1

M.Sc. Physics Syllabus

Choice Based Credit System

Session: 2018-19

P.G. Department of Physics

Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak

Affiliated to Fakir Mohan University, Balasore

 2

FIRST SEMESTER

Papers Credit Points Teaching Hours Marks

Theory

PHY101: Classical Mechanics 6 60-65 100

PHY102: Mathematical Methods-I 6 60-65 100
PHY103: Quantum Mechanics-I 6 60-65 100
PHY104: Electronics-I 6 60-65 100
Practical
PHY105: Modern Physics and Optics/ 6 150-180 100
Computational Methods in Physics
Total credit = 30, Total Mark = 500

SECOND SEMESTER

Papers Credit Points Teaching Hours Marks

Theory

PHY201: Quantum Mechanics -II 6 60-65 100

(Application to Atomic and Molecular Physics)
PHY202: Mathematical Methods-II 6 60-65 100
PHY203: Statistical Mechanics 6 60-65 100
PHY204: Basic Condensed Matter Physics 6 60-65 100
Practical
PHY205: Modern Physics / 6 150-180 100
Computational Methods in Physics

Total credit = 30, Total Mark = 500

THIRD SEMESTER

Papers Credit Points Teaching Hours Marks

Theory

PHY301: Classical Electrodynamics 6 60-65 100

PHY302: Quantum Mechanics-III 6 60-65 100
PHY303: Electronics -II 6 60-65 100
PHY304: Core Elective Paper-I (Theory) 6 60-65 100
Practical
PHY305: Electronics Practical 6 150-180 100
Total credit = 30, Total Mark = 500
 3

FOURTH SEMESTER

Papers Credit Points Teaching Hours Marks

PHY401: Advanced Quantum Mechanics 6 60-65 100

PHY402: Nuclear and Particle Physics 6 60-65 100
PHY403: Core Elective Paper-II (Theory) 6 60-65 100
Practical
PHY404: Core Elective Paper-II(Practical) 6 150-180 100
Project
PHY405: Dissertation 6 100
Dissertation Topics include: (i) General Theory of Relativity, (ii) Cosmology, (iii)
Astroparticle Physics, (iv) High Energy Physics, (vi) Materials Science, (vii) Nuclear Matter,
(viii) Black Hole Physics, (ix) Accelerators Physics, (x) Data Analysis and Computational
Simulation (xi) Neutrino Physics

Total credit = 30, Total Mark = 500

*************************************************************************
Grand Total credit of 4 semesters = 120 ; Grand Total Mark = 2000
*************************************************************************
A: Core Compulsory Papers:

1st Semester:
PHY101: Classical Mechanics,
PHY102: Mathematical Methods-I,
PHY103: Quantum Mechanics-I,
PHY104: Electronics-I,
PHY105: (Practical)Modern Physics and Optics/ Computational Methods in Physics.

2nd Semester:
PHY201: Quantum Mechanics-II
(Applications to Atomic and Molecular Physics)
PHY202, Mathematical methods-II
PHY203: Statistiscal Mechanics
PHY204: Basic Condensed Matter Physics
PHY205: (Practical)Modern Physics and Optics/Computational Methods in Physics

3rd Semester:
PHY301: Classical Electrodynamics,
PHY302: Quantum Mechanics-III,
PHY303: Electronics-II,
PHY304: Core Elective Paper-I(Theory)
 4

PHY305: (Practical) Electronics

4th Semester:
PHY401: Advanced Quantum Mechanics,
PHY402: Nuclear and Particle Physics,
PHY403: Core Elective Paper-II (Theory)
PHY404: Core elective paper (Practical)
PHY405: Project Dissertation

B: Core Elective Papers:

Theory
PHY303: Advanced Condensed Matter Physics- I (3rd Sem)
PHY403: Advanced Condensed Matter Physics –II (4th Sem)
Practical:
PHY404: Condensed Matter Physics (4th Sem)

Mark and Credit Distributions

Semester Credit Marks

1st 30 500
2nd 30 500
3rd 30 500
4th 30 500
___________________________________________________
Total 120 2000
 5

M.Sc. Physics Syllabus

FIRST SEMESTER

PHY101
Classical Mechanics

Full Mark-100 (20+80)

Unit- I- 16 Marks

Lagrangian Formulation: Mechanics of a System of Particles, Lagrangian Formulation,

Velocity-Dependent Potentials and Dissipation Function, Conservation Theorems and
Symmetry Properties, Homogeneity and Isotropy of Space and Conservation of Linear and
Angular Momentum, Homogeneity of Time and Conservation of Energy. Calculus of
Variations and Euler-Lagrange’s Equation, Brachistochrone Problem.

Unit-II- 16 marks
Hamiltonian Formulation: Hamilton’s Principle, Extension of Hamilton’s Principle to
Nonholonomic Systems, Legendre Transformation and the Hamilton Equations of Motion,
Physical Significance of Hamiltonian,

Routhian Formulation: Derivation of Hamilton’s Equations of Motion from a Variational

Principle, Routh’s Procedure, ∆-Variation, Principle of Least Action

Unit-III- 16 marks
Canonical Transformations: Canonical Transformation, Types of Generating Function,
Conditions for Canonical Transformation, Integral Invariance of Poincare, Poisson Bracket,
Poisson’s Theorem, Lagrange Bracket, Poisson and Lagrange Brackets as Canonical
Invariants, Infinitesimal Canonical Transformation and Conservation Theorems, Liouville’s
Theorem.

Unit- IV- 16 Marks

Hamilton Jacobi Theory: Hamilton-Jacobi Equation for Hamilton’s Principal Function,
Harmonic Oscillator and Kepler problem by Hamilton-Jacobi Method, Action-Angle
Variables for completely Separable System, Kepler Problem in Action-Angle Variables,
Geometrical Optics and Wave Mechanics.

Small Oscillations: Problem of Small Oscillations, Example of Two coupled Oscillator,

General Theory of Small Oscillations, Normal Coordinates and Normal Modes of Vibration,
Free Vibrations of a Linear Triatomic Molecule.

