Python Tutorial

DIgSILENT
PowerFactory
Advanced Tutorial
Python
I N T E G R AT E D P O W E R S Y S T E M A N A LY S I S S O F T W A R E F O R
TRANSMISSION / DISTRIBUTION / INDUSTRY / G E N E R AT I O N / I N T E G R AT I O N O F R E N E W A B L E S
Publisher:
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Straße 9
72810 Gomaringen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7072-9168-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7072-9168-88
info@digsilent.de
Please visit our homepage at:

http://www.digsilent.de
Copyright © 2016 DIgSILENT GmbH

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form without written
permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
September 2016
Version: 1
Edition: 2
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Creating a small sample project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Create a Python command object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Write the Python Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 How to start a Python script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Anatomy of a Python Object 6
3 Basic Python Scripting 9
3.1 Accessing Network Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Identifying, Accessing and Modifying Object Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.1 Identifying Variable Names for a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.2 Accessing Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.3 Modifying Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Creating new objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.1 Copy from an Internal Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.2 Copy from an External Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.3 Create a New Object by Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Navigate Folders and Object Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.1 Project Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.2 Object Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4.3 Objects in a Study Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Accessing Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Executing Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Accessing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7.1 Static Calculations (Load Flow, Short Circuit, etc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7.2 Dynamic Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Writing to the Output Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.9 Plotting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial i

Python
Contents
3.9.1 Creating a New Virtual instrument Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9.2 Creating a Virtual Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9.3 Adding Objects and Variables to Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9.4 Plotting Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4 Advanced Python Scripting 21
4.1 Topological Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2 Reading from and Writing to External Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.1 Standard File I/O Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 Exporting WMF Graphic Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3 Fast Fourier Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3.1 Specifying Input and Output Results Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.2 Executing the FFT Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.3 Accessing the FFT Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 Working with Results Files 26
5.1 Adding Results Files to the Python Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2 Structure of Results Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3 Loading a Results File into Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Getting the Relevant Column Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5 Getting Data from the Result File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6 Finding the Number of Time Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.7 A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 Working with Virtual Instrument Panels 30
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 Local Title Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.1 Creating Local Title Blocks Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2.2 Creating Local Title Blocks in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.3 Title Block Python Script Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3 Exporting VI Panels to WMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7 Working with Graphical Objects 35
DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial ii

Python
Contents
7.1 Graphical Objects in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 Creating Graphical Objects in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial iii

Python
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
This is a short step-by-step tutorial that attempts to get the user started in writing and running
Python scripts. Before going through this tutorial, the user should already have a basic grasp
of PowerFactory handling and performing simple tasks such as load flows and short circuit
simulations.
Python is not directly installed on host computer by installing PowerFactory . This means user
have to install Python separately. Details on Python installation you may find in PowerFactory
user Manual.
1.1 Creating a small sample project
Firstly, we will create a small sample project. Create a new project and draw the following simple
20kV network using line types from the global library:
Run a load flow to make sure the model works.
DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial 1

Python
1 Introduction
1.2 Create a Python command object
• Go to the scripts folder of the project library:
• Right-click anywhere in the data window and select New → Others. . .
• Select “Python Script (ComPython)” and press OK:

Python
1 Introduction
• Call the script “Python Loading”:
1.3 Write the Python Script
In contrast to DPL, Python command object ComPython does not contain the script’s code, it
only links the Python script file .py. It stores only the file path of the script and not the code itself.

Python
1 Introduction
• Click on the “Script” tab in the Python command object.
• By selecting the button “. . . ”, a new pop-up window will appear. The user can select the
.py file where his Python script is saved (if not already existing a new .py file may be
created).
1.3.1 How to start a Python script
To allow Python to have access to PowerFactory , “powerfactory” module must be imported:

import powerfactory
The “powerfactory” module interfaces with the PowerFactory API (Application Programming
Interface). This solution enables a Python script to have access to a comprehensive range
of data available in PowerFactory :
• All objects
• All attributes (element data, type data, results)
• All commands (load flow calculation, etc)
• Most special built-in functions (DPL functions)
To gain access to the PowerFactory environment the command GetApplication() must be added:
app=powerfactory.GetApplication()

Python
1 Introduction
1.4 Example
We will now write a Python script that will execute a load flow and print out the name of each
line and its corresponding loading in the output window. Type the following code into the script
file:
import powerfactory #importing of pf module
app=powerfactory.GetApplication() # Calling app Appication object
ldf=app.GetFromStudyCase('ComLdf') #Calling ldf Command object (ComLdf)
ldf.Execute() #executing the load flow command
# Get the list of lines contained in the project

Lines=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('*.ElmLne')
for line in Lines: #get each element out of list
name=line.loc_name # get name of the line
value=line.GetAttribute('c:loading') #get value for the loading
#print results
app.PrintPlain('Loading of the line: %s = %.2f %%' %(name,value))
• Link the .py script file and the Python command object (see section 1.3)
• Click “Save” and then “Execute”. The following results should be seen in the output
window:

Python
2 Anatomy of a Python Object
To understand how Python Scripting works in PowerFactory , it is important to understand the

general structure of a complete Python object. The actual script or code is only a part of the
story, and this script is contained inside an object called the “Python Command” object. Now
we will have a look at what else is inside the Python command object.
Python command objects and DPL command objects are normally located within the project
library under the subfolder “Scripts”:
Whenever you open a Python command object, you will see a window with a number of tabs :
Basic Options, Advanced Options, Script, Description and Version. We will go through each tab
and the functions that are available.
Figure 2.1: Python command object “Basic Option” page
The Basic Options tab (shown above) has the following functions:
• Name field - Changes the name of the Python command object
• Define internal input parameters - in the script, the names of the input parameters can be
used like variables and do not need to be redefined

