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    Tarek Ali
    The Sumerian language is the oldest recorded language of Iraq, though researchers did not identify it and the Sumerian people who spoke it until the late 19th century AD. It predated other ancient Iraqi languages, and influenced them through important loanwords. The Sumerian language was agglutinative with mostly single-syllable roots, and its origins remain uncertain due to a lack of connection to any known language family.

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    The Sumerian language is the oldest recorded language of Iraq, though researchers did not identify it and the Sumerian people who spoke it until the late 19th century AD. It predated other ancient Iraqi languages, and influenced them through important loanwords. The Sumerian language was agglutinative with mostly single-syllable roots, and its origins remain uncertain due to a lack of connection to any known language family.

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    The Sumerian language is the oldest recorded language of Iraq, though researchers did not identify it and the Sumerian people who spoke it until the late 19th century AD. It predated other ancient Iraqi languages, and influenced them through important loanwords. The Sumerian language was agglutinative with mostly single-syllable roots, and its origins remain uncertain due to a lack of connection to any known language family.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views3 pages

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    Tarek Ali
    The Sumerian language is the oldest recorded language of Iraq, though researchers did not identify it and the Sumerian people who spoke it until the late 19th century AD. It predated other ancient Iraqi languages, and influenced them through important loanwords. The Sumerian language was agglutinative with mostly single-syllable roots, and its origins remain uncertain due to a lack of connection to any known language family.

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    ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ‬

    ‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
    ‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺤﻔﻅﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺠﻴﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
    ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺴﺠل ﺤﺎﻓل ﻟﻨﻘل ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺍﻤﻰ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻭﻻ ﻏﺭﻭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻟﻡ‬
    ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻁﻘﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺓ‬
    ‫ﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺃﻭل ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻓﻠﻘﺩ ﺴﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻨﺼﻭﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
    ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻔﻅﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻟﻐﻭﻱ ﻤﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
    ‫ﻨﻁﻘﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒـ) ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﺘﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل (‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺩ ﻗﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
    ‫ﻤﺩﻭﻨﻪ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻤﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻙ‬
    ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﻭﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
    ‫ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٨٥٢‬ﻡ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺴﻭﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺴﻭﻤﺭ‬
    ‫ﻭﺃﻜﺩ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
    ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻟﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
    ‫ﺍﻜﺘﻨﻑ ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺼل ﻨﺎﻁﻘﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﺼﺎﻕ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬
    ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺘﺄﻟﻔﺕ ﺠﺫﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﻨﺙ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ )ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ( ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ .‬ﺘﻌﻭﺩ‬

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    ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺄﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻤﺩﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
    ‫ﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ‬
    ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﺭﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻤﺭ‪‬ﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ‬
    ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻭﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

    ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﹼﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
    ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻁﻘﺕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬
    ‫ﻴﻌﺩ‪‬ﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﺠﺭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻁﻨﺕ‬
    ‫ﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ‪٢٣٧٠‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ‬
    ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺃﻭل ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺒل ﻭﺃﻭل ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
    ‫ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻠﻜﻬﻡ ﺴﺭﺠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻷﻭل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ﺭﻭﻟﻨﺼﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
    ‫‪١٨٥٢‬ﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺜﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻟﺒﺜﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬
    ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺸﻴﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬
    ‫ﻭﺍﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﺩﻟﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
    ‫ﺒﻠﻬﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
    ‫ﻀﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻌﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
    ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
    ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺠﺭ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
    ‫ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﺠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻱ ﻭﺨﻠﻔﺎﺌﻪ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺩﻭ‪‬ﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﺘﺩﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ‬
    ‫ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬

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    ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬
    ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ )‪٢٠٠٦-٢١١٣‬ﻕ‪-‬ﻡ( ‪ ،‬ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻤﺭﻴﺔ‬
    ‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﻔﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
    ‫ﻤﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ )ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ( ﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺩﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺤﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ )‪١٥٩٥-٢٠٠٠‬ﻕ‪٠‬ﻡ( ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
    ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺴﻴﺱ ﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺠﺯﺭﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‪،‬ﺤﺘﻰ‬
    ‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﻟﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻻ‬
    ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺴﻼﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
    ‫ﻭﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﺤﻤﻭﺭﺍﺒﻲ ) ‪١٧٥٠ -١٧٩٢‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
    ‫ﺒﻼﺩ ﺁﺸﻭﺭ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻭﻨﺔ‬
    ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
    ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺠﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﻐﺕ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻤﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓل ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺸﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
    ‫ﻅﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺩﻴﺔ( ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭ ﻨﺒﻭﺨﺫﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪-٦٠٥‬‬
    ‫‪٥٦٢‬ﻕ‪.‬ﻡ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺫﺍﻉ ﺼﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺀ ﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ‬
    ‫ﺘﺯﺍﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻬﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺒﺴﺎﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺨﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺒﺠﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ‬
    ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻨﺼﻭﺼﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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