Unit- V- 16 Marks
Rigid Body Motion: The Independent of Coordinates of a Rigid Body, Orthogonal
Transformations. The Euler’s angles. The Cayley-Klein parameters, Euler’s Theorems on
the Motion of a Rigid body, Infinitesimal Rotations, Rate of Change of a Vector, The Coriolis
Force.
 6

Rigid Body Dynamics: Angular Momentum and Kinetic Energy of Motion about a Point.
The Inertia Tensor and Moment of Inertia, Eigenvalues of Inertia Tensor and the Principal
Axis Transformation. The Euler Equations of Motion, Torque-free motion of a rigid body.
The Heavy Symmetrical Top with One Point Fixed.

Text Books :
Classical Mechanics – H. Goldstein
Reference:
Mechanics – Landau and Liftshitz
Analytical Mechanics, L. Hand and J. Finch
Classical Mechanics – Corben & Stehle
Classical Dynamics – Marion & Thornton

PHY-102
Mathematical Methods– I
Full Marks-100 (20+80)
UNIT-I - 16 marks

Vector spaces: Definition of vector space, Linear vector space, scalar product, Norm and
metric, Metric spaces with examples, Trivial and Non-trivial linear combinations, Linear
dependence and Independence, Basis vectors and their orthonormality and completeness,
spanning of a vector space, Change of basis, Complex vector spaces, Dual space.

UNIT – II – 16 marks
Matrix fundamentals: Trace, rank, determinant,Transpose, conjugate, adjoint and Inverse
of a matrix, Solution of system of linear equations in two and three unknowns, Cramer’s
rule, Partitioning of matrices, Commuting and noncommuting matrices, Algebra of Pauli
Spin matrices.

UNIT – III-16 Marks

Diagonalisation of matrices and Transformations: Orthogonal, Unitary, Hermitian and
Lorentz matrices. Orthogonal, Similarity, and Unitary Transformations with examples
having physical relevance. Matrix representation of vectors and groups. Eigenvalues and
eigenvectors of matrices. Diagonalisation of matrices. Cayley-Hamilton theorem, condition
for diagonalisability.

UNIT – IV- 16 marks

Calculus of variations: Functions and functional. Fundamental concept of variation.
Problem of extrimization of a functional. Euler-Lagrange equation. Applications – (1) The
 7

shortest distance between two points on a plane. (2) The shortest distance between two
points on a curved surface. Principle of least action. Noether’s theorem and symmetry.

UNIT – V- 16 Marks
Lorentz Transformations and Lorentz Invariance: Lorentz Transformations. Concept of
4-vectors. Co-variant and contravariant vectors in Minkowski space. Metric with signature
(1, -1, -1, -1). 4– displacement, 4–velocity, 4-acceleration, 4–force. Covariant equations of
motion. Lorentz invariance with examples. Lagrangian of a charged relativistic particle in
an electromagnetic field.

Text Books :
Mathematical Methods of Physics – J. Mathews & R. L. Walker:
Mathematics for Physicists- Denner & Krzywicki;
Mathematical Methods for Physics - Arfken and Weber:
Group Theory - M. Hamermesh
Matrices and Tensors in Physics – A. W. Joshi
References:
Methods of Theoretical Physics, Morse and Feshbach Vol-I, Vol-II.

PHY103
Quantum Mechanics-I

Full Marks-100(20+80)

Unit-I-16 Marks
General Principles of Quantum Mechanics: Linear vector space formulation, Hilbert
space, linear superposition of general quantum states, orthonormality of basis vectors,
completeness, Schmidt’s orthonormalisation procedure, Dual space, Bra and Ket vectors
and their algebra. linear, Adjoint, hermitian, unitary, inverse, antilinear operators,
Noncommutativity and uncertainty relation.

Unit-II-16 Marks
Quantum Measurements: Complete set of compatible operators, Simultaneous
Measurement, Projection operator, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear, hermitian,
unitary operators, Matrix representation of vectors and operators, matrix elements,
eigenvalue equation and expectation values, algebraic result on eigenvalues,
transformation of basis vectors, similarity transformation of vector and operator
representation, diagonalisation. Vectors of LVS and wave function in coordinate,
momentum and energy representations.
 8

UNIT-III-16 marks
Quantum Dynamics: Time evolution of quantum states, Time evolution operator and its
properties, Schrodinger picture, Heisenberg picture, Interaction picture, Equations of
motion, Operator method solution of 1D Harmonic oscillator, Matrix representation and
time evolution of creation and annihilation operators, Density matrix, Solving Schrodinger
equation for simple 1D problems.

Unit-IV-16 Marks
Rotation and Orbital Angular Momentum: Rotation Matrix, Angular momentum
operators as the generators of rotation, Lx, Ly, Lz and L2 and their commutator relations,
Raising and lowering operators. (L+ and L-). Lx, Ly, Lz and L2 in spherical polar coordinates,
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of L z, L2 (OP method) spherical harmonics, Matrix
representation of L+, L- and L2.

Spin Angular Momentum: Spin of particles, Pauli spin matrices and their properties,
Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions, Spinor transformation under rotation.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Addition of angular momenta: Total angular momentum J. Eigen value problem of Jz and
J2, Angular momentum matrices. Addition of angular momenta and Cebsch-Gordan
coefficients, Angular momentum states for composite systems in the angular momenta
(1/2, 1/2) and (1, 1/2). Examples from atomic and Nuclear physics

Text Books :
Quantum Physics – S. Gasiorowicz
Quantum Mechanics- L-I Schiff/ J.Sukurai/ E.Merzbacher/ A.Messiah (Vol.I) Advanced
Quantum Mechanics – P.Roman Quantum Mechanics –R. Shankar Quantum Mechanics –A.
Ghatak and S. Lokanathan
Quantum Mechanics – S. N. Biswas
References:
Quantum Mechanics – A. Das
Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum – M.E. Rose
Principles of Quantum Mechanics – P. A. M. Dirac
Quantum Mechanics (Non-relativistic theory) – L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz
Feynman’s Lectures on Physics(Vol-III)- R. P. Feynaman, R. B. Leighton and M sands

PHY104

ELECTRONICS-I
 9

Full marks-100(80+20)

Unit-I-16 Marks
Electronic Devices and Instrumentation:
Semiconductor, Metal Semiconductor and metal Oxide Semiconductors:
BJT,FET,JFET,MESFET and MOSFET, SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, VTVM and CRO.