Python
• Define external objects - these are objects external to the Python command object that
you want to access via the script. This can be any object, e.g. an element in the network
model, a study case, an equipment type, etc. Inside the script, the object can be used like
a variable by calling the name defined here.
Important: To access an external object or input parameter inside of a Python script you have
to call the script object (ComPython) first and then to access the object/parameter through
ScriptObj.ExternObjName:
script=app.GetCurentScript() #to call the current script
extObj=script.NameOfExternObj #to call the External Object
inpPar=script.NameOfInpPram #to call Input Parameter
Figure 2.2: ComPython Object, Advanced Options tab
The Advanced Options tab (shown below) has the following functions:
• Select a remote script - rather than use a script defined locally in the Python command
object, you can select a script that has been defined in a separate object.
One reason to employ a remote script is if you have multiple study cases using the same
script code, but different input parameters. If you were to use a remote script, then
modifying the master script will affect all the Python objects that refer to it. If you had
locally defined scripts, then you would need to change the code in every single local
Python object individually.
• Define result parameters - these are essentially output parameters that are stored inside
the Python command object (even after script execution). You can access these parame-
ters as if they were from any other type of object, i.e. either by another Python script or as
a variable to display on a plot.
The Description and Version tabs are informational tabs for script descriptions and revision
information.
The Python command object may contain objects or references to other objects available in
the PowerFactory database. These can be accessed by clicking on the Contents button. New
objects are defined by first clicking the New Object icon in the toolbar of the Python script
contents dialogue and then by selecting the required object from the New Object pop-up window

Python
which appears. References to other objects are created by defining a “IntRef” reference object.
An example showing the possible contents of a Python command object is shown in Figure 2.3.
Figure 2.3: Contents of a Python command object

Python
3 Basic Python Scripting
3.1 Accessing Network Objects
The general approach for accessing network objects in Python purely through code is as follows:
• Get a list of the relevant network objects that you are looking for (using the GetCalcRel-
evantObjects() command), based on a specific element type, e.g. lines, transformers,
motors, etc
• Get an object within this list through indexing (list[x]) or by using a “for” loop, etc
The code snippet below gets the set of all lines, cycles through each line object and prints out
its full name:
import powerfactory
Lines=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('*.ElmLne') #get list of all lines
for line in Lines:
app.PrintPlain(line.loc_name)
The code snippet below gets the set of all objects, and tries to find the particular line called
“Line1”:
import powerfactory
AllObj=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects() #get list of all objects
Line=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('Line1.ElmLne') #get a line 'Line1'
app.PrintPlain(Line[0].loc_name)
The code snippet below gets the list of all objects, filters for all lines starting with “Line”, cycles
through each line object in the filtered set of lines and prints out its full name.
import powerfactory
AllObj=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects() #get list of all objects
#Filter the set with all lines starting with 'Line'
Lines=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('Line*.ElmLne')
for Line in Lines:
app.PrintPlain(Lines.loc_name)
3.2 Identifying, Accessing and Modifying Object Parameters
Once a specific object has been selected, the way to access the object parameters or variables
is by typing out the object name and the variable name separated by a point “.”, e.g.
Object name.Variable name

for example
NameOfALine=Line.loc_name

Python
3.2.1 Identifying Variable Names for a Parameter
Variable names can often be found in the manual and in the technical references, but the easiest
way to identify variable names is to open the Edit dialogue of the relevant object and hover the
mouse over the field of interest. A tooltip will appear with the corresponding variable name. For
example, hovering over the power factor field in the static generator element yields the variable
name: “cosn”:
Figure 3.1: Static Generator “Basic Data” page
3.2.2 Accessing Parameter
Suppose we have a line object “oLine” and we want to save the length of the line (variable name
= dline) to an internal Python variable dLength, the instruction below may be used:
dLength=oLine.dline
3.2.3 Modifying Parameters
Suppose we have a line object oLine and we want to change the length of the line (variable
name = dline) to 2km, the instruction below may be used:
oLine.dline=2

Python
3.3 Creating new objects
There are at least three ways to create new objects in the database:
• Copy template object contained inside the script object
• Copy external template object

• Create new object from scratch in code
3.3.1 Copy from an Internal Template
Copying an internal template object is potentially the easiest option for creating new objects.
The Python command object can contain other objects within it. To access the contents of a
Python object, click on the “Contents” button of the Python command dialogue:
Figure 3.2: ComPython internal template object
You can use an internal object inside the Python command object as a template for the object
type you want to create. In the figure above, an event (EvtShc) object named “SC Event” is
placed inside the Python command object and used as template.
To create the object, you can use the AddCopy(object name) command. In order to use this
command, you must first locate the folder (or object) that you want to copy the template into.
For example, suppose “oFold” is an object with the reference to the target folder and “SC Event”
is the internal template object, a new object will be created in the target folder by the following
command:
oFold.AddCopy(SCEvent)
The code snippet below copies an internal short circuit event template into the simulation events
folder of the active study case and then changes the time of the copied event to t=1.

