complex, increasingly ambiguous, and rap-
idly-changing situations that characterize the Army’s
operating environment. Throughout the 47-month tential when integrated into a rapidly changing envi-
experience, a cadet’s identity is transformed from ronment where they are directly responsible for their
one of self-interest to a perspective oriented toward subordinates.
a self-authored standard or code of conduct that pro-
vides the basis for informed, responsible, self-direct- 1.4 OUR LEARNING MODEL FOR LEADER DEVELOP-
ed decision making. Transitions through this process MENT
are enabled via friction, or the realization that one’s
current capacity does not meet the demands of the Our system for leader development is intended to de-
situation confronted. velop cadets to meet the challenges and uncertain-
ties they will encounter as Army officers in the world.
During the entirety of the 47-month experience, the The West Point curriculum is structured to ensure our
USMA Curriculum is intentionally structured to pro- graduates possess strength of character grounded in
vide cadets with the foundation for continued growth the seven Army Values. Our graduates are therefore
and development throughout their lives. The USMA capable of tempering their attitudes and behaviors
admissions process identifies candidates with the with empathy and compassion for their soldiers, al-
potential to meet the demands of the developmen- lies, and local populations as they find themselves in
tal experience within the parameters of a 47-month a multitude of cultures and circumstances. They are
interval. We expect cadets to graduate not as fully imbued with the Warrior Ethos, and they possess the
formed leaders of character, but as young leaders confidence and competence to make rational deci-
with the foundation and capacity to reach their po- sions under pressure; when circumstances are un-
clear, they are willing to stand by those decisions. 1.5 ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY FOR LEADER DEVEL-
OPMENT
West Point’s curriculum develops officers with the
presence and physical fitness to command immedi- Inherent in every assignment to USMA is an explicit
ate respect and attention from others. They look and understanding that the primary responsibility is the
act like professionals—from their posture, to their development of cadets into commissioned leaders of
personal attention to standards of uniform, to their character. Faculty and staff are expected to exemplify
personal appearance—they create an immediate im- professionalism and a devotion to duty. They recog-
pression of a person of character and confidence. nize and enforce professional standards, and they are
This presence is reinforced by an ability to commu- committed to lifelong intellectual and professional
nicate clearly and effectively in any environment with development so that they may be of the greatest ser-
anyone. vice to the Nation. While members of the institution
have jobs with unique roles and responsibilities relat-
Given the uncertainties and ambiguities of the 21st ed to cadet development, all are expected to set the
Century, USMA develops in its graduates the intel- example and demonstrate support outside of their
lect, judgment, interpersonal tact, and innovation normal duties.
necessary to execute military operations in any situ-
ation. This outcome requires that they are both well- 1.6 ASSESSING LEADER DEVELOPMENT
prepared by a broad and continuing educational
and training experience, and seasoned by a range of Goals and objectives for each of the domains are as-
operational experiences to give them the depth of sessed annually through systematic mechanisms for
knowledge upon which they can draw to anticipate gathering, analyzing, and reporting on evidence in
future needs, respond in unexpected environments order to implement change as necessary. Accord-
and situations, and be sufficiently agile to change ingly, multiple indicators are selected for assessments
focus quickly. They understand the intricacies of cul- that minimize disruption to cadets’ experiences. For
tural differences and their influence upon operations, example, domain teams comprised of faculty who
communications, and leadership styles and possess represent subject-matter expertise are established
the social skills to influence others to execute their to develop written, clearly articulated standards that
orders and desired actions. Finally, they are grounded describe expectations for cadets upon graduation.
in the full spectrum of military skills, which under- Goals and measureable objectives are drawn directly
score their operational needs from disaster support from each of these standards. Within these domains,
to counter-insurgency, to conventional warfare. goal teams describe how cadets achieve each of the
domain goals through the curriculum, identifying
West Point uses six domains to shape cadets’ unique developmental outcomes throughout the 47-month
identities of Officership and broaden their perspec- experience. Indicators, embedded strategically within
tives to produce commissioned leaders of charac- the curriculum, are selected for purposes of assess-
ter commitment to the values of Duty, Honor, and ment, while product-specific rubrics are developed
Country. . The Human Spirit, Moral-Ethical, and So- to align the indicator with the corresponding goal.
cial Domains focus on establishing the foundations of These indicators may include exams, papers, or proj-
cadets’ identities, bolstering their character, and ex- ects within courses. Additionally, surveys are provided
panding their perspectives. The Intellectual, Military, to cadets to assess their confidence in their ability to
and Physical domains focus on developing in cadets achieve the goals of each standard during their Plebe
the knowledge, skills, and competencies critical for (freshman) and Firstie (senior) years—as well as three
establishing the professional foundation of the iden- years after graduation. The survey items are carefully
tity of Officership and to foster continued growth as a aligned with the corresponding goals and analyzed
strategic thinker and leader. The Intellectual Domain in terms of their potential methodological biases and
ensures our graduates can anticipate and respond ef- substantive meaning. Three years after graduation,
fectively to the uncertainties of a changing techno- external validations of these results are obtained via
logical, social, political, and economic environment. surveys of graduates’ supervisors (typically a com-
The Military Domain provides the doctrinal founda- pany commander or equivalent) and focus-group
tions for commissioned service. The Physical Domain interviews with former battalion commanders. These
develops aspects of mental and physical fitness. indicators suggest whether our educational program
is effective and identify areas where we must refine
our approach.
OFFICERSHIP & PERSPECTIVE 9
OFFICERSHIP & PERSPECTIVE:

OUR TARGETS FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT
fficership is the practice of being an Army Unique expertise. Army officers develop and main-
O officer. Commissioned officers are leaders

in the Army who are inspired by a unique
professional identity. This identity is not only shaped
by what they KNOW and DO, but most importantly,
tain the expertise to apply lethal force to support and
defend the Constitution of the United States. War-
riors accept the responsibility of fighting to win the
Nation’s wars. They continuously develop their warf-
by a deeply held personal understanding and accep- ighting skills, resiliency and state of mind to perse-
tance of what it means to BE a commissioned officer. vere and prevail; to accomplish the mission and meet
Officership is based on a self-concept that consists of responsibilities regardless of the circumstances. The
four interrelated facets: warrior, leader of character, warrior spirit carries over into all aspects of officers’
servant of the Nation, and member of the profession life.
of arms. Cadets must adopt all four facets of Officer-
ship in order to construct a professional identity that Competence is a moral obligation for officers be-
is sufficiently robust to meet the complex demands cause soldiers’ lives depend on their professional ex-
of the 21st Century. The ultimate goal of CLDS is to pertise. Officers work continuously to improve their
assist cadets in the development of their self-concept technical and tactical proficiency through self-study,
of what it means to BE a commissioned leader of discussions with knowledgeable leaders and soldiers,
character. and experiences that challenge their views and skills.
Competence enhances leaders’ decision-making
WARRIOR abilities and helps to manage stress, both their own
and that of those around them. In combat, leaders’
Army officers swear an oath to “support and defend competence is the most important factor for earning
the Constitution of the United States against all en- the trust of soldiers; it leads to mission accomplish-
emies foreign and domestic.” While our country of- ment with minimal risk to the lives of others.1
ten calls upon the Army and its officers to serve in
other capacities, warfighting and its corollary (the Warrior ethos. The entire West Point experience is de-
prevention of war) is the functional imperative that signed to imbue our graduates with tough minded-
distinguishes Army officers from all other professions. ness, tireless motivation, and a “never-quit” attitude.
Army officers must know how to fight and win be- This attitude—the warrior ethos—defines the resilient
cause the very nature of our country depends on it. state of mind and character required of an officer. As
Thus, being a warrior is both a state of mind and a
1 Patrick Sweeney, VaidaThompson, & Hart Blanton, (2009). Trust and influ-
way of life. ence in combat: An interdependence model. Journal of Applied Social Psy-
chology, 39(1), 235-264.
proach their intellectual development as a moral obli-

gation to demonstrate the highest form of caring and
as a means to earn their soldiers’ respect.3
Physical stamina. Warriors maintain physical fitness

to meet the physical and mental demands of leading
in combat. Physical fitness influences an officer’s will
and courage to fight. Physical fitness enhances an of-
ficer’s ability to make decisions, to manage stress, and
to maintain the stamina, optimism, and courage nec-
essary to meet the responsibilities of being a leader.
Physical conditioning also assists in maintaining good
health by boosting the immune system. Thus, physi-
cal fitness is essential to warriors because it provides
them with the means to apply their unique profes-
sional competence, fuels the intellect to make good
decisions, and bolsters the strength of will to succeed.
LEADER OF CHARACTER
A leader of character is one who seeks to discover

the truth, decide what is right, and demonstrate the
courage to act accordingly. Character is the essential
facet of Officership that allows officers’ to earn their
soldiers’ trust and to exercise influence both within
and outside an organization. Personal character en-
sures that one’s subordinates will assume with confi-
dence that their officers’ will always act in a moral and
just manner that promotes the welfare of individuals,
the unit, and the community. In all situations, espe-
cially in combat, leaders of character clearly establish
moral and ethical boundaries and use their strength
of will to ensure that the unit’s operations are carried
warriors , officers place the mission first, never accept
out within these boundaries. Officers who conduct
defeat, never quit, and never leave a fallen comrade.2
operations in a moral and ethical manner preserve
Soldiers fight to win. They serve as role models and
soldiers’ moral justification for fighting, which allows
sources of strength and optimism during adversity.
them to understand and make meaning out of their
Officers understand the enormous consequences of
combat experiences.4
failure.
The character depicted by officers influences the de-
Intellectual capability. Warriors need to continu-
velopment of their soldiers’ character along with the
ously hone their intellectual capabilities so they can
unit’s moral and ethical culture.5 Through their day-
adapt to the dynamic nature of the battlefield or the
to-day actions, leaders communicate symbolically to
world. The warrior must be an informed, responsible,
subordinates about who they are as individuals and
self-directed learner. The purpose of a broad liberal
what the organization represents in terms of its val-
arts education at West Point is to instill in graduates
ues and purpose. Leaders of character establish a cli-
the ability to anticipate and respond effectively to
mate where moral and ethical behavior is expected,
changing social, political, economic, and technologi-
encouraged, and rewarded. This positive climate cre-
cal environments. Officers’ broad intellectual breath
ates a community committed to working and living
and openness to learning provides them with the
in a moral and ethical manner, thereby establishing
perspective and flexibility to generate solutions to
the conditions for character development through-
complex problems in dynamic situations. The primary 3 Patrick Sweeney, (2007). Trust the key to combat leadership. In Doug Cran-
weapon system of the Officer-Warrior is their mind. dall (Ed.), Leadership lessons from West Point (pp. 252-277). San Francisco,
Soldiers depend on their officers to make timely and CA: John Wiley & Sons.
4 Patrick Sweeney, & Sean Hannah,(2008). High-impact military leadership:
effective decisions to accomplish the mission with The positive effects of authentic moral leadership on followers. In Don. Snid-
the least risk to their lives. Thus, officers should ap- er (PD) & Lloyd. Matthews (Ed.), Forging the Warrior’s Character: Moral Pre-
cepts from the Cadet Prayer (pp.91-116). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
2 Department of the Army (2006). Army leadership: Competent, confident, 5 Bernie Bass, & Paul Steidlmeier, (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic
and agile, Field Manual 6-22. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2), 181-217.
out the unit.6 with their identities shifts the motivation to behave in
a moral and ethical manner from an external to inter-
Character is also the source of officers’ warrior nal stimulus, which tends to close the gap between
ethos—their strength of will to persevere and prevail intentions and actions.9
to accomplish the mission and meet responsibilities
in a moral and ethical manner. In times of adversity or SERVANT OF THE NATION
periods of low motivation, officers use their charac-
ter to find purpose and meaning necessary to bolster United States Army officers serve the American peo-
their strength of will to continue onward toward mis- ple. Their self-concept must be that of “servant,” one
sion accomplishment. Leaders also use their charac- with specific duties. Officers provide for society that
ter to recover and bounce back from adversity such which society cannot provide for itself—security of
as a death of soldier in the unit. Character provides our democratic Nation, its way of life, and its values.
leaders with meaning and purpose and a sense of This unique relationship establishes in an officer a
hope for the future.7 moral obligation to serve effectively and a sense of
duty and commitment with unlimited liability. The
A leader’s self-identity is a critical factor in character relationship between an officer and society implies a
development. The more central one’s values and be- lifetime of selfless service, initially in uniform and then
liefs are to one’s self-identity, the greater the consis- more broadly following retirement.
tency of moral and ethical behavior.8 The centrality of
values and beliefs to leaders’ identities creates pow- This bond is established in the Commissioning Oath.
erful internal motivational forces for them to behave An officer’s commission is a warrant from the Ameri-
in a manner consistent with their self-concept. Thus, can people to act on their behalf. The Oath of Office
the integration of leaders’ values and beliefs systems formally establishes the moral obligation for officers,
6 Department of the Army, (2006). acting as agents of the Nation, to “support and de-
7 Christopher Peterson, & Martin Seligman, M. (2004). Character Strengths
and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. New York: Oxford University
fend the Constitution of the United States against all
Press. enemies, foreign and domestic. . . ” This oath serves
8 Anne Colby, & William Damon, (1993). The uniting of self and morality in 9 William Damon, (1984). Self-understanding and moral development in
the development of extraordinary moral commitment. In G. Noam & T. Wren childhood and adolescence. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Morality, Moral
(Eds.), The Moral Self (pp. 99-122). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Behavior, and Moral development (pp. 109-127). New York: Wiley.
several purposes. First, it officially establishes the