Unit- II- 16 Marks

Uses of ICs
Astable and Bistable multivibrator, 555 IC Timer, Boot strap sweep Generator.
Oscillators

Feedback Criteria for Oscillation, phase shift, Wien bridge Oscillator, Crystal Controlled
Oscillator, Klystron Oscillator

UNIT-III-16 marks
Operational Amplifiers:
Basic Operational Amplifiers, Inverting and non inverting OPAMP, Rejection of common
mode signals, Ideal operational amplifier – Input and Output impedance.
Applications of OPAMPs – Unitary gain buffer, Adder, Substractor, Integrator,
Differentiator, Logarithmic Amplifier.

Unit – IV-16 Marks

Radio Communication -
Antenna, Basic Antenna Action, Current and Voltage distribution in linear Antenna, Dipde
Antenna, Power Radiator Different Types of antenna (only descriptive study), Horn
Antenna, Yagi Antenna, TV Transmitter and Receiver Antenna

UNIT-V-16 marks
Fiber Optic Communication-
Optical Fibers- Characteristic and fundamental parameters, Propagating modes, Low Loss
Fibers Transmission distance with Optical fibers, Example of Optical Transmission
Techniques, Instrumentation and Control with Optical Fibers
Recommended Books:

1. Electronic Fundamental and Application – J.D. Ryder

2. Foundation of Electronics – Chattopadhyay , Rakshil
3. Optical Fiber Communication – Gerd Keiser
4. Semi Condutor and Opto electronic devices – P.Bhattacharya (PHI)
5. Grob’s Basic Electronics – Mitchel E. Schultz (Mc Grow Hill Publication)
6. Instruction to Fiber Optics - Ghatak , Thyagrajan
 10

PHY105/205
Computational Methods in Physics Full Marks -100
(Practical Paper)

Introduction to computer hardware and software, introduction to storage in computer

memory, stored programme concepts, storage media, computer operating system,
compilers, LINUX commands;

Programming with FORTAN: Programme solving on computers – algorithm and flow

charts in FORTAN data types, expressions an statements, input/output commands, sub-
programme,
Programming with C++ Structure of C++ programme, compilation , Data types, variable
and constant, declaration of variables, initializing variables, arithmetic operators,
Increment and Decrement operators, I/O statements, arithmetic expressions, functions,
Control statements: decision making and looping statements, array.
Exercises for acquaintance: 1. To find the largest or smallest of a given set of numbers 2.
To generate and print first hundred prime numbers 3. Sum of an AP series, GP series, Sine
series, Cosine series 4. Factorial of a number 5. Transpose a square matrix 6. Matrix
multiplication, addition 7. Trace of a matrix 8. Evaluation of log and exponentials 9.
Solution of quadratic equation 10. Division of two complex numbers 11. To find the sum of
the digits of a number

Numerical Analysis: 1. Interpolation by Lagrange method 2. Numerical solution of simple

algebraic equation by Newton- Raphson method 3. Least Square fit using rational functions
4. Numerical integration : Trapezoidal method, Simpons method, Romberg integration,
Gauss quadrature method 5. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix 6. Solution of linear
homogeneous equations 7. Matrix inversion. 8. Solution of ordinary differential equation by
Runge-Kutta Method 9. Solution of Radioactive decay, Simple harmonic oscillator,
Schrödinger Equation

Books: 1. Computer Programming in FORTRAN 90 and 95, V. Rajaraman 2. V. Rajaraman --

Fundamentals of Computers (Printice Hall, India) 3. Object Oriented Programming with
C++, E Balagurusamy. 4. Programming with C++, J. R. Hubbard (McGRAW-HILL). 5.
Computer Oriented Numerical Methods- R.S.Salaria 6. An Introduction to computational
Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge Univ. Press. 7. W.H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling and
B.P. Flannery – Numerical Recipe (Cambridge Univ. Press ) 8. V. Rajaraman – Elements of
Parallel Processing (Printice Hall, 1990) 9. Fortran 77 and Numerical methods – C. Xavier
10. P.S. Grover – Programming and Computing with FORTRAN 77/90, (Allied Publishers
1992)
 11

PHY 105/205

Modern Physics and Optics

Full Mark-100

(Practical Paper)
Michelson Interferometer
Fabry-Perot Interferometers
Measurement of Rydberg constant
Babinet’s compensator
Constant deviation spectroscope
e/m measurement by Braun tube
e/m measurement by Magnetron Valve Method
e/m measurement by Thomson Method
Magnetic field measurement by search coil
Ferroelectric transmission point by Dielectric Constant Measurement
Rectification by junction Diode using various filters

Characteristics of a Transistor
Dielectric constant of solid (wax) by Lecher Wire
Verification of Richardson’s T3/2 low
Determination of Planck’s constant by total Radiation Method
Determination of Planck’s constant by Reverse Photoelectric effect method
Hysteresis loop tracer
Determination of ‘e’ by Millikan’s oil drop experiment
Measurement of attenuation and phase shift of A.C. in L.C.R. net work
RF characteristics of coil
Study of power supply
Calibration of an oscilloscope
Stefan’s constant measurement
Existence of discrete energy level by Frank Hertz experiment.
M.Sc. Experiments developed by Indian Academy of Sciences.
 12

SECOND SEMESTER

PHY201
Quantum Mechanics – II
(Application to Atomic and Molecular Physics)
Full Marks –100(20+80)

Unit-I- 16 Marks
Approximation Methods for Stationary States:: Rayleigh Schrodinger Method for Time-
Independent Non-Degenerate Perturbation Theory, First and Second Order Correction,
Perturbed Harmonic Oscillator, Anharmonic Oscillator, The Stark Effect, Quadratic Stark
Effect and Polarizability of Hydrogen atom,

Unit-II- 16 Marks
Degenerate Purturbation: Degenerate Perturbation Theory, Removal of Degeneracy,
Parity Selection Rule, Linear Stark Effect of Hydrogen atom, Spin-Orbit Coupling,
Relativistic Correction, Fine Structure of Hydrogen like Atom, Normal and Anomalus
Zeeman Effect, The Strong-Field Zeeman Effect, The Weak-Field Zeeman Effect and Lande
g-factor.

UNIT-III- 16 marks
Variational Methods:: The Variational method. Ground State, First Excited State and
Second Excited State of One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator, Ground State of H-atom and
He-atom.

