Appendix B Wind Loads

7/14/2011
Wind Loads
AS/NZS 7000:2010 – Appendix B
Henry Hawes
FIEAust, RPEQ, CPEng.
Consultant
hhawes@bigpond.com
• The provisions in AS/NZS 7000:2010 standard are a

major departure from the previous C(b)1 and
AS/NZS 1170.2 in the definition of wind regions.
• Sets ‘normative’ requirements
• It acknowledges that most wind damage in Australia
and New Zealand to the overhead line networks
occur during severe thunderstorms and provides a
more reasonable interpretation of wind regions
based on the performance of overhead line
networks over a number of years.
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• Figure B1 shows a zoning map to determine which

storm type should be considered in design for wind.
• On the mainland, the regions on this map are
delineated by a boundary 200 kilometres from the
smoothed coastline. This contrasts to the multiple
narrow 50 km wide zones in AS/NZS 1170.2 for the near
coastal areas
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• Wind velocities are selected from AS/NZS 1170.2 as

appropriate to the security level selected for the
relevant location and wind zone required in Figure B1.
• This leaves some latitude to the designer to select the

V50 value for a selected Security Level as required in
Section 6 of AS/NZS 7000.
Select Design Wind Return Period
Australian Panel B2 –
Overhead Lines Seminar –
AS/NZS Overhead Line
Design Sydney 28 -29 March
2011
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• For cyclonic events AS/NZS 1170.2 provides for

wind zones C, D and B.
• Recent experience suggests that these arbitrary 50
km zones are not relevant to severe Category 4 and
Category 5 cyclonic events as the storm damage
paths have been observed to extend 150 km inland
over a width of some 20 -50km. In these cases it
would be appropriate to select a V50 value from
region C.
Cat 4/5 Cyclone ‘Larry’ 260km/hr = 72.0 m/s on coast

estimated 60m/s 100km inland March 2006
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• For the remainder of the non cyclonic regions

within Zone 1 such as New South Wales coastal
area, only one V50 value is provided, but a higher
return period value may be adopted in some
local areas where regular storm damage occurs
New Zealand
• Apart from the probability in some areas of
turbulent effects near and on slopes of large
mountains the majority of New Zealand is within
Region A7 of AS/NZS 1170.2.
• Some caution needs to be applied to locations on
hills in close proximity to sea coasts (ie exposure to
gales) and adjacent to the strait (Region W )
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AS/NZS 1170.2
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Design Wind Speed

The design site wind speed shall be taken as:
Vsit,β = V Md Mz,cat Ms Mt . . . B1
R
where
• Mz,cat = gust wind speed multiplier for terrain category at height
z.
• Md = wind direction multiplier.
• Ms = shielding multiplier.
• Mt = topographic multiplier for gust wind speed.
• VR = basic regional wind velocity for the region corresponding to
the selected return period wind.
• z for the conductors shall be taken as the

average conductor height or the average
attachment height.
• z for structures under 50 m in height may be
taken at the 2/3 structure height or at the
centre of each panel in lattice towers.
• Md < 1.0 may be applied when determining
design loads for sections of lines.
• Ms is normally taken as 1.0.
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Also note B4.2 Downdraft winds

• Topographic multiplier Mt,downdraft shall be
calculated in accordance with the following:
Mt, downdraft = 0.5 + 0.5 Mt,synoptic . . …B2
• From AS/NZS 1170.2 Clause 4.4.1
For low hills / flat terrain
Mt,synoptic = Mh =1.0
ie Mt downdraft = 1.0
DOWNDRAFT WIND REGIONS (AUSTRALIA

ZONE II AND ZONE III AND
NEW ZEALAND REGIONS A7)
• Convective downdraft wind gust sometimes referred
to as high intensity winds (HIW) are generated by
severe thunderstorms and are the dominant design
winds that occur across most regions of Australia
and New Zealand.
• They occur in both coastal and inland regions and
are associated with, and normally embedded in
severe thunderstorms.
• HIW wind gusts are included in AS/NZS 1170.2
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Major Overhead Line Failures

Australia and New Zealand
Covers the 60 year period from 1950 -2010
Event Type Number of Events
C –Cyclone 4
D- Downdraft 36
T- tornado 4
F- Foundation 5
FIRE -Fire Storm 1
G -Gale force winds 4
W -Wake Turbulence 3
O- Other 4
(Structural weakness -2;
Construction overload-1;
Ice/snow/wind -1 )
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Clause B4.2 Downdraft winds
• wind can envelop one or more spans

simultaneously and render the application of the
synoptic wind based span reduction factors
inappropriate.
0.6Vsit2 , β × 10−3 (kPa)
Clause B5 WIND PRESSURES