Python
import powerfactory
#Get the simulation events folder from the active study case
oFold=app.GetFromStudyCase('IntEVt')
app.PrintPlain(oFold)
#Get Internal template object

Script=app.GetCurrentScript()
Contents=Script.GetContents()
SC_Event=Contents[0]
#Copy the template short circuit event into the events folder
oFold.AddCopy(SC_Event)
#Get the copied event and set the time to 1

EventSet=oFold.GetContents('*.EvtShc')
app.PrintPlain(EventSet)
oEvent=EventSet[0][0]
oEvent.time=1
3.3.2 Copy from an External Template
This procedure is almost identical to copying an object from an internal template, except that
an external object is referenced instead of using an object from inside the Python command. In
the Python command dialogue (under “Basic Options”), there is an area for referencing external
objects:
Figure 3.3: Python Command Object (ComPython) Dialogue - External Object
To use this area, simply double-click on the object field and select an object you would like to
reference from anywhere in the project hierarchy. One distinction of this method is that you can
give the object any name (using the “Name” field). This is the name that the object will be called
inside the Python script.

Python
Once the external template object has been selected, you can use the AddCopy(object name)
command to create a new object in the database. In order to use this command, you must first
locate the folder (or object) that you want to copy the template into.
For example, suppose “oFold” is an object with the reference to the target folder and “SC Event”
is the external template object, a new object will be created in the target folder by the following:
oFold.AddCopy(SC Event)
The code snippet below copies an external short circuit event template into the simulation events
folder of the active study case and then changes the time of the copied event to t=1.
import powerfactory
#Get External template object

Script=app.GetCurrentScript()
SC_Event=Script.SC_Event
oFold.AddCopy(SC_Event)

oEvent.time=1
3.3.3 Create a New Object by Code
Creating new objects purely by code is the most intensive method for making new objects,
because all of the object parameters need to be set in code. With template objects, you can set
default parameters and even add child objects inside the template).
The CreateObject(class name, object name) function is used to create new objects. Like
the previous two methods, you must first locate the folder (or object) that you want to create the
object in.
For example, suppose “oFold” is an object with the reference to the target folder and you want
to create a short-circuit event object (*.EvtShc) called “SC Event”, you would use the following
command:
oFolder.CreateObject(’EvtShc’,’SC Event’)
Note that if the target folder (or object) does not accept the object class you are trying to create
(e.g. a VI page object in the simulation events folder) then an error will be raised.
The code snippet below creates a new short circuit event into the simulation events folder of
the active study case and then sets the time of the event to t=1.
import powerfactory

Python
oFold.CreateObject('EvtShc','SC_Event')

oEvent.time=1
3.4 Navigate Folders and Object Contents
3.4.1 Project Folders
As an entry or starting point into the project folder hierarchy, use the GetProjectFolder(string)
function. This function will return an object with a reference to the top level of project folders,
e.g. the folders containing study cases, scripts, libraries, diagrams, etc.
For example, the following line puts a reference to the equipment type library folder into object
“oFold”:
oFold=app.GetProjectFolder(’equip’)
A list of the project folders available and the corresponding string is shown below:
String Folder Description

equip Equipment type libary
netmod Network model
oplib Operational libary
scen Operational scenario
script Script
study Study Case
templ Template
netdat Network data
dia Diagram
scheme Variation
cbrat CB rating
therm Thermal rating
ra Running arrangement
mvar Mvar limits curve
outage Outage
fault Fault
3.4.2 Object Contents
The GetContents(string) function is a generic way of navigating through objects and finding
the list of objects contained within them. The function returns a list of objects that meet the
criteria in the string.

Python
Some examples:
• Return all objects contained in “oObj” into the list “Contents”
Contents=oObj.GetContents()
• Return “ElmTerm” type objects (terminals) contained in “oObj” into the list “Contents”
Contents=oObj.GetContents(’*.ElmTerm’)
• Return the specific object “T2.ElmTerm” contained in “oObj” into the list “Contents”
Contents = oObj.GetContents(’T2.ElmTerm’)
• Return all “ElmTerm” type objects that have names starting with “T” contained in “oObj”
into the list “Contents”
Contents = oObj.GetContents(’T*.ElmTerm’)
3.4.3 Objects in a Study Case
In order to access objects within the active study case (e.g. calculation command objects,
simulation events, graphics boards, sets, outputs of results, title blocks, etc), you can use the
function Intercommunicate(string).
This function is essentially a shortcut to accessing objects inside a study case, which is used to
navigate to the study case project folder, selecting a study case and then selecting an object.
The other advantage of Intercommunicate() is that if the object does not exist inside the study
case, the function will create it.
Note however that this function only works with the active study case.
The code snippet below gets the graphics board object from the active study case.
import powerfactory
oDesk=app.GetFromStudyCase('Sedientos')
app.PrintPlain(oDesk)
3.5 Accessing Study Cases
Study cases are IntCase objects that are stored in the study cases project folder. In order to
access a study case, you must first access the study case folder.
The code snippet below does the following:
• Gets the list of all study cases.

• Counts the number of study cases.
• Activates each study case and prints its full name.