moral foundation for officers’ individual duty and ac- MEMBER OF THE PROFESSION OF ARMS
countability to the Nation. Second, it strengthens the
claim of the military profession on the affections and The self-concept of Officership has no meaning in
support of the American people. Thus, the relation- American society absent its context within the mili-
ship between the servant (officer) and the Nation is a tary profession. With its unique expertise and distinct,
two-way relationship. This bond implies a lifetime of ethically based culture, the profession of arms is po-
selfless service, initially in uniform, and then in other sitioned to provide the Nation with security of our
capacities as the Nation requires. Third, it reinforces democratic Nation, its way of life, and its values.
officers’ commitment to the principle of military sub-
ordination to civilian control. Unique expertise. Officers practice their profession by
abstracting from a body of expert knowledge and ap-
The West Point Experience prepares cadets to un- plying that specific portion of their expertise to new
derstand and incorporate this servant dimension of and often unforeseen situations. Both the acquisition
their self-concept. Core academic and military sci- of this dynamic knowledge and the ability to apply it
ence courses educate cadets about the constitutional successfully across a wide range of situations requires
foundation for the military within the United States, extensive and continuous education and training.
the democratic processes that determine national Thus, officers must dedicate themselves to a lifetime
security policy, the appropriate dynamics of civil- of study and learning. To the extent that Army officers
military relations, the moral basis for war, and the are able to adapt this expertise to meet various needs
composition of the Nation they will serve. Beyond of the Nation, society grants them limited autonomy
coursework, the diverse demographic composition of and the legitimacy to apply that expertise within se-
the Corps of Cadets contributes further to cadets’ ap- lected jurisdictions.
preciation for the richness of American society. In ad-
dition, by serving at West Point, staff and faculty con- When the Constitution was written, our Founding
tinuously model this servant role in the classrooms, Fathers had several foundational principles in mind;
in the field, in the barracks, at chapel, and in their one of these principles made the military subordi-
personal lives. Finally, through first-hand experience, nate to the state, its elected and appointed civilian
often organized by cadets themselves, community officials, and ultimately to the people themselves.
outreach and service projects help to internalize this When the members of the Army officer corps lift their
servant dimension of their professional and personal right hands and take the Commissioning Oath, they
identity. declare their loyalty to support and defend the Con-
stitution. They, in essence, become commissioned
agents of the government. Authority from the people

“to provide for the common defense” is delegated, as
prescribed in the Constitution, to both the Congress
and the President. The military departments reside in
the executive branch of government headed by the
President, who serves as Commander-in-Chief of
the armed forces. An officer’s authority stems from
his Commission; as a direct delegation of executive
authority granted indirectly through the people, ex-
ecution of that authority is on behalf of, and for the
welfare of, the people.
Distinct culture. The military profession has devel-

oped its own unique culture, distinct from, but not
superior to, that of the American society it protects.
To the extent that this culture supports professional
effectiveness, society grants the military an unusual
amount of freedom to be different. Because of the le-
thal and chaotic nature of warfare, good order and
discipline are vital. Thus, the military culture embod-
ies a strong, self-policing, regulative code of ethics.
To the extent that the officer corps willingly adheres
to and enforces its own professional ethic, the pro-
fession will maintain the trust of the American people.
Over the years, unique customs and courtesies have
evolved as part of the Army’s culture. They help sol-
diers make sense of the violence and illogic nature of
war. Traditions, heritage, and esprit de corps also con-
tribute to the professional ethos, uniting officers with
a common bond and providing the basis for cohesion,
trust, and confidence within the Army, in general, and
the officer corps, in particular.
Ethically based. As members of a profession, officers

have their own self-policing ethic that acts as a very
powerful form of social control. The professional mil-
itary ethic is a shared understanding of the standards
of personal and professional conduct that officers
demonstrate every day, in every duty, in peace and
in war. It is influenced by the functional requirements
of warfighting, global traditions, laws of land warfare,
and America’s own national culture. Its components
are complex and interdependent. It is intentionally
not codified in any single source, but can be found in
many. West Point’s motto of “Duty, Honor, Country”
is perhaps the most succinct example. It is also seen
in the seven Army Values, in our Constitutional law,
and even in the Army’s readiness. The ethic and its dy-
namic strongly influence the attitudes and actions of
the Army officer corps; and that officer corps is pro-
fessional only to the extent that its members educate,
believe in, adhere to, and enforce their own ethic.
Service as an Army officer is more than a job; it is a

life-long calling. Officers are not mercenaries. They
do not work for monetary gain, but rather for love of
craft and the intrinsic satisfaction derived from serv-
ing. They do not work a standard workday, they work self-study, discussions with role models and mentors,
until the job is done. They do not have unions, but and, most importantly, by acting as a warrior, leader
rather camaraderie. They do not join because they of character, member of the professions of arms, and
must, but rather out of a deeply rooted desire to serve servant of the Nation. West Point’s focus on develop-
others. West Point develops cadets as members of a ing cadets’ professional identities serves to integrate
profession to adopt the military ethic through both the activities of all agencies and provides faculty and
the substantive content of the West Point Experience staff with common a purpose and focus.
and through the daily experiences that confront them.
The high standards and intense preparation required
to succeed through the 47-month experience that is
CLDS provides cadets with the knowledge, skills, and
expertise that represent the necessary foundation
of a unique profession. West Point develops cadets’
emotional bond to the profession through important
rituals, ceremonies, and traditions that convey the Ar-
my’s heritage and esprit de corps. Events such as daily
retreat formations, parades, promotion ceremonies,
taps vigils, company dinners, and special class events
serve to link cadets to each other, to the Army, and to
the officer corps as leaders of one of America’s most
vital and dynamic professions.
Shaping the unique professional identity of Officer-

ship is the target for cadet leader development at
West Point. Cadets facilitate the development of their
professional identity through reflection, seeking ex-
periences that move them out of their comfort zone,
FRAMING
LEADER DEVELOPMENT
raming leader development is a necessary es through the way we think, feel, and act.
F condition for the design and implementation

of a curriculum capable of developing cadets
into leaders of character. The United States Military
Academy’s theory of leader development is based on
Expertise and competence are clearly important com-
ponents of officer professionalism. The Army’s lead-
ership manual explains that “to be a competent leader
literature from three academic fields: adult develop- there are certain things that you must BE, KNOW, and
ment theory (how people develop identity), leader- DO.” While what we KNOW and what we DO make up
ship theory (how leaders develop), and organization a significant part of who we are, there is more to our
theory (organizational and environmental impacts on professional identities than our knowledge and skills.
individual development). The synthesis and coordi- To prepare commissioned leaders of character for our
nation of ideas and concepts from these three fields Nation, we must not only educate and train cadets in
provides a comprehensive framework that guides the relevant professional knowledge and skills; we must
implementation and integration of CLDS. also facilitate the development of their identity as ma-
ture, professional adults.
3.1. DEVELOPMENT DEFINED
Increasing cadets’ knowledge and sharpening their
Human development is the expansion of a person’s ca- skills is central to West Point’s mission to prepare
pacity to know oneself and to view the world through commissioned officers for our Nation. But we are
multiple lenses. Development involves the expansion equally concerned about developing cadets’ self
of one’s capabilities, the accumulation of professional concept—their identity. West Point’s long tradition of
experience and knowledge, and the competence that education and training establishes the rationale for
develops through intensive practice. our curriculum and corresponding pedagogy. Our
theory of leader development incorporates the BE
3.2. WHAT DEVELOPS? component into this framework—how we help cadets
develop a professional identity while simultaneously
Preparing officers for the Army can be understood as acquiring professional knowledge and skills.
part of the much larger process of human develop-
ment. Being human is about making sense of our ex- 3.3. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT LEADER DEVELOPMENT.
periences. What really changes throughout one’s life
is the frame one uses to construct perspectives about 1. West Point builds a foundation for leader devel-
the self, relationships with others, and the world. opment rather than a finished product. Cadets
These evolving perspectives organize our experienc- graduate from the Military Academy at various
capacity for training and educational experiences

to influence development is contingent upon
how each is structured and implemented.
8. Leader development requires meaningful interac-

tion.
3.4. DEVELOPING AN OFFICER’S IDENTITY
Our theory of cadet development originates in litera-

