What is Jquery ?

Jquery is a reusable javascript library which simplifies javascript coding. So rather than writing
length javascript code as below.

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document.getElementById("txt1").value = "hello";

By jquery the above javascript code is now simplified as below.

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$("#txt1").val("Hello");

If you want to kick start with Jquery start with the below video which is created
by www.questpond.com

So will jquery replace javascript ?

No, Jquery is not meant to replace javascript. Jquery is a library while javascript is a language.
Jquery sits on the top of javascript to make your development easy.

So how do we use these reusable jquery

libraries?
You need to download Jquery.js file from jquery.com and include the same in your web pages.
The jquery files are named with version number like “jquery-1.4.1.js” where 1.4.1 is the version of
the JS file. So at the top of your web page you need to include the javascript as shown in the
below code.

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<script
src="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/admin/Documents/My%20Web%20Sites/Scripts/jquery-
1.4.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

What is CDN (Content delivery network)?

In CDN multiple copies of the website is copied on different geographical servers. When users
request website content which have CDN enabled depending on their geographical location ,
content is served from the nearest geographical location server of the user.

So if a user is from India, the Indian CDN server will serve request for Indian users. This leads to
faster delivery of data.

For Jquery files which are the popular CDN’s?

There are two popular CDN’s Microsoft and google.

If you want to reference google CDN Jquery files you can use the below script.

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<script type="text/javascript"

src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js">
</script>

If you want to use Microsoft CDN you can use the below javascript.

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<script type="text/javascript"

src="http://ajax.microsoft.com/ajax/jquery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js">
</script>

How can we reference local Jquery files if CDN

fails?
Many times it’s possible that Microsoft and google servers can go down for some time. So in
those situations you would like your page to reference jquery files from local server.

So to implement a CDN fallback is a two-step process:-

First reference the CDN jquery. In the below code you can see we have reference Microsoft CDN
jquery file.

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http://ajax.microsoft.com/ajax/jquery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js "></script>

Now if Microsoft CDN is down then the Jquery value will be “undefined”. So you can see in the
below code we are checking if the Jquery is having “undefined” value then do a document write
and reference your local Jquery files.

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if (typeof jQuery == 'undefined')
{
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='Scripts/jquery.1.9.1.min.js'
type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
}

Below is the full code for the same.

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<script type="text/javascript"
src="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/admin/Documents/My%20Web%20Sites/%20http:/ajax.m
icrosoft.com/ajax/jquery/jquery-1.9.1.min.js%2520"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
if (typeof jQuery == 'undefined')
{
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='Scripts/jquery.1.9.1.min.js'
type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
}
</script>

What is the difference between Jquery.js and

Jquery.min.js file?
First thing both the files provide the same jquery functionalities. One is a long version and the
other is compressed / minified version. The minified version is compressed to save bandwidth
and space by compressing and removing all the white spaces.

Below is the view of Jquery.js.

Below this is view of Jquery.min.js file (compressed and minified).

When should we use jquery.js over

jquery.min.js ?
When you are doing development use “jquery.js” file because you would like to debug, see the
javascript code etc. Use “Jquery.min.js” for production environment. In production / live
environment we would like to consume less bandwidth, we would like to our pages to load faster.

What is the use jquery.vsdoc.js ?

 This file you can include if you want to enable intellisense in visual studio for Jquery.

How does the basic syntax of Jquery looks

like?
Jquery syntax structure can be broken down in to four parts:-

 All Jquery commands start with a “$” sign.

 Followed by the selection of the HTML element. For example below is a simple image where we
are selecting a HTML textbox by id “txt1”.
 Then followed by the DOT (.) separator. This operator will separate the element and the action on
the element.
 Finally what action you want to perform on the HTML element. For instance in the below Jquery
code we are setting the text value to “Hello JQuery’.

What is the “$” sign in Jquery ?

The “$” sign is an alias for jquery.

When should we use Jquery.noConflict()?

There are many javascript frameworks like MooTools, Backbone, Sammy, Cappuccino, Knockout
etc. Some of these frameworks also use “$” sign so this can lead to conflict with Jquery
framework.

So you can use the “noConflict” method and release the jquery “$” sign as shown in the below
code.

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$.noConflict();
jQuery("p").text("I am jquery and I am working…");

You can also create your own jquery shortcut as shown below.

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var jq = $.noConflict();
jq("p").text("I am invoked using jquery shortcut…");

What are the different ways by which you can

select a HTML element in JQuery ?
You can select Jquery elements in the following ways:-

Select all

Below is a simple code snippet which selects all paragraph tags and hides them.

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$("p").hide();

Select by ID

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$("#Text1").val("Shiv");

Select using Equal method

Select using Find method

Select using Filter method

What is the use of Document.ready in Jquery ?

“Document.Ready” event occurs once the complete HTML DOM is loaded. So the next question
is when do we actually need this event?. Consider the below simple code where we are trying to
set a text box “text1” with value “Sometext”.
Now at the point when Jquery code tries set the textbox value , at that moment that text box is
not available in the HTML DOM. So it throws an exception for the same.