The design pressure qz shall be specified
or calculated as follows:
qz = 0.6Vsit2 , β × 10−3 (kPa)
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Clause B5.3 Wind forces on conductors
‘ Bora’ Wind 12hr duration–Slovenia near Adriatic Sea
Clause B5.3 Wind forces on conductors
Wind force perpendicular to conductors shall be calculated as follows:

Fc = qz × Cd × L × d × SRF × cos2α (kN) . . …….B9
where
Cd = drag coefficient of conductor. Generally assumed to be 1 but may
vary between 1.2 and 0.8 dependent on conductor diameter outer
surface roughness, and wind velocity.
L = conductor wind span length under consideration (m)
d = conductor diameter (m)
SRF = span reduction factor
α = angle between wind direction and the normal to the conductor (deg)
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Clause B5.3.2 Span reduction factor (SRF and TSRF) for downdraft wind
regions
Clause B5.3.1 Span reduction factor (SRF and

TSRF) for synoptic wind regions
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Clause B5.3.2 Span reduction factor (SRF and TSRF) for downdraft wind
regions
Potentially increased wind load for short spaning

in HIW regions
Clause B5.3.1 Span reduction factor (SRF and

TSRF) for synoptic wind regions
Older
design
standard
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B5.1 Wind pressures on lattice steel towers

For lattice towers that are essentially square or rectangular in plan the force in the
direction of the wind on the whole tower section under consideration shall be calculated as
follows:
Fsθ = qz Cd A . . . . .B4
where
A = is the projected area of one face of the structure section under
consideration in a vertical plane along the face
Cd = drag force coefficient for each panel
Studies have shown that for a square based tower an angle of incidence of 22.5 degrees to
the plane at right angles to the direction of the line will be critical for the design of main
tower leg members.
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B5.2 Wind pressure on poles
B5.2 Wind pressure on poles

Due consideration shall be taken of the affect on the
aerodynamic shape factor Cfig for poles due to the
attachment of all ancillaries
Significant attachments to circular cross-sections such as

ladders, pipes etc will induce aerodynamic separation
and in this case Cd = 1.2.
The aerodynamic shape factor Cfig shall be determined for

specific elements, surfaces or parts of surfaces in
accordance with AS/NZS 1170.2.
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B5.4 Wind forces on insulators and fittings

Force on insulators and fitting assemblies shall be considered and is given by the
following
expression:
Fi = qz × Cd A . . …. B13
Where
Cd = 1.2
A = projected area of insulators and fittings in true
length normal to wind (m²)
Additional Guidance in Overhead

Line Design Handbook
• Topographical Effects
• Channeling effects
• Funneling effects
• Katabatic wind effects
• Extensive fetch distances
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Questions?
17

Appendix B Wind Loads

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Appendix B Wind Loads

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7/14/2011

• The provisions in AS/NZS 7000:2010 standard are a

• Figure B1 shows a zoning map to determine which

• Wind velocities are selected from AS/NZS 1170.2 as

• This leaves some latitude to the designer to select the

Select Design Wind Return Period

• For cyclonic events AS/NZS 1170.2 provides for

Cat 4/5 Cyclone ‘Larry’ 260km/hr = 72.0 m/s on coast

• For the remainder of the non cyclonic regions

Design Wind Speed

• z for the conductors shall be taken as the

Also note B4.2 Downdraft winds

DOWNDRAFT WIND REGIONS (AUSTRALIA

Major Overhead Line Failures

Clause B4.2 Downdraft winds

• wind can envelop one or more spans

0.6Vsit2 , β × 10−3 (kPa)

Clause B5 WIND PRESSURES

qz = 0.6Vsit2 , β × 10−3 (kPa)

Clause B5.3 Wind forces on conductors

‘ Bora’ Wind 12hr duration–Slovenia near Adriatic Sea

Clause B5.3 Wind forces on conductors

Wind force perpendicular to conductors shall be calculated as follows:

Clause B5.3.1 Span reduction factor (SRF and

Potentially increased wind load for short spaning

Clause B5.3.1 Span reduction factor (SRF and

B5.1 Wind pressures on lattice steel towers

B5.2 Wind pressure on poles

B5.2 Wind pressure on poles

Significant attachments to circular cross-sections such as

The aerodynamic shape factor Cfig shall be determined for

B5.4 Wind forces on insulators and fittings

Additional Guidance in Overhead

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