UNIT-IV-16 Marks
WKB Approximation Method: : General Formalism, Validity of WKB Approximation
Method, Connection Formulas, Bohr Somerfield Quantization Rule, Application to
Harmonic Oscillator.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Applications of Variational and WKB methods: Variational method solution for
Hydrogen molecule, Hydrogen molecular ion, Rotational and Vibrational Degrees of
Freedom.
Application of WKB method to Bound States for Potential Wells with One Rigid Wall and
Two Rigid Walls, Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier, Cold Emission, Alpha Decay and
Geiger-Nuttal relation.
Text Books:
Quantum Physics - S. Gasiorowicz. Quantum Mechanics- N. Zettili Quantum Mechanics- B.H.
Bransden, C.J. Joachain Quantum Mechanics - R. Shankar
 13

Quantum Mechanics - A. K. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan Quantum Mechanics- A. Das

Reference Books :
Introductory Quantum Mechanics- R. Liboff
Quantum Mechanics- E. Merzbacher
Quantum Mechanics - S. N. Biswas
Quantum Mechanics - L.I. Schiff
Quantum Mechanics vol I - A.Messiah
Principles of Quantum Mechanics - P. A. M. Dirac
Quantum Mechanics (Non-relativistic theory) - Landau and Lifshitz
Modern Quantum Mechanics - J. J. Sakurai Advanced Quantum Mechanics – P. Roman
Elementary Theoryof Angular Momentum - M.E. Rose

PHY202
Mathematical Methods –II
Full Mark-100(20+80)

Unit-I- 16 Marks
Complex Variables:Cauchy's Integral Theorem, Cauchy's integral formula, Singularities
and Calculus of Residues, Cauchy's residue theorem, Evaluation of definite integrals using
the circles, infinite semi-circle and rectangular contours.

UNIT-II- 16 marks
Tensor Analysis and Differential geometry: Metric tensor, Cartesian tensors in three-
space, Curves in three space and Frenet formula, General Tensor Analysis, covariant and
contravariant tensors, Raising and Lowering of indices, Inner product, Outer product and
contraction of tensors, Symmetric and antisymmetric tensors, Uses of Kronecker and Levi
civita symbols, Covariant derivative and Christoffel symbol, Riemann & Ricci tensors.

Unit III – 16 Marks

Differential Equations and Special Functions : Solutions of Bessel, Laguerre, Legendre,
Hermite differential equations by generating function method and their properties.
Spherical Bessel functions and Hankel functions. Associated Legendre and Associated
Laguerre polynomials and their properties.

Unit-IV-16 marks
Hypergeometric and Confluent hypergeometric equations and their solutions by generating
function method and their properties. Concept of Green’s function, Solutions of
inhomogeneous Partial Differential Equations by Green’s function method and applications.
 14

Unit V – 16 Marks
Groups and Group Representations:
Definition of groups, Finite groups, examples from Solid State Physics, Sub-groups and
classes, Group Representations, Characters, Infinite groups and Lie groups, Irreducible
representations of SU(2), SU(3) and O(3), SO(3,1).

Text Books :
Mathematical Methods of Physics – J. Mathews & R. L. Walker;
Mathematics for Physicists – Dennery & Krzywicki;
Mathematical Methods for Physics – Arfken and Weber;
Group Theory – M. Hamermesh
References:
Methods of Theoretical Physics, Morse and Feshbach Vol-I, Vol-II.
Matrices and Tensors in Physics- A. W. Joshi

PHY203
Statistical Physics

Full Marks – 100 (20 +80)

Unit-I-16 Marks
Classical Statistical Mechanics:
Postulate of classical statistical mechanics, Liouville’s theorem, micro canonical ensemble,
Derivation of thermodynamics, equipartition theorem, classical ideal gas, Gibb’s Paradox.

UNIT-II-16 marks

The Partition function for Canonical ensemble and energy fluctuation, thermodynamics of
classical ideal gas, grand partition function for grand canonical ensemble and density
fluctuation, Equivalence of canonical and grand canonical ensemble.

Unit-III-16 Marks
Formulation of Quantum Statistical Mechanics:
The density matrix, ensembles in quantum statistical mechanics. Distribution functions,
Ideal gas in microcanonical, Canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Classical limit of
Quantum Statistics.

UNIT-IV-16 marks
Applications of Quantum Statistical mechanics:
Equation of state for ideal Fermi gas, Theory of white dwarf stars. Chandrasekhar Limit.
 15

Ideal Bose Gas, Photons and Planck’s law, Phonons and the theories of Einstein and Debye
for specific heat of solids, Bose-Einstein condensation.

Unit-V-16 Marks
Phase Transition:
Thermodynamic description of phase transitions, phase transitions of second kind,
Discontinuity of specific heat, change in symmetry in a phase transition of second kind.
Ising model: Definition of Ising model, One Dimensional Ising model.

Text Books:
Statistical Mechanics – K. Huang
Statistical Mechanics – R. K. Pathria

Reference Books: Elementary Statistical Physics – C. Kittel

Statistical Mechanics – F. Mohling
Statistical Mechanics – Landau and Lifsitz
Phase Transitions & Critical Phenomena – H.E. Stanly
Thermal Physics – C. Kittel
Fundamentals of Statistical & Thermal Physics – F. Reif

PHY204
Basic Condensed Matter Physics

Full Marks -100(20+80)

Unit-I-16 Marks
Crystal Binding : Crystal of inert gases, ionic crystals, covalent crystals, Metallic binding
and hydrogen bonded crystals.
Phonons and lattice vibration: Vibrations of monatomic and diatomic lattices, dispersion
relation, optic and acoustic modes, phonon as quantum of lattice vibration, phonon
momentum, inelastic scattering of neutrons and photons by phonons.

Thermal Properties of insulators: Lattice heat capacity, Einstein and Debye models,
Anharmonic crystal interactions, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.

Unit II-16 Marks

Free Electron Fermi Gas :
Density of states in one dimension, effect of temperature on Fermi-Dirac distribution, Free
electron gas in three dimensions, Heat capacity of electron gas, The Boltzmann equation,
Electrical conductivity, General Transport coefficients, Thermal conductivity,
Thermoelectric effect.
 16

UNIT-III-16 marks
Band theory:
Electrons in periodic potential, Bloch's theorem, Kronig Penney model, origin of band
gap,Wave equation for an electron in a periodic potential, Bloch functions, Brillouin zones,
E-k diagram under free electron approximation.
Semiconductors: Intrinsic and impurity semiconductors, band gap, law of mass action,
intrinsic carrier concentration, mobility in the intrinsic region, p-n junction rectifier.