Python
import powerfactory
#Get the study case folder and its contents

aFolder=app.GetProjectFolder('study')
aCases=aFolder.GetContents('*.IntCase')
aCases=aCases[0]
#Counts the number of study cases
iCases=len(aCases)
if iCases==0:
app.PrintError('There is 0 of study cases')
else:
app.PrintPlain('Number of cases: %d' %(iCases))
app.PrintPlain(aCases)
#Cycle through all study cases and activate each
for aCase in aCases:
app.PrintPlain(aCase)
app.PrintPlain(aCase.loc_name)
aCase.Activate
Note that if there are subfolders within the study case folder, then further processing needs to
be done to access the study case objects within these subfolders. For more information please
refer to Navigating Project Folders in section 3.4.
3.6 Executing Calculations
The Intercommunicate(string) can be used to get an existing or create a new calculation

command object. The Execute() object function can then be used to execute the calculation.
The following list of calculation command objects are available:
ComLdf Load flow

ComShc Short circuit
ComSim Time domain (RMS or EMT) simulation
ComInc Time domain initial conditions
ComSimoutage Contingency analysis
ComRel3 Reliability assessment
ComMod Modal analysis
ComHldf Harmonic load flow
ComGenrelinc Initialise generation adequacy
ComGenrel Run generation adequacy
ComCapo Optimal capacitor placement
ComVstab Load flow sensiivities
ComRed Network reduction
ComVsag Voltage sag table assessment
ComCabsize Cable reinforcement optimisation
ComTieopt Tie open point optimisation
ComSe State estimator
ComFlickermeter Flickermeter

Python
The code snippet below executes a load flow in the active study case:
import powerfactory
#Get load flow object from study case

ldf=app.GetFromStudyCase('ComLdf')
#Execute load flow calculation
ldf.Execute()
3.7 Accessing Results
3.7.1 Static Calculations (Load Flow, Short Circuit, etc)
The results of static calculations are stored as parameters in the objects themselves. To get the
value of these results you can use Redistribute(string) method.
Object.GetAttribute(’Result variable name’)
For example, suppose you have a line object “Line” and you want to save the loading of the
line to an internal Python variable called “Ladling”:
LoadLine=Line.GetAttribute(’c:loading’)
The simple example below runs a load flow for the active study case, gets all the lines and
prints out the name and loading of each line.
import powerfactory
#Get load flow object from study case

ldf=app.GetFromStudyCase('ComLdf')
#Execute load flow calculation
ldf.Execute()
lines=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('*.ElmLne')
for line in lines:
name=line.loc_name
value=line.GetAttribute('c:loading')
app.PrintPlain('Loading of the : %s = %.2f %%'%(name,value))
3.7.2 Dynamic Simulations
Unlike the static cases, the results of dynamic simulations are not stored as part of the object
parameter, but in a separate results file “.ElmRes”. Refer to the section 5 for more information.
3.8 Writing to the Output Window
Python offers a few options for writing text to the output window:
• Print a formatted string to the output window

app.PrintPlain(string %(variables))

Python
this function works on the same way as printf in DPL
app.PrintPlain(’Hallo world’)
Prints the string in output window
app.PrintPlain(’Voltage = %f’ %(dVoltage))
Prints combination out of string and value. Note that by default, PowerFactory prints 6
decimal places for floating point variables. To change the number of decimal places, use
the decimal place specifier in the % tag. For example, for 3 decimal places
app.PrintPlain(’Voltage = %.3f’ %(dVoltage))
• Print a error, warning and information message

app.PrintError(string)
app.PrintWarn(string)
app.PrintInfo(string)
3.9 Plotting Results
Plots from dynamic (time-domain) or static simulations can be easily created using Python.
3.9.1 Creating a New Virtual instrument Page
You can create a new virtual instrument (VI) page using a graphics board object (*.SetDesktop).
The functionGetPage (string name, int create) will create a new page provided the name does
not refer to an existing VI page and the create flag is activated (=1).
For example, the snippet below uses the graphics board object “Desktop” to create a VI page
called “Plots”:
Desktop=app.GetFromStudyCase('Sedientos')
Vi=Desktop.GetPage('Plots',1)
3.9.2 Creating a Virtual Instrument
Similar to creating a new VI page, you can use the VI page object (*.SetVipage) to create a new
virtual instrument with the function GetVI (string name, string class, int create). To create a
new VI, the name should not be the same as another existing VI and the create flag should be
activated (=1).
The class of the VI is the type of VI that you want to create. If it is not entered, the class is
set as a subplot (*.VisPlot) by default. The classes for virtual instruments are shown below:
• VisPlot - Subplot
• VisPlot2 - Subplot with two y-axis
• VisXyplot - X-Y plot

Python
• VisFft - FFT plot
• VisOcplot - Time-overcurrent plot

• VisDraw - R-X plot
• VisPlotz - Time-distance plot
• VisEigen - Eigenvalue plot

• VisModbar - Mode bar plot
• VisModphasor - Mode phasor plot
• VisVec - Vector diagram
• VisHrm - Waveform plot

• VisBdia - Distortion plot
• VisPath - Voltage profile plot
• VisVsag - Voltage sag plot

• VisPdc - Probability density plot
• VisDefcrv - Curve-input plot
• VisMeas - Measurement (scales, displays, etc)
• VisBitmap - Picture box

