CDB 3022 - Environmental Chemical Engineering

WASTEWATER FROM
INDUSTRIES
DR. NURUL AINI AMRAN
Office : 04-03-06
Phone : +605-368 7563
Email : nurul.amran@utp.edu.my

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RECAP
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:

- Identify and categorize industrial effluent from

industries.
- Perform characterization studies of wastewater from
various resources.
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
 Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, oceans, and groundwater by human activities.
 It involves any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality
that has a harmful effect on living organism or makes water unsuitable
for desired uses.
 It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water
bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents.

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HENCE, WHAT IS WASTEWATER?

A combination of the liquid or water carried

wastes removed from residences,
institutions, commercial and industrial
establishments, together with such
groundwater, surface water and storm
water as may be present .

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NATURAL VS MAN MADE POLLUTANTS?

Water is typically Natural phenomena

referred to as such as volcanoes,
polluted when it is storms, hurricane and
impaired by earthquakes also cause
anthropogenic major changes in water
contaminants. quality.

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SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION

Point Source (PS)

Water pollution that are collected by an

identifiable network of pipes and
conveyed to a single point of discharge
into the receiving water.

Example:
Sewer-outflow pipe or discharge pipe
from industries.

Relatively easy to monitor, control and

regulate

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SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION

Non-Point Source (NPS)

A widely spread source of pollution that

can’t be tied to a specific point of origin
(mostly collected by rain fall and carried
by runoff).

Example:
- Excess fertilizer and pesticide from
agricultural lands runoff.
- Paint, oil, grease and toxic chemicals
from urban runoff

Difficult to monitor, control and regulate

(requires many stations)

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NPS VS PS WATER POLLUTION

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NPS VS PS WATER POLLUTION

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CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTANTS

Water
Pollutants

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OXYGEN DEMANDING MATERIALS
 Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water with the
consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen.
 Usually is a biodegradable organic matters. When they are
broken down in water, oxygen is consumed.
organic C + O2  CO2
 The oxidation of these materials will consume the dissolved
oxygen (DO) in the receiving water and poses threat to fish
and other aquatic life that require oxygen to live.
 Source : - human waste, food residue (domestic waste)
- food processing and paper industry (industrial
waste)
- animal dropping, crop residue, leaves that get into
water (natural waste)

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 NUTRIENT & SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Nutrient Pollution Suspended Solids

 Organic / inorganic particles

that remain in suspension of
water.
 Settle to the bottom of river or
lake as a sediment and could
destroy habitats of aquatic life.
 Includes eroded soil particle
and colloidal particles that
cause the turbidity of water.
 Sources: Soil erosion from
agricultural and construction
field
Pollutants: Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Sources: Fertilizer, phosphorus-based
detergent
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PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS & SALTS
Pathogenic Organisms Salts

 All water contains some salts.

 Microorganisms like bacteria,
viruses and protozoa that can  Often measured by evaporating
cause disease. filtered water sample. The
residue that don’t evaporate
 It make water unfit for drinking,
are called total dissolved solids
swimming and fishing.
(TDS).
 Could cause various diseases
 It make water unfit for drinking
such as cholera and typhoid
or irrigation.
 Sources: Human and animal
 Could destroy population of
waste (feedlot, discharge of
plant and animals.
septic tank, sewage treatment
facilities)  Sources: Urban runoff (spring
snowmelts), municipal and
agricultural site

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TOXIC METALS AND ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
Toxic Metals Toxic Organic Chemicals

 The commonly encountered toxic  The commonly encountered toxic

metals in wastewater : arsenic, chemicals in wastewater :
lead, mercury, cadmium, chlorine, fluoride, dioxins,
chromium, copper, nickel and alcohols, anionic surfactants,
zinc. cationic surfactants, benzene,
chloroform, cyanide, nitrate
 Many metals are essential trace
compounds.
elements for metabolism of
humans, animals and plants in  In larger amounts cause acute and
small amounts. chronic toxicity.
 Sources: Mining, manufacturing of
 In larger amounts cause acute
chemicals, detergents, cosmetics,
and chronic toxicity.
hair care products.
 Sources: Vehicle emissions,
fertilizers, paints, semiconductor
manufacturing, mining,

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PHARMACEUTICALS & PERSONAL CARE
PRODUCTS (PPCPs)
Compound that are applied externally or ingested by human and
animals.

Examples of pharmaceuticals found in wastewater are common

prescription and veterinary drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen,
antibiotics, tetracycline, bacitracin.
PPCPs

Personal care products such as deodorant, hand soap, oral hygiene

products and air freshener may contain carcinogenic compounds like
hydroquinone, ethylene dioxide, formaldehyde, phenols, phthalates.

Source:
- Disposal of expired, unwanted, or excess medications to the sewage
system by individuals, pharmacies or physicians.
- Application of animals manure as plant fertilizer.

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HEAT POLLUTION
Electric power industry and industrial processes release
wastewater that are much hotter than the receiving waters.

Increase in water temperature

may decrease fish population.

Increase in water temperature

may also decrease the solubility
of oxygen, resulted in low
dissolved oxygen.