UNIT-IV-16 marks
Superconductivity: Experimental survey, Meissner effect, Type-I and Type-I I
superconductors, thermody namics of superconductors, London's theory, Electron-electron
attractive interaction due to virtual phonon exchange, Cooper pairs and BCS Hamiltonian,
Superconducting ground state and the gap equation at T= 0 K.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Josephson effect: Macroscopic quantum mechanical tunneling effect, DC Josephson effect,
Effect of electric field- AC/ Inverse AC Josephson effect, Effect of magnetic field, SQUID.
High Tc superconductors: Basic ideas and applications

Textbooks:
Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittcl
Solid State Physics - Ashcroft and Mermin
Principles of Condensed Matter Physics - P. M. Chaikin and T. C. Lubensky
Reference books:
Solid State Physics- A.J. Dekker
Quantum Theory Solid State - J. Callaway
Solid State Physics - O.F. Animaler

PHY105/205
Computational Methods in Physics

Full Marks -100

(Practical Paper)
Introduction to computer hardware and software, introduction to storage in computer
memory, stored programme concepts, storage media, computer operating system,
compilers, LINUX commands
 17

Programming with FORTAN:

Programme solving on computers – algorithm and flow charts in FORTAN data types,
expressions an statements, input/output commands, sub-programme,
Programming with C++ :

Structure of C++ programme, compilation , Data types, variable and constant, declaration of
variables, initializing variables, arithmetic operators, Increment and Decrement operators,
I/O statements, arithmetic expressions, functions, Control statements: decision making and
looping statements, array.

Exercises for acquaintance:

1. To find the largest or smallest of a given set of numbers
2. To generate and print first hundred prime numbers
3. Sum of an AP series, GP series, Sine series, Cosine series
4. Factorial of a number
5. Transpose a square matrix
6. Matrix multiplication, addition
7. Trace of a matrix
8. Evaluation of log and exponentials
9. Solution of quadratic equation
10. Division of two complex numbers
11. To find the sum of the digits of a number

Numerical Analysis:
1. Interpolation by Lagrange method
2. Numerical solution of simple algebraic equation by Newton- Raphson method
3. Least Square fit using rational functions
4. Numerical integration : Trapezoidal method, Simpons method, Romberg integration,
Gauss quadrature method
5. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
6. Solution of linear homogeneous equations
7. Matrix inversion.
8. Solution of ordinary differential equation by Runge-Kutta Method
9. Solution of Radioactive decay, Simple harmonic oscillator, Schrödinger Equation.

Books: 1. Computer Programming in FORTRAN 90 and 95, V. Rajaraman

2. V. Rajaraman -- Fundamentals of Computers (Printice Hall, India)
3. Object Oriented Programming withC++, E Balagurusamy.
4. Programming with C++, J. R. Hubbard (McGRAW-HILL).
5. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods- R.S.Salaria
 18

6. An Introduction to computational Physics, T. Pang, Cambridge Univ. Press.

7. W.H. Press, S. A. Teukolsky, W.T. Vetterling and B.P. Flannery – Numerical Recipe
(Cambridge Univ. Press )
8. V. Rajaraman – Elements of Parallel Processing (Printice Hall, 1990)
9. Fortran 77 and Numerical methods – C. Xavier
10. P.S. Grover – Programming and Computing with FORTRAN 77/90, (Allied Publishers
1992)

PHY 105/205
Modern Physics and Optics
Full Mark-100

(Practical Paper)
Michelson Interferometer
Fabry-Perot Interferometers
Measurement of Rydberg constant
Babinet’s compensator
Constant deviation spectroscope
e/m measurement by Braun tube
e/m measurement by Magnetron Valve Method
e/m measurement by Thomson Method
Magnetic field measurement by search coil
Ferroelectric transmission point by Dielectric Constant
Measurement Rectification by junction Diode using various filters
Characteristics of a Transistor
Dielectric constant of solid (wax) by Lecher Wire
Verification of Richardson’s T3/2 low
Determination of Planck’s constant by total Radiation Method
Determination of Planck’s constant by Reverse Photoelectric effect method
Hysteresis loop tracer
Determination of ‘e’ by Millikan’s oil drop experiment
Measurement of attenuation and phase shift of A.C. in L.C.R. net work
RF characteristics of coil
Study of power supply Calibration of an oscilloscope
Stefan’s constant measurement Existence of discrete energy level by Frank Hertz
experiment.
M.Sc. Experiments developed by Indian Academy of Sciences.
 19

SEMESTER III

PHY301
Classical Electrodynamics
Full Marks -100(20+80)

UNIT-I-16 Marks
Maxwell's Equations:
Maxwell’s equations in free space, Magnetic charge, Maxwell’s equations inside matter,
Displacement current, Vector and scalar potentials, Wave equation for potentials, Lorentz
and Coulomb gauge conditions, Wave equation for Electric and Magentic fields in absence
of sources, Poynting vector.
Green's Function Solution:
Green's function solution of potential form of Maxwell's equations, Retarded and advanced
Green's Functions, Lienard-Wiechert potentials.

UNIT-II-16 marks
Covariant Formulation of Maxwell’s Equations:
Lorentz transformation, Scalars, vectors and Tensors, Maxwells equations and equations of
continuity in terms of Aµ and Jµ, Electromagnetic field tensor and its dual, Covariant form of
Maxwell’s equations; Lagrangian for a charged particle in presence of external
electromagnetic field and Maxwell’s equation as Euler-Lagrange equations.

UNIT-III-16 Marks
Plane Waves in Non-Conducting Media: Plane waves in non-conducting media, velocity
of wave propagation and energy flow, linear, circular and elliptic polarisations, Reflection
and refraction of electromagnetic waves at a plane interface between dielectrics at normal
and oblique incidences, total internal reflection and polarisation by reflection, waves in
dispersive media, Kramers-Kronig relation.

UNIT-IV-16 marks
Plane Waves in Conducting Media:
Plane waves in conduction media, Reflection and transmission at a conducting surface,
Cylindrical cavities and wave guides, Modes in rectangular wave guide and resonant
cavities.