• VisSwitch - Button
• VisButton - Command button
Desktop=app.GetFromStudyCase('Sedientos')
Vi=Desktop.GetPage('Plot',1)
oPlot=Vi[0].GetVI('Subplot','Vı́spera',1)
3.9.3 Adding Objects and Variables to Plots
In order to show the actual plots on a VI, you need to add objects and variables to the VI. Using
the VI object, use the AddVars function to add variables and objects to the plot. The function
AddVars can be used in one of two ways:
• AddVars(string V, object O1,...O8)
Here we want to add the variable V to objects O1 to O8 (i.e. variables can be added
to up to 8 objects simultaneously).
For example, the snippet below adds the variable “m:u1” for the objects “oBus1” and
“oBus2” to the VI object “oPlot” (oBus1 and oBus2 could be substation buses and we
want to plot the voltage “m:u1” on these buses):
oPlot.AddVars(’m:u1’, oBus1, oBus2)

Python
• AddVars(object O, string V1,..V8)
Alternatively, we can add multiple variables V1 to V8 to a single object O (i.e. up to 8

variables can be added to an object simultaneously).
For example, the snippet below adds the variables “m:u1” and “m:phiu” for the object
“oBus1” to the VI object “oPlot”:
oPlot.AddVars( oBus1, ’m:u1’, ’m:phiu’)
3.9.4 Plotting Example
The example below gets the current graphics board, creates a new VI page called “Plots”,
creates a subplot, adds the variable “m:u1” for the object “oBus” (which is defined elsewhere)
and then adjusts the y-axis maximum and minimum range:
#Get current graphic board

oGrb=app.GetGraphicsBoard()
#Create VI Page
oViPg=oGrb.GetPage('Plats',1)
#Create a new subplot

oPlot=oViPg[0].GetVI('Subplot','VisVec',1)
#Add variable 'm:u1' for the object 'oBus'

oPlot[0].AddVars(oBus[0],'m:u1')
#Adjust y-axis min and max settings

oPlot[0].y_max=2
oPlot[0].y_min=0
For further details on manipulating Virtual Instrument panels in Python, please refer to section
6.

Python
4 Advanced Python Scripting
4.1 Topological Search
It is sometimes useful to be able to navigate topologically through a network and search for
elements using Python. For example, suppose you want to get the list of transformers connected
to a bus, or you want to follow a branch circuit through lines and transformers to its end point.
PowerFactory has a number of python functions that can help in this task.
Some of the useful topological search functions:
• Object Functions
– get a list of the elements connected to an object
GetConnectedElms(Breakers,disconnectors,out of service)
Example a): setObj=oTerm.GetConnectedElms(1,1,0)

Gets all of elements connected to “oTerm” and puts it into the list “setObj”, taking
into account the state of breakers and switch-disconnecter, but disregarding out of
service flags.
Example b): setObj=oTerm.GetConnectedElms()
By default, the options are set to (0,0,0). Therefore, this gets the set of all elements
connected to “oTerm”, irrespective of breaker/ switch operating states and out of
service flags.
Important Node: when using this function to find connected terminals, one must
be careful about the use of the “internal node” option in terminals.
Figure 4.1: ElmTerm “Basic data”
When this option is set, then GetConnectedElms() will ignore this terminal. This is
to avoid returning the internal nodes of a subsection, and instead returning the main
busbar.

Python
– get the terminal/node connected to an object
GetNode(bus no=0 or 1,switch state=0 or 1)
Example a): oTerm=oLine.GetNode(1,0)

Gets the terminal connected to bus “0” of line object “oLine”, taking into account the
switch state, and puts the terminal into object “oTerm”
Example b): oTerm=oLine.GetNode(1)
By default, the switch state setting is “0”, so the above snippet gets the terminal
connected to bus “1” of line object “oLine”, ignoring switch states.
– get the cubicle connected to an object
GetCubicle(index)
Example: oCub=oLine.GetCubicle(1)
Gets the cubicle with index “1” ate line object “oLine” and puts it into the object
“oCub”. Returns NULL if the cubicle does not exist.
– get the number of connections/ cubicles connected to an object
GetConnectionCount()
Example: i=oLine.GetConnectionCount()
Gets the number of connections or cubicles connected to line object “oLine” and
puts it into the variable “i”
– gets name of the class (useful when filtering for certain types of objects)
Declassified()
Example:NameCl=obj.GetClassName()
Gets the name of the class for the object “obj” and stores the result on variable
“Namely”. Returns string.
• Terminal Functions
– get the next busbar (at a higher nominal voltage level) connected to the terminal
GetNextHVBus()
Example: oBus=oTerm.GetNExtHVBus()
Gets the next bus with a higher voltage relative to terminal “oTerm” and returns the
result to object “oBus”. If no bus is found, then null is returned.
• Cubicle Functions
– get the list of all network elements downstream/upstream of a cubicle
GetAll(direction=0(branch)or 1(terminal),switch state=0 or 1)
Example a): setObj=oCub,GetAll(1,1)
Gets the list of all network elements starting from cubicle “oCub” in the direction

Python
of the branch, and taking into account switch states (i.e. it will stop at an open switch).
Example b): setObj=oCub.GetAll(0,0)
Gets the list of all network elements starting from cubicle “oCub” in the direction
of the terminal, ignoring switch states.
Example c): setObj=oCub.GetAll()
Without setting any of the options, the above snippet is equivalent to calling
oCub.GetAll(1,0), i.e. traversal in the direction of the branch ignoring switch
states.
4.2 Reading from and Writing to External Files
4.2.1 Standard File I/O Methods
The standard file I/O methods for Python scripting in PowerFactory are the same as in Python.
For more information please refer to standard Python literature e.g. https://docs.python.org/3/
4.2.2 Exporting WMF Graphic Files
The function WriteWMF(filename) can be used to export the active graphics page to a graphic
file in Windows Metafile (WMF) format. The function can only be used with a graphics board
object (*.SetDesktop), so a relevant graphics board object needs to be retrieved before exporting
to a WMF.
The example below gets the first graphics board in the active study case and exports the active
VI page to the path / file “c:∖temp∖results1.wmf”:
import powerfactory
oDesk=app.GetFromStudyCase('Sedientos')
oDesk.WriteWMF('C:\Users\.....\Desktop\result')
4.3 Fast Fourier Transformation
A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can be executed on the results of a time domain simulation
using the FFT Calculation object (ComFft):

