Objective :

1. To practice the sensor calibration techniques

2. To study the different properties of different type of thermos sensor.
Theory:
Sensor calibration is a method of improving sensor performance by removing structural errors
in the sensor outputs. Structural errors are differences between a sensors expected output and
its measured output, which show up consistently every time a new measurement is taken.

Figure. 1 Calibration, Standards and Linearity

To help accurately calibrate a device, the device is compared to a known standard. When the
standard is linear and the results are compared against a linear scale, the comparison is easy.
Plot of results against the known standard to show errors (or 'deviation') and then correct the
error or allow for the error if necessary. The calibrated device can then be used with confidence,
knowing that it will work as expected.
With a non linear standard and device response, it is not easy to calibrate the device. Linear
devices give a predictable output. Non linear devices usually need additional parts or circuits
that make their output more linear.

Experiment 1: Constant Voltage Sources

1. Connect the circuit according from the diagram by start with R= 10 Ω.

2. Turn on the power supply.

3. Record down the voltage passing through the resistance.

4. The above step was repeated by changing the resistance 100, 200, 300, 1000 and open circuit.

R mV I = V/R
 10 111.9 0.01119
100 204 0.00204
200 204.1 0.001021
300 204.1 0.00068
1000 204.2 0.000204
infinity 204.2

Experiment 2: Constant Current Source

1. Connect the circuit according from the diagram by start with R= 10 Ω.

2. Turn on the power supply.

3. Record down the voltage passing through the resistance.

4. The above step was repeated by changing the resistance 100, 200, 300, 1000 and open cicuit.

R mV I = V/R
10 9.9 0.00099
100 101.3 0.001013
110 111.6 0.001015
200 203.9 0.00102
210 214 0.001019
Mean = 0.001011

Experiment 3 : PRT, Gas(Vapour) pressure and Bi-metal Devices Calibration

1. The references sensor was connected into socket and the PRT was connect to the millivoltmeter
and the constant current sources.

2. The heater and the ice box was filled in with water and ice water both for set up.

3. The reference sensor and PRT was put into icebox and wait for few minutes until the reading was
stabilize around 1 °C to 0 °C.

4. Now both of the device was put into the heater tank.

5. The heater was then switch on and references temperature was recorded.

6. The reading of voltmeter was recorded down every 5 °C.

7. The experiment was stopped until the temperature reached 80°C.

Table PRT

PRT Calibration
References Measured Calculated Standard Resistance Percentage
Temperature(°C) Voltage(mV) Resistance(Ω) from specification(Ω) Deviation(Ω) Error()
0.1 102.1 100.8893 100 0.889328 0.881489
 26.9 112.5 111.166 110.47 0.696008 0.626098

30 113.8 112.4506 111.67 0.780593 0.694165

35 115.6 114.2292 113.61 0.619249 0.542111

40 117.6 116.2055 115.54 0.665534 0.572721

45 119.6 118.1818 117.47 0.711818 0.602308

50 121.6 120.1581 119.4 0.758103 0.630921

55 123.5 122.0356 121.32 0.715573 0.586364

60 125.5 124.0119 123.24 0.771858 0.622406

65 127.5 125.9881 125.16 0.828142 0.657318

70 129.4 127.8656 127.07 0.795613 0.622226

75 131.3 129.7431 128.99 0.753083 0.580442

80 133.3 131.7194 130.9 0.819368 0.622056

PRT100 Resistance Against Temperature

140

120

Standard
100
Resistance
Resistance(Ohms)

80 Calculated
Resistance

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Resistance Temperature (°C)
Table Gas (vapor) pressure

Calibrating Devices
References Indicated Deviation
Temperature(°C) Temperature(°C) different Error(%)
0.6 1 0.4 40

28.8 27 -1.8 -6.66667

30 29 1 3.333333

35 34 1 2.857143

40 38 2 5

45 44 1 2.222222

50 49 1 2

55 54 1 1.818182

60 58 2 3.333333

65 64 1 1.538462

70 68 2 2.857143

75 74 1 1.333333

80 79 1 1.25

Gas(vapour) Themometer
90
80
Indicated Temperature(°C)

70
60
50
Gas(vapor)
40 Themometer
30 Linear (Gas(vapor)
20 Themometer)

10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
References Temerature(°C)
Table Bi-metal devices
Calibrating Devices
References
Temperature(°C) Indicated Temperature(°C) Deviation different Error(%)
0.6 2 1.4 70

28.8 26 -2.8 -10.7692

30 30 0 0

35 34 1 2.857143

40 38 2 5

45 44 1 2.222222

50 48 2 4

55 52 3 5.454545

60 58 2 3.333333

65 64 1 1.538462

70 68 2 2.857143

75 74 1 1.333333

80 78 2 2.5
 Gas(vapour) Themometer
90
80
Indicated Temperature(°C)

70
60
50
Gas(vapor)
40 Themometer
30 Linear (Gas(vapor)
20 Themometer)

10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
References Temerature(°C)