Radiation by Point Charge: Electric and Magnetic Fields due to a point charge, Angular
distribution of radiation and total power radiated by an accelerated charge, Larmor's
formula.
 20

UNIT-V-16 Marks
Multipole Radiation:
Potentials, Fields and radiation due to an oscillating electric dipole; radiation due to a
centre-fed linear antenna, angular distribution of power radiated, Rayleigh Scattering.
Magnetic dipole and Electric quadrupole radiation.

Text Books: Classical Electrodynamics - J. D. Jackson

Reference Books: Classical Theory of Fields - L. Landau & E. M. Lifshitz

Introduction to Electrodynamics - D. J. Griffiths.
Principles of Optics- M. Born and E. Wolf
Introduction to Electrodynamics- Capri and Panat

PHY302
Quantum Mechanics - III
Full Marks -100

Unit - I - 16 Marks
Motion in Spherically symmetric Field: Hydrogen atom, Reduction to equivalent one
body problem, Schrodinger equation in spherical polar coordinates, Radial equation and its
solution, Energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, degeneracy, radial probability
distribution. Calculation of expectation values of various powers of the radial coordinate.

UNIT-II-16 Marks
More 3-dimensional problems: Free particle problem: Incoming and outgoing spherical
waves, expansion of plane waves in terms of spherical waves.
Bound state solutions and degeneracy of states of a 3-D square well, 3D harmonic
oscillator, Particle on a sphere, particle in a sphere.

UNIT-III-16 Marks
Time Dependant Perturbation Theory: Transition Probability, Constant and Harmonic
Perturbation, Fermi Golden Rule, Interaction of one electron atoms with electromagnetic
radiation, Basic Principles of Laser and Maser.
Electric Dipole Radiation and Selection rules. Spontaneous and Induced Emissions,
Einstein's A and B Coefficients, radiation, Quantum description of spontaneous emission.

UNIT-IV-16 Marks
Scattering Theory: Scattering amplitude and differential and total cross Section, Relation
between Lab and CM cross sections, Green’s functions, Born Approximation, Born series,
 21

Application to Coulomb and Screened Coulomb Potential, Partial Wave Analysis for Elastic
and Inelastic Scattering, Effective Range and Scattering Length, Optical Theorem.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Potential Scattering: Black Disc-Scattering, Hard-Sphere Scattering, Resonance Scattering
from a Square Well Potential,
Scattering of identical particles: Reduction to equivalent one-body problem in CM frame,
transformation from CM to Lab frame. Scattering of identical bosons and fermions.

Text Books:
Quantum Physics - S. Gasiorowicz.
Quantum Mechanics- N. Zettilli
Quantum Mechanics- B.H. Bransden. C.J.Joachain
Quantum Mechanics - R. Shankar
Quantum Mechanics - A. K. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan
Quantum Mechanics- A. Das
Reference Books :
Introductory Quantum Mechanics- R. Liboff
Quantum Mechanics- E. Merzbacher
Quantum Mechanics - S. N. Biswas
Quantum Mechanics - L.I. Schiff
Quantum Mechanics vol I - A.Messiah
Principles of Quantum Mechanics - P. A. M. Dirac
Quantum Mechanics (Non-relativistic theory) - Landau and Lifshitz
Modern Quantum Mechanics - J.J. Sakurai
Advanced Quantum Mechanics- P. Roman
Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum - M.E. Rose

PHY-303

ELECTRONICS-II

Full marks-100(80+20)

Unit-I-16 Marks
Digital Electronics:
Number systems, Binary, Octal (Inter conversion), Grey Code, Binary Algebra (Addition,
Subtraction, multiplication, division).
Boolean Theorem, OR gate, AND gate, NAND gate, Universal Building Block, Exclusive OR
and NOR gate, De. Morgan’s Theorem. Half Adder, Full Adder, Simplification of digital
 22

circuit using Karnaugh maps, Don’t care condition.

UNIT-II-16 marks

Decoder, Encoder, BCD to 7-segment decoder, Digital Comparator, Multiplexer, De-

Multiplexer, Digital to Analog converter with Ladder Network, Analog to Digital Converter.

UNIT- III -16 Marks

Mesh and Mode circuit Analysis, Reduction of complicated Network, Converssion, between
T & section, The bridge Network, Lattice Network, super position Theorem, Reciprocity
Theorem, Thevenin and Norton’s Theorem, Milliman’s Theorem, Maximum Power
Transform Theorem.

Unit- IV -16 Marks

Linear wave shaping
High pass, low pass R.C Circuit, Their response for sinusoldal, step, pulse, square and ramp
inputs, R C Network as differentiator and integrator, RL and R LC Circuit and their response
for step input ringing Circuit,

UNIT-V-16 marks
Non-linear wave shaping
Diode clipper, Transistor Clipper, Transfer Characteristics of clipper, Emitter
coupled clipper, Comparator, Application Clamping Operation.

Recommended Books:
1. Networks, Lines and Fields - J.D. Ryder, Pretice Hall Of India Pvt Ltd.
2. Digital Electronics – W.H. Gothmann
3. Digital Electronics using – R.P.Jain & M.M.S. Anand Integrated Circuit
4. Digital Electronics And Computer – M.M. Mano (PHI)Design

PHY304
(Core Elective paper-theory)
Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-I
Full marks-100

UNIT-I-16 Marks
Lattice Vibrations :
Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, Hamiltonian for lattice vibrations in the harmonic
approximation, Normal modes of the system and quantization of lattice vibrations,
phonons.
 23

Electron-phonon interaction, Second quantized form of Hamiltonian for electrons and

phonons in interaction.

UNIT-II-16 marks
Energy Bands
Nearly free electron approximation - Diffraction of electrons by lattice planes and opening
of gap in E-k diagram. Effective mass of electrons in crystals, Holes,Tight binding
approximation, S and P state band, Wannier functions
Density of states: Dynamical Mean field Theory

Unit-III-16 Marks
Fermi Surface
Construction of Fermi surface, Experimental methods of study of Fermi surface, Cyclotron
Resonance, de Hass van Alphen effect.
Electron Interaction:

Perturbation formulation, Dielectric function of an interacting electron gas (Lindhardrs

expression), Static screening, Screened impurity. Kohn effect, Friedel Oscillations and sum
rule, Dielectric constant of semiconductor, Plasma oscillations.

