Land management practice trends in Australia's

grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Caring for our Country

 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Introduction
Grazing (beef cattle/sheep) is an important Australian industry. Meat and wool
production by this industry contributed almost 30 per cent to the gross value of
agricultural production in 2009-10 (ABS 2011). The area of grazing land operated by beef
cattle/sheep businesses was estimated to be more than 336 million hectares; over 40 per
cent of the total area of Australia (Figure 1).

Improving soil condition is important to agricultural productivity and the quality of

ecosystem services provided to the community from rural lands. Wind and water erosion,
soil carbon rundown and soil acidification processes reduce the land's ability to provide
productive soils, protect biodiversity and maintain clean air and water and the resilience
of the landscape to climate change, whilst producing food and fibre.

Caring for our Country—the Australian Government's $2 billion flagship natural resource
management initiative—is funding projects in the sustainable practices national priority
area under the improving management practices and landscape scale conservation
targets. These projects provide information to farmers in the broadacre cropping, dairy,
horticulture and beef cattle/sheep industries about land management practices that will
help improve soil condition and contribute to maintaining a healthy environment.

By 1 November 2011, $442 million had been approved for projects to improve soil and
biodiversity management practices on farm. On farm practice change is being monitored
using the biennial Australian Bureau of Statistics' (ABS) Agricultural Resource
Management Survey (ARMS), which surveys 33 000 of Australia's 135 000 agricultural
businesses (farmers). Results are reported at the national, state and natural resource
management (NRM) region levels (ABS 2009).

Grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industry profile

According to ABS estimates, in 2009-10 there were 88 945 grazing (beef cattle/sheep)
businesses (farmers) in Australia. Both the number of grazing businesses and the area of
grazing land reported had decreased by around 4 per cent since 2007-08. In 2009-10 the
average age of managers of grazing businesses was 56; on average they had managed
their holdings for 24 years and farmed in their local region for 31 years. An estimated 23
per cent of grazing businesses (20 048) had a Landcare group member. The most
extensive area of grazing is in the rangelands (Figure 1), where 3211 businesses graze
about 255 million hectares. The estimated 85 623 businesses grazing 81 million hectares
outside the rangelands are generally smaller, more intensively managed properties, likely
to be fertilising pastures.

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Figure 1. The location of grazing land in Australia in 2005-06 showing NRM

regions within and outside the rangelands.

Source: ABARE-BRS (2010).

Land management practices

Project funding provided by Caring for our Country to encourage farmers to better
manage ground cover (by monitoring the proportion of the soil covered by plants and
using minimum level targets) and on more intensively managed holdings, to test and
lime soils regularly, has complemented the activities of state agencies and some industry
and community groups. Data from the 2007-08 and 2009-10 ABS', ARMS and agricultural
censuses for 1995-96 and 2000-01 (all agricultural businesses surveyed) help track
trends in the adoption of these practices.

Managing soil acidity

About 21 per cent of Australia's more intensively managed grazing land is thought to
have a high risk of soil acidification, 17 per cent a moderate risk and 63 per cent a low
risk (Figure 2; Table 1). Very acid soils are unlikely to support good ground cover,
increasing the risk of soil loss through wind and/or water erosion and reducing input to
soil carbon. Areas at high risk are where the soil pH is currently low, the soil has a low
capacity to buffer against pH decreases, and the dominant (current and/or past)
agricultural practices are highly acidifying.

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Figure 2. Soil acidification risks for more intensively managed grazing land in
NRM regions outside the rangelands.

This map and the estimates for Table 1 were produced by intersecting grazing (on native or modified pastures
including irrigated land use) from the Land Use of Australia 2005-06 (ABARE-BRS 2010) with the soil
acidification risk map (Wilson et al. 2009) and masking to NRM regions outside the rangelands.

Table 1. Estimated percentage of the more intensively managed grazing area (in
NRM regions outside the rangelands) at risk of soil acidification.