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WATER QUALITY CHARACTERIZATION
How do we define water quality?

Physical
(taste, odor, color, turbidity,
solids)
Whether they meet
the standards for
Water Chemical drinking water,
(organic, inorganics, acidity, safety of human
quality radionucleics, emerging
pollutants) contact, and health
of ecosystems or
NOT?
Biological
(total coliform and fecal
coliform)

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WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Physical assessment Biological assessment
• Biological monitoring metrics
have been developed in many
places, and one widely used
measure is the presence and
abundance of members of the
Chemical assessment insect orders or Pathogens,
parasites

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TOTAL SOLID (TS)
 Refers to matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater

 It is also related to both specific conductance and turbidity.

 Total Solids includes both total suspended solids (TSS), the portion
of total solids retained by a filter and total dissolved solids (TDS),
the portion that passes through a filter

Measurement:
Using a drying temperature of
104°C. The total quantity of
residue is expressed in mg/L
(ppm) of a dry mass of solids
basis

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TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS)
 TSS are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter.

 TSS can include a wide variety of material, such as silt, decaying plant
and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage.

How to measure?
The residue
To measure TSS, retained on the The increase in
the water sample filter is dried in weight of the
is filtered an oven at 104°C filter represents
through a pre- until the weight the total
weighed filter. of the filter no suspended solids.
longer changes.

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TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (TDS)
 TDS are solids in water that can pass through a filter (usually with a
pore size of 0.45 micrometers).
 TDS is a measure of the amount of material dissolved in water.
 Includes carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, organic ions, and other ions.

Measurement:
Measuring specific
electrical conductivity
OR (EC) as well as individual
ions and adding them up.

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CONDUCTIVITY
 Specific conductance is a measure of how well water can conduct an
electrical current.
 Conductivity increases with increasing amount and mobility of ions.
 These ions, which come from the breakdown of compounds (salts),
conduct electricity because they are negatively or positively charged
when dissolved in water.
 Therefore, conductivity is an indirect measure of the presence of
dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, sodium,
magnesium, calcium, and iron.

Unit of specific
conductance is
µS/m

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TURBIDITY
 A measure of the cloudiness of water. The cloudier the water, the
greater the turbidity.
 Turbidity in water is caused by suspended matter such as clay, silt, and
organic matter and by plankton and other microscopic organisms that
interfere with the passage of light through the water.
 Turbidity is closely related to TSS, but also includes plankton and
other organisms.

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HOW TO MEASURE TURBIDITY?
 A turbidity meter is used to measure the scattering of light, and
provides a relative measure of turbidity in Nephelometric Turbidity
Units (NTUs).
 It measures how much of the light traveling through water is
scattered by suspended particles.
 The scattering of light increases with increasing suspended solid and
plankton content.

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PH
 pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is
 Most natural waters possess the pH values ranging from 5.0 to 8.5.
 pH of a stream affect organisms living in the water, a changing pH
(pH<5 or pH >9) in a stream can be an indicator of increasing
pollution or some other environmental factor.
 Highly acidic water is more likely to dissolve toxic chemicals.

pH Measurement

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TEMPERATURE
 Wastewater temperatures normally range between 10 and 30 °C.
 It controls the rate of metabolic and reproductive activities, and
determines which fish species can survive.
 Temperature also affects the concentration of dissolved oxygen in
water.

Temperature Measurement

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DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO)
 Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is present in the
water.
 Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by
aeration, and as a waste product of photosynthesis.
 Oxygen is removed from the water by respiration and decomposition
of organic matter.
 Dissolved oxygen levels are also often reported in percent saturation.

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HOW TO MEASURE DO?
DO Meter Winkler method
 Dissolved oxygen (DO) can be  A sample bottle is filled completely
measured through a DO meter. with water (no air is left to skew
 The amount of oxygen the results).
dissolved in water is expressed  The dissolved oxygen in the
as a concentration, in sample is then "fixed" by adding a
milligrams per liter (mg/l) of series of reagents that form an
water. acid compound
 The sample is then titrated with a
neutralizing compound that results
in a color change.
 In standard, 1 mL titrant used = 1
ppm Dissolved Oxygen (or 1 mg
DO per L of water)

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WINKLER METHOD

1 2 3 4 5

Field sample Add 2 mL of Add 2 mL of Shake to mix Add 2 mL of

in BOD manganese alkali-iodide-
bottle sulfate azide H2SO4

6 7 8 9

Titrate 201 ml sample

Shake to mix Add 2 ml blue Continue sample
with sodium
colored starch titration until clear
thiosulfate to pale
straw color (colorless)

1 mL of titration = 1 mg/L DO
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN SATURATION
 DO saturation level is the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen
that would be present in water at a specific temperature.
 100% air saturation means that the water is holding as many dissolved
gas molecules as it can in equilibrium.
 Percent saturation is calculated by the following equation:

𝐃𝐎
% 𝐒𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐃𝐎𝐬𝐚𝐭

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DISSOLVED OXYGEN SATURATION

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BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
 BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by biological
microorganisms in a water body to break down organic material at
certain temperature over a specific time period.
 BOD determines the rate of uptake of dissolved oxygen by the
biological organisms in a body of water use up oxygen.
 BOD-measure pollution strength of wastewater or polluted water.
 BOD5 measures the rate of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms in a
sample of water at a temperature of 20°C and over an elapsed period
of five days in the dark.

