DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA

Syllabus

Proposed course outlines

For
M.S/ M.Phil (Physics) Semester/Term System
Effective from the Academic Session 2014 onward

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
FACTULY OF BASIC SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
M.S/M.Phil (Physics) Semester/Term System
Effective from the Academic Session 2014 onward

Total credit: 30 Hours

[Theory course 24 credit hours + Laboratory work/Research thesis: 06 credit hours]
NOTE:
 Theory course of 24-credit hours (8-courses each of 3 credit hours) have to be completed in first
two semesters (i.e. 1st & 2nd semester) during ONE academic year.
 Scholar will have to complete FIVE compulsory and THREE optional courses.
 Laboratory work/Research thesis of 06-Credit hours has to be completed in second academic
years i.e., in 3rd and 4th semesters.
 Scholar will submit thesis along with ONE Research Paper published or accepted in recognize
journal of HEC from their research work before the final defense.

COMPULSORY COURSES
SNo. Course Course Title Credit Marks
Code Hours
1 Phy-501 Research Methodology 3 100
2 Phy-502 Mathematical Methods of Physics 3 100
3 Phy-503 Electromagnetic Theory 3 100
4 Phy-504 Self-Organized Nanostructures 3 100
5 Phy-505 Microelectronics Fabrication Technology 3 100
6 Phy-506 Sensing and Actuation 3 100
7 Phy-507 Signals and System Analysis 3 100
8 Phy-508 Telecommunication networks 3 100
9 Phy-509 Experimental Techniques 3 100
10 Phy-510 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 3 100

OPTIONAL COURSES
SNo. Course Course Title Credit Marks
Code Hours
1 Phy-601 Solid State Physics 3 100
2 Phy-602 Semiconductor Physics 3 100
3 Phy-603 Computational Physics 3 100
4 Phy-604 Advanced Quantum Mechanics 3 100
5 Phy-605 Medical Physics 3 100
6 Phy-606 Methods and Techniques of Experimental Physics 3 100
7 Phy-607 Surface Physics 3 100
8 Phy-608 Optical Fiber Communication 3 100
9 Phy-609 Cellular mobile system 3 100
10 Phy-610 Renewable Energy Resources 3 100
11 Phy-611 Digital and Analog Circuit Design 3 100
12 Phy-612 Digital Integrated Circuit Design 3 100
13 Phy-613 Plasma Physics-I 3 100
14 Phy-614 Template Assisted Synthesis 3 100
15 Phy-615 Microcontroller 3 100
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
COMPULSORY COURSES

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: (03) Phy-501

1. Research Methodology: An Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Types
of Research, Research Approaches (quantitative and qualitative approaches), Significance of
Research, Research Methods versus Methodology, Importance of Knowing How Research is Done,
Literature surveys, Research Process, Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem?
(Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a
Problem), Research Design,
2. Writing Academic Papers: Significance of Report Writing, Different Steps in Writing Report,
Layout of the Research Report, Mechanics of Writing a Research Report, Writing and presentation of
scientific papers, plagiarism, what is plagiarism and how to avoid it, contents and referencing writing
papers, Computers and Researcher
3. Application of Statistical Concepts: Graphs, numerical summaries, normal distribution,
regression analysis and correlation, Sample Designs and their Types, Methods of Data Collection,
Collection of Primary Data, Observation Method, Interview Method, Collection of Data through
Questionnaires, Collection of Secondary Data, Processing and Analysis of Data, Sampling
Fundamentals, probability, statistical inference for one or two samples, hypothesis tests, Chi square
tests, conceptual understanding application of statistics, advanced theory, derivatives of quantitative
statistics, descriptive statistics, confidence intervals, variance, standard deviations, curve fitting, Least
squares method etc.

BOOKS:
1. C. R. Rathori, Research Methodology and Techniques, Cambridge University Press, 2001
2. Ranjit Kumar, Resarch Methodology: A step by step Guide for Beginners, Addison Wisely,
1996
3. Alan Agrest, An application to Categorical Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, 1996
4. R. B. Burns, Introduction to Research Methods, McGraw Hill, 2000
5. C. H. Hart, Doing A Literature Review, Cambridge University Press, 1996

MATHEMATICAL METHODS OF PHYSICS: (03) Phy-502

1. Boundary Value Problems: Boundary value problems in Physics (solutions and examples),
Eigenvalues, Eigen functions, Sturn-Louville problems, Hermitian operators and their eigen values
and eigen functions
2. Calculus of Variance: A dependent and independent variables, applications of Euler equation,
several dependent and independent variables, Lagrange multipliers, variation with constraints,
Rayleigh Ritz techniques, nonlinear methods and chaos introduction, the logistic map, non linear
differential equations
3. Probability: Definition, simple properties, random variable, binomial distribution, Poison
distribution, Gauss normal distribution, statistics and experimental measurements
4. Partial Differential Equations: Laplace equation, steady state temperature in regular plate, the
diffusion or heat equation, the wave equation, the vibrating string, steady state temperature in a
cylinder, vibration of a circular membrane and steady state temperature in a sphere, poison equation,
and integral transforms solutions of partial equations