Python
Figure 4.2: ComFft calculation object
To execute an FFT in Python, the easiest approach is to manually create the FFT Calculation
object inside the Python command object with the relevant settings pre-defined. The following
steps should then be followed to set up the results files, run the FFT and accessing the results.
4.3.1 Specifying Input and Output Results Files
The FFT calculation object requires a time domain simulation results file (ElmRes) and the FFT
calculation output is stored in another results file. These input and output results files need to
be specified. In the Python script, these can be specified by using the FFT calculation object
variables “pRes in” and “pRes out”.
For example, given the FFT calculation object “FFT Calculation”:
FFT Calculation.pRes in=EMT Calc
FFT Calculation.pRes out=FFT Results
4.3.2 Executing the FFT Calculation
To execute the FFT calculation, simply use the Execute() method of the FFT calculation object:
FFT Calculation.Execute()

Python
4.3.3 Accessing the FFT Results
The FFT results are stored in the output results file that was specified earlier in the FFT
calculation object. How to access this result data please see Chapter 5.

Python
5 Working with Results Files
Suppose you want to get a PowerFactory Results file (of type ElmRes) from a dynamic simu-
lation, peer into it, pull out a set of relevant values, perform some calculations on the data and
generate some outputs. How do you do that? This section describes how to use a Python script
to manipulate Results files from dynamic simulations.
5.1 Adding Results Files to the Python Script
The easiest way to work with a results file is to save it into the Python script command object.
For example, you can drag and drop an “All Calculations” results file into your script. Note that
the name of the results file needs to be changed to eliminate spaces, e.g. in the screenshot
below, “All Calculations” has been renamed to “All calcs”.
Figure 5.1: ElmRes object as contents of Python Script
Once it has been dragged or created into the script, the Results file can be called inside the
Python script. All object methods and functions are exposed.
5.2 Structure of Results Files
In order to manipulate the data in a Results file, it is important to understand the structure of the
file and how data is stored inside it. The results file is structured as a 2d matrix as shown in the
figure below.

Python
Figure 5.2: Structure of an ElmRes object
The number of rows represents the total number of time intervals for the simulation. For
example, if there is 10s of simulation with a time step of 0.01s, then there would be 1,000
rows. Each row represents a time interval.
Column 1 in the Results file is the time of the simulation.
Columns 2 onward represent the objects (shown in the diagram as object 1 to object n) and their
respective variables (shown in the diagram as var1 to vary). An object can be any PowerFactory
object (e.g. a line, motor, terminal, load, etc) and a variable is any element defined in a variable
set for the specific object that is to be measured during the simulation (e.g. m:u1, s:speed, etc)
Note that in the diagram above, each object has k variables, but this is not necessarily the
case in practice as each object can be defined with an arbitrary number of variables in the set.
It is important to know that accessing data from a specific object and variable in the Results
file hinges on knowing the relevant column index. Similarly, accessing data for a particular time
requires the row number for the relevant time interval.
5.3 Loading a Results File into Memory
Adding a Results file to a Python script does not enable access to the data contained within it.
You must first load the results file into memory using the command:
app.LoadResData(ResultsFile)
LoadResData loads the contents of a Results file into memory and allows you to begin ac-
cessing the data. You can only load one Results file into memory at any one time.
5.4 Getting the Relevant Column Number
In order to access the object and variable of interest, you need to know the right column number
in the Results file. To do this, use the following command to search for the relevant column

Python
number:
app.ResGetIndex(Result File, Object, Variable Name)
ResIndex returns an integer, which is the column number for the object and variable you have
searched for. “Object” is the specific PowerFactory object of interest (which can be defined
explicitly or by a general selection). “Variable Name” is the variable of interest (e.g. m:u1,
s:speed, etc)
5.5 Getting Data from the Result File
Once you know the relevant column index (object / variable) and row index (time), you can start
getting data from the Results file. Data points can only be accessed one at a time (i.e. you can
not get a vector of data from the Results file). Use the following command to get a data point:
app.ResGetData(Result File, row index, column index)
The row and column indices are integers.
5.6 Finding the Number of Time Intervals
To find the number of time intervals in the simulation (i.e. number of rows), use the command:
app.ResGetValueCount(Result File, column index)
The Respectableness function returns an integer with the number of time intervals for a specific
column. Using Column index = 0 gives the total number of rows.
Similar function ResGetVariableCount returns number of variables stored in Result File
app.ResGetVariableCount(Result File)
5.7 A Simple Example
This example opens a Results file, prints number of rows and columns of it, and all values for
“m:Ikks:Z:bus1” variable of the an object. Note that in the example below, result file “Result” has
been added into the Python script.
import powerfactory
#Get Result file ElmRes

script=app.GetCurrentScript()
res=script.GetContents('Results.ElmRes')
res=res[0][0]
#Loading of Result file

app.ResLoadData(res)
#Calling of the object which results are from interest

line=app.GetCalcRelevantObjects('Line.ElmLne')
#Get number of rows and columns

Python
NrRow=app.ResGetVariableCount(res)
NrCol=app.ResGetValueCount(res,0)
#print results
app.PrintPlain('Elmer has %i rows and %i Columns' %(Narrow,Nicol))
#Get index of variable of interest