Low risk Moderate risk High risk

WA 19% 14% 67%

VIC 40% 23% 37%

ACT 64% 7% 29%

TAS 61% 14% 25%

NSW 72% 12% 16%

QLD 67% 21% 12%

SA 78% 13% 9%

NT na na na

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Low risk Moderate risk High risk

Total 63% 17% 21%

Source: see Figure 2.

For more intensively managed holdings in areas with soils prone to acidification, regular
testing of soil pH and applications of lime and/or dolomite can be used to manage
acidification. Testing soil nutrient levels to better match fertiliser applications to pasture
requirements can also help slow soil acidification.

Between 2007-08 and 2009-10, the percentage of businesses outside the rangelands
testing soil pH decreased from 20 per cent to 17 per cent, and the percentage testing soil
nutrients decreased from 19 to 16 per cent (Figure 3).

The percentage of businesses outside the rangelands applying lime and/or dolomite to
their holdings to manage soil acidity also decreased from 14 to 13 per cent between
2007-08 and 2009-10 (Figure 4). Agricultural census data (not shown) for all businesses
irrespective of location indicate that 9 and 12 per cent of businesses grazing beef cattle
applied lime and/ or dolomite in 1995-96 and 2000-01 respectively. Comparable figures
for businesses grazing sheep were 8 and 12 per cent, suggesting that the numbers of
grazing businesses liming has not changed greatly over the last 15 years.

Figure 3. The percentage of grazing (beef cattle/ sheep) businesses outside the
rangelands undertaking pH and soil nutrient testing in 2007-08 and 2009-10.

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Figure 4. The percentage of grazing (beef cattle/ sheep) businesses outside the
rangelands applying lime and dolomite to their holdings in 2007-08 and 2009-
10.

Figure 5. The percentage of grazing (beef cattle/ sheep) businesses monitoring

ground cover and with targets for minimum ground cover levels in 2007-08 and
2009-10.

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

Maintaining ground cover

Monitoring ground cover levels in paddocks and using ground cover targets (the desired
percentage of soil covered by living or dead vegetation) helps protect the soil from
increased rates of soil loss through wind and water, while helping to build soil carbon.
Maintaining good ground cover levels also improves drought resilience by helping
pastures respond quickly to rain.

The proportion of grazing (beef cattle/sheep) businesses both in and outside the
rangelands monitoring ground cover levels has increased from 70 per cent in 2007-08 to
79 per cent in 2009-10. The percentage of businesses setting ground cover targets
decreased from 40 to 31 per cent in the same period (Figure 5).

Conclusions
These data suggest that more grazing businesses are monitoring ground cover. Ground
cover levels of at least 50-70 per cent (depending on location) are needed to protect the
soil surface from wind and water erosion. Further work is needed to encourage grazing
businesses to set and manage to ground cover targets appropriate to their location.
Given the extensive and insidious nature of soil acidification, there may be a need to
increase regular testing and, where necessary, liming of more intensively managed
pastures in some regions.

Information about regional level adoption of land management practices for 2007-08 is
available at http://tinyurl.com/89sggbk Regional results from the 2009-10 ARMS will be
available in 2012.

References
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics-Bureau of Rural Sciences
(2010), Land use of Australia 2005-06, Version 4, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Forestry, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009), 4627.0, Land Management and Farming in

Australia, 2007-08.
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/allprimarymainfeatures/C3FC0BDD85E571D
BCA2578B50011D983?opendocument.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011), Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced 2009-

10, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

Wilson, P., Baldock, J., Grundy, M., Jacquier, J., Griffin, T., Moody, P., Chapman, G., Hall,
J., Maschmedt, D., Crawford, D., Hill, J., and D. Kidd (2009), Identification of land with a
risk of acidification, CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture Flagship, report prepared for Caring
for our Country.

© Commonwealth of Australia 2012

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 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef cattle/sheep) industries

This document is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia

(http://creativecommons.Org/licenses/by/3.0/au/) licence. Unless otherwise stated, all
images in the publication are copyrighted by their original owners. This publication (and
any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Barson, M., Mewett, J. and
Paplinska, J. 2011 Land management practice trends in Australia's grazing (beef
cattle/sheep) industries. Caring for our Country Sustainable Practices fact sheet 2,
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.