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DILUTION METHOD

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CALCULATION

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BOD REACTION
FIRST ORDER KINETICS
 When a water sample containing degradable organic matter is placed
in a closed container and inoculated with bacteria, the oxygen
consumption typically follows the pattern shown in figure below:

Oxygen
consumption is
directly proportional
to the concentration
of organic matter
remaining at any
time

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BOD REACTION
FIRST ORDER KINETICS
 When the curve is described mathematically as a first order reaction, it can be
expressed as
𝑑𝐿𝑡
= −𝑟𝐴 = −𝑘𝐿𝑡
𝑑𝑡
 Rearranging,
𝑑𝐿𝑡
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑡
𝐿 𝑡
𝑑𝐿𝑡
න = −𝑘 න 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
𝐿𝑜 𝑡 𝑜
𝐿𝑡
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑘𝑡
𝐿𝑜
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

 Lo = oxygen consumption equivalent of organic matter remaining at time = 0 OR Ultimate

BOD

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BOD REACTION
 Rather than Lt (DO reading), our interest is in the BODt.
 From the curve, 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐿𝑜 − 𝐿𝑡
= 𝐿𝑜 − 𝐿𝑜 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑡 = 𝐿𝑜 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 𝐎𝐑 𝐿𝑜 (1 − 10−𝐾𝑡 )

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BOD REACTION

Example:
If the BOD3 of a waste is 75 mg/L and the K is
0.150 d-1, what is the ultimate BOD?

Note that lower case k is used for the reaction rate constant in base e and
that capital K is used for the constant in base 10. They are related: k = 2.303
(K)

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BOD VS TEMPERATURE

k is temperature-
dependent, because
microorganisms are
more active at high
temperature, where k
values are higher. Normally  = 1.047

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BOD VS TEMPERATURE

Question:
The BOD5 of a wastewater is determined to be 150 mg/l at 20oC. The k
value is known to be 0.23 per day. What would be the BOD8 be if the
test were run at 15oC?

a) Determine the ultimate BOD:

b) Correct the k value for 15oC:

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BOD VS TEMPERATURE

c) Calculate BOD8:

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NITROGEN
 Nitrogen is required by all organisms for the basic processes of life to
make proteins, to grow, and to reproduce.
 Nitrogen is very common and found in many forms in the environment.
 Inorganic forms include:
- nitrate (NO3)
- nitrite (NO2)
- ammonia (NH3)
- nitrogen gas (N2)
 Organic nitrogen is found in the cells of all living things and is a
component of proteins, peptides, and amino acids

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NITROGEN
 However, toxic concentrations of ammonia in humans may cause loss of
equilibrium, convulsion, coma and death.
 Excessive concentrations of nitrate and/or nitrite can be harmful to
humans and wildlife.
 Nitrate is broken down in our intestines to become nitrite.
 Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin in human blood to produce
methemoglobin, which limits the ability of red blood cells to carry
oxygen.
 This condition is called methemoglobinemia or "blue baby" syndrome
(because the nose and tips of ears can appear blue from lack of oxygen).
 Wells contaminated by sewage or agricultural runoff are a major concern
in some areas, because of the possibility of water high in nitrite/nitrates
and the subsequent increased risk of blue baby disease.

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HOW TO MEASURE NITROGEN?
 Total nitrogen can be determined by adding chemicals to convert
all of the nitrogen forms in a sample to nitrate, and then measuring
nitrate concentration.
 Nitrate and nitrite can be measured together or separately using a
colorimetric method.
 A chemical is added to the water sample, and the darker the color
of the sample, the more nitrate and/or nitrite present.
 This test can be done visually, comparing the treated sample to a
set of reference colors.

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HOW TO MEASURE NITROGEN?
 However, it is more accurate to use an electronic colorimeter,
which uses a light source and a photodetector to find the
concentration based on how much light is absorbed by the sample

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PHOSPHORUS

 Phosphorus is a nutrient required by all organisms for the basic

processes of life.
 However, phosphorus is used extensively in fertilizer and other
chemicals, so it can be found in higher concentrations in areas of
human activity.
 Phosphorus in natural waters is usually found in the form of
phosphates (PO4-3).
 Phosphates can be in inorganic form (including orthophosphates
and polyphosphates), or organic form (organically-bound
phosphates).

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HOW TO MEASURE PHOSPHORUS?
 Both phosphorus and orthophosphate are often measured using a
colorimetric method.
 A chemical is added to the water sample.
 The darker the color of the sample becomes, the more phosphorus
present. This test can be done visually, comparing the treated sample to a
set of reference colors.

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HOW TO MEASURE PHOSPHORUS?
 However, it is more accurate to use an electronic colorimeter, which uses a
light source and a photodetector to find the concentration based on how
much light is absorbed by the sample.

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