WI-FI TECHNOLOGY

SANDEEP REDDY.M

08F61A0590

(sandeep.reddy_m@yahoo.com)

SIDDHARTH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,PUTTUR

CHITTOOR dist,ANDHRA PRADESH
(affiliated to JNTU-anantapur)

Abstract 802.11 standards. 802.11 the most widely

used WLAN technology. Because of the
WiFi, also known as 802.11b, has become the close relationship with the underlying
preferred technology for wireless local area standards, the term Wi-Fi is often used as a
networking in both business and home synonym for IEEE 802.11 technology. Not
environments. Even though it was designed
every IEEE 802.11-compliant device is
primarily for private applications, WiFi is also
submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi
being deployed in public places to create so-
Alliance. The lack of Wi-Fi certification
called hotspots, where WiFi-capable users
does not necessarily imply a device is
can obtain broadband Internet access. This
incompatible with Wi-Fi devices.IEEE
new domain of application could be the
802.11 devices are installed in many
major future market opportunity for WiFi,
personal computers, video game consoles,
but in order to take advantage of it, several
MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and
key challenges, both technical and business-
other peripherals, and newer laptop
related, must be overcome. We outline these
computers.
challenges and discuss approaches to
solutions.
WI-FI CERTIFICATION
INTRODUTION
Wi-Fi technology builds on IEEE 802.11

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi standards. The IEEE develops and

Alliance that manufacturers may use to publishes these standards, but does not test

brand certified products that belong to a equipment for compliance with them. The

class of wireless local area network non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance formed in 1999

(WLAN) devices based on the IEEE to fill this void — to establish and enforce
standards for interoperability and Wi-Fi devices are often used in home or
backward compatibility, and to promote consumer-type environments in the
wireless local-area-network technology. following manner:
As of 2009 the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of
more than 300 companies from around the  Termination of a broad band

world. Manufacturers with membership in connection into a single router

the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass which services both wired and

the certification process, gain the right to wireless clients, where cable

mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. connection cannot be hooked up.

Specifically, the certification process  Ad-hoc mode for client to client

requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 connections ,

radio standards, the WPA and WPA2  Built into non-computer devices to

security standards, and the EAP enable simple wireless connectivity

authentication standard. Certification may to other devices or the Internet.

optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11

draft standards, interaction with cellular-
phone technology in converged devices,
and features relating to security set-up,
multimedia, and power-saving.

TYPES

Wi-Fi infrastructure devices typically fall

into 3 categories as per it’s Application,
with wireless being only one of many
features.

1)Wi-Fi At Home 2)Wi-Fi in Business

Home Wi-Fi clients come in many shapes In Business and Industry current
and sizes, from stationary PCs to digital Technology of Wi-Fi is moving toward
cameras. The trend today and into the 'thin' Access Points, with all of the
future will be to enable wireless into every intelligence housed in a centralized
devices where mobility is prudent. network appliance; relegating individual
Access Points to be simply 'dumb' radios might use signal strength to decide which
utilizing true mesh topologies. of the two APs to make a connection to.
The Wi-Fi standard leaves connection
3.)Wi-Fi in gaming criteria and roaming totally open to the
client. Since Wi-Fi transmits in the air, it
Some gaming consoles and hand helds
has the same properties as a non-switched
make use of Wi-Fi technology to enhance
wired Ethernet network, and therefore
the gaming experience in local multiplayer
collisions can occur , which cannot be
as well as connecting to wireless networks
detected, and instead uses a packet
for online game play or with separate
exchange (RTS/CTS used for Collision
adapter.
Avoidance or CA) to try to avoid
collisions.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Wi-Fi: How it Works:

STANDARD DEVICES
A typical Wi-Fi setup contains one or
more Access Points (APs) and one or more Wireless Access Point (WAP):
clients. An AP broadcasts its SSID
(Service Set Identifier, "Network name") A wireless access point connects a group
via packets that are called beacons, which of wireless devices to an adjacent wired
are usually broadcast every 100 ms. The LAN. An access point is similar to an
beacons are transmitted at 1 Mbit/s, and ethernet hub, relaying data between
are of relatively connected wireless devices in addition to a
(usually) single connected wired device,
most often an ethernet hub or switch,
allowing wireless devices to communicate
with other wired devices.
 A wireless router integrates a WAP,
ethernet switch, and internal Router
firmware application that provides IP
Routing, NAT, and DNS forwarding
through an integrated WAN interface. A
wireless router allows wired andwireless
ethernet LAN devices to connect to a
(usually) single WAN device such as cable
modem or DSL modem. A wireless router
allows all three devices (mainly the access
point and router) to be configured through
one central utility.

Wireless Adapter:

A wireless adapter allows a device to

connect to a wireless network. These
adapters connect to devices using various
interconnects such as PCI, USB, and
PCMCIA.

Wireless Ethernet Bridge:

A wireless Ethernet bridge connects a

wired network to a wireless network. This
is different from an access point in the
sense that an access point connects
wireless devices to a wired network at the
data-link layer. Two wireless bridges may
be used to connect two wired networks
over a wireless link, such as between two

Wireless Router:
separate homes. of cyclic prefix protection from 800 nS to
3.2 uS, quadrupling the multi-path
distortion protection. Some commonly
available 802.11a/g chipsets support the
OFDM 'half-clocking' and 'quarter-
clocking' that is in the 2007 standard, and
4.9 GHz and 5.0 GHz products are
available with 10 MHz and 5 MHz channel
bandwidths. It is likely that some 802.11n
D.20 chipsets will also support 'half-
clocking' for use in 10 MHz channel
bandwidths, and at double the range of the
NON STANDARD DEVICES
802.11n standard.