Unit- IV -16 Marks

Electronic and Lattice defects:
Lattice defects, Frenkel and Schottky defects, Line Defects, edge and screw dislocations,
Burger's Vector. planner (stacking) faults-twin planes and grain boundaries, Color centers-
mechanism of coloration of a solid, F-center, Other color centers.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Excitons: Loosely bound, tightly bound, Excitonic waves, electron-hole droplets.
Hall effect: Elementary ideas on Quantum Hall Effect, Magnetoresistance, Elementary ideas
on Giant magneto-resistance and Colossal magneto-resistance.

Text Books
Principles of the Theory of Solids - J.M. Ziman
Introduction to Solid State Physics C. Kittel
Advanced Solid State Physics- Philip Phillips,Overseas Press, India Pvt. Ltd.
Reference Books
Introduction to Modern Solid State Physics - Yuri M. Galperin
Solid State Physics – Aschroft, Mermin
Introduction to Solids - Azaroff
Elementary Solid State Physics - Omar
Principles of Condensed Matter Physics - Chaikin and Lubensky
Solid State Physics-Essential Concepts - David W. Snoke, Pearson Education. 2009
 24

PHY-305
Electronics Practical
Full Marks - 100
1. Setting of a transistor amplifier and determination of the amplification factor at
various frequencies
2. Frequency response of transistor amplifier with the without feedback
3. Characterstics of Harteley oscillator
4. Determination of different parameters of transistor
5. Study of multivibrator - Astable
6. Study of multivibrator - Bistable
7. Study of multivibrator - Monostable
8. VS WR' in a microwave transmission line
9. Study of squarewave response of R.C. Network
10. Modulation of detection
11. Lock-in-amplifier
I2. Design of operational amplifier circuit
13. Design of a field-effect transistor crystal oscillator
14. Study of different gates
15. Study of digital voltmeter and frequency counter.
16. M.Sc. Experiments developed by Indian : Academy of Sciences

FOURTH SEMESTER

PHY401
Advanced Quantum Mechanics

Full Marks – 100(20+80)

Unit-I- 16 Marks

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics:

Klein-Gordon Equation: Relativistic non-invariance of Schrodinger equation, Relativistic
energy momentum relation and KIein-Gordon equation, Positive and negative energy
solutions of KG equation and problems of negative energy.
 25

UNIT-II-16marks

Dirac Equation: Dirac’s Linearization of the relativistic squared energy operator and Dirac
equation, Properties of Dirac matrices, Nonrelativistic reduction of Dirac equation,
magnetic moment, Drawins term, Spin-Orbit coupling, Poincare transformation, Lorentz
group, Covariant form of Dirac equation, Bilinear covariants, Gordon decomposition.

UNIT-III -16 Marks

Free particle solution of Dirac equation, Projection operators for energy and spin. Physical
interpretation of free particle solution, Zitterbewegung, Hole theory, Charge conjugation,
space reflection and time reversal symmetries of Dirac equation,

UNIT-IV-16 Marks

Continuous systems and fields, Transition from discrete to continuous systems, Lagrangian
and Hamiltonians Formulations, Noether's theorem, symmetries and conservation laws.

Second quantization and Field operators, Equal Time Commutators of field operators,
Normal Ordering of field opartors.

UNIT-V -16 Marks

Quantization of free fields:

Covariant quantization of electromagnetic field, Quantization of scalar, electromagnetic and

Dirac Fields, Propagators for scalar, spinor and vector fields.

Textbooks:
Advanced Quantum Mechanics -J.J. Sakurai
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics - J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell
Relativistic Quantum Fields - J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell
Quantum Field Theory - F. Mandl and G. Shaw
Reference books:
Quantum Field Theory - C. Itzykson and J. Zuber
Quantum Field Theory -M. E. Peskin and D. V. Schroeder
Quantum Field Theory-- L. H. Ryder
Quantum Field Theory-S.Weinberg

PHY402

Basic Nuclear and Particle Physics

Full Marks – 100(20+80)

 26

UNIT –I-16 Marks

Two Nucleon Problem: Central and noncentral forces, deuteron and its magnetic moment
and quadrupole moment, Isospin dependence of Nuclear force, exchange force, charge
independence and charge symmetry of nuclear force, mirror nuclei.

UNIT-II-16 Marks
Nuclear models: Liquid drop model, Semi-empirical mass formula, Explanation of Nuclear
fission using Liquid Drop Model, Magic numbers, Shell model, Analysis of shell model
predictions

UNIT-III- 16 Marks
Nuclear reactions: Energetics of nuclear reaction, compound nucleus theory, Resonance
scattering, Breit-Wigner formula for Cross-section, Hopfstadter form factor.
Nuclear Deacys: Gamow’s theory of Alpha decay, Fermi's theory of beta decay. Selection
rules for allowed transitions. Parity violation in beta decay.

UNIT-IV-16 Marks
Particle Physics:
Elementary particles and their Interactions: Particle classification, fermions and bosons,
Quantum numbers of leptons and Baryons, Hyperons, Mesons and Hadrons,
electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, Gauge Bosons, Spin and parity
determination, Isospin, strangeness, hypercharge, baryon number, lepton number. Discrete
and Continuous symmetries and conservation laws for corresponding quantum numbers.

UNIT-V-16 marks
Standard Model: Gell-Mann-Nishijima Scheme, Quark properties: mass, charge, spin,
colour, Flavour, Baryon Number, strangeness, charm and Beauty. Quarks composition of
hadrons, Meson and baryon octet, Baryon decuplet, Prediction of Omega hyperon and its
detection, charmonium, charmed mesons and B mesons.
Chirality and flavour of Leptons. Neutrino masses and flavor oscillations. Elementary ideas
of Weinberg-Salam model for Electroweak Unification, Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
and Role of Higgs Boson, its prediction and detection in LHC.