ture on adult development, primarily from research
conducted with college students. Most theories of
college student development focus on identity for-
levels of capacity and capability; a USMA gradu- mation as the critical goal of education1. There is
ate therefore is “a work in progress.” We embrace considerable consensus that development during
the idea that potential will be realized when fu- these years is facilitated by stressors that promote
ture situations “call them out.” new ways of thinking and perceiving.2 While the gen-
eration of competencies and skills is a critical facet of
2. Leaders are born and made. Leaders emerge professional or vocational development, the research
from the confluence of genetic predispositions shows consistently that identity is the most salient
(basic traits associated with intellect and person- and central focus of development.
ality) and contextual experiences, unique child-
hood perspectives, various family situations, and Kegan, in expanding upon the work of Erikson and
different early leadership opportunities. Sanford, describes the identity-building process.3
Individuals “take in” reality and construct their own
3. All people can develop an improved capacity for perspectives on their experience. The perception of
leadership. Leader development increases one’s reality is not the same for all people.
capacity to understand the world, especially, oth-
er human beings in social situations. Development relates to increasing one’s ability to
comprehend complexity in the environment and to
4. Development occurs in stages. Developing col- integrate this complexity in a way that allows one
lege-aged students involves many of the same to take action. Kegan’s model suggests that people
processes as those employed to develop more evolve in three phases: from a “self-oriented” per-
experienced adults, albeit at a potentially different spective: to one that is “other-oriented;” and finally to
stage of development where values, experiences, a “self-authoring” perspective based on the formation
and even roles are viewed differently. Each class of personal standards and principles. Kegan’s basic
of cadets is likely to include members in many dif- propositions are as follows:4
ferent developmental levels.
5. Experiences are necessary but not sufficient for 1. People actively and continuously construct ways
developmental learning to occur. Differences in of understanding and making sense of themselves
capability, level of challenge, readiness to learn, and the world.
and prior related experience will influence each 2. There are identifiable patterns of “meaning-mak-
cadet’s learning. ing” that people share with one another; these are
6. The environment impacts upon one’s develop- referred to as “stages of development.”
ment. People develop other people, but the sys-
tems, cultures, rules, codes, and policies inde- 1 See, for example, Erikson, Erik H. 1959. Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected
Papers. New York: International Universities Press, Inc.; Perry, William G.
pendently influence both the pace and path of 1968. Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years.
development and the type of leader that devel- New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston; Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1972. ”A Cogni-
ops. In effect, leaders meet the demands of the tive Development Approach to Moral Education.” Humanist, 6: 13-16; Mar-
cia, James .E. 1966. “Development and Validation of Ego-Status.” Journal of
task and social environment. Personality and Social Psychology, 3: 51-558; Sanford, Nevitt. 1966. Self and
Society. New York: Atherton Press.
7. A combination of education, training, and devel- 2 Erikson, 1968; Sanford 1966.
3 Kegan, Robert. 1982. The Evolving Self. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
opment is required to produce leaders of char- Press.
acter. Although training, education and develop- 4 Adapted from Van Velsor Ellen., & McCauley, Cynthia. D. 2004. “Our View
of Leadership Development.” In Cynthia D. McCauley, & Ellen. Van Velsor
ment are not synonymous with one another, the (Eds.), Handbook of Leadership Development (2nd Ed.). San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
how we understand it.5 Developmental progression

for leaders relates to being able to take a more ob-
jective perspective on the ways they interpret them-
selves and their interactions with others.6
Stage 2 – The Imperial Self
Cadets at this stage are likely to define their interper-

sonal relationships in terms of reciprocal exchange
and fairness.7 Stage 2 individuals have clearly defined
interests and agendas and see relationships as an alli-
ance where each participant is able to extract some-
thing of value. Cadets at this level can take another’s
perspective, yet only view that other perspective in
terms of what it contributes to their needs or interests.
Stage 2 describes individuals who follow the rules and
perform to obtain rewards and avoid punishment. Ca-
dets in Stage 2 will want to be told what they need to
do to make a grade of “A” and will be oriented toward
3. Stages of development unfold in a specific se- performance goals more than learning goals. They
quence, with each successive stage transcending will see staff and faculty as purveyors of rewards and
and including the previous stage. punishments rather than those with whom they could
build professional relationships or learn. In Stage 2,
4. Typically, people do not regress; once a stage has self-esteem is built through conforming to structured
been reached, the previous stage loses primacy, rules and externally-imposed standards.
but remains as a perspective.
Stage 3 – The Interpersonal Self
5. Because subsequent stages include all earlier
stages, latter stages are more complex, and sup- Cadets at this stage are able to identify with how oth-
port a more sophisticated understanding than ers view them. Stage 3 individuals achieve self-esteem
former stages. through the positive regard of others- rather than
solely through performance expectations and meet-
6. Developmental movement from one stage to the
ing others’ demands. What matters most to Stage 3
next is driven by limitations in the current way of
individuals is a sense of belonging and the ability to
understanding or making meaning. When faced
command the respect and admiration of others. The
with challenges that require a more complex way
individual’s sense of self is directly related to his ability
of understanding themselves and their environ-
to understand how others view and value him. Ca-
ment, development is possible; challenge there-
dets at this stage are better able to reflect on “who
fore enables development.
they are” rather than merely reflecting “what they do.”
7. One’s stage of development influences what one Instead of defining themselves by how they perform,
notices or can become aware of and, therefore, Stage 3 individuals are able to see how their perfor-
what they can describe, reflect on, and change. mance contributes to the larger effort, and are able to
define themselves through their membership to the
3.5. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT group, seeking relationships rather than reciprocity.
Research on cadets at USMA has demonstrated that Stage 4 – Self-Authored Identity

most cadets function within Kegan’s stages two
through four. Kegan’s theory operates on the basis Cadets (very few) at this stage are able to distinguish
of what he calls a subject-object distinction. Kegan themselves from their relationships and memberships
uses this term to describe one’s increasing ability to to “self-author,” or individually construct their values,
take more sophisticated perspectives on one’s own 5 Lewis, Phil, George B. Forsythe, Patrick Sweeney, Paul Bartone, Craig Bul-
lis, and Scott Snook. 2005. “Identity Development During the College Years:
thinking. As one moves through stages of develop- Findings From the West Point Longitudinal Study.” Journal of College Stu-
ment, one can become more objective about former dent Development. 46 (4): 357-373.
perceptions, feelings, or attitudes that had been more 6 Kegan acknowledges the presence of three stages that we omit from this
document. Stage 0 refers to the infant who can not yet recognize him/her-
subjective in nature. Subject-object relations involve self as an individual. Stage 1 is a pre-operational position where one rec-
the interplay between what we can understand and ognizes the self as an individual but is wholly self-interested. Stage 5 is an
advanced meta-level stage beyond the self-authoring position.
7 Lewis, et al., 2005.
TABLE 3.1 OFFICERSHIP & DEVELOPMENT
8 PRINCIPLES KEGAN KEGAN KEGAN

STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4
DUTY As an Part of Accept full
exchange; teamwork; if responsibility
something each does his for mission/
that must be duty, the team unit; must be
done; fair- prevails and done the right
ness is a key avoids conflict way
measure of
performance
HONOR Honor as Owed to the Honor is

something im- group; as the person-
posed; com- basis for trust ally defined;
pliance for manifested in
fear of losing all roles
opportunity or
reputation
LOYALTY Loyalty to Loyalty to the To the Con-

individuals group and to stitution and
beliefs, and standards. Where a Stage 2 cadet might for loyalty in higher prin- chain of com-
follow the rules to avoid punishment, and a Stage 3 return ciples can be mand; loyalty
in conflict as a basis for
cadet might want to avoid angering other members trust
of the team, a Stage 4 cadet would avoid breaking the SERVICE Service in Service as a Service as
rules because doing so would violate a personal “self- exchange for prerequisite to something
education; membership in given to the
authored” standard or code of conduct. The Stage 4 service for profession; as Nation without
cadet is less likely to be influenced by social pressures pride in one- a collaborative conditions;
and expectations and is better able to make decisions self; “doing the effort “giving back”
right thing”
and commitments based upon internal principles
COMPETENCE To prove Allows others Continuous
and values. Progressing to Stage 4 indicates an abil- oneself; to to count on pursuit of
ity to exercise sound, independent judgment in the demonstrate you; you’re an improvement
achievement integral part of and mastery
face of complex, ambiguous, and rapidly changing for recognition the team in order to
situations.8 While research conducted on USMA ca- fulfill calling of
dets indicates that most cadets are either in Stage 2-3 service
transition, or are in Stage 3, most of our aspects of an TEAMWORK As reciprocity; Social cohe- Respect for
“cooperate sion; expecta- others; genu-
officer’s identity assume Stage 4 understanding.9 and graduate”; tions of indi- ine concern
teamwork as a vidual defined for other’s
means to ben- by group; growth and
3.6. IMPLICATIONS FOR HOW WE DEVELOP CADETS efit oneself look to group development;
for value and group as inter-
Insofar as Stage 4 is characteristic of the Army’s op- recognition dependent
erating environment, our mission as developers of SUBORDINATION To rules and To the will of To one’s
systems; the group; person-
smart, “self-authored” leaders involves the transition compliance subordinate ally authored
of cadets from lower stages of development toward to obtain self interest to principles and
freedom and fit in standards of
self-authorship and introspection. This effort requires discretion conduct, ide-
us to provide experiences that “stretch” or challenge als, and values
cadet’s current ways of handling tasks and relation- LEADERSHIP As a series of As building As trans-
ships. We must meet cadets where they are at and transactions; relationships, forming
leaders and sharing values organizations
nudge them beyond their comfort zones. followers goals, and and people,
exchange experiences; leading to
value, work leadership serve a higher
As undergraduate students, cadets are constantly in for reward; defined by purpose or
transition. As a result, for many cadets, the “BE” ap- compliance culture vision
pears very different than it does for more experienced, for approval
mature professionals. Cadets, in their transition from

student to “becoming” an officer, are likely to express
or demonstrate the eight principles of officership 3.7. INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES
quite differently at various stages of development (as
represented in Table 3.1). Facilitating cadet development is challenging work
that often requires striking a fine balance among sev-
eral competing objectives: tailoring experiences to
8 Lewis, et al., 2005. cadets’ needs and abilities, encouraging cadet own-
9 Lewis, et al., 2005.
ership, and creating situations in which cadets can what is meaningful. While USMA can provide the
learn from both success and failure. opportunities and structures to support growth,
success will ultimately depend on the extent to
1. Development is not training. Training, with its fo- which cadets “buy in” to their development as
cus on what to think, is central to Army opera- Army officers. Operationally, the Tactical Offi-
tions, producing a tendency to form pedagogies cer/NCO assigned to cadet companies monitors
that are training-based rather than developmen- and assists each cadet in taking ownership of this
tally-based. However, the widespread incorpora- transformation. To the extent that cadets feel like
tion of training-based practices can limit our abil- they own their experiences, the likelihood of per-
ity to develop cadets. sonal development increases.
2. We must respond to individual differences. Every 4. We must help cadets develop from success and
cadet is at a different place with regard to his or failure. West Point’s developmental perspective
her ability to internalize the essentials of officer- means that while we will never accept failure or
ship. Depending on their personal backgrounds, lower our standards, we acknowledge that some
their length of time at West Point, and their gen- cadets will fail. Indeed, insofar as the six domains
eral level of motivation and maturity, individual of West Point’s curriculum will challenge cadets
differences between cadet leaders can be signifi- to perform across a variety of activities, all cadets
cant. The staff and faculty recognize these dif- are likely to experience some failures within their
ferences and tailor their approach to individual 47-month experience. In many cases, failure in-
cadets in their efforts to aid in the cadet’s devel- and-of-itself is not fatal; it is critical, since it al-
opment. lows cadets to understand how to overcome ad-
versity.
3. We must help cadets take ownership of their de-
velopment, and the development of their subor-
dinates. To a great extent, it is cadets themselves
who construct their experience and determine
3.8. COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT The USMA Curriculum weaves these opportuni-