BOOKS
1. M. I. Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Science, publisher Kay Pace, 2006
2. E. Krevzig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley and Sons, 2006
3. G. B Arfken & H. I. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physics, Elsevier Academic Press, 2005
4. P. K. Chattopdhya, Mathematical Physics, N C Age Intl., 1990
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY: (03) Phy-503
1. Review: Coulomb‟s law, electric field, Gauss‟s law, scalar potential surface charge distributions of
charges and dipoles, Poison‟s and Laplace equations, Biot and Sarvat law, Ampere‟s law, vector
potential, magnetic induction in a circular loop of current, Faraday‟s law of induction, energy in
magnetic field, Maxwell‟s equation, gauge transformations, Green‟s function, independent wave
equations, initial value problems; Kirchoff‟s integral representation, Pointing theorem, conservation
laws, microscopic equation
2. Wave guides and Resonant cavities: Fields at the surface of and within a conductor, cylindrical
cavities and wave guides, modes in a rectangular guide, energy flow and attention in wave guides,
general angular and frequency distribution of radiation from accelerated charges, frequency spectrum
from relativistic charge particles in an simultaneously circular orbit, synchliro radiation, Thomson
scattering by quasi free charges
3. Simple Radiation Systems and Diffraction: Field and radiation of a localized source, oscillating
dielectric dipole, magnetic dipole and quadruple field, centre fed antenna, Kirchoff‟s integral for
integration, vector equivalent of Krichoff‟s integral, Babinef‟s principle, diffraction by circular
aperture and by small apertures, scattering by a conduction sphere an short wavelength

BOOKS
1. D Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley and Sons, 2007
2. D J Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice Hall, 2009
3. H C Ohanion, Classical Electrodynamics, Aliyan and Bacon Inc., Massachusetts, 1988
4. P L Lorian and D R Corson, Electromangnetic Fields and Waves, W H Freeman & Co.,1978
5. E O George, Introduction to Electrodynamics Theory, Courier Douer publication, 2003

SELF-ORGANIZED NANOSTRUCTURES (03) Phy-504

1. Anodic Aluminum oxide nanostructures: Types of anodic oxide film, general structure of
anodic porous alumina, pore diameter, inter pore distance, wall thickness, Barrier layer thickness,
porosity, pore density, incorporation of anions, cell wall structure, crystal structure of oxide, density
and charge of oxide film, Miscellaneous Properties of Anodic Porous Alumina, Aluminum Pre-
Treatment, Self-Organized Anodizing of Aluminum (Structural Features of Self-Organized AAO,
Order Degree and Defects in Nanopore Arrangement), Removal of the Aluminum Base, Removal of
the Barrier Layer, Structure and Thinning of the Barrier Layer, Re-Anodization of Anodic Porous
Alumina, Theories for self-organization of AAO nanostructures.
2. Zinc oxide nanostructures: Basic properties (Crystal Structure, Lattice Parameters, Electronic
Band Structure, Mechanical Properties, Pyroelectricity), Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures (Vapor
Transport Process, Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy and Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Hydrothermal
Synthesis, Growth of ZnO in general alkaline solutions, Growth mediated by
hexamethylenetetramine, Seeded growth on general substrates, Electrodeposition, Templated growth),
Doping of ZnO (n-Type Doping, p-Type Doping).
3. Carbon Nanotubes: Introduction, Carbon Nanotube Production, Arc Discharge, Laser Ablation,
Chemical Vapor Deposition, Miscellaneous Synthesis Methods, Catalysts, Metallic Catalysts,
Ceramic Catalysts, Catalyst Free, Growth Enhancement, Growth Mechanisms, Floating Catalyst
Methods, Supported Catalyst Routes, Catalyst-Free Routes, Functionalization, Purification.

BOOKS
1. Richard C. Alkire, Yury Gogotsi, Patrice Simon, Ali Eftekhari, “Nanostructured Materials in
Electrochemistry” WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2008
2. Hadis Morkoç and Ümit Özgür “Zinc Oxide: Fundamentals, Materials and Device
Technology”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2009
3. Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín “Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures Synthesis,
Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, 2010
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
MICROELECTRONICS FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY (03) Phy-505
1. Semiconductor Processing Technology: An Introduction to Microelectronic Fabrication,
Roadmap of semiconductor manufacturing, Semiconductor Materials and Process, Crystal Growth
and Wafer Preparation, Contamination Control
2. Overview of Wafer Fabrication: Phase Diagrams and Solid Solubility, Basic Wafer Fabrication
Operations, Hot Processing and Ion Implantation, Construction of a Semiconductor Circuit, Chip
Terminology, Process Yields
3. Principles of Microelectronics Fabrication: Oxidation, Rapid Thermal Processing,
Photolithography
4. Photolithographic Processes: Optical Lithography, Photoresists, Non optical Lithographic
Techniques
5. Processing of thin films: Vacuum Science and Plasmas, Etching, Physical Deposition,
Evaporation and Sputtering, Chemical Vapor Deposition, Epitaxial Growth, Device Isolation,
Contacts, and Metallization, Fundamentals of MEMS
6. Overview of Wafer Fabrication: The Business of Wafer Fabrication, Semiconductor Devices and
IC Formation, Integrated Circuit Types, Chip Packaging

BOOKS:
1. S. A. Campbell:The Science and Engineering of Microelectronics Fabrication, Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2000 (ISBN: 0195136055)
2. P. V. Zant: Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing, 3rd
Edition, Semiconductor Services, 2000 (ISBN: 0071356363)
3. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, (2007)