ColIndex=app.ResGetIndex(res,line[0],'m:Ikss:bus1')
#print results
for i in range(Narrow):
value=app.ResGetData(res,i,Colinden)
app.PrintPlain(value)

Python
6 Working with Virtual Instrument Panels
6.1 Introduction
Virtual instrument (VI) panels are contained in “SetVipage” objects within a graphics board, and
are used to visualise the results of dynamic simulations for relevant variables of interest.
This document provides some detailed instructions on manipulating virtual instrument panel
objects using the Python scripting language. Firstly some general definitions for the objects
related to virtual instrument panels:
• Graphics Board - is the container for all graphics, including the VI panels
• VI Panel - is the name of the whole virtual instrument page (*.setVIpage)
• Visplots - are the individual plots inside a VI panel (*.VisPlot)
Figure 6.1: Contents of a VI panel
6.2 Local Title Blocks
Title blocks are “SetTitm” objects that can be attached to VI graphical objects. The title blocks
provide drawing information, revision numbers, dates and logos and is therefore primarily used
for printouts of VI graphics. One can manipulate the data in title blocks using Python, which
makes automation possible for a large number of similarly themed drawings.
6.2.1 Creating Local Title Blocks Manually
By default, a global title block is applied to each VI panel with common title block information
(but with different page numbers). But sometimes you may want to have different title block

Python
information for each VI page. Local title blocks can be created with information specific to the
individual VI panel.
You can create local title blocks manually by right-clicking on the default title block and selected
“Create local Title” from the context menu (see screenshot below).
Figure 6.2: Manually creating local title
6.2.2 Creating Local Title Blocks in Python
Creating local title blocks manually can be tedious if you have to do it for many VI panels. A
faster way is to use a Python script. However there is not straightforward way of creating local
title block objects via a Python script. Instead, the simplest way is to copy a template title block
into a VI panel object.
First, find the template title block and add it as an external object to the Python command
object. The template title block can be any title block in the graphics board. In the example
below, the default global title block for the graphics board is used as the template (which can be
found in the main graphics board object).
Figure 6.3: External Object inside of the Python script
Next, get the VI panel object (*.SetVipage) and use the general object method AddCopy to
copy the title block template into the object. This creates a local title block for the VI panel.

Python
You can now fill in the title block information by getting the title block object (*.SetTitm) and
accessing its variables. For example, if the title block object is oTitle, then you can change
the annex, title 1 and title 2 by accessing the variables oTitle:annex, oTitle:sub1z and
oTitle:sub2z respectively.
The variable names for each title block field is shown below:
Figure 6.4: External Object inside of the Python script
6.2.3 Title Block Python Script Example
This Python script gets the first graphics board and cycles through each VI panel. The script
then checks to see if it has a local title block and adds one if it does not. Lastly, the script fills
in the title block information. In this example, the object of the class SetTitm (title block) will be
created with method CreateObject().
import powerfactory
#Get the graphic board
oCase=app.GetActiveStudyCase()
allDesks=oCase.GetContents('*.SetDesktop')
app.PrintPlain(allDesks)
#Get a list of all VI panels
pgs=allDesks[0][0].GetContents('*.SetVipage')
#go through each VI panel
for pg in pgs[0]:
app.PrintPlain('Name of object:' + pg.loc_name)
#get the first local title block
allTitms=pg.GetContents('*.SetTitm')
app.PrintPlain(allTitms)
#If no local title block available create one
if not allTitms[0] :

Python
app.PrintPlain('No local title block existing.Creating one')

allTitms[0]=pg.CreateObject('SetTitm','name')
#Fill in title block
oTitle=allTitms[0][0]
app.PrintPlain(oTitle)
oTitle.anex = '1'
strVIpage = pg.loc_name
oTitle.sub2z = 'Voltage Profile Station' +strVIpage
IMPORTANT NOTE: Objects cannot be created into a VI panel object while the graphic is open.
Therefore, close the graphics board prior to executing any Python scripts that will manipulate
title block objects.
6.3 Exporting VI Panels to WMF
Often you will want to send VI panels as a picture file or insert it into a report. Obviously, you
could do this manually using the export command (i.e. to a WMF or a BMP):
Figure 6.5: Manually exporting VI Panels as *.wmf
But this can be a tedious task if there are many VI panels to export. A quicker alternative is
to use a Python script to bulk export VI panels or any other type of graphic (this was covered
briefly in Section 4.2.2). The general process is as follows:
• Locate the relevant graphics board

• Select the VI panels or graphic object that you want to export
• Export the VI panel with the WriteWMF function
The following example gets the first graphic board in the active study case and exports all of the
VI panels in the graphics board as ViPanel.loc name.wmf in the directory File name:
import powerfactory
#Get the graphic board
oCase=app.GetActiveStudyCase()
allDesks=oCase.GetContents('*.SetDesktop')