ties together so that over time, cadets understand
There are five key components to West Point’s model their development holistically rather than as a se-
of cadet development: readiness, developmental ex- ries of discrete events.
perience, reflection, new capacities and knowledge,
and time. These features of West Point’s develop-
mental model provide broad direction and guidance (a) Assessment: For feedback to be consis-
for the design and implementation of experiences tent and meaningful, cadets must perceive the
within each of the six CLDS domains. source as credible and the insights as relevant.
West Point provides cadets with multiple for-
1. READINESS. The West Point experience is ripe mal and informal sources of systematic feed-
with developmental opportunities. However, un- back throughout their entire 47 months. CLDS
less cadets are ready to learn from these experi- includes multiple methods (practical exercises,
ences--in terms of motivation and competence, psychological instruments, formal performance
unless they are coachable, open to being influ- ratings, and standardized tests) from multiple
enced--they can have the experience but miss sources (including mentors, peers, superiors,
the meaning. Cadets can easily find themselves subordinates, coaches, teachers, and trainers)
moving rapidly from one event to another with at critical points in time and it allows cadets to
little preparation for--or meaningful integration gain in awareness of themselves, their peers,
of--these experiences. The staff and faculty must and their superiors. This self-awareness is criti-
help cadets prepare for a developmental experi- cal to being a commissioned leader of char-
ence, remind them how it fits into their overall acter. To the extent that cadets graduate with
progression as an officer apprentice, and later a better sense of their strengths, their weak-
help them make sense of that experience. nesses, their biases and tendencies, they better
understand who they are; this ingredient of de-
2. DEVELOPMENTAL EXPERIENCES. Development velopment will contribute to the development
is accelerated when cadets are challenged by of self-aware leaders.
significant, meaningful experiences that encour-
age them to understand themselves and others (b) Challenge: Developmental Friction. While
in a new way. Developmental experiences are cadets must be stretched to confront personal
“crucibles”; both planned and unplanned activi- limitations and accept challenges beyond what
ties or events that challenge cadets to question they think they can handle, they must feel safe
their current perspectives. Experiences marked enough to take risks and make significant de-
by novelty, difficulty, and conflict are the types of cisions on their own. Experiences that gener-
life event that set the occasion for growth. West ate tension, imbalance, and an optimal level of
Point intentionally embeds such developmen- stress set the conditions for growth because
tal experiences in the curriculum to serve as a they force cadets out of their comfort zones.
catalyst for change. For some cadets, it is Plebe Failures and loss can be particularly powerful
boxing or the chemistry lab; for others, it is cal- opportunities for development. Some of the
culus or patrolling at Camp Buckner. For others, most powerful opportunities to influence ca-
motivating a cadet company to prepare for an in- dets are unplanned — a failed exam, the loss
spection or simply following regulations provide of a loved one, a significant injury, or even a
enough challenge to generate self-examination. significant conduct violation; all are significant
events that “prepare the ground” for funda-
mental change. Yet, experiences alone are not
enough; without the necessary assessment,
challenge, and support, cadets’ 47-month ex-
perience could potentially be a schedule full of
planned activities that contribute little to per-
sonal growth and development.
(c) Support: Coaching, mentoring, and resourc-

ing. West Point allows cadets the opportuni-
ty to make significant choices and then holds
them accountable for the consequences, and
it provides a supportive organizational context
that facilitates growth. Support means asking
the hard questions, and maintaining a profes- their experiences, and even when they do, they
sional conversation about experiences, esca- don’t always get it right; they need help.
lating commitment, and conflicting attitudes
and values. A supportive environment allows 4. NEW CAPACITIES AND KNOWLEDGE. The com-
cadets to question themselves, their purpose, bination of developmental experiences and dis-
the profession, and the institution in a healthy ciplined reflection produces new perspectives,
way. Support also includes setting aside time understandings, and skills for developing leaders.
and opportunity for reflection. This body of knowledge and new perspective is
then applied in subsequent experiences and situ-
3. REFLECTION. Growth is not automatic. Reflec- ations. Effective coaching and mentoring allow
tion, both introspective and guided, is essential to the developing leader to make sense of the devel-
personal development. For most of us, the pro- opmental experience .
cess of systematically reflecting on our life ex-
periences does not come naturally; it has to be 5. TIME. Knowledge and skills are largely perishable;
facilitated. The staff and faculty must encourage teaching and training are relatively short-term in-
cadets to make the most out of their West Point terventions; development takes a long time. Ev-
experiences by systematically planning for and ery year, USMA receives more than a thousand of
assisting in structured reflection at critical points our country’s best and brightest youth. Their West
throughout their development. Periodically, staff Point experience is 47 months long, 24 hours a
and faculty should assist cadets in understanding day. West Point is a “total institution”; while ca-
their experiences by exploring such questions as: dets are in our care, the staff and faculty influence
What does my action say about me as a devel- almost every aspect of their daily lives. The West
oping officer? What have I learned about officer- Point experience provides as comprehensive a
ship and leadership from this experience? What developmental immersion as any in the world.
did this experience reveal about my strengths and Few other institutions enjoy both the mandate
weaknesses? What do I need to do in the future to and the opportunity to fundamentally change so
further my development? Essentially, during this much human potential in such a comprehensive
process, cadets unpack, examine, reorganize, and way. For Army officers, professional development
repack the experience. Feedback and reflection is a lifelong endeavor. When cadets graduate,
inform cadet performance for deeper develop- their development is by no means complete; their
ment during subsequent experiences. The lesson long journey of service will have just begun.
here is that cadets don’t necessarily learn from
OUR LEARNING MODEL

FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT
o enhance capacity in humans, i.e., to ef- to feeling a need to “take care” of cadets by send-
T fectively move cadets into higher levels of

development, we must design curricular ex-
periences that reinforce and challenge their own ex-
periences. Cadets will value learning over grades and
ing them e-mail reminders, reducing their academic
loads, and intervening in a multitude of other ways.
Such actions, while appearing to assist cadets, may
potentially “stunt their growth” by eliminating neces-
pursue self-directed learning when their environment sary friction. This hinders cadets’ ability to anticipate
supports--indeed demands--such outcomes. Tran- and respond effectively to the demands of multiple
sitions are enabled through the creation of friction competing responsibilities.
points, experiences in which cadets realize that their
current capacity does not meet the demands of the Our curriculum is designed to offer cadets an opportu-
reality they confront. If we structure a cadet’s reality nity to overcome a series of developmental moments.
such that no developmental friction is created, we are It begins with a learning model, which represents a
failing them and our mission. description of the conditions by which students learn
and develop in accordance with our institutional mis-
West Point’s 47-month experience introduces and sion. The learning model serves as a blueprint of the
reinforces many activities within a compressed time curriculum and provides a conceptual foundation to
interval. Specific events within the environment that guide our selection and arrangement of cadets’ expe-
cause friction serve as a catalyst for personal growth. riences. The structure of learning experiences repre-
For example, many of the summer military experi- sents the domain of student inquiry, which elucidates
ences introduce stress in controlled environments to the areas of study and ties to other curricular goals.
assess how cadets respond can inspire cadets’ pro- The process of learning experiences represents the
gression in the stages of self-authorship and intro- activities students engage in to achieve the goal. The
spection. Similarly, uncertainties caused by challeng- content of experiences represents the substance of
es embedded in academic courses, when combined activities in which students will engage.
with limitations on response time, create stressors
that allows for growth potential. 4.1. STRUCTURE OF CADET EXPERIENCES
However, creating developmental friction increas- West Point’s curriculum is designed to intentionally
es the discomfort of both cadets and faculty mem- provide meaningful preparation for the rigors of Of-
bers. On many occasions, cadets provide negative ficership. Accordingly, the curriculum represents the
feedback to those who create discomfort for them planned experiences that challenge cadets’ patterns
and this causes faculty stress. Faculty also fall victim of thinking and their limits of understanding. Such
intentional experiences generate the friction neces- skills--critical for professional service and continued
sary for cadets to grow in a manner consistent with growth as strategic leaders.
our theory of leader development. Framed by a set
of six domains, the curriculum is structured to pro- The following sections provide a detailed outline of
vide pathways for the achievement of competencies each domain’s contribution to the development of
and the formation of the professional identity of Of- commissioned leaders of character.
ficership: warrior, leader of character, servant of the
Nation, and member of the profession of arms. The DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT
learning models, and the depictions of how develop-
mental experiences are structured and sequentially (1) The Overarching Goal:
ordered, integrate each domain’s developmental
goals with the curriculum. Each learning model ex- Graduates understand and continuously develop
plicitly states the structure, process, and content of their human spirit to have the strength of character
the curriculum that promote opportunities for cadet and worldview to adapt effectively to combat and the
achievement of each domain goal. uncertainties of a changing world.
The developmental outcomes and corresponding (2) Rationale and Amplification

processes are organized into two areas of develop-
ment: character and competence. The line between The foundation of a leader’s character rests in the
the two is fine, and the overlaps are considerable, but Domain of the Human Spirit. The human spirit en-
this distinction is important for ease of goal develop- compasses the essence of a leader: his or her core
ment and assessment. The first two domains—Hu- values and beliefs; purpose in life; strength of will
man Spirit and Moral-Ethical—focus on developing to live according to convictions and to meet duties
the character and professional identities of an officer. and responsibilities; life philosophy that allows the
These domains build the foundations of an officer’s leader to determine truth and make meaning out of
self-awareness, character, and identity. The other four experiences (worldview); and the autonomy to take
domains—Intellectual, Military, Physical, and Social— responsibility for realizing one’s full potential. Thus,
focus on developing competencies--knowledge and the Human Spirit Domain encapsulates a person’s
identity, core values and beliefs, and perspective on
how one views the world (worldview); it influences
what leaders attend to, how they think and feel, and,
most importantly, how they act. The human spirit is
developed and sustained by the following character
strengths: self-awareness, agency, self-regulation,
self-motivation, and social awareness. See Figure 1.1
for the conceptualization of the Domain of the Hu-
man Spirit.
To develop as a leader imbued with the strength of

will and character to fight and win the Nation’s wars
requires a capacity to persevere in times of crisis.
During the Battle of the Bulge, for example, the Army
produced victory in battle under the most daunting
and demoralizing circumstances. Officers and sol-
diers who have strong, indomitable spirits are bet-
ter able to face the dangers, losses, and hardships
in combat, and persevere to complete the mission.
A leader’s spirit imbues in his and her soldiers the
purpose, direction, will, and courage to do the right
thing in the very complex and chaotic environment of
combat, where life, death, and strategic interests of
the country hinge on the leader’s decisions. Leaders
who nurture both their own and their soldiers’ spirits
are preparing themselves and their soldiers to meet
the harsh rigors and stresses of combat, thereby en-
hancing the capabilities of their unit, promoting the
growth of their followers as humans, and helping to
protect soldiers from battle-induced pathologies.
There are many different paths for developing the hu-

man spirit and each individual must create his or her
own path. Some rely on the truths found in the great
philosophical and religious traditions; others turn to
the worlds of literature, art, music, and various forms
of creative expression; still others use a combination
of these approaches. While there is not a single right
way to develop the spirit, it is nonetheless critical that
the spirit be developed to build capacities capable of
expanding beyond the confi nes of a single perspec-
tive.
(3) What Graduates Can Do
Graduates assume ownership of the lifelong quest to