SENSING AND ACTUATION (2+1) Phy-506

1. Sensing Principle: Introduction to sensing, static and dynamics characteristics of sensors, motion
and dimensional sensors, force, torque, and power sensors, pressure and sound sensors, fluid flow
sensors, temperature sensors
2. Amplifiers: Introduction to operational amplifier, inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier,
integrator, summing amplifier; difference amplifier; comparator circuits.
3. Filters: Logarithmic scales and simple RC filters; lC band pass filter; low pass filter; high pass
filter, twin T notch filter; active filters, composite filters; switched capacitor filters
4. Electrical Actuators: Introduction to Electro-Magnetic Principle, Classification of Electrical
Actuators, DC Motors and Modeling, DC Motor Drivers, AC Motors and Modeling, AC Motor
Drivers, Stepper Motors and Modeling, Stepper Motor Drivers
5. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuators: Description of Fluid Behavior, Hydraulic Actuator and
System, Pneumatic Actuator and System
Experiments
Positional resistance transducers; Wheatstone bridge measurements; temperature sensors; light
measurements; linear position and force applications; environmental measurements; rotational speed
or position measurement; sound measurements; operational amplifier and basic operational amplifier;
inverting amplifier – DC Operation; Inverting Amplifier – Alternating Input; Integrator; Non-
Inverting Amplifier; Summing Amplifier; Difference Amplifier; Comparator Circuits; Logarithmic
Scales and Simple RC Filters; LC Band Pass Filter; Low Pass p Filter; Twin T Notch Filter; Active
Filter; Composite Filters; Switched Capacitor Filters

BOOKS
1. Brindley, Sensors and Transducers, Heinemann Newnes, 1989.
2. J. W. Dally, W. F. Riley, and K.G. Mcconnell: Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements,
2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993.
3. E. O. Doebelin: Measurement Systems Application and Design, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
4. P. Hauptmann: Sensors, Principles & Application, Prentice Hall, 1993.
5. J.L. Jones and A.M. Flynn: Mobile Robots, Inspiration to Implementation, AK Peters, 1999.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
SIGNALS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS:(03) Phy-507
1. Review of Mathematical Concepts: Functions, limits, differentiation and integration (graphical),
complex variables, continuous time signals, categories of system and signals, signal representation,
symmetry and signal space concepts, Fourier transformation and their properties, singularity functions
and their properties, unit step functions, delta functions and finite train of delta functions
2. Time Frequency Occupancy of Signals: Bandwidth, continuous time system (linear time
invariant system), frequency domain approach, filters, frequency domain system analysis on a
nutshell, time domain approach, relationship of impulse response to step response, pulse
approximation method for determining as impulse response, combination of systems
3. Distortion System: Ideal low pass filter, nonlinear systems, time varying systems, modulation
systems, amplitude modulation, phase modulation, frequency modulation, multiplexing schemes, time
division multiplexing, sampling their z-transform (solution of different equations) impulse response
sequences and discrete convolution, finding the impulse response sequence (direct iteration and Z-
transform) discrete Fourier transform, relationship to convolution, digital filters, types of digital
filters and design methods, Hilbert transform, envelope and phase of band pass signals, filtering,
single sideband modulation, complex envelope, envelope correlation and spectrum matters

BOOKS:
1. General D C ain, Fundamental of Signal and System Analysis, Notes University of Westminster,
1999
2. E Kretsig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Willy N Y, 1992
3. Olmsted J M, Advanced Calculus, Appleton Century Clifts, 1961
4. Asteline JA, Transform Methods in Linear System Analysis, McGraw Hill, NY, 1989
5. Fredrick D K and Carlson, Linear Systems on Communication and Control, Wiley, 1971

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS: (03) Phy-508

1. Telecommunications Systems: History of Telecommunications, Telecommunications
Fundamentals, Changes in Telecommunications Systems, The New Public Network, Basic elements
of Telecommunications, Introduction to communication networks and services, network hardware
Voice and data network structures and protocols, Introduction to access network technologies
including xDSL, PONS, Fiber Coax, Evolution and potential of ATM, ADSL and PONs, outline and
development, Introduction to mobile networks and mobility, GSM, UMTS, GPRS overview,
Introduction to satellite networks, public Switched Telephone Network.
2. Signals Carried Over the Network: Types of Information and Their Requirements, Simplex,
Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Communication, Analog and Digital Signals and System, Frequency
Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Pulse Code Modulation, Power
Levels of Signals; Decibel; Gain and Loss
3. Transmission Media and Systems: Transmission Media: Copper Pairs; Optical Fibers; Radio
Waves, Microwave Radio Relay Lines, Satellite Communications Networks, Optical Fiber
Communication Networks, Mobile Communication Systems, Wireless Local Loop Systems, DSL
Technology, Integrated services digital network (ISDN), Principle of ISDN
4. Data Communications: Principles of Data Communication, Data Communications Protocols,
Internet Protocol (IP); TCP/IP, Voice over IP, Classifications of the Internet Telephony Networks,
Network Architecture ,Quality of Service, Multi-services networks.

BOOKS:
1. R. L. Freeman: Networks and Telecommunications, John Wiley & Sons, 1991
2. M.P. Clark: Fundamentals of Telecommunication Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994
3. James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, Fifth
Edition, 2009.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES:(03) Phy-509

Fundamentals of vacuum system, vacuum pumps, vacuum gauges, substrate deposition technology,
substrate materials, substrate cleaning, uniform and non-uniform deposition, mask and connections,
multiple file, deposition, physical (resistive heating, flash evaporation, sputtering, laser beam
evaporation, electro bean evaporation etc), deposition techniques (electro deposition, chemical vapor
deposition, spray pyrolysis, screen printing etc), low temperature techniques, crystal growth
techniques.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
Fundamental principles of X-rays of diffraction, photo graphic powder techniques, scanning electron
and transmission electron microscopy, spectroscopy (atomic spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy)
techniques for measurements of electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient, optical, mechanical and
dielectric properties of materials

BOOKS:
1. R. W. Cahn, P. Hassen & E. K. Krampers, Material Science & Technology: A Comprehensive
Treatment, 2001
2. B.D. Culliy, Elements of X-Rays Diffraction, Addison Wisely Academic Press, 1998
3. R.L.Hovitz & V A Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic Press, 1999
4. D. William, Methods of Experimental Physics, McGraw Hill, 2002

NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY (03) Phy-510

1. Nanoscience Introduction: About size scales, History, Feynman scorecard, Schrödinger‟s cat-
quantum mechanics in small systems, Fluctuations and “Darwinian Nanoscience”, Overview of
quantum effects and fluctuations in nanostructures, Why physics is different for small systems-the
story of the Hitachi experiment
2. Making nanostructures- top down: Overview of nanofabrication, Photolithography, Electron
beam lithography, Micromechanical structures, Thin film technologies, Molecular beam epitaxy, Self-
assembled masks, Focused ion beam milling, Stamp technology, Nanoscale junctions
3. Making nanostructures- bottom up: Common aspects of all bottom-up assembly Methods,
Organic synthesis, Weak interactions between molecules, Vesicles and micelles, Thermodynamic
aspects of self-assembling, nanostructures, A self-assembled nanochemistry machine-the
mitochondrion, Self-assembled molecular monolayers, Kinetic control of growth: nanowires and
quantum dots, DNA nanotechnology
4. Nanostructured materials: Nanostructures for electronics, Zero-dimensional electronic structures:
quantum dots, Nanowires, 2D nanoelectronics: superlattices and heterostructures, Photonic
applications of nanoparticles, 2D photonics for lasers, 3D photonic bandgap materials, Physics of
magnetic materials, Superparamagnetic nanoparticles, A 2D nanomagnetic device: giant
magnetoresistance, Nanostructured thermal devices, Nanofluidic devices, Nanofluidic channels and
pores for molecular, separations, Enhanced fluid transport in nanotubes, Superhydrophobic
nanostructured surfaces, Biomimetic materials
BOOKS:
1. S.M. Lindsay, “Introduction to Nanoscience” by Oxford University Press Inc. New York (2010)
2. Luisa Filipponi and Duncan Sutherland, „Nanotechnologies: Principles, Applications,
Implications and Hands-on Activities‟ Edited by the European Commission (2012)
3. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
4. G. Louis Hornyak, Joydeep Dutta, Harry F. Tibbals and Anil K. Rao, „Introduction to
NanoScience‟, CRC Press of Taylor and Francis Group LLC, (2008)
5. Janos H.Fendler, „ Nanoparticles and nanostructured films: preparation, characterization
and applications‟,Wiley VCH, (1998)
6. Kenneth J. Klabunde, „Nanoscale materials in chemistry‟, Wiley, John & Sons, (2001)
7. Zhon Ling Wang, „Characterization of nanophase materials‟, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
(2000)
OPTIONAL COURSES

SOLID STATE PHYSICS: (03) Phy-601

1. Introduction: Bloch‟s theorem and Brillion zones, electronic states, electron-electron interaction,
screening, Kohn effect, dielectric constant, Plasma oscillations, dynamics of electronics, electron and
holes, excitons, zenner breakdown, scattering of electrons by impurities, multi-phonon process, inter-
band transitions, interaction with conduction electrons, anomalous skin effect, ultrasonic attention,
magnetism including Paramagnetism, ferro-magnetism, anti-ferromagnetism and magnons,
superconductivity including the electron-electron interaction, BCS theory and Ginsburg Landau
theory
2. Physics Of Material And Alloys: Drude theory of metals, the Summerfield theory of metals,
failure of free electron model, electron level in periodic potential, electrons in a weak periodic
potential, the Tight binding method, other methods for calculation of band structure of metals,
classical and semi classical theory of calculation in metals, Fermi surface and its measurements, band
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
structure of some selected metals, electronic structure of alloys, solid solutions, Home Rotherry rules,
order and disorder phenomena and its physical basis

BOOKS:
1. Neil W Asheroft and David M, Solid State Physics, Saunders College Publishing
2. James Zyman, Principles of the Theory of Solids, Cambridge University Press
3. R E. Peierls, The Quantum Theory of Solids, Oxford Press
4. J M Ziman, Principles of the Theory of Solids, Cambridge University Press
5. P T Landsburg, Solid State Theory, John Wiley and Sons,
6. C Kittle, Quantum Theory of Solids, John Wiley and Sons,
7. M Jones and N H March, Theoretical Solid States Physics, Wiley Inter Science

SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS: (03) Phy-602

Wave function and energy of an electron in solids, infinite square well, periodic square well, quantum
states and Pouli principle, impact of impurities on semiconductor conductivities, thermal generation
and recombination, intrinsic material, density of state functions, calculation of n from f (E)Si(E),
calculation of Po from f (E)Si(E), charge neutrality equations, Fermi level calculations, the insulator
and the intrinsic semiconductors, impurity of extrinsic semiconductors, impurity energy levels in
extrinsic conductors, and extrinsic conductor with a large donor concentration, a donor
semiconductor, impurity of extrinsic semiconductor, a donor semiconductor with a very low
temperature, drift phenomena in a semiconductor, dependence of mobility on temperature and the
nature of collisions, filed dependence of mobility, drift current density, temperature dependence
conductivity, a relation between the electron and hole current densities

BOOKS:
1. H E Telly and D G Daugherty, Physical Principles of Semiconductor Devices, Lowa State
University Press,
2. K G Niclos and E V Vernon, Transistor of Physics, Chapman and Hall Limited,
3. S M Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley and Sons

COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS: (03) Phy-603

1. Boundary Value and Eigen value Problems: The Neurove algorithm, direct integration of
boundary value problems, Green‟s function, solution of boundary value problems, eigen value of the
wave equation, stationary solution of one dimension Schroedinger equation
2. Special Functions and Gaussian Quadrature: Special function, Gaussian quadrature, Born and
Eikonal approximation to quantum scattering
3. Matrix Algebra and Simultaneous Equations: Elementary operations of matrices, matrix
inversion, Gauss Jordan elimination method, Gauss Seidel iterative method, eigen values of a
tridiagonal matrix, reduction to tridiagonal form, determining nuclear charge densities
4. Elliptical Partial Differential: Equation, discritization and the variational principles, iterative
methods for boundary value problems, elliptical equation in two dimensions
5. Parabolic Partial Differential Equation: Naive discritization and instabilities, implicit schemes
and inversion of tridiagonal matrices, diffusion and boundary value problems in two dimensions, and
iterative methods for eigen value problems, time dependent Schroedinger equation
6. Monte Carlo Method: The basic Monte Carlo strategy, generating random variable with a specific
distribution, the algorithm of metropolis et al, the using model in two dimensions

BOOKS:
1. I.C.F. Gerald & P.O. Wheatley „Applied Numerical Analysis‟ 7/e Pearson Education 2004
2. S.C. Chapra and R.P. Canale „Numerical Methods for Engineers with Software and
Programming Applications‟ McGraw-Hill (2002)
3. J.H. Mathews „Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering‟ 2/e Prentice
Hall (1992)
4. B.S. Grewal „Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science‟ 7/e Khanna Publishers, Delhi
(2005)
5. J. Mehdi, Statistical Methods, New Age International Publications, 2006
6. G Shankar Rao, Numerical Analysis, New Age International Publications, 2010
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS: (03) Phy-604
Scattering Theory: Scattering amplitude and cross section, Lipman Schwinger equation, Born
approximation, optical theorem partial wave decomposition, phase shifts, analytical properties of the
scattering matrix, inelastic scattering and reactions
WKB Approximation: Connection formula, Bohr Summerfield quantization, application to
scattering, motion in External Electromagnetic Field: Gauge invariance, uniform magnetic field,
Landau levels, Aharonov Bolm effect, electric field
Time Dependent Problems: Time dependent perturbation theory, sudden and adiabatic
approximation, golden rules, Berry phase, level crossing, Born Openheimer approximation
Many Body Systems: Identical Particles, second quantization of bosons and fermions, field
operators, Fermi gas, Hertee Fock and Thomas Fermi methods, and particle whole formalization
Quantization of the Electromagnetic Field and its Interaction with Matter: Field in quantum
mechanics, the elastic string, Hamiltonian quantization of the electromagnetic field, emission and
absorption of radiation, multi pole expansion, select rule
Quantum Information: Quantum bits, Bell states, quantum gates, entanglement and teleportation,
quantum computation and cryptography

BOOKS:
1. S Gastorowics, Quantum Physics, John Wiley and Sons, 2003
2. B H Bransden and C J Joachain, Quantum Mechanics, 2000
3. P W Aitkans and R S Freidman, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, 1997
4. G L Squires, Problems in Quantum Mechanics, 1995

MEDICAL PHYSICS (2+1=3) Phy-605

1. Interactions of Radiation with matter: Introduction, beta rays, range energy relationship,
mechanism of energy loss, ionization and excitation, Bremstrahlung, alpha rays, range energy
relationship, energy transfer, gamma rays, exponential absorption, interaction mechanism, pair
production, Compton scattering, photoelectric absorption, photodisintegration, combined effect,
neutron production classification, interaction, scattering, absorption
2. Radiotherapy: Introduction, the developments of radiotherapy, radio therapeutic aims, external
beam theory, Brachytherapy, unsealed source therapy, requirements for accuracy and precision,
quality assurance, the role medical physics
3. Medical Imaging: Diagnostic X rays, production of X rays, absorption of X rays to other planes,
partial volume effect, artifacts, contrast agents in conventional radiography and CT, diagnostic
ultrasound, Doppler effect, radio nuclide imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), contrast agents for MRI

BOOKS:
1. Harman C, Introduction to Health Physics, McGraw Hill, N Y, 1996
2. D I William, Radiotherapy physics, Oxford University Press, N York
3. Peter Armstrong, Diagnostic Imaging, Black well Science limited, Oxford
4. J R Greening, Fundamentals of Radiation Dormitory, Adam Hilger Ltd, Oxford, 2001
5. G A Edmin and Heinemann, Physics of Medical Imaging, McGraw Hill, 2002

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSCIS: (03) Phy-606

Numerical methods, solution of equations by the method of iteration (Newton Raphson & others
methods), solution of differential equation of higher order, Gaussian quadrature, random numbers,
Monte Carlo method, resume of theory of errors and experimental statistics, least square fit to a
polynomials, non linear functions, data manipulations, smoothing, interpolation and extrapolation,
linear and parabolic interpolation, high vacuum techniques, physical principles of diffusion and rotary
pumps, ultrahigh vacuum by ionization, measurements of pressure, leak detection, X- rays electron
and neuron diffraction techniques, methods of recording diffraction patterns, examples of structure
determination, analysis of results