Text Books:
Introduction to Nuclear Theory-L .R .S Elton
Nuclear Physics-B.B.Roy and B.P.Nigam
Nuclear Physics - K. S. Krane
Subatomic Physics-Frauenfelder and Henley
 27

Concepts of Particle Physics-Gottfried and Weisskopf

Elementary Particle Physics: D.J.Griffiths
Introduction to Nuclear Physics- P.E. Hodgson & E Gadioli
Reference Books:
Theoritical Nuclear Physics-Blatt and Weisokoff
Introductory Nucelar Physics:S.S. Wong
Particle Phsics- R. Omnes

PHY 403

Advanced Condensed Matter Physics-II

FuII mark-100(20+80)

Magnetism and Nanoscience

UNIT –I-16 Marks

Magnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, Curie-Wesis Law susceptibility, Heisenberg
model-Conditions for ferro- and antiferro-magnetic order, Spin waves and magnons,
Bloch’s T3/2 law, Antiferromagnetic order, Neel Temperature. Diluted Magnetic
Semiconductors.

UNIT –II-16 Marks

Ferroelectricity: Ferroelectric crystals, Classification of ferroelectric crystals, Polarization
catastrophe, Soft optical phonons, Landau theory of phase transition - second and first
order transitions.
Multiferroics - Basic ideas. preparations and applications

UNIT-III-16 Marks
Nanoscale Systems: Length scales in physics. Nanostructures: 1D, 2D and 3D
nanostructures (nanodots, thin films, nanowires, nanorods), Band structure and density of
states of materials at nanoscale. Size Effects in nano systems,
Quantum confinement: Applications of Schrodinger equation- Infinite potential well,
potential step, potential box, quantum confinement of carriers in 3D, 2D, 1D nanostructures
and its consequences.

UNIT-IV-16 Marks
Characterization of Nanostructure Materials: X-Ray Diffraction, Optical Microscopy.
Scanning Electron Microscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy. Atomic Force
Microscopy. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.
 28

UNIT-V-16 marks
Applications of Nanostructure Materials: Applications of nanoparticles, quantum dots,
nanowires and thin films for photonic devices (LED. solar cells). Single electron devices (no
derivation). CNT based transistors. Nanomaterial Devices: Quantum dots heterostructure
lasers. optical switching and optical data storage. Magnetic quantum well; magnetic dots -
magnetic data storage. Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS). Nano Electromechanical
Systems (NEMS).

Text Books
Introduction to Solid state Physics.-- C. Kittel, John Willey & Sons. New York.
Quantum Theory of Solids -- C. Kittel
Text Book of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, B.S. Murty, P. Shankar, B. Raj, B.B.Rath and
J. Murday.
Reference Books
Introduction to Modern Solid State Physics by Yuri M. Galperin
Introduction to Solids- Azroff
Elementary Solid State Physics-Omar
Solid State physics- Aschroff & Mermin
Science of Engineering Materials and carbon nanotubes, CM. Srivastava & C. Srinivasan
Solid state physics. A.J. Dekkar Macmillan,London
Solid state Physics. R.L. Singhal, Kedarnath and Ramnath Co..Meerut.
Low Dimensional Semiconductor Structures, K. Bamam and D. Vvedensky (Cambridge
University Book) 2001
Semiconductor Quantum Dots, L. Banyal and S.W . Koch (World Scientific) 1993
An introduction to the physics of low dimensional semiconductors, J.H. Davies (Cambridge
Press) 1998.
Introduction to Superconductors - Ketterson
The Physics of quasicrystals, (Eds), Steinhardt and Ostulond
Principles of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,M.A. Shah and T . Ahmad
Handbook of Nanostructured materials and Nanotechnology (Vol.l-4) Ed. H. S. Nalwa
Solid State Physics, S.O. Pillai. New Age International Publishers, 2010
Introduction to Solid State Physics,Arun Kumar
Solid State Physics, Wahab M.A
Solid State Physics and Electonics. R.K. Puri,V.K. Babbar
Solid State Physics. H. E. Hall
Fundamentals of Solid State Physics, Saxena,Gupta, Saxena.

PHY404
 29

Condensed Matter Physics lab

Full mark-100
1. Study of energy gap of Germanium by four-probe method.
2. Callibration of magnetic field using Hall apparatus.
3. Determination of Hall Voltage and Hall coefficients.
4. Measurement of Hall angle and mobility.
5. Determination of ferroelectric transition point(Curie temperature) of the given sample.
6. Determination of magnetoresistance of bismuth.
7. Study of Laue‟s spot of mica sheet using X-ray diffraction technique.
8. Study of the dispersion relation for the monoatomic and lattices using the given electrical
transmission line.
9. Find the Young‟s modulus for the given metal using composite piezoelectric oscillator
technique.
10. Determination of magnetic susceptibility by Guoy-balance.
11. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given medium at different temperatures.
12. Measurement of Lande‟s g factor of DPPII by ESR at Microwave frequency.
13. Study of thermoluminescence of F-centre in alkali halide crystals.
14. Study of phase transition using feedback amplifier circuit.

PHY405

Project Dissertation

Full mark-100

Topics include:

The Classical Harmonic Oscillator in Physics: Newtonian mechanics, Lagrange formulation,

Hamilton formulation, Hamilton Jacobi formulation.
The Quantum harmonic oscillator: Uncertainty principle, Schrodinger equation, Heisenberg
operator Formulation, Feynman Path Integral formulation.
Foundations of Quantum Theory, Interpretation problem, Quantum Measurement problem,
Delayed choice experiments, Interaction-free measurements.
Examples of objections to Uncertainty principle and their resolution,
 30

Examples of objections to Special Theory of Relativity and their resolution.

General Theory of Relativity, Relativistic Astrophysics, Cosmological Models, Stellar
evolution, Blackhole Physics,
Astroparticle Physics, Neutrino Physics, Quark Gluon Plasma, Dark Matter and Dark
Energy.
High Energy Physics, Quantum Field Theory, Unification of Forces, Standard Model, Grand
Unification, Supersymmetry, Fundamentals of String theory.
Symmetries in Physics: Continuous and Discrete symmetries and Gauge Symmetris
Lagrangian.
Nuclear Matter, Stellar equilibrium, Nucleosynthesis,
Accelerators Physics, Data Analysis and Computational Simulation, Particle detectors .
Nano Science and Nano Technology, Materials Science, Meta materials, Smart Materials,
Magnetic Monopoles, Symmetric Maxwell equations, Quantum Hall Effect
Advances in Superconductivity, Superfluidity.

Dissertation: 60 marks,
Presentation : 20 marks
Viva: 20 marks