PhaseI Bio L1 Cell
PhaseI Bio L1 Cell
PhaseI Bio L1 Cell
n Learning Objectives:
¨ Cell theory (0.25 hr)
SECTION 1: CELL n Time Allocation: 3 hrs
Dr. K.M. Leung
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Learning Outcomes
n After studying this topic students should be able to: A. MONOSACCHARIDES
¨ Describe the cell theory;
¨ Appreciate the advances in technology contribute to n simplest form of carbohydrates
the development of the cell theory;
n soluble in water
¨ Relate the significance of different chemicals found in a
cell to life;
¨ Explain the properties and functions of the cell
membrane using the fluid mosaic model;
¨ Identify different organelles and describe their
functions;
¨ Compare the structure between plant and animal cell;
¨ Compare the structure between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells;
¨ Arrange the levels of organization in a living organism
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in the correct order.
B. DISACCHARIDES 1. Cellulose
n formed from glucose
n 2 moleucles of monosaccharides n insoluble in water
joined together
n Use: component of plant cell wall
n soluble in water
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2.Starch 3.Glycogen
n formed from glucose.
n formed from glucose.
n slightly soluble in water, but soluble in hot
n insoluble in water.
water.
n Use: carbohydrate storage of animals,
n Use: carbohydrate storage of plants
usually stored in muscles and liver.
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A. TRIGLYCERIDES / FATS B. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
glycerol
HYDROPHILIC
soluble in water
+ 2 fatty acids HEAD /
+ phosphate POLAR HEAD
+ nitrogen
containing
molecule
HYDROPHOBIC
TAIL insoluble in
water
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steroid backbone
C. STEROIDS
§ no fatty acid tails
§ consists of 4 rings of carbon atoms
§ component of animal cell membranes
§ forming vitamin D and hormones
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Proteins are polymers of amino acids 1.2.4 NUCLEIC ACIDS
n pentose (a sugar) + phosphate + organic
nitrogenous bases
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1.3 STRUCTURE OF CELL
A. ORGANELLES OF ANIMAL AND
PLANT CELLS
Organelles are the functional structures
inside a cell.
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b) Fluid Mosaic Model
1. Cell Membrane / Plasma membrane
n phospholipid molecules can move sideway
a) Characteristics of cell membrane proteins of the cell membrane do not form a
n composed of lipid and protein continuous layer and are not fixed in position
n a lipid bilayer interspersed with protein n their position can shift in the plane of the
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Functions of Membranebound Protein 2. Mitochondrion (a)
jchannels for ions
m attached with carbohydrates to l Shape: round, oval
k pumps/carriers for serve as cell marker for recognition
transporting ions across the of cell types l bound by a double membrane
membrane
l enzymes catalysing
chemical reactions at the
membrane surface … receptors for binding
hormones or
neurotransmitters so as to
regulate cellular metabolism
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n undergoes aerobic respiration to release energy
Rough ER Smooth ER
l ribosomes attached l no ribosomes
on the surface attached
l for lipid metabolism
l site of protein
synthesis
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Ribosome
n minute structure, not membranebound
n occurs freely in cytoplasm or attached with ER
n site of protein synthesis
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4. Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Body
n stack of membranes n proteins and lipids
made in ER are
n vesicles bud off from collected, modified and
the margin packages them into
vesicles
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5. Lysosome 6. Centrioles
n vesicles of various sizes containing hydrolytic n a pair of rodlike structures arranged at
enzymes to break down cellular debris, wornout right angles to one another
organelles for recovery of useful biochemicals n for the synthesis of microtubules
(filaments of protein) e.g. spindle fibres
during cell division
n found in animal cells only
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n shape: round, oval membrane
n usually spherical
n surrounded by nuclear
envelope
n contains genetic
materials chromatin
n controls activities of the
cell
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10. Cell Wall
n made up of cellulose
fibrils
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11. Microtubules and Microfilaments
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References for Further Studies:
n Biology (6th ed.); EP Solomon, LR Berg &
DW Martin; Thomas Learning Inc.; 2002
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