Wärtsilä

THE DIESEL ENGINE

&
THE ENVIRONMENT

Presented By:
Christer Broman
Wartsila N.A. Inc 1
 Wärtsilä Corporation
• A global company focusing
on power generation, marine
propulsion and industrial
applications
• Designing, manufacturing,
licensing, marketing and
servicing Wärtsilä and Sulzer
engines and Lips propellers
• Engineering and provision of
complete power solutions
and propulsion systems

2
Tuija Kjellberg, 10/20/00
 Wartsila N.A Inc.

Seattle, WA Halifax, NS
Regional Service and Logistics Cornwall, Ontario Montreal, Quebec Regional Service and Logistics
Service Service

Mt. Vernon, IN
New York, NY
Service
Los Angeles, CA
Service Annapolis, MD
New Orleans, LA Corporate Office and Power Plant
Regional Service and Logistics Sales, Projects, Operations and Admin.

Sales
Houston, TX Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Service Sales & Projects Service Headqtrs.
Regional Service and Logistics
Mexico City, MX Marine Sales and Projects
Sales & Service

San Juan, PR
Guatemala City, GM Sales & Service
Service

Tuija Kjellberg, 10/20/00

 Typical Diesel Exhaust Gas Composition

Nitrogen N2 : 76%
Together Oxygen O2: 13%
> 99.5% Carbon dioxide CO2: 5% Low due to high efficiency
Water H2O: 5%

Sulphur oxides SOX Fuel choice related

Carbon monoxide CO Low due to good combustion
Hydrocarbons CXHy Low due to good combustion

Particulates Influenced by fuel, ash,sulphur

Visible smoke Low load related (<25% load)
Nitrogen oxides NOX Controlled by technology

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Different Means of Emission Control for Diesel Engines
Standard engine

Available Direct Water Injection (DWI)

today
Compact SCR (CSCR)

Common Rail (CR)

+ Electronic Control (EC)

CR + EC + DWI

CR + EC +
DWI + CSCR

CR + EC +
Steam Injection (SI)
Future
CR + EC +
development SI + CSCR

NOx emissions
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(g/kWh)

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 NOx control by Wärtsilä

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 Low NOx Combustion

Conventional Design Low NOx Design

Engine Maximum Firing Pressure Engine Maximum Firing Pressure

Pressure rise Pressure rise

induced from induced from
combustion combustion
Cylinder Pressure

Cylinder Pressure
Pressure rise Pressure rise
induced from induced from
compression compression

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120

TDC TDC

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 Low NOx design

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 Principle of Direct Water Injection

Water Fuel

Water Pressure Water Needle

200 - 400 bar and
Fuel Needle
Fuel Pressure in the Same
1200 - 1800 bar Injector

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WDT-EMIS.18 - Citec 10.6.97
 Water injection

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Compact SCR
 Smoke Level with Common Rail Fuel Injection
Wärtsilä 32 Test results at 750 rpm
2

1.5
Smoke (FSN)

Visible smoke limit

Conventional fuel injection

0.5
Common rail fuel injection

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Load %
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 Dual Fuel Engines
The number of sea ferries using bunkered
gas as fuel is expected to grow in the near
future due to environmental pressure.

n Dual fuel engine

n Ignition by pilot fuel at gas
operation
n LFO used as back-up fuel

n Spark ignited Gas Engine

n Ignition by an electric spark plug
n No back-up system

BOTH ENGINE TYPES OPERATE ON LOW GAS PRESSURES

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 How Does it Work?
Control / Monitoring Panel Signal Distribution Block
Main page

Solenoid
Knock sensor Valve

Pilot fuel pump

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 Operating Principal- Dual Fuel Engine
ð Gas mode
n High efficiency and low emissions 100
n Automatic and instant transfer to
diesel operation in alarm situations
n Transfer to diesel operation at any

% LOAD
load
ð Diesel mode
n As an ordinary diesel engine
n Transfer to gas operation
preferably at part load
0
n Pilot fuel injection in operation
Diesel mode Gas mode

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 Gas Diesel Engine Concept

• The gas diesel engine is a dual fuel / multi fuel

engine that is designed to operate i two fuel modes.
– Liquid fuel mode, using MDO/LFO, HFO or Crude
Oil as main fuel.
– Gas fuel mode, using natural gas as main fuel
ignited with a small amount of liquid fuel.
• In liquid fuel mode the engine is works as an ordinary
diesel engine.
• In gas fuel mode the engine is adapting the direct gas
injection technique for gas injection at high pressure.
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 Gas Diesel Working Principle
Wärtsilä 32GD & 46GD

Exh. Exh. Exh.

Air Compression Injection of Gas

Intake of Air and Pilot Fuel Ignition

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 Gas Diesel Engine Concept
Operating modes
• Diesel mode
100
– Diesel fuel operation only
– As an ordinary diesel 80
engine
• Gas mode (high pressure) 60

Load %
– Diesel fuel operation at
40
start and low load
– Automatic transfer
20
between fuels according
to load
0
– Automatic and instant Dies el mode Gas mode
transfer in alarm Die s e l Ga s tra ns fe r window Ga s
situations
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 Dual Fuel Product Portfolio
At standard reference conditions:
4200 kW
12V32DF – Air pressure 100 kPa
– Air inlet temp. 30 °C
16V32DF 5600 kW
– Charge air temp. 40 °C
18V32DF 6300 kW – Exhaust gas back pres.
and air inlet pres. drop 4 kPa
0 2 4 6 MW
– Methane number 80
6L50DF 5700 kW – Gas pressure 3,5 bar (g)
8L50DF 7600 kW

9L50DF 8550 kW
12V50DF 11400 kW
16V50DF 15200 kW

18V50DF 17100 kW

0 5 10 15 MW

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 VARG FPSO

“The gas diesel generators were

selected because they were
cheaper than turbines, had a
smaller footprint, are more efficient
and have lower CO2 emissions”
Mr Lauvdal of Saga Petroleum in Motorship Nov. 1998

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 Conclusion
The diesel engine is going through an accelerated rate of
change.The engines are becoming more compact, easier to
maintain and environmentally friendly. The consumption of fuel
and lube oil is decreasing and the engines are capable of
burning a variety of different fuels.

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