DIY Range Optimizations:

Power increase:

Long Range Wi-Fi: Another way of adding range to your Wi-

Fi network is by hooking a power
Recently, long range Wi-Fi kits have
amplifier into your existing antenna
begun to enter the market. Companies like
(which can amplify upto 5x ).
RadioLabs and Broadb and Xpress offer
long range around 220 Km.

INCREASING RANGE IN USES

OTHER WAYS

Specialized Wi-Fi Channels:

In most Standard Wi-Fi routers, the three

standards, A, B and G, are enough. But in
long range Wi-Fi, special technologies are
used to get the most out of a Wi-Fi
connection. The 802.11-2007 standard
adds 10 MHz and 5 MHz OFDM modes to
the 802.11a standard, and extend the time
 Internet access devices connected (wirelessly or by cable)
to them. With the emergence of MiFi and
WiBro (a portable Wi-Fi router) people
can easily create their own Wi-Fi hotspots
that connect to Internet via cellular
networks. Now many mobile phones can
also create wireless connections via
tethering on iPhone, Android, Symbian,
and WinMo.

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal

computer, video game console,
smartphone or digital audio player can
City-wide Wi-Fi:
connect to the Internet when within range
of a wireless network connected to the
Internet. The coverage of one or more
(interconnected) access points — called
hotspots — can comprise an area as small
as a few rooms or as large as many square
miles. Coverage in the larger area may
depend on a group of access points with
overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology An outdoor Wi-Fi access point in Toronto
has been used in wireless mesh networks,
In the early 2000s, many cities around the
for example, in London, UK.
world announced plans for city-wide Wi-
Routers that incorporate a digital Fi networks. This proved to be much more
subscriber line modem or a cable modem difficult than their promoters initially
and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in envisioned with the result that most of
homes and other premises, can provide these projects were either canceled or
Internet access and internetworking to all placed on indefinite hold. A few were
successful, for example in 2005, Wi-Fi access points provides network
Sunnyvale, California became the first city redundancy, support for fast roaming and
in the United States to offer city-wide free increased overall network-capacity by
Wi-Fi. using more channels or by defining smaller
cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-
Campus-wide Wi-Fi: applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP).

Carnegie Mellon University built the first ADVANTAGES OF WI-FI

wireless Internet network in the world at
their Pittsburgh campus in 1994, long  Allows LANs to be deployed
before Wi-Fi branding originated in 1999. without cabling, typically reducing
Most campuses now have wireless the costs of network deployment
Internet. and expansion. Spaces where
cables cannot be run, such as
outdoor areas and historical
buildings, can host wireless LANs.
Direct computer-to-computer
 Wi-Fi chipset pricing continues to
communications: come down, making Wi-Fi a very
economical networking option and
Wi-Fi also allows communications directly
driving inclusion of Wi-Fi in an
from one computer to another without the
ever-widening array of devices.
involvement of an access point. This is
 Wi-Fi is a global set of standards.
called the ad-hoc mode of Wi-Fi
Unlike cellular carriers, the same
transmission. This wireless ad-hoc
Wi-Fi client works in different
network mode has proven popular with
countries around the world.
multiplayer handheld game consoles, such
as the Nintendo DS, digital cameras, and DISADVANTAES OF WI-FI
other consumer electronics devices.
 Spectrum assignments and operational
Future directions: limitations are not consistent worldwide;
most of Europe allows for an additional 2
As of 2010 Wi-Fi technology has spread
channels beyond those permitted in the US
widely within business and industrial sites.
(1-13 vs 1-11); Japan has one more on top
In business environments, just like other
of that (1-14) - and some countries, like
environments, increasing the number of
Spain, prohibit use of the lower-numbered their downstream bandwidth at any given
channels. time.

 The most common wireless encryption Recreational logging and mapping of other
standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or people's access points has become known
WEP, has been shown to be breakable as wardriving. Indeed, many access points
even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi are intentionally installed without security
Protected Access (WPA and WPA2) turned on so that they can be used as a free
which began shipping in 2003 aims to service. Providing access to one's Internet
solve this problem and is now generally connection in this fashion may breach the
available. Terms of Service or contract with the ISP.
These activities do not result in sanctions
 Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to
in most jurisdictions; however, legislation
an open (encryption-free) mode. Novice
and case law differ considerably across the
users benefit from a zero configuration
world. A proposal to leave graffiti
device that works out of the box but might
describing available services was called
not intend to provide open wireless access
warchalking. A Florida court case
to their LAN.
determined that owner laziness was not to
be a valid excuse. g
Piggybacking:
CONCLUSION
Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless
Internet connection by bringing one's own
The defect for Wi-Fi is the
computer within the range of another's
hindrance of frequency which can be
wireless connection, and using that service
rectified by using 2 more extra channels
without the subscriber's explicit
or Errecting tall towers. North Eastern
permission or knowledge.
region of India , say Aruchanal ,Nagaland
and Mizoram where most of the villages
During the early popular adoption of
are on high hill tops and at about 5 to 10
802.11, providing open access points for
km at a distance, although which have
anyone within range to use was
little or no connectivity wireless options,
encouraged to cultivate wireless
Long Range Wi-Fi- can well be used.
community networks, particularly since
Research works are done rapidly to
people on average use only a fraction of
decrease the hindrance also .
 Therefore, it can be concluded that
Wi-Fi technology will be most use full for
security and Intelegence communication in
hilly area of North East , Orissa, Bihar etc.,
where most of Naxalites, Terrorists etc.,
are taking shelters.