BOOKS:
1. R L Horovitz and V A Johnson, Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic Press
2. D William. Methods of Experimental Physics, Academic Press
3. J Yarwood, High Vacuum Techniques, Chapman Hall
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
SURFACE PHYSICS: (03) Phy-607
1. An Introduction to Surfaces: what is a surface? The energetic and thermodynamics of creating a
surface, introduction to surface physics, surface energies and Wulff Theorem
2. Studying Surfaces: what is UHV? Do we need UHV to study surfaces? Kinetic theory of gases,
concept of vacuum and standard vacuum hardware components, comparison of different types of
pumps with measurement of vacuum pressure, preparing a clean surface
3. Surface Structures and Reconstructions: Lattice concept, 3D crystal structures, 2D surface
structures, specific types of sface fcc, hcp, bcc and stepped surface and a discussion of their relative
energies, More complex deconstruction, stability, growth mechanisms, adsorption, de-absorption and
experimental probes of surface structures such a LEED and RHEED, the structure of semiconductor
surfaces, the surface structures of very small metal particles
4. Adsorption, Desorption Bonding, Catalysis and Growth Processes: Adsorption mechanism and
kinetics chemisorptions vs physiorption, the kinetics of adsorption, potential energy curves and
adsorption energetic, Adsorption mechanisms and kinetics for low coverage Longmuir Isotherms,
derivation, adsorbents phase diagrams and phase transitions
5. The Structure of Adsorbate Layers: Experimental probes of surface structure such as LEED and
RHEED Growth processes, vibrational spectroscopy, catalysis, Desorption
The Electronics and magnetic Structure of Surfaces: Band theory, free electron theories and the work
function, the electronic structure of semiconductor surfaces, electron emission processes, magnetic
processes at surfaces
6. Electron-Surface Interactions: Electron diffraction and quasi-elastic scattering, comparison of
particle scattering techniques, electron spectroscopes, discussion of the merits of different types of
electron energy analyzers and electron detector, signal processing and spectral analysis, theory and
practice3 of Auger electron spectroscopy, quantification of Auger spectra, Auger depth, profiling
7. Atomtion Surface Interactions: Comparison of particle scattering techniques, an introduction to
the theory and practice of SIMS, SIMS imaging and depth profiling, Auger depth profiling, theory
and practice of Rutherford, back scattering
8. Surface Microcopy: Classification of microscopy techniques, basic concepts in surface imaging
and localized spectroscopy, images XPS, optical microscopy, STEM, SEM, SPM, An introduction to
the theory and practice of scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning probe microscopy techniques,
atomic force microscopy

BOOKS:
1. D.P. Woodruff and T.A. Delchar "Modern Techniques of Surface Science”, Second
Edition,Cambridge Univ. Press, (1994).
2. A. Zangwill "Physics at Surfaces," Cambridge Univ. Press, (1988).
3. M. Prutton, Introduction to Surface Physics, Oxford University Press (1994).
4. T. A. Delchar, Vacuum Physics and Techniques, Chapman and Hall (1993).
5. G. Ertl and J. Küppers,. Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry, Weinheim,
Germany (1985).
6. M. A. Van Hove, W.H. Weinberg, C.-M. Chan, Low-Energy Electron Diffraction :
Experiment, Theory, and Surface Structure Determination, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
(1986).
7. G. A. Somorjai, Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Wiley, New York
(1994).

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION: (03) Phy-608

1. General Discussion: Historical perspective, measurement of information and capacity of a
telecommunication channel, communication system architecture, basic optical communication system
2. Optical Fiber: Step index and graded index fiber, numerical aperture and multipart dispersion,
dispersion in multimode and monomode fiber, attenuation, mechanism in optical fiber
3. Light Source and detectors: Selecting the wavelength region, light emitting diodes and laser
diode for optical communications, modulation of light sources, photodiode detectors, power launching
and coupling efficiency
4. System Components and Aspects of System Design: Optical fiber cables, splices and connectors,
optical isolators, multiplexing, repeater distance and link budget
5. Coherent Optical Fiber Systems: Basic principles of coherent optical systems, signal to noise
ratio, methods of modulation, homodyne receiver, heterodyne receiver, phase diversity receiver
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
6. Optical Fiber Communication Systems: Digital telecommunication systems, data communication
networks, network topology, analog systems

BOOKS:
1. Joh Gover, Optical Communication System, Prentice Hall, 1996
2. W V Elten and J V der Plantts, Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communication, Prentice Hall,
1991
3. D Baily and E Wright, Fiber Optics, Elsevier, 2003
4. W S Chang, Principles of Laser and Optics, Cambridge University Press, 2007
5. S C Gulta, Optical Fiber Communication and its Application, Prentice Hall, 2003
CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM (03) Phy-609
1. Introduction to Cellular Mobile Radio Background and History: Conventional Mobile Radio
Versus Cellular Mobile Radio, Features of Cellular Radio, Digital Cellular Radio, Trends in the Use
of Cellular Services
2. The Mobile Radio Environment: Lowpass Equivalent Representation: Band pass Signals and
Linear Bandpass Systems, Multipath Propagation: Path Loss, Doppler Effect, Rayleigh Fading and
Rician Fading, Statistics of Slow and Fast Fading, Classification of Channels: Time Dispersion and
Frequency-Selective, Fading, Frequency Dispersion and Time-Selective Fading , Mathematical
Modeling of Fading Multipath Channels: Bello Functions, Description of Random Time-Variant
Channels, Discrete-Time Representation of Channels, Computational Channel Models: Gaussian,
Rayleigh, Rician and Wideband Channel, Diversity Schemes: Space, Frequency, Polarization, Field
Component, Angle, Time and Multipath Diversity, Combining Techniques: Selective, Switched,
Maximal-Ratio, Equal-Gain and Baseband Combining
3. Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference: Noise-Limited Interference-Limited
Environments, Cochannel Interference, Adjacent Channel Interference, Near-End-To-Far-End Ratio,
Cellular Traffic (Channel Assignment, Capacity of Cellular Systems, Trunking Theory, Components
of Cellular Systems,Handover)
4. Analog FDMA Systems and the Analog Cellular Environment: Analog Modulation: Frequency
Modulation, Transmission bandwidth, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Capture Effect, Effect of Multipath
Fading, Modulators and Demodulators for FM, Fading Channel Issues in Analog Systems, AMPS:
Network Aspects, Control Channels, Supervision, Call Origination and Receipt, Handover, Call
Termination, Power Control, The NMT-900 System: Control Channels, Call Origination and Receipt,
Handover and Location Updating, Security, NMT Mobile Station
5. Digital TDMA Systems and Digital Modulation: The Digital Cellular Environment, Intersymbol
Interference and Nyquist Filter, Nonlinear Distortion: AM/AM and AM/PM conversion, Fading
Channel Issues in Digital Systems, Linear Modulation Nonlinear Modulation Methods: Continuous
Phase Modulation, Digital Phase Modulation and Digital Frequency Modulation, Actual Modulations
Used in Mobile Communications: Gaussian Minimum Shift, Keying and p/4-Shifted Differential
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Receiver Structures: Coherent, Differential, and Noncoherent
Detection, Detection in Presence of Frequency-Flat or Frequency-Selective Fading, Bit Error Rates:
Gaussian Noise and Rayleigh Fading Environment , Channel Equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer,
Discrete-Time Wiener Filter, Adaptive Linear Equalizer, Decision-Feedback Equalizer Carrier,
Symbol and Frame Synchronization, Capacity Analysis of Multiple Access Methods, 3rd Generation
CDMA Systems, 4th Generation Mobile Systems