develop their spirit and realize their full potential. They
actively develop a coherent and principled worldview
(life philosophy) centered on their most fundamental
values and beliefs and maintain a high state of self-
awareness by consistently engaging in self-reflection
and introspection. They understand their purpose in
life and how their identities as officers in the Army,
contribute to this purpose. While they accept the life
and death implications of military service, graduates
continuously seek out positive relationships, new ex-
periences, and knowledge to enlighten their world-
views. They understand, appreciate, and respect di-
verse points of view. Graduates have the strength of growth and fulfillment.
spirit to live by their convictions, to meet their duties
and responsibilities, and to persevere when faced
with challenges.
THE MORAL-ETHICAL DOMAIN
(4) The Human Spirit Domain Outcomes:
(1) The Overarching Goal:
Graduates who:
Graduates who live the Professional Military Ethic de-
• Actively develop and behave in accordance with a velop morally, identify moral and ethical issues, dis-
coherent and principled worldview that frames their cern what is right, make proper decisions, and take
most fundamental values and beliefs; appropriate action.
• Design their journey to develop their human spirit (2) Rationale and Amplification
and full potential;
The purpose of the Moral-Ethical Domain is to devel-
• Evaluate and accept the life and death implications op in cadets a moral and ethical foundation essential
of military service; for commissioned officers. As leaders in the United
States Army, Commissioned Officers must continu-
• Consider the role of service in their own life purpose ously develop their Competence and Character.
and within the contexts of the Army Profession, the Competence enables officers to perform their duties
Nation, and the world community; “well.” Character demands that officers accomplish
the mission in the “right” way.
• Are resilient and have the strength of spirit to per-
severe and prevail when faced with signifi cant chal- Competence and Character are developed through a
lenges ; and process that includes:
• Develop and nurture relationships that lead to • Instruction, Study, and Reflection, providing
knowledge and understanding; THE INTELLECTUAL DOMAIN

• Practice, enabling Adherence and Discipline;
• Assessment, supporting Belief and Commitment;
and Graduates anticipate and respond effectively to the
• Experience, enhancing Leadership and Wisdom. uncertainties of a changing technological, social, po-
litical, and economic world.
(2) Rationale and Amplification
Graduates act morally and ethically in ordinary and
fast moving, fluid, emotional, and complex situations. The contemporary world, increasingly character-
They discover the right thing to do and act accord- ized by technological, social, political, and economic
ingly. Graduates’ decisions and actions will reflect change, is dynamic and complex. Uncertainty and
consideration for and adherence to the Professional change are constants of our world and of the military
Military Ethic and Army Values. Graduates recognize profession. Army officers will confront situations that
the moral and ethical issues in their units, help sol- may have multiple issues at stake; each situation will
diers to recognize and understand these issues, and require an effective response. Within the context of
draw upon a sound moral and ethical foundation in this dynamic environment, future officers must pro-
deciding the right way to act. vide intellectual and ethical leadership for the Army.
(4) Moral-Ethical Domain Outcomes: The intellectual development of cadets remains par-
amount to realizing the Military Academy’s mission.
Graduates who: We cannot train cadets for every situation they will
encounter as officers. Rather, we must educate them
• Understand, adhere to, and profess the Profes- broadly so that they have the foundation for sound
sional Military Ethic (e.g., Army Values) decision making. CLDS specifies what, in general
terms, a broad liberal education ought to accomplish,
• Recognize moral issues and apply ethical consid- and it applies this framework to the education of ca-
erations in decision-making dets in a military context: to develop versatile, cre-
• Contribute to the moral and ethical development ative, and critical thinkers who can craft effective and
of others ethical responses to the challenges that will confront
them throughout their careers. The educational ex-
perience at West Point provides an intellectual foun-
dation for developing strategic leaders.
(3) What Graduates Can Do Technology concepts to acquire, manage, com-

municate and defend information, solve prob-
Graduates anticipate and respond effectively to the lems, and adapt to technological change.
uncertainties of a changing world they will encoun- • Graduates draw from an appreciation of culture
ter as Army officers. They meet challenges, problems, to understand in a global context human behav-
opportunities, and military threats with confidence in ior, achievement, and ideas.
their abilities to accomplish their assigned missions.
• Graduates draw on an appreciation of history to
Anticipation understand in a global context human behavior,
Graduates can examine the social, political, econom- achievement, and ideas.
ic, and technological environment to identify new • Graduates understand patterns of human behav-
ideas and trends and imagine possible outcomes. To ior, particularly how individuals, organizations,
prepare for the future, graduates will be aware of the and societies pursue social, political and eco-
breadth, depth, and limits of their own understanding nomic goals.
and abilities, and they will be self-directed, indepen-
• Graduates listen, read, speak, and write effective-
dent learners with the competence and confidence
ly.
to try new activities and engage new ideas. They can
effectively communicate new ideas and insights, gen- • Graduates think and act creatively.
eralize or infer new principles about the world, and • Graduates demonstrate the capability and desire
apply these inferences appropriately. Graduates rec- to pursue progressive and continued intellectual
ognize and appreciate diverse perspectives on com- development.
plex situations, and they employ interdisciplinary ap-
proaches to an understanding of the challenges they
face and the consequences of their actions.
To Respond Effectively
Graduates will respond, either independently or as
part of a group, applying adaptive, reasoned judg-
ment and integrity to determine appropriate courses
of action and implement them. Throughout this pro-
cess, graduates formulate goals, generate solutions,
communicate effectively, and lead soldiers and units
to accomplish their missions. The development of
critical thinking, a hallmark of an educated officer,
is embedded in all features of CLDS. Graduates can
frame a question or problem from multiple perspec-
tives, identify underlying assumptions, understand
central concepts relevant to the situation, use evi-
dence to make well-reasoned decisions, understand
the consequences of their decisions and actions, and
communicate their decisions clearly.
The overarching goal is supported by nine comple-

mentary learning outcomes:
(4) Intellectual Domain Outcomes:
• Graduates are scientifically literate and are ca-

pable of applying scientific, mathematical, and
computational modes of thought to the solution
of complex problems.
• Graduates apply mathematics, science, technol-
ogy, and the engineering design process to devise
technological problem solutions that are effec-
tive and adaptable.
• Graduates understand and apply Information
THE MILITARY DOMAIN
(1) Overarching Goal:
Graduates anticipate a range of military challenges

and possess the requisite warrior ethos, leadership
perspectives, and military skills to respond effectively
in combat and a wide range of complex situations.
The contemporary spectrum of military operations is

characterized by an array of symmetric and asymmet-
ric challenges in diverse geographic, cultural, danger-
ous environments. Army officers will be confronted
with complex and dynamic situations in which ambi-
guity, uncertainty, and rapid change are constants and
no clear best course of action exists. Officers must be
able to respond effectively within these parameters
to achieve goals and objectives that support mission
accomplishment. Toward that end, they will need to
apply their military training, informed by a continu-
ally developing leadership perspective and backed by
a physically and mentally tough warrior ethos.
Graduates must possess the mature judgment, adapt-

ability, tactical skills, and mental toughness to win the To Respond Effectively:
Nation’s wars. The military development of cadets Graduates are flexible, creative, adaptive, and intui-
requires a foundation for continued learning under- tive leaders capable of quickly assimilating and lead-
scored by a mindset that is versatile, imaginative, and ing their units in a variety of cultural contexts. They
critical. To succeed in critical mission tasks, they must are full-spectrum war-fighters prepared to exercise
be particularly adept at war-fighting skills. sound judgment, address complex military issues,
and execute training and combat missions in dynamic
(3) What Graduates Can Do and chaotic environments. They possess the mili-
tary skills commensurate with their rank and leverage
Graduates can anticipate and respond effectively to their abilities to ensure successful completion of unit
the array of symmetric and asymmetric military chal- missions. Graduates understand their roles as leaders
lenges posed by a changing world. Graduates are and team-builders. They form cohesive units based
prepared to lead as agile decision makers able to act on mutual trust and confidence, and take the initia-
quickly, competently, and with confidence to com- tive to develop themselves and their subordinates
plete their assigned missions. through professional relationships.
To Anticipate: (4) Military Domain Outcomes:

Graduates can understand current and historical mili-
tary operations and can anticipate the future threats. • Graduates understand operational concepts of
They are doctrinally grounded and able to commu- war.
nicate intelligently with both subordinates and supe-
• Graduates understand precepts of military law.
riors using the language of our profession. They are
able to evaluate current training levels and require- • Graduates demonstrate the core leader compe-
ments of their units, predict future requirements, and tencies.
develop and resource effective training plans. Grad- • Graduates demonstrate proficiency in the basic
uates can anticipate requirements and develop cre- military skills required of an officer (BOLC 1 tasks).
ative tactical courses of action to accomplish the mis-
sion consistent with the commander’s intent. They • Graduates demonstrate superior performance
expect and prepare for changes to unit missions and in marksmanship, land navigation, and prepara-
Army organizational structure. They recognize and tion and delivery of small unit operations orders
prudently manage both tactical and accidental risk. (BOLC 1 tasks).
• Graduates demonstrate the capacity to solve mil- contribute immeasurably to mission accomplish-
itary issues during periods of high stress. ment.
The physical development program exposes ca-

THE PHYSICAL DOMAIN dets to challenges that demand physical and mental
toughness; they offer these emerging leaders’ oppor-
tunities to learn the principles, develop the skills, and
adopt the behaviors necessary to ensure success on
Graduates are warrior leaders of character who are
the battlefield.
physically fit, mentally strong, and prepared to con-
front the physical challenges inherent in world-wide
military operations and the duties required of a com-
missioned officer in the U.S. Army.
Graduates understand physical fitness development
and apply fitness and wellness principles to plan, or-
ganize, execute, and assess scientifically-based per-
The requirements of Officership are inherently physi-
sonal and unit fitness programs. Graduates develop
cal. Twenty-first century leaders must possess the
and maintain high levels of the health-related com-
physical and mental courage needed to meet the
ponents of physical fitness: muscular strength and
diverse challenges of leading soldiers in today’s dy-
endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and
namic and fluid environment. Leaders must be physi-
body composition. Equally important, graduates are
cally ready and capable of leading from the front at
capable of applying the skill-related components of
all times. To that end, successful leaders must con-
physical fitness, which include agility, balance, coor-
front challenges, overcome fear, negotiate obstacles
dination, power, and speed, to meet the demands of
to victory, and demonstrate an enduring will to win.
leadership and military service. West Point provides
cadets with formal educational opportunities, com-
In addition to demonstrating high levels of physical
petitive sport opportunities, physical fitness testing,
fitness and an unyielding mental toughness, Army of-
wellness instruction, and consistent evaluation and
ficers must live an active and healthy lifestyle for their
feedback. Through this broad spectrum of devel-
soldiers to emulate. Achieving personal and profes-
opmental experiences, graduates emerge as warrior
sional balance, as well as being able to overcome
leaders of character who are physically fit, mentally
adversity are the hallmarks of successful leaders and
tough, and fully prepared to lead soldiers from the
front. and U.S and foreign. In these diverse situations, good