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<script>
$("#text1").val("Sometext"); // Throws exception as the textbox is not //accessible
at this moment
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="text" id="text1" />
</body>

So we would like to execute the Jquery code which sets the textbox value only when all
the HTML objects are loaded in DOM. So you can replace the code of setting text box value to
something as shown below.

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<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("#text1").val("Sometext");
});
</script>

Here is a nice detail article with a video which explains Jquery Ready event in a more detail
manner http://www.dotnetinterviewquestions.in/article_jquery-interview-questions:-when-do-
we-need-documentreadyevent-_230.html

Can we have two document.ready in a

webpage?
Yes.

How can we attach a method to

a HTML element event using Jquery ?
Below is a simple code which attaches a function to click event of a button.

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$("button").click(function(){
$("p").toggle();
});

Below is one more example where we have attached the a function to a mouse enter event of a
paragraph.

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$("#p1").mouseenter(function(){
alert("You entered p1!");
});

How can we add a style using Jquery?

$("li").filter(".middle").addClass("selected");

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<style>
.selected { color:red; }
</style>

What is JSON?
JSON (JavaScript object notation) helps us to present and exchange data in a self-descriptive,
independent and light way. This data can then be easily consumed and transformed in to
javascript objects.

Below is a simple example of JSON format looks. You can understand from the format how
lightweight and easy the format looks.

Figure :- JSON

The biggest advantage of JSON format is it can be evaluated to a javascript object. For instance
you can see in the below code snippet we have a JSON format data which has
“name”,”street”,”age” and “phone”. Now this data can be consumed as shown in the code snippet
below, evaluated to a javascript object and invoked as anobject property.

You can see how we have called the “name” property using an object “JSONObject.name”.

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<script type="text/javascript">

var JSONObject= {
"name":"John Johnson",
"street":"Oslo West 555",
"age":33,
"phone":"555 1234567"};

alert(JSONObject.name);
</script>

Was not SOAP meant to do the same thing

which JSON does?
SOAP is heavy due to XML tags. For example a SOAP message "<name>Shiv" will become short ,
sweet and light in JSON like "Name" : "Shiv". Second most important it evaluates as javascript
object. To convert the complicated SOAP XML in to javascript JSON object would be a tough and
tedious task.

Figure 11.11:- SOAP meant to do the same thing

Do all technologies support JSON?

Yes , Almost all technologies who deal with exchange of data support JSON. For instance if you
want to that your WCF service should send JSON message rather than SOAP you can set the
“ResponseFormat” as “WebMessageFormat.Json” on your operation contract.

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[OperationContract]
[WebInvoke(Method="GET", UriTemplate="/GetData", RequestFormat=WebMessageFormat.Json,
ResponseFormat=WebMessageFormat.Json)]
string GetData();

If you want your MVC to emit out JSON data you can return “JsonResult” as shown below. If you
call the below action it will emit out Customer objects in Json format.

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public JsonResult CustomerJson()
{
List<Customer> obj1 = new List<Customer>();
Thread.Sleep(5000);
Customer obj = new Customer();
obj.CustomerCode = "1001";
obj1.Add(obj);
return Json(obj1,JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}
 If you want to emit JSON using ASP.NET we need to use the “DataContractJsonSerializer” class as
shown in the below code.”myPerson” is the class.

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DataContractJsonSerializer serializer = new DataContractJsonSerializer(myPerson.GetType());
MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream();
serializer.WriteObject(ms, myPerson);
string json = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(ms.ToArray());
Response.Clear();
Response.ContentType = "application/json;charset=utf-8";
Response.Write(json);
Response.End();

How can you make a JSON call using Jquery ?

Let’s assume you have a MVC controller action “getEmployee” which emits out employee JSON
object as shown in the below code. Please note you can always emit JSON from any server
technology like WCF , ASP.NET , MVC etc as discussed in the previous questions.

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public JsonResult getEmployee()
{
Emp obj = new Emp();
obj.empcode = "1001";
return Json(obj,JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet);
}

To make a call to the above MVC action using Jquery we need to use “getJSON” method. Below
is the simple code for the same. It has three parameters:-

1. The first parameter is the URL which emits out JSON. For instance in the below code the URL is
“/Employee/getEmployee”.
2. The next parameter helps us to pass data to the resource which emits out JSON currently it’s the
MVC action. Currently we are only doing a get so the second parameter is NULL for now.
3. The last parameter is the call back function which will be invoked once the MVC action returns
data. You can see how the “getData” function just displays the “empcode” property. Because the
output is in JSON it automatically converts the JSON data to javascript object.
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$.getJSON("/Employee/getEmployee", null, getData);
function getData(data)
{
alert(data.empcode);
}

How can we post JSON to Server?

We can use the “post” method of jquery to send data to the server. Below is how the post
method call looks like. First parameter is the URL which will accept JSON data, second is the data
which we want to send and the final parameter is the call back function where we receive the
response.