BOOKS:
1. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996
2. William C.Y. Lee, "Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications”, Third Edition, 2005.
3. Krzysztof Wesolowski, “ Mobile Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2002

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: (03) Phy-610

1. Renewable Scenarios: Defining renewable, promising renewable energy sources, their potential,
availability, present status, existing technologies and availability. Sun-Earth relationship, geometry,
sun path and solar irradiance, solar spectrum, solar constant, atmospheric effects, global distribution,
daily and seasonal variations, effects of till angle, resource estimation, experimental, global, direct,
diffused radiation, sun shine hours, air mass, hourly, monthly and annual mean, radiation of tilt
surface, measuring instruments.
2. Photovoltaic: PV effect, materials, solar cell working, efficiencies, different types of solar cells,
characteristics, (dark, under illumination), efficiency limiting factors, power, spectral response, fill
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
factor, temperature effect; PV systems, components, packing fraction, models, arrays, controllers,
inverters, storage, PV system sizing, designing, performance and applications
3. Principles of Photovoltaic: History of solar cell, photovoltaic effect, photovoltaic cells, modules
and systems for power generations, characteristics of photovoltaic cells, types of solar converters,
basic concept in bonds and bands in crystals, extreme holes & conductivity, electron status in
semiconductors (band structure, valence band etc), impurities and doping, photo generation rate,
recombination, metal semiconductor junction semiconductor- semiconductor junction
4. Mono-crystalline Solar Cells: Introduction, properties of cell design, material and design issues,
silicon material properties and solar cell design, GaAs solar design
5. Sources of renewable Energy: Wind, hydropower, Biogas, Geothermal, Nuclear

BOOKS:
1. Nelson Jimmy, Physics of Solar Cells, Imperial College Press, 2003
2. Rolf Brenold, Thin film Crystalline Silicon solar cells: Physics and Technology, Publisher,
Willey 2003
3. Manfred Grathwhol „World Energy Supply: Resources, Technologies and Prospective‟ Walter
deGruyter Berlin (1982)
4. J.W. Twidell and A.D. Weir „Renewable Energy Resources‟ E & F.N. Spon Ltd, London. (1986
5. M Iqbal „An introduction to Solar Radiation‟ Academic Press, Canada. (1983)

DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUIT DESIGN (03) Phy-611

1. Introduction: Semiconductor Devices, Transistor Amplifiers
2. Design of Transistor Circuits: Transistor Biasing, High frequency response of the Amplifiers,
Switches and Amplifiers, Discrete Flip-Flops and the Schmitt Trigger
3. Digital-Integrated Circuit Building Blocks: Basic Structure of TTL, CMOS and ECL Circuits,
Gates, Flip-Flops, and Schmitt Triggers, Combinational Logic Circuits, Sequential Logic Circuits,
Digital Memory Circuits (ROM, PROM, EPROM, RAM), Programmable Logic Arrays and Related
Circuits
4. Amplifier Circuits and Systems: Frequency Response of Amplifiers, the Use of Feedback in
Amplification, Operational Amplifiers, Control Using Operational Amplifiers
5. Additional Electronic Building Blocks: Stabilized Power Supplies, Filters, Oscillators, Timers,
Comparators, Sample-Hold Circuits, D/A and A/D Converters
6. Analog and Digital Measurements: Transducers, Feedback Control Circuits, Analog Instruments,
Digital Instruments

BOOK:
1. D.L. Schilling, C. Belove: Electronic Circuits – Discrete and Integrated, McGraw-Hill, 1989.
2. R. Jaeger and T. Blalock, Microelectronic Circuit Design , (3rd Edition) 2007
3. J. Allison: Electronic Engineering Semiconductors and Devices, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
4. R. Boylestad, L. Nashelsky: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th Edition, Prentice-Hall,
2005.

DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN (2+1) Phy-612

1. Introduction
Design of static CMOS, nMOS and BiCMOS inverters, Calculation of noise margins, power
dissipation and gate delays
2. Review of Logic Design Fundamentals
Combinational Logic Design, Logic Simplification and Synthesis, Sequential Logic Design, Finite
State Machine Design and Implementation
3. Design of Combinational Circuits
Static CMOS Design, Dynamic CMOS Design, Power Consumption in CMOS Gates
4. Design of Sequential Circuits
Static Sequential Circuits, Dynamic Sequential Circuits
5. Design of Memory
Memory Core, Memory Peripheral Circuits, Memory Faults and Test Patterns
6. Rapid Prototyping and Implementation of Digital Systems
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD), Logic
Synthesis for FPGA and CPLD
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
Laboratory Sessions:
Laboratory1: Adder and Counter using FPGA
Laboratory 2: 4bit Adder and 4bit Counter with Test bench and Verification
Laboratory 3: Traffic Light Design and Implementation
Laboratory 4: Dice Game Design and Implementation
Laboratory 5: Traffic Light Implementation to FPGA

BOOKS
1. J. M. Rabaey, Digital Integrated Circuits - A Design Perspective, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 2002
2. N. Weste and K. Eshraghian, Principles of CMOS VLSI Design - A Systems Perspective,
Prentice-Hall, 1993

PLASMA PHYSICS-I (03) Phy-613

1. Relation between fluid equations and guiding center drifts, diamagnetic drift in uniform and non-
uniform magnetic fields, polarization current in the fluid model and parallel pressure balance.
2. Single fluid magnetohydrodynamic equations, quasi-neutrality approximation, small Larmor
radius approximation, approximation of infinite conductivity of plasma, conservation of magnetic flux
and energy, MHD equilibrium, magnetic pressure: the concept of plasma beta, the cylindrical pinch:
the cylindrical tokamak.
3. Diffusion in fully and partially ionized plasmas, diffusion as a random walk, the diffusion
equation, steady state solutions, diffusion across a magnetic field, diffusion in fully ionized plasma,
Bohm diffusion and solution of diffusion equation.
4. Classification of instabilities, two-streaming instability, the Rayleigh-Taylor and flute
instabilities, the gravitational R-T instability, physical mechanisms of R-T instability, Flute instability
due to field curvature, MHD stability of the tokamak.
5. Kinetic theory of plasmas, the need for a kinetic theory, the particle distribution function, the
Boltzmann-Vlasov equation, the Vlasov-Maxwell equations, kinetic effects on plasma waves:
Vlasov‟s treatment, the linearized Valsov equation for electrostatic perturbations, time asymptotic
solutions, simplified derivation for electrostatic waves for Maxwellian and nonMaxwellian plasmas:
Langmuir waves, ion-sound waves and Landau damping.

BOOKS:
1. R. J. Goldston and P. H. Rutherford, “Introduction to Plasma Physics”, publisher: IoP, Bristol
and Philadelphia; 1st edition, (1995).
2. N. A. Krall and A. W. Trivelpiece, “ Principles of Plasma Physics” McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York; 1st edition, (1973).

TEMPLATE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS (03) Phy-614

1. AAO Template-Assisted Fabrication of Nanostructures: Metal (Nanodots, Nanowires,
Nanorods, and Nanotubes), Metal Oxide (Nanodots, Nanowires, and Nanotubes), Semiconductor
(Nanodots, Nanowires, Nanopillars, and Nanopore Arrays), Polymer, Organic and Inorganic
(Nanowires and Nanotubes), Carbon Nanotubes, Photonic Crystals, Metallic Membranes. Template-
Based Mesoporous Materials, The Memorable Marks of Electrochemical Nanowires, Nanowires as
Nanoelectrodes, Electrochemical Aspects of Nanoelectrodes.
2. Template Synthesis of Magnetic Nanowire Arrays: Introduction, Electrochemical Synthesis of
Nanowires, Fabrication of Nanoelectrodes, Reactions, Diffusion, and Nucleation in the
Electrochemical Deposition of Co Nanowires, Theoretical Considerations of Spherical Diffusion at a
Nanode Array, Electrodeposition of Magnetic Multilayered Nanowire Arrays, Template Synthesis of
Au/ Co Multilayered Nanowire Arrays, Physical Properties of Electrodeposited Nanowires, Magnetic
Properties of Nanowire Arrays.
3. Patterned Growth and Vertical Alignment of ZnO Nano-Array: Photo lithography, Electron
Beam lithography, interference lithography, Nanosphere lithography, Nanoimprint lithography,
Micro-contact printing, Inkjet printing, Pattern transfer, ZnO growth on patterned surfaces, ZnO
growth on porous alumina surface, device fabrication using patterned ZnO.

BOOKS
1. Richard C. Alkire, Yury Gogotsi, “Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry” Patrice
Simon, Ali Eftekhari, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 2008
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA
2. Hadis Morkoç and Ümit Özgür “Zinc Oxide: Fundamentals, Materials and Device
Technology”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2009
3. Dirk M. Guldi and Nazario Martín “Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures Synthesis,
Characterization, Functionalization, and Applications”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
KGaA, 2010

MICROCONTROLLER (2+1) Phy-615

PIC microcontrollers history and features, CCS C Compiler and PIC18F Development System, PIC
Architecture & Programming, PIC I/O Port Programming, PIC Programming in C language, PIC18
Hardware Connection and ROM loaders, PIC18 Timers Programming, PIC18 Serial Port
Programming, Interrupt Programming, LCD and Keypad Interface, External EEPROM and I2C, USB
and HID interfacing, ADC and DAC, Sensor and other Applications, CCP and ECCP Programming,
Capture Mode Programming and Pulse Width Measurement, C# RS232 Interface Programming, C#
GUI Plot Program, Digital Oscilloscope, spectral analyzer, and multimeter measurements of output
signals , Impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context.

BOOKS
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, and Danny Causey, “The PIC Microcontroller and
Embedded systems – Using Assembly and C for PIC18,” Prentice Hall, 2007
2. Tim Wilmshurst “Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and
Applications Paperback”, Second Edition, ELSEVIER, 2010