manners and consideration for others facilitate the in-
(4) Physical Domain Outcomes: teraction and effectiveness of groups and the success
of missions. Army officers must demonstrate maturity
Graduates who: in their bearing and self-control in their conduct both
on and off duty. They must understand that, as gradu-
• Demonstrate the knowledge, skills and abilities to ates and officers, they represent the United States of
promote and maintain personal and unit fitness America, the Army, and West Point in all their interac-
for themselves and their Soldiers. tions. In all of their roles, they must interact comfort-
• Demonstrate the courage needed to accomplish ably and effectively with a broad range of groups.
challenging physical tasks.
The social development of cadets prepares them for
• Demonstrate a personal and professional com- entry into the Army officer corps. Graduates are con-
mitment to participation in sports and physical fident in their bearing and are aware of their status
activity. as social and professional role-models to other ser-
• Live a balanced and healthy lifestyle. vice members and society at large. Graduates dem-
onstrate consideration for others, which includes re-
• Recognize the impact of adversity and implement
spectful treatment of others’ opinions and feelings.
measures to reduce stress.
(3) What Graduates Can Do:
THE SOCIAL DOMAIN
Graduates are able to interact appropriately in the
(1) Overarching Goal: variety of professional and social settings, formal and
informal, encountered over the course of their Army
Graduates interact appropriately with others in a wide careers.
range of cultural, social and professional settings dis-
playing proper etiquette and dress, consideration for Graduates demonstrate respect for their professional
others, and respect for social and professional con- roles by their conduct, on duty and off and thereby
ventions and traditions. enhance the reputation of the United States Military
Academy, their fellow soldiers, and their status as
(2) Rationale and Amplification: commissioned officers in the U.S. Army.
Modern life places graduates in various social and Graduates communicate comfortably and effectively
cultural settings throughout the world. Graduates with a broad range of groups.
will interact with persons different from themselves;
they will also routinely interact with superiors, subor- Graduates demonstrate consideration for others in a
dinates, and peers who are both military and civilian caring and compassionate manner at all times.
(4) Social Domain Outcomes:
• Graduates represent (and reflect distinct credit

upon) themselves, their units, the Army, and the
Nation continually.
• Graduates demonstrate maturity, discipline, and
sound judgment in their interactions with and ob-
ligations to others.
• Graduates interact comfortably and effectively
with persons from a broad range of backgrounds.
• Graduates demonstrate care and compassion for
others.
4.2. PROCESS OF CADET EXPERIENCES
West Point’s faculty and staff are facilitators in cadet

development. They guide, assist, and mentor cadets
build synergy in cadet learning Integrating classroom

education with out-of-classroom experiences (e.g.,
field training, Cadet Troop Leadership Training, Aca-
demic Individual Advanced Development)-- coupled
with guided reflection-- is the next level of intention-
al integration providing the greatest opportunity to
assimilate fully what cadets learn.
In each of these instances, faculty and staff are re-

sponsible for providing cadets with the structure,
process, and content of experiences intended to
challenge them to better understand themselves and
others through the lenses of multiple perspectives.
These experiences provide cadets with a full range of
opportunities to build and expand their capacities of
thought, action, and interaction. Insofar as reflection
is a critical component of any developmental process,
curricular experiences and events are loosely, but in-
tentionally connected in ways that provide cadets
in their journey to become self-directed learners. In with opportunities to reflect back upon and integrate
the first years of cadet development, the staff and thoughts and feedback into subsequent experiences.
faculty are largely responsible for guiding the cadets The intent is to ensure that cadets are looking both
through their development. Detailed instructions, forward and back upon their developmental trajecto-
oversight, and continuous feedback are critical for ries to become increasingly aware of themselves and
cadets in their first year at West Point. Staff and fac- others in the formation of their individual identities.
ulty serve as coaches, mentors, and facilitators during
this time, providing the motivation, advice, and super-
vision to see cadets succeed. At the same time, the 4.3. CONTENT OF CADET EXPERIENCES
staff and faculty provide the cadets with tools nec-
essary to build requisite competencies and capacities West Point’s curriculum provides a liberal education
for leaders. Increasingly, the staff and faculty inten- with experiences specifically designed to produce an
tionally shift onto cadets the responsibility for their adaptable Army officer who is ready for continued
own development. The instruction from the staff and growth as a strategic thinker and leader.
faculty becomes less prescriptive and goal- oriented
The staff and faculty increasingly facilitate self-devel- Each of the curricular domains introduces stressors
opment rather than direct it, providing fewer answers, into a controlled and supportive environment. In the
and guiding cadets toward their own solutions and an initial years of the cadet’s education, the USMA cur-
objective understanding of their developmental ex- riculum is designed with an assumption that most
periences. During these later years, staff and faculty cadets perceive the world through the prism of their
seek to develop cadet relationships that are more in- own personal intentions and goals (Imperial Self) or
dicative of senior members of the profession, creating as reflected by how others view them (Interpersonal
a sense of professional identity and inspiration for ca- Self). In these early years, West Point’s curriculum
dets’ development as officers. By graduation, cadets provides experiences that challenge their current
are on a trajectory to accept responsibility for their system of understanding the world. These challeng-
own continued development. es push cadets to develop more complex cognitive
systems for evaluating their subsequent experiences.
The process of leader development is coordinated Cadets’ capacity to handle increased complexity and
and increasingly integrated to develop cadets holis- to perceive more objectively is gained through self-
tically toward the achievement of the domain goals. reflection and feedback from peers and mentors.
Required core experiences are generally front-loaded Purposefully involving cadets in developmental expe-
in the curriculum to provide a common foundation riences that challenge their ways of thinking and their
for subsequent learning. The core curriculum—our limits of understanding is intended to foster continu-
general education component—serves as the basis ous development toward the internalization of a pro-
of cadets’ professional major. In-depth experiences fessional identity.
in the completion of a major build on the core ex-
periences and provide more complex applications of Curricular content is designed to ensure that all cadets
foundational material team teaching opportunities have the basic communication, information technol-
ogy, and mathematical skills necessary to complete accountable for failure to live according to the Army
their undergraduate work. Early on, the curriculum values. Like most college students, cadets then exam-
provides an introduction to human behaviors, insight ine how they view themselves and the world. They
into which they will need as they begin leadership ex- begin to refine their own core values and develop the
periences and continue to develop social skills. Here strength to live up to their duties and responsibilities.
also they begin the study of applied science, assimi-
lating the scientific method of problem-solving to Throughout the 47-month experience, cadets con-
build the capacity to sort through information, for- tinuously work on the social skills they will need to
mulate a problem, and develop solutions. Initial mili- adeptly manage interactions throughout their careers
tary development focuses on becoming soldiers with as Army officers. As they learn and negotiate the cus-
a solid understanding of basic soldier skills: the abil- toms, courtesies, and traditions of West Point, they
ity to move, shoot, and communicate. These military deepen their insight into other professional relation-
skills, when coordinated with studies of geography, ships.
history, and foreign language, provide cadets with
a foundations and appreciation of cultures through The second half of the West Point curriculum builds
structured military field experiences. By the end of on foundations of the first two years and initiates the
the initial phase of their intellectual development, transition to Stage 3 of their development, where ca-
cadets are comfortable with the application of basic dets begin to view themselves more in the context of
principles of perceiving and solving real-life issues in their chosen profession. This developmental stage is
an academic environment. geared toward the application of knowledge in com-
plex environments. The content of the curriculum is
Cadets will learn to face significant physical and intentionally articulated across developmental pro-
mental challenges intended to test both physical and grams; lines separating domain objectives are system-
moral strength. Their immediate exposure to a highly atically erased. Responsibility for their development
structured and stressful military life will develop time- and for knowing and meeting standards shifts from
management and coping skills. They will learn fun- the staff and faculty to the cadets themselves as they
damentals of fitness that can be applied to a lifetime assume responsibility for their own lifelong develop-
of physical development. They will acquire the basic ment. Moreover, increased leadership in the Corps
physical skills needed by the warrior leader: com- requires cadets to accept ownership for the mission,
batives, agility, flexibility, and movement techniques. the values, and the ethos of the Military Academy;
All of these skills and knowledge are utilized during they begin to internalize the roles of Officership.
the summer military training periods in field environ-
ments. Within this structure, the content of the curriculum
is designed to challenge cadets where they are and
Cadets internalize the values of an officer, including move them progressively toward informed, respon-
the Army Values and the Honor Code and systems sible, self-directed learners. Military development
as they progress through the developmental steps. moves from the individual to the collective level,
Practical exercises and extensive opportunities for from basic familiarity with to mastery of critical skills
open discussion of these topics develop cadets’ ability and knowledge. Cadets will encounter more com-
to recognize, analyze, and address ethical dilemmas. plex military problems under conditions of greater
They must analyze real-life moral issues and formu- stress, induced precisely to prepare them to solve
late an opinion of guilt or innocence based on facts. problems under adverse conditions. Academic ac-
They experience the difficult task of holding someone tivities expand beyond the classroom to advanced
development opportunities and cadet summer train-
ing events, in which cadets apply their knowledge
in practical settings. Capstone courses integrate
foundational material within the context of complex
problem-solving challenges involving creative think-
ing and critical analysis. Throughout the Corps, ca-
dets assume increased leadership responsibilities,
requiring of them an awareness and management of
organizational climate and teamwork. As leaders of
the Corps, cadets are responsible for ethical decision
making. They serve on honor boards where they ana-
lyze behavior and make decisions that can carry life-
long implications for others. These activities prepare
cadets to model and enforce the Army’s standards.
ASSIGNING RESPONSIBILITY
FOR LEADER DEVELOPMENT
5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.3. SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES
eveloping cadets into commissioned lead- The leader development system at West Point is struc-
D ers of character is the responsibility of every

person assigned to West Point. Although
cadets own the journey, faculty and staff must seek
opportunities to assist cadets in their growth. Cadet
tured so that every member of the staff and faculty
have the opportunity to serve as mentors, facilitators,
and integrators of cadets’ 47-month journey through
West Point. Where possible, we ought to use the ca-
development is intended to be holistic with a focus on dets’ personal experiences to help them refine their
shaping cadets’ identities as officers and worldviews understanding of their core values and beliefs and
(See Figure 1.1) While cadets will not graduate as fin- worldview, which becomes, through reflection and
ished products in their 47-month journey through introspection, a defining feature of one’s self-identity,
West Point, the role of the faculty and staff is to meet character, and foundation for leadership
cadets where we find them and develop them in ways
that help them to reach their potential. All faculty and staff serve as mentors, facilitators, and
integrators of cadets’ 47-month experience at West
5.2 GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES Point. As mentors, the faculty and staff participate
with and guide cadets through the challenges of
Every member of West Point’s staff and faculty is a their developmental experiences. Mentors are both
role model, an exemplar of professional behavior. counselors and partners, assisting cadets to evalu-
Regardless of duty position—whether an officer or ate growth in areas associated with self and social
sergeant, military or civilian, professor, coach, staff awareness, motivation, self-regulation, and a sense
officer, or administrator—personal conduct must of ownership, commitment, and engagement in their
model the Army values. own development. As facilitators, staff and faculty
must understand the structure and process of CLDS
Since a major aspect of development is to provide so that they can assist cadets in navigating through
challenging experiences that take cadets out of their the framework. Facilitators ought to assist cadets in
comfort zone and assist them in stretching their ca- the selection of experiences that will enhance their
pabilities, staff and faculty must consciously work to growth and potential and also help cadets to make
create conditions where appropriate developmental sense out of their experiences. As integrators, fac-
friction might result in cadet growth. ulty and staff seek to identify activities throughout the
47-month experience that sit at the intersection of
several CLDS’ domains, encouraging cadets to partic-
ipate in order to maximize their potential for growth.

