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    Solution: Elementary Differential Equations, Section 02, Prof. Loftin, Test 2

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    DEBASIS SAHOO
    This document contains a 5 question test on elementary differential equations. Question 1 asks students to find the general solution to three differential equations. Question 2 asks for the first five terms of a power series solution. Question 3 asks students to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of a power series solution. Question 4 uses undetermined coefficients to find particular and general solutions. Question 5 uses Abel's Theorem to determine the Wronskian of two solutions.

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    Solution: Elementary Differential Equations, Section 02, Prof. Loftin, Test 2

    Uploaded by

    DEBASIS SAHOO
    107 views3 pages
    This document contains a 5 question test on elementary differential equations. Question 1 asks students to find the general solution to three differential equations. Question 2 asks for the first five terms of a power series solution. Question 3 asks students to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of a power series solution. Question 4 uses undetermined coefficients to find particular and general solutions. Question 5 uses Abel's Theorem to determine the Wronskian of two solutions.

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    Differential Equation

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    test2sol

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    This document contains a 5 question test on elementary differential equations. Question 1 asks students to find the general solution to three differential equations. Question 2 asks for the first five terms of a power series solution. Question 3 asks students to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of a power series solution. Question 4 uses undetermined coefficients to find particular and general solutions. Question 5 uses Abel's Theorem to determine the Wronskian of two solutions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views3 pages

    Solution: Elementary Differential Equations, Section 02, Prof. Loftin, Test 2

    Uploaded by

    DEBASIS SAHOO
    This document contains a 5 question test on elementary differential equations. Question 1 asks students to find the general solution to three differential equations. Question 2 asks for the first five terms of a power series solution. Question 3 asks students to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of a power series solution. Question 4 uses undetermined coefficients to find particular and general solutions. Question 5 uses Abel's Theorem to determine the Wronskian of two solutions.

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    Elementary Differential Equations, Section 02,

    Prof. Loftin, Test 2


    Wednesday, April 7, 2010

    SOLUTION
    1. (30 pts) Compute the general solution to each of the following equations. Show your
    work.

    (a) y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0.
    Solution: If y = ert , the characteristic equation is r2 + 2r + 1 = 0. This factors
    to (r + 1)2 = 0, and so −1 is a double root. So the general solution is

    c1 e−t + c2 te−t .

    (b) y 00 + 2y 0 + 2y = 0.
    Solution: For y = ert , we have r2 + 2r + 2 = 0, with solutions
    p
    −2 ± 22 − 4(1)(2)
    r= = −1 ± i,
    2
    and so the general solution is

    c1 e−t cos t + c2 e−t sin t.

    (c) x2 y 00 − 6xy 0 + 12y = 0 (for x > 0).


    Solution: For y = xr , we have the indicial equation

    0 = r(r − 1) − 6r + 12 = r2 − 7r + 12 = (r − 3)(r − 4).

    So the roots are r = 3, 4, and the general solution (for x > 0) is

    c1 x3 + c2 x4 .

    2. (10 pts) Find the first five terms of the power series solution (up to the a4 x4 term)
    around x = 0 to the initial value problem

    y 00 + (2 + x)y 0 − y = x2 + 5, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 3.

    Show your work.


    Solution: Compute for

    y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + · · ·
    y 0 = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + 4a4 x3 + · · ·
    y 00 = 2a2 + 6a3 x + 12a4 x2 + · · ·

    1
    It helps to rewrite our equation as y 00 + 2y 0 + xy 0 − y = x2 + 5, which becomes

    2a2 + 6a3 x + 12a4 x2 + ···


    + 2a1 + 4a2 x + 6a3 x2 + ···
    + a1 x + 2a2 x2 + ···
    − a0 − a1 x − a2 x 2 − ···
    = 5 + x2

    The initial conditions imply a0 = y(0) = 1 and a1 = y 0 (0) = 3. Then the constant
    terms imply

    2a2 + 2a1 − a0 = 5, 2a2 + 2(3) − 1 = 5, a2 = 0.

    The x terms imply

    6a3 + 4a2 + a1 − a1 = 0, 6a3 + 4(0) = 0, a3 = 0.

    The x2 terms imply


    1
    12a4 + 6a3 + 2a2 − a2 = 1, 12a4 + 6(0) + 0 = 1, a4 = .
    12
    Thus the solution
    1 4
    y ∼ 1 + 3x + x.
    12
    3. (10 pts) Find the recurrence relation for the coefficients of power series solution around
    x = 0 to differential equation
    y 00 + x2 y = 0.
    Show your work.
    Solution: Compute

    y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + · · · an x n + · · ·
    y 00 = 2a2 + · · · + n(n − 1)an xn−2 + · · ·
    = 2a2 + · · · + (n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 xn + · · ·
    x2 y = a0 x2 + · · · + an xn+2 + · · ·
    = a0 x2 + · · · + an−2 xn + · · ·

    So, comparing xn terms, y 00 + x2 y = 0 implies (n + 2)(n + 1)an+2 + an−2 = 0, and so


    the recurrence relation is
    an−2
    an+2 = − .
    (n + 2)(n + 1)

    4. (10 pts)

    (a) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find a solution to

    y 000 − 4y 0 = et .

    2
    Show your work.
    Solution: Let the solution Y = Aet , and compute Y 0 = Aet , Y 00 = Aet , Y 000 =
    Aet . Plug in to find
    1
    Aet − 4Aet = et , −3A = 1, A=− ,
    3
    and the solution is Y = − 31 et .
    (b) Find the general solution to
    y 000 − 4y 0 = et .
    Show your work.
    Solution: The general solution to this nonhomogeneous equation is the particular
    solution from part (a) plus the general solution to the homogeneous equation
    y 000 − 4y 0 = 0. For this, let y = ert , and find the characteristic equation

    0 = r3 − 4r = r(r − 2)r + 2, r = 0, 2, −2.

    So the general solution to the homogeneous equation is

    c1 + c2 e2t + c3 e−2t ,

    and the general solution to our problem is


    1
    − et + c1 + c2 e2t + c3 e−2t .
    3

    5. (5 pts) Use Abel’s Theorem to determine the Wronskian of two solutions to the equation

    xy 00 + x2 y 0 + y = 0.

    Solution: Put the equation in the standard format

    y 00 + xy 0 + x−1 y = 0.

    for p(x) = x. Abel’s Theorem then states that the Wronskian for any two solutions is
    equal to  Z   Z 
    1 2
    c exp − p dx = c exp − x dx = c e− 2 x

    for a constant c.

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