Python
app.PrintPlain(allDesks)
#Get a list of all VI panels
pgs=allDesks[0][0].GetContents('*.SetVipage')
#go through each VI panel
for pg in pgs[0]:
allDesks[0][0].Show(pg)
File_name=(r'C:\Users\sljiljak\Desktop' + '\\%s' %(pg.loc_name))
allDesks[0][0].WriteWMF(File_name)

Python
7 Working with Graphical Objects
7.1 Graphical Objects in PowerFactory
On single line diagrams, graphical representations of network elements, text objects and other
graphics (e.g. rectangles, circles, etc) are stored Graphical Net Objects (*.IntGrf) inside
diagram graphics (*.IntGrfnet), which are in turn located in the Network Model / Diagrams
subfolder.
The figure below presents the contents of diagram graphic “Grid”, showing a number of graphical
net objects stored inside the diagram:
Figure 7.1: Contents of the IntGrfnet element ,Data Manager
If we were to edit a Graphical Net Object (GNO), we would see the following:
Figure 7.2: IntGrf element “Basic Attributes” tab
The Net Data Object field (variable name “pDataObj”) highlighted in red indicates that this
GNO is associated with grid element “Load1”, which simply means that this is a graphical
representation of a network element. There can be more than one graphical representation
of the same object across many diagrams, though not in a single diagram. When the GNO does
not represent a grid element (e.g. it is just a rectangle, circle, etc), the Net Data Object field is
blank.
The Symbol Name field (variable name “pSymNam”) defines the graphical symbol for this GNO,

Python
in this case a load symbol.
The X-Position and Y-Position fields(variable names “rCenterX” and “rCenterY” respectively)
specifies the (x,y) coordinates in the diagram where the symbol should be drawn (centre points).
There is another type of graphical object that defines the connections between two objects (e.g.
a load connected to a bus). This object is called a Graphical Connection Object (*.IntGrfcon)
and can typically be found inside a GNO:
Figure 7.3: IntGrfcon element contents of an GNO
Editing the first Graphical Connection Object (GCO), we get the dialog box on the following
page:
Figure 7.4: Contents of a Graphical Connection Object

Python
The GCO specifies the (x, y) coordinates for straight-line connections between the GNO (e.g. a
load) and its connected element (e.g. a bus). In the example above, the GCO shows a simple
vertical connection with endpoint (x, y) coordinates (96.25, 100.625) and (96.25, 113.75).
This brief background was intended to describe the nature of graphical objects and how they
are used in PowerFactory . By understanding the concepts of GNOs and GCOs, we can start
using Python to manipulate graphical objects.
7.2 Creating Graphical Objects in Python
As with other Python applications, the easiest way to create a graphical object is by copying a
template object. As the configuration of the graphical objects will be largely dependent on the
specific application, only a general process for creating graphical objects is presented here.
• Create template graphical net object (GNO), complete with graphical connection object
(GCO) stored within. Make sure the template objects are accessible by the Python script
either as internally or externally referenced object (see section 3.3)
• Find the diagram object (*.IntGrfnet) where you want to create the graphical objects
• Find or create the network element with which you want to associate the graphical object
• Copy the template GNO into the selected diagram object (with the AddCopy function)
• Get the newly created GNO and modify the following (as required):
– Associated network element (GNO:pDataObj)
– Graphical symbol (GNO:pSymNam)
– X- and Y- coordinates for object (GNO:rCenterX and GNO:rCenterY)
• Access the associated GCO and modify the X- and Y- coordinates for the connections
(GCO:rX and GCO:rY)

Python

Python Tutorial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Python Tutorial

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Python Tutorial

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIgSILENT

Please visit our homepage at:

Copyright © 2016 DIgSILENT GmbH

1.1 Creating a small sample project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Create a Python command object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Write the Python Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3.1 How to start a Python script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Anatomy of a Python Object 6

3 Basic Python Scripting 9

3.1 Accessing Network Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Identifying, Accessing and Modifying Object Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2.1 Identifying Variable Names for a Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.2 Accessing Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2.3 Modifying Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.3 Creating new objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.3.1 Copy from an Internal Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.3.2 Copy from an External Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3.3 Create a New Object by Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.4 Navigate Folders and Object Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4.1 Project Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4.2 Object Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4.3 Objects in a Study Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.5 Accessing Study Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.6 Executing Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.7 Accessing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.7.1 Static Calculations (Load Flow, Short Circuit, etc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.7.2 Dynamic Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.8 Writing to the Output Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.9 Plotting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial i

3.9.1 Creating a New Virtual instrument Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.9.2 Creating a Virtual Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.9.3 Adding Objects and Variables to Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.9.4 Plotting Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4 Advanced Python Scripting 21

4.1 Topological Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2 Reading from and Writing to External Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.2.1 Standard File I/O Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.2.2 Exporting WMF Graphic Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.3 Fast Fourier Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.3.1 Specifying Input and Output Results Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.3.2 Executing the FFT Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.3.3 Accessing the FFT Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5 Working with Results Files 26

5.1 Adding Results Files to the Python Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.2 Structure of Results Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.3 Loading a Results File into Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.4 Getting the Relevant Column Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.5 Getting Data from the Result File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.6 Finding the Number of Time Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.7 A Simple Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6 Working with Virtual Instrument Panels 30

6.2 Local Title Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.2.1 Creating Local Title Blocks Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6.2.2 Creating Local Title Blocks in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

6.2.3 Title Block Python Script Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.3 Exporting VI Panels to WMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7 Working with Graphical Objects 35

DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Advanced Tutorial ii

7.1 Graphical Objects in PowerFactory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35