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var mydata ={name:"Shiv",city:"Mumbai"};

$.post("/Send/Request", // URL
mydata , // Data to be sent
function(data,status){alert(data + " " + status);}); // Call back function

How can we post a complete HTML form in

JSON format?
To post a complete HTML form we need to call “serialize” function as shown in the below code.
“form1” is a HTML form. The data given by the function can then be passed to the “post” method
of Jquery.”DisplayData” is a callback function to handle the output given by the server.

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var Mydata = $("#form1").serialize();
$.post("/Customer/getCustomer",JSON. stringify (MyData), DisplayData);

The above posted JSON string is received at the server side “request.inputstream” , below is a
simple sample code for the same.

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System.IO.Stream body = Request.InputStream;
System.IO.StreamReader reader = new System.IO.StreamReader(body);
string s = reader.ReadToEnd() ;

How can we convert JSON string in to c#

object?
To convert a JSON string to a c# object we need to use the “JavascriptSerializer” class as shown in
the below code.

“JsonString” is the string which has the JSON value and by using “Deserialize” we are converting
the string to a c# object. Now this object which we receive is a collection of “key” and “value” pair
which can be browsed and accessed in c#.

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var jsonser = new JavaScriptSerializer()
var obj = jsonser.Deserialize<dynamic>(JsonString);
foreach (var x in obj)
{
String strvalue = x["value"];
}

What are single page applications (SPA)?

SPA means you web page has the following :-
 Utilize the browser client power to the maximum by executing the maximum code on the client
side by using javascript , HTML and CSS.
 Rather than loading the complete page necessary HTML fragments or JSON data is loaded as the
user demands.
 Javascript which handles DOM manipulation, binding, Ajax calls are separated in to controllers
thus separating views and models.
 DOM manipulations are replaced by declarative programming.

What is Angular JS ?
AngularJS is JavaScript framework to create SPA applications. It simplifies complex javascript
DOM manipulation code by providing declarative tags. This provides a clean separation between
DOM manipulation logic and the HTML view.

For example below is a simple Angular code which helps us to display textbox data in the DIV tag
when the user types in the textbox.

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<input type=text ng-model="name">
<div>
Current user's name: {{name}}

Below is a simple video which explain Angular in 5 minutes with an example: -

What is the need of ng-model, ng-expression

and ng-app in Angular?
“ng-model” helps to store data which is typed in the HTML elements while expression helps to
display the model data on the page. “ng-app” defines the root element for angular.

Below is a simple angular code which has all the three things: -

 So whatever is typed in the textbox gets stored in the model.

 The model is displayed by an expression {{}}.
 “ng-app” defines the root.
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<input type=text ng-model="name"> Current user's name: {{name}}

How is the data binding in Angular?

Its two way binding. So whenever you make changes in one entity the other entity also gets
updated.
What is the need of less.js ?
English meaning of LESS means minimizing something. LESS.JS simplifies your CSS by adding
extra capabilities to CSS like variables, mixin’s etc. LESS.JS makes your CSS dynamic. LESS extends
your CSS and simplifies your CSS.

For example below is a simple CSS which has two styles “style1” and “style2”. If you notice the
below CSS the background color is duplicated. If we ever want to change this we have to change
in multiple places.

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.style1
{
background-color: #ff0000;
}
.style2
{
background-color: #ff0000;
}

But if use “LESS.JS” we can create a variable which has color stored and set the CSS property
using the variable. If we ever want to change the color we just need to change the variable value.

Below is a simple LESS enabled CSS where we have created a variable “mybackgroundcolor”
which is set at the top and that variable is then used to set the background color property in the
CSS. This makes our CSS dynamic and easy to maintain.

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@mybackgroundcolor : #ff0000;
.style1
{
background-color: @mybackgroundcolor;
}
.style2
{
background-color: @mybackgroundcolor;
}

Before running the above code ensure that you have link to less.js file at the top. You can get less
JS file from lesscss.org.

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<link href="StyleSheet1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet/less" />
<script src="less-1.7.3.js"></script>

You can also watch this video which is created by www.questpond.com which demonstrates LESS
in a step by step manner.

How can we create variables in Less.JS ?

Explained in the previous question.

What are Mixin in Less?

Mixin helps to define common values for bunch of properties. For example you can see we have
two styles below “Style1” and “Style2”.

In both the styles we have set two properties with the same value. For both the properties we
have created two variables. But what if we have 10 such properties then you will end up with 10
such variables.

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@mycolor : #4cff00;
@fontsize : x-large;
.Style1
{
background-color : @mycolor;
font-size : @fontsize;
}
.Style2
{
background-color : @mycolor;
font-size : @fontsize;
}

So rather than defining lot of hanging variables we can define a mixin. In the below code you can
see we have defined a mixin by the name “common”. We have applied that mixin to both styles
in one go. So we can conclude that mixin is structure for common values and common
properties.

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.common
{
background-color : #4cff00;
font-size : x-large;
}
.Style1
{
.common;
}
.Style2
{
.common;
}

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