To be successful, CLDS must develop cadets holisti-
cally. The faculty and staff at West Point must find
ways to help cadets draw meaningful connections
between otherwise disparate foci (domains) so that
the cadets maximize their potential to understand
themselves and those with whom they interact within
varied social contexts.
1. TACTICAL OFFICERS. The Tactical Officers (TACs)

and Tactical Non-commissioned officers (TAC
NCOs) comprise the Tactical Department for each
of the 32 standard cadet companies, equally dis-
tributed into four regiments and under one bri-
gade. The TACs serves as the commanders and
legal authorities of the cadet companies. Regi-
mental TACs (RTOs) and the Brigade TAC (BTO)
perform the same functions at their respective
levels of authority. The company TAC and NCO—
the TAC team—serve as coaches, teachers, and
mentors to each cadet in the company, and assess
their performance throughout their 47-month
experience at West Point. The TAC Team develops
and assesses tailored opportunities that support
each cadet’s personal and professional growth in
the six developmental domains. TAC Teams de-
velop cadets in the following ways:
(a) LEADER DEVELOPER AND INTEGRATOR. The

TAC Team first establishes a positive command
climate by setting the example, empowering ca-
dets, and using all experiences, to include mis-
takes, to promote development. They assess each
cadet’s development, providing balanced feed-
back on his or her progress at West Point. The
TAC Team encourages cadets to take ownership
of their development by bringing them in as part-
(b) COUNSELOR. The TAC Team formally and
ners in tailoring development plans. The TAC
individually counsels each cadet on a recurring
Team encourages cadets to engage in self-reflec-
basis during their 47-month experience at West
tion to harvest insights about themselves in terms
Point to provide each with an on-going, tailored
strengths, areas needing improvement, iden-
assessment of their growth in each of the pro-
tity, and perspective on leadership. In addition,
gram areas—Academic, Military, and Physical—in
through discussions, the TAC team assists cadets
attaining the goals articulated in CLDS for each
in making meaning of the development experi-
of the developmental domains. The intent of the
ences. In serving as role models, the TAC Team
counseling is to provide cadets with candid feed-
plays a pivotal role in shaping cadets’ identities
back to spur self-reflection, shape meaning, and
of Officership and perspectives. The TAC Team
to refine future development plans.
is responsible for empowering cadets to actively
participate in tailoring their development plan,
(c) COACH, TEACHER, MENTOR. TAC Teams em-
encouraging cadets to engage in self-reflection,
power and mentor the cadet chains of command,
and actively assisting in shaping cadets’ meaning-
rather than run the companies themselves. They
making—i.e., to make sense of one’s experiences.
devote equal time, energy and resources to pro-
Meaning-making, which involves interpretation,
viding direction and encouragement as well as
analysis, reflection, and contemplation of one’s
sharing best practices based on their experiences.
experiences, is the basis of individual growth to-
They allow the cadet leaders to grapple with lead-
ward the development of self-identity .
ership challenges and use mistakes as opportuni-
ties for development. pose and mission and their academic rank. Like
all comparable academic institutions, USMA’s fac-
(d) ROLE MODEL. TAC Teams, just as all members ulty is involved deeply in teaching, scholarship,
of the USMA staff and faculty, are example-set- and service. Additionally, all faculty participate
ters. They live the Army values on and off duty, in in fostering cadet development beyond formal
and out of uniform, at and away from the Acad- academic courses in such areas as extracurricu-
emy. lar trips, athletics and clubs. Moreover, with the
large number of rotating military, faculty are re-
(e) COLLABORATOR. TAC Teams assist cadets in sponsible for developing and supporting junior
the identification and management of curricular colleagues as effective teachers, guiding them in
and co-curricular relationships between a cadet scholarly pursuits, and mentoring them in their
and his or her staff and faculty in order to further professional development.
enhance the integration and assessment of the
cadet’s 47-month experience. When TAC Teams The USMA Faculty Manual and DPOM 5-3 provide
establish an open dialogue with the cadet’s staff guidance on the faculty’s roles and responsibili-
and faculty, they intentionally facilitate the con- ties both within the context of the CLDS domains
nection and integration of experiences. The in- and in the five areas associated with teaching,
teraction between TAC Teams and the staff and service, scholarship, cadet development, and fac-
faculty is reciprocal and interdependent. TAC ulty development. Demonstrable excellence in
teams also leverage faculty and staff to assist each of these areas strengthens the intellectual
them in shaping cadets’ meaning of key events or vitality of the faculty and promotes activities that
experiences. enhance the quality of cadet education.
(f) LEGAL COMMANDER. Consistent with U.S. (a) TEACHING. Teaching affects cadets directly
Army regulations and U.S. Code, the TAC offi- in the development of their intellectual capacities
cer serves as the legal commander for the cadet and the modeling of appropriate professional be-
company. havior and relationships. Responsibilities associ-
ated with teaching include the design of courses,
2. FACULTY. USMA faculty members have varied and preparation of teaching materials, preparation
demanding responsibilities drawn from the spe- and teaching classes, providing feedback to and
cial requirements of the Military Academy’s pur- evaluating students. Instructors and professors
leverage classroom discussions to challenge ca- the Curriculum Committee, along with the Gen-
dets’ perspectives and reinforce the development eral Committee, Academic Board, and the policy
of the four facets of Officership. boards. Additionally, assessment of faculty devel-
opment and growth is maintained by the Promo-
(b) CADET DEVELOPMENT. Cadet development tion and Credentials Committee. Through ser-
requires faculty participation in cadets’ volun- vice, faculty and staff provide for the continued
tary curricular and academic extracurricular ac- facilitation and integration of CLDS.
tivities, the military or physical development pro-
grams, and community activities contributing to (d) SCHOLARSHIP. Scholarship involves the active
their development. This activity provides cadets engagement, participation, and growth in an aca-
with ongoing mentoring and support by the fac- demic discipline. Quality scholarship yields in-
ulty in aspects of CLDS that extend beyond the depth disciplinary knowledge that is shared with
classroom. In addition, faculty should view every and evaluated by other scholars. Scholarship en-
meeting with a cadet is a developmental oppor- hances the quality of education, keeping the fac-
tunity to reinforce the identity of Officership and ulty engaged as learners in their disciplines. Ad-
assist in broading one’s worldview. Serving as role ditionally, with our focus on leader development,
models is one of the most powerful ways faculty faculty participate in the scholarship of teaching
can support cadet development. and learning with an eye toward systematically
analyzing ways to improve upon student develop-
(c) SERVICE. Service contributes directly to CLDS ment. Publication of analyses underscoring what
beyond professional outreach and administrative students learn and the manner through which
governance. In order to maintain and improve they learn reinforces CLDS through an ever-more
CLDS, faculty must continuously assess cadets’ realistic and nuanced grasp of student develop-
outcomes and the integration of the CLDS frame- ment.
work. Faculty serve on important institutional
committees directly involved in curricular assess- (e) FACULTY DEVELOPMENT. Faculty develop-
ments and renewal. These committees include ment encourages continual improvements in
CLDS, corresponding domain and goal teams, teaching and academic growth of other faculty.
Through professional mentoring senior faculty
establish the foundation for accomplishing out-
come goals stated in CLDS.
3. COACHES. ODIA Coaches at the Military Acade-

my have a unique role among Division 1 Athletic
Coaches. Like other college coaches, they recruit
and coach student athletes to produce winning
teams. But unlike other coaches, their primary
mission is the same as any other member of the
Staff and Faculty: to produce leaders of charac-
ter and inspire them to a career of service as of-
ficers in the Army. Coaches must know the CLDS
manual, the developmental requirements of their
cadet-athletes, and the unique West Point envi-
ronment. They are responsible for monitoring
their cadet-athletes for balanced development in
all domains. Across the Academy, they maintain
open dialogue with others who develop their ca-
dets, especially tactical officers and instructors.
They develop cadet athletes in a way that helps
them achieve the Military Academy’s outcome
goals and objectives. They do this by establishing
a team culture that supports CLDS and the Acad-
emy values.
4. TEAM OR/OIC. Officer Representatives (ORs) have and beyond. Sponsors reinforce professional and
a vital role in representing the Military Academy social standards while providing a more relaxed
and the Superintendent, Dean, Commandant, environment for cadets to reflect on their expe-
and Athletic Director. With the Faculty Athletics riences. A sponsor should help guide a cadet in
Representative (FAR), these official institutional self-reflection. Sponsors can help cadets define,
representatives and senior officer role models, explain and digest many aspects of their experi-
who consist of both military officers and civilians, ence. The sponsors serve as a sounding board
articulate institutional integration of the athletic that can help cadets interpret their experiences
program into the overall cadet-leader develop- and examine their development across the do-
ment experience (academic, military, physical, mains.
and moral-ethical). The ORs monitor individual
player’s performances in every developmental 6. CADET/PEERS. Ideally, cadets would assume full
domain and support cadet-athletes’ personal dis- responsibility for their own development. How-
cipline and balance of activities and guide them ever, based on their experience, we find that most
as leaders of team units. By understanding the cadets, particularly early in the 47-month expe-
rules and regulations of the various athletic com- rience, struggle with this responsibility of being
missions, ORs also assist in ensuring compliance. self-directed learners. Over time, cadets recog-
Besides guiding cadets, they advise the coach- nized and adhere to professional standards of
ing staff on issues of the cadet environment and behavior and decorum. Increasingly, upper class
monitor team culture to ensure it supports CLDS cadets support the development of more junior
and Academy values. cadets, assisting them in understanding CLDS.
5. SPONSORS. Cadet sponsors enhance learning op- 5.4. TIPS FOR THE STAFF AND FACULTY
portunities for cadets, while concurrently provid-
ing them with an informal environment in which a. Listen to cadets carefully, so you can meet
to relax outside of the classroom. The program them where they are.
is voluntary, with the major objective being to al-
low cadets an opportunity to interact informally b. Be careful not to draw conclusions about ca-
in a family atmosphere with staff and faculty. The dets’ motivations. Cadets often see things differ-
program is structured to serve Plebe cadets dur- ently than staff and faculty.
ing their first year at West Point, but in most cases
it continues, less formally, even up to graduation c. Optimize cadets’ experiences by determining
which ones provide them with the opportunity
both to analyze and to evaluate their world.
d. Avoid the trap of spending time on perfecting

an already adequate curriculum and training pro-
gram.
e. Increase opportunities for cadets to make real

choices with real consequences.
f. Build reflection into the West Point experience.
g. Support cadets’ efforts to resolve problems

rather than solve the problem yourself.
h. Help cadets recognize in them an opportunity

for self-assessment and change.
i. Increase cadets’ self-awareness of their

strengths, weaknesses, talents and biases by the
time they graduate.
ASSESSING LEADER
DEVELOPMENT
6.1. PURPOSE 6.2. PRINCIPLES
eader development requires the intentional Several principles guide our assessment activities.
L and systematic assessment of cadets’ learn-

