Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 495 views

    Thermo-Fluids Experiment ... Laminar and Turbulent Flow.: Aims

    Uploaded by

    brhomi
    This experiment aimed to examine laminar and turbulent fluid flow through a pipe. Key findings include: 1) Laminar flow occurred at lower flow velocities and was characterized by smooth, layered flow. Turbulent flow occurred at higher velocities and involved irregular particle movement. 2) The transition between laminar and turbulent flow was identified, with a calculated Reynolds number of 5218 at the transition point, higher than expected. 3) In the laminar region, the measured head loss versus flow rate slope differed from the theoretical value by 45.5%, likely due to measurement inaccuracies in flow rate timing and temperature.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Thermo-Fluids Experiment ... Laminar and Turbulent Flow.: Aims

    Uploaded by

    brhomi
    495 views10 pages
    This experiment aimed to examine laminar and turbulent fluid flow through a pipe. Key findings include: 1) Laminar flow occurred at lower flow velocities and was characterized by smooth, layered flow. Turbulent flow occurred at higher velocities and involved irregular particle movement. 2) The transition between laminar and turbulent flow was identified, with a calculated Reynolds number of 5218 at the transition point, higher than expected. 3) In the laminar region, the measured head loss versus flow rate slope differed from the theoretical value by 45.5%, likely due to measurement inaccuracies in flow rate timing and temperature.

    Original Title

    Laminar and Turbulent Final

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This experiment aimed to examine laminar and turbulent fluid flow through a pipe. Key findings include: 1) Laminar flow occurred at lower flow velocities and was characterized by smooth, layered flow. Turbulent flow occurred at higher velocities and involved irregular particle movement. 2) The transition between laminar and turbulent flow was identified, with a calculated Reynolds number of 5218 at the transition point, higher than expected. 3) In the laminar region, the measured head loss versus flow rate slope differed from the theoretical value by 45.5%, likely due to measurement inaccuracies in flow rate timing and temperature.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    495 views10 pages

    Thermo-Fluids Experiment ... Laminar and Turbulent Flow.: Aims

    Uploaded by

    brhomi
    This experiment aimed to examine laminar and turbulent fluid flow through a pipe. Key findings include: 1) Laminar flow occurred at lower flow velocities and was characterized by smooth, layered flow. Turbulent flow occurred at higher velocities and involved irregular particle movement. 2) The transition between laminar and turbulent flow was identified, with a calculated Reynolds number of 5218 at the transition point, higher than expected. 3) In the laminar region, the measured head loss versus flow rate slope differed from the theoretical value by 45.5%, likely due to measurement inaccuracies in flow rate timing and temperature.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 10

    THERMO-FLUIDS EXPERIMENT ...

    LAMINAR AND
    TURBULENT FLOW.

    Aims:-
    – To examine the nature of fluid.
    – To investigate the condition for laminar and turbulent flow in
    pipes.
    – To investigate the qualitative effects of resistance to flow.

    Introduction:
    All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad regimes. These two
    flow regimes are laminar flow and turbulent flow. The flow regime,
    whether laminar or turbulent, is important in the design and
    operation of any fluid system. The
    amount of fluid friction, which
    determines the amount of energy
    required to maintain the desired
    flow, depends upon the mode of
    flow. This is also an important
    consideration in certain
    applications that involve heat
    transfer to the fluid.

    Laminar Flow: Laminar flow is also


    referred to as streamline or viscous
    flow. These terms are descriptive of Figure 1: Turbulent and laminar flow (Uni. of
    Cambridge, 2009)
    the flow because, in laminar flow,
    layers of water flowing over one another at different speeds with
    virtually no mixing between layers, fluid particles move in definite
    and observable paths or streamlines, and the flow is characteristic
    of viscous (thick) fluid or is one in which viscosity of the fluid plays a
    significant part.

    Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow is characterized by the irregular


    movement of particles of the fluid. There is no definite frequency as
    there is in wave motion. The particles travel in irregular paths with
    no observable pattern and no definite layers. (Integrated publishing,
    2009)

    1|Page
    Water flow Water
    tube manometer

    Diagram(1):

    524
    mm
    Shows the
    equipments used in
    experiment.

    Mercury
    manometer

    3
    mm

    Control
    Main water Valve
    supply 2|Page
    Pressure
    tapping
    Theory:
    • For Transition region the following equations were used to
    calculate the Reynolds number at the start of the transition
    region:

    Re=ρudμ since V=Au, Thus, u=VA=4Vπd2

    ∴Re=ρ4Vπdμ

    Where:
    ρ=density kg/m3
    u=average velocity (m/s)
    d=diameter of the pipe m
    μ=coefficient of absolute viscosity (kg/m.s)
    V=Volume flow rate (m3/s)
    A=Area of the pipem2

    • For the laminar flow region, the head lost is given by


    Poiseuille`s equation:

    hf=128×vlπgd4V
    Where:
    hf=head lost of water m
    l=length of the pipe (m)
    v=Kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
    g=gravity (m/s2)
    To find the slope of the straight line at laminar region the
    following equation was used:

    hfV=128×vlπgd4 (s/m2)

    3|Page
    • For the Turbulent region, the friction factor (f) can be found by:

    – D’Arcy equation:
    hfV2=32×flπ2gd4
    – Blasuis’ equation:
    f=0.079Re0.25
    – Moody diagram (from lab sheet)

    Where: f=the friction factor

    Procedure:-

    1- Schematic diagram of the equipment was recorded.


    2- The pipe diameter and the length of the pipe between the
    pressure tappings were recorded.
    3- The control valve was opened until a difference of about 5 cm
    appeared on the water manometer.
    4- The actual difference in the levels was noted and a known
    quantity of water was collected in a known time, to get the
    flow rate.
    5- To reduce the possibility of error and for accuracy, the quantity
    of water measured was ensured to be enough.
    6- The minimum water collection time was ensured to be 30
    seconds.
    7- The procedure for levels of 7, 10, 12, 17, and 20 cm was
    repeated. Then 5 cm steps were advanced until the limit of the
    water-air manometer was reached. Then, readings were taken
    in about 4 cm steps from the water/mercury manometer.
    8- The temperature of the water was measured at each stage,
    since the viscosity is a function of temperature.

    4|Page
    Results and Calculations:

    Head lost Head lost Volume Time of Volume flow Temp.


    of water of collection collection rate
    (℃)
    mercury(c ml m3
    (cm) (s) (m3/s)
    m)

    5.2 100 0.000 54.45 1.836×10-6 23


    1
    7.1 100 0.000 41.91 2.386×10-6 23
    1
    9.6 100 0.000 30.8 3.246×10-6 23
    1
    11.8 100 0.000 26.69 3.746×10-6 23
    1
    17.2 200 0.000 36.38 5.497×10-6 23
    2
    20.1 200 0.000 32.27 6.197×10-6 23
    2
    25.2 200 0.000 26 7.692×10-6 23
    2
    30.3 300 0.000 33.17 9.044×10-6 23
    3
    35.2 300 0.000 30.39 9.871×10-6 25
    3
    39.9 300 0.000 26.71 11.23×10-6 25
    3
    64.26 5.1 300 0.000 26.51 11.316×10-6 25
    3
    110.88 8.8 400 0.000 32.88 12.165×10-6 25
    4
    166.32 13.2 400 0.000 29.37 13.619×10-6 25

    5|Page
    4
    215.46 17.1 400 0.000 22.78 17.559×10-6 25
    4

    • Head lost of mercury readings cm were multiplied by 12.6 to


    convert them to head lost of watercm.
    • Volume collection readings were multiplied by 10-6 to convert it
    from millilitres to m3
    • Volume flow rate was calculated by dividing the volume
    collection in m3over time of collection.

    Table calculation:

    Head lost of mercury x 12.6 =5.2×12.6=64.26 cm .


    V=Vt= 0.000326.51= 1.131×10-6 m3

    6|Page
    Graph: hf against V

    7|Page
    Calculation:

    • Transition region:

    1- Calculation of Reynolds number at the start the transition


    region:

    Re=ρ4Vπdμ
    Where
    Tempreture(T)=25+232=24 ℃ μ=0.000911 kg/m.s
    ρ=997.38kgm3 d=0.003 m l=0.524m

    From the graph:


    At the start of transition region V= 11.23×10-6m3s
    Re= 997.38×4×11.23×10-6π×0.003×0.000911=5218.08

    • Laminar region:

    Comparing the slope of the hf/V graph with the value calculated
    from Poiseuille’s equation:
    v=9.13393×10-7 m2/s

    hfV=128×vlπgd4= 128×9.13393×10-
    7×0.524π×9.81×(0.003)4=24541.16 (s/m2)

    From the graph:


    Two points were chosen from the straight line (11, 38), (8, 2.6)

    hfV=(38-8)×10-2(11-2.6)×10-6=35714.28 (s/m2)

    8|Page
    • Turbulent region:

    Calculation of Friction factor (f):

    a- At, hf=64.26×10-2 m V=11.316×10-6 m3s

    Balsuis’ equation:
    Re=ρ4Vπdμ= 997.38×4×11.316×10-6π×0.003×0.000911=5258.04

    f=0.079Re0.25= 0.079(5258.04)0.25= 9.277 ×10-3

    b- At hf=166.32×10-2 m V=13.619×10-6m3s

    Balsuis’ equation:
    f=8.85×10-3

    c- At hf=215.46×10-2 m V=17.559×10-6 m3s

    Balsuis’ equation:

    f=8.312 ×10-3

    Discussion:
    The graph shows the laminar and turbulent regions with transition
    point between them. At laminar region the line increased slowly
    which was almost a straight line with gradient of 35714.28 (s/m2).
    Then, at transition point at V= 11.23×10-6m3s the straight line curved
    up rapidly which was not expected to happen. Then the curved line
    was continuously increasing until the end of the graph. The graph
    was not expected to show that rapid curved line after passing the
    transition point. It should have shown that there is a transition
    region between laminar and turbulent regions with slight curve. As a
    result, the Reynolds number at the transition point Re=5218.08 was
    higher than expected. At the laminar region the value of slope of the
    hf/V graph and the theoretical value were compared and there was a
    difference of 45.5%.
    (hfV)graph-(hfV)theo(hfV)theo= 35714.28-24541.1624541.16=45.5%

    Error Analysis:

    9|Page
    The value of Re at the transition point was higher than expected
    which should be between 2000 and 3000. And the difference
    between the theoretical and experimental laminar slops is 45.5%.
    That is due to:

    1- The water in the water manometer was jumping up and down


    by ±5mm to ±10mm at all the stages so the readings were
    estimated between the ranges.
    2- The stop watch was used while the water flow was collected so
    there might be inaccuracy in recording the readings of either
    the water collected or the time of the collection.
    3- The temperature was not constant so the average temperature
    was calculated and that might caused slight error in the
    calculation.

    Conclusion:
    In conclusion, it was learnt how to measure the head lost of fluid
    flow and the volume flow rate for it. Reynolds numbers were
    calculated to define the laminar, turbulent and transition regions of
    the fluid flow in the experiment. The readings were recorded easily
    with in all the stages. However, there were some errors in the
    Reynolds number at the transition point and the slop of the graph at
    laminar region. Furthermore, calculation of the Friction factor was
    done for different values in turbulent region in order to observe how
    it is varies.

    References:
    Integrated publishing. (2009), Laminar and Turbulent flow. (Accessed on
    03, 11, 2009) from
    http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1012v3/css/h1012v3_39.htm

    University of Cambridge. (Downloaded in 03, 11, 2009), Hydrodynamic


    Voltammetry. From http://www.ceb.cam.ac.uk/pages/hydrodynamic-
    voltammetry.html

    10 | P a g e

    You might also like