ing in accordance with our desired outcomes.
Through assessment, CLDS remains relevant and cur-
rent to the Army and higher education. Evidence gen-
First, our assessment system must be useful. Results
of our evaluations ought to be of sufficient value and
clarity that a decision maker will understand what the
results mean with regard to a program decision so that
erated through our assessment of CLDS enables us to he or she may alter a course, add a new activity, or pro-
renew the curriculum as well as respond to inquiries vide additional resources. In this regard, assessment
from external agencies including the Department is about program development. Second, assessment
of the Army, the Department of Defense, the United is about process. The results of assessments ought to
States Congress, the Middle States Commission on facilitate conversations about what works and doesn’t
Higher Education, and ABET Inc., the Accreditation work throughout the curriculum. Third, assessments
Board for Engineering and Technology. reflect snapshots of a learning process. While most
of our assessments of performance outcomes will re-
Our assessment of leader development outcomes flect cross-sectional observations, success can only
is structured hierarchically. Domain teams, consist- be seen through a cumulative understanding of many
ing of staff and faculty—our subject matter experts, measures taken over time. Our assessments must
meet regularly to assess cadet performance against include multiple measures from multiple sources to
the goals corresponding to each of the six domains. ensure the accuracy and validity of the data. These
Within domains, smaller teams are often established longitudinal insights will be integrated and evaluated
for the purpose of assessing specific goals within the over time to provide the most accurate view of the ef-
purview of the domain. Chairpersons of the domains ficacy of our developmental programs and activities.
serve on a CLDS Assessment Steering Committee for Fourth, our success depends on broad participation
the purpose of reviewing our leader development across West Point in order to develop a holistic under-
system holistically. Each domain team completes standing of our collective efforts at leader develop-
an annual report, the set of which is compiled as an ment. Furthermore, broad participation will improve
overall annual assessment of CLDS for distribution the institutional acceptance of the assessment results
and discussion throughout the Military Academy. and the likelihood that such results address shortfalls
identified by those assessments. Fifth, assessments
reflect multiple, sometimes competing purposes. As-
sessments can be used to further develop individual
cadet’s achievement of goals (formative assessment) assessment of curricular coordination and assess-
as well as to identify programmatic strengths and ment of cadets’ goal achievement. Additionally, the
weaknesses of the curriculum (an aggregated form of presence of a feedback loop is critical to ensure that
summative assessment). the assessment system is dynamic and not determin-
istic.
6.3. DESIGN
ASSESS LEARNING MODEL: Curriculum design pro-
Assessment is a fundamental part of CLDS. Our as- ceeds from a learning model for each of the domain’s
sessment system both informs, and is informed by, goals. This learning model represents a theory about
decisions regarding other curricular functions. As- how cadets learn and develop with respect to par-
sessment outcomes support decisions regarding cur- ticular types of learning outcomes. These assessment
riculum structure, course design, and course integra- efforts provide a test of the model.
tion. Similarly, results offer input into decisions about
the content and sequencing of faculty development ASSESS CURRICULUM DESIGN: The curriculum as-
activities that focus on creating and maintaining a ca- sociated with any aspect of our leader development
det-centered learning environment. The assessment system should conform to the articulated learning
results inform us on our success in developing leaders model. Assessment of the curriculum incorporates a
of character and direct attention to potentially prob- periodic peer review process to determine if a cluster
lematic areas. of courses, or program threads, satisfies one or more
of the CLDS goals.
Assessment at West Point has four distinct processes
that, when taken together, integrate curriculum, in- ASSESS CURRICULAR COORDINATION: Course de-
struction, and cadet achievement into a conceptual sign and delivery of instruction follow logically from
framework. These four processes are: assessment of curriculum design. Course design includes the speci-
the learning model, evaluation of curricular design, fication of course goals and objectives, the selection
and sequencing of course content, the selection or FEEDBACK LOOP: An assessment system is stag-
preparation of instructional materials, the design of nant if the results are not used in a meaningful way
tests and other student evaluation instruments, and to monitor quality and improve the achievement of
the development of instructional strategies and les- the outcomes. Assessment information needs to be
son plans. Our assessment efforts in this area include summarized, analyzed and presented to the appropri-
a review of course syllabi, instructional materials, ped- ate audiences with the intent not just to evaluate, but
agogical practices, and student assessment methods also to implement improvements. The Military Acade-
to determine if aspects of these courses align with the my accomplishes this in three primary ways. First, the
intended goal. goal teams include faculty and staff—subject matter
experts—who are involved directly in the delivery of
ASSESS OUTCOMES: With a learning model in place instruction in courses identified as contributing to the
and a curriculum designed and implemented in a man- outcomes of the goal. These persons are on the front
ner consistent with the learning model, outcomes as- lines of instruction and in positions to effect change
sessment can be conducted in a meaningful context. as the goal teams identify concerns. Second, each
These conditions are essential to allow for the inter- goal team and corresponding domain team produces
pretation of student outcomes data within conceptu- an annual report summarizing the results of the as-
al framework provided by the learning model. Within sessment activities, which includes recommenda-
this framework, domain teams develop the standards tions based on their findings. Finally, the CLDS Com-
and assessment metrics for each of their stated goals mittee solicits and reviews proposals for curricular
and develop plans to systematically assess all aspects changes based on assessment findings, changes in
of the domain over time. Within domains, goal teams higher education, or changes in the Army requiring
implement the assessment plans by identifying, col- our adaptation, and makes recommendations to the
lecting and evaluating data that provides evidence re- Military Academy’s leadership.
lated to the outcome goals.
ARMY STRONG!
est Point’s leader development system faculty in maintaining a vibrant, challenging, up-to-
W ensures that the Army and Nation possess

officers able to anticipate and respond to
the challenges that will confront them throughout
their careers. Our theory of leader development is in-
date educational experience. This document, written
by our faculty and staff, provides USMA with a model
for managing and evolving West Point’s curriculum.
With its articulation of cadets’ essential learning out-
tentionally linked to our educational and training ac- comes, CLDS also provides the staff and faculty with
tivities to meet cadets where they stand and develop guidance on student outcomes assessment. We be-
them accordingly. Leader development at West Point lieve that CLDS directs institutional attention to what
is standards-based, individually focused, and devel- matters most--cadet development--and emphasizes
opmental. It is the integration of an excellent liberal a process for conversation and renewal.
education and practical applications to develop in our
future officers the capacity to lead others. To prepare To remain the pre-eminent leader development insti-
commissioned leaders of character for our Nation, we tution for the Army, West Point must adapt to chang-
must not only expose cadets to relevant knowledge es in the environment. Activities that comprise the
and skills; we must also facilitate the development of 47-month experience must be continuously coordi-
their self-identity as mature, professional adults. We nated and integrated if they are to develop the whole
aspire to develop in cadets the capacity to make deci- person. Accordingly, CLDS provides an integrated
sions and commitments based on internal principles system of experiences intentionally designed to pre-
and values. pare our graduates for the uncertainties of a chang-
ing world. CLDS is West Point’s mechanism to ensure
While CLDS represents the West Point Curriculum, it that our graduates are capable leaders in the Army
is more than a catalog of courses and requirements. and that our staff and faculty are collectively unified
Indeed, it is a framework that guides our staff and in their effort to build cadets’ capacity to lead.
CREDITS
Editors: Dr. Bruce Keith & Dr. Tim Judd (Academic Affairs Division, Office of the Dean); Dr. John
Stapleton (Department of History); LTC Mike Stoneham (Department of English); COL Patrick
Sweeney (Department of Behavioral Sciences & Leadership); COL Kelly
Kruger (Office of Policy, Planning, and Assessment)
This document reflects the work of the Cadet Leader Development System Committee along with
the numerous faculty and staff from the corresponding domain and goal teams. While this docu-
ment includes literally hundreds of authors, special recognition must acknowledge COL Scott
Snook and BG George B. Forsythe for their introduction of the original operational concept and,
in alphabetical order, LTC Brian DeToy, LTC Joe Doty, LTC Jesse Germain, LTC Todd Henshaw,
Dr. Bruce Keith, Dr. Don Snider, and COL Patrick Sweeney for their efforts at refining and building
upon the shoulders of their predecessors.
Design & Layout: Dr. Jon Malinowski, Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering
Photos: Jon Malinowski, (D/GEnE); John Pellino, (DPTMS); Tommy Gilligan (USMA PAO); Mike
Strasser (USMA PAO); SPC Donte Baltimore (US Army); Master Sgt. Jerry Morrison (USAF); MC1
Chad J. McNeeley; DOIM Archives; USMA Public Affairs (PAO); Directorate of Cadet Activities
(DCA); Directorate of Intercollegiate Athletics (ODIA); MSG Dean Welch (D-PAC); SGT Tierney P.
Nowland (US Army); SSGT Jacob N. Bailey (USAF); Main cover photo by John Pellino (DPTMS)
Comments are welcomed and may be sent to: Academic Affairs Division, Office of the Dean,
Building 600, Room 10, United States Military Academy, West Point NY 10996

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What is the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS) and what is its purpose?

What is the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS) and what is its purpose?

What are some of the challenges future Army officers will face according to the text?

What are some of the challenges future Army officers will face according to the text?

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY

West Point, New York

W est Point is responsible for the development of leaders who, as

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY

• DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY •

Copyright ©2009 United States Military Academy. All rights reserved.

WEST POINT’S LEADER DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM v

WEST POINT’S LEADER

Every member of the Military Academy is critical to

Duty, Honor, Country;

MANAGING A SYSTEM FOR

W ment of leaders who, as commissioned

This booklet delineates the operational concept for

A broad-based knowledge of the sciences and the

The accreditation process ensures that West Point

Figure 1.1: West Point’s Leader Development Model

manage their emotions, actions, and anxieties, will

Throughout the West Point leader development ex-

1.3 FRAMING LEADER DEVELOPMENT

The Military Academy’s curriculum is grounded in a

Like most college students, prospective cadets typi-

OFFICERSHIP & PERSPECTIVE:

O officer. Commissioned officers are leaders

proach their intellectual development as a moral obli-

Physical stamina. Warriors maintain physical ﬁtness

A leader of character is one who seeks to discover

several purposes. First, it officially establishes the

agents of the government. Authority from the people

Distinct culture. The military profession has devel-

Ethically based. As members of a profession, officers

Service as an Army officer is more than a job; it is a

Shaping the unique professional identity of Officer-

F condition for the design and implementation

capacity for training and educational experiences

8. Leader development requires meaningful interac-

3.4. DEVELOPING AN OFFICER’S IDENTITY

Our theory of cadet development originates in litera-

how we understand it.5 Developmental progression

Stage 2 – The Imperial Self

Cadets at this stage are likely to deﬁne their interper-

Research on cadets at USMA has demonstrated that Stage 4 – Self-Authored Identity

TABLE 3.1 OFFICERSHIP & DEVELOPMENT

8 PRINCIPLES KEGAN KEGAN KEGAN

HONOR Honor as Owed to the Honor is

LOYALTY Loyalty to Loyalty to the To the Con-

mature professionals. Cadets, in their transition from

3.8. COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT The USMA Curriculum weaves these opportuni-

(c) Support: Coaching, mentoring, and resourc-

OUR LEARNING MODEL

T fectively move cadets into higher levels of

The developmental outcomes and corresponding (2) Rationale and Ampliﬁcation

To develop as a leader imbued with the strength of

protect soldiers from battle-induced pathologies.

There are many different paths for developing the hu-

(3) What Graduates Can Do