Guide

GUIDELINE FOR PILING
WORKS
Disediakan Oleh:
Unit Geoteknik
Cawangan Pakar & Kejuruteraan Awam
Ibu Pejabat Jkr Malaysia
Tkt 10, Menara Tun Ismail Mohamaed Ali
No. 25, Jalan Raja Laut,
50350 Kuala Lumpur
Unit Kej. Geoteknik, CPKA, JKR Malaysia
11.7.2017
GUIDE LINE FOR PILING
BIL CONTENTS PAGES
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2-3
2.0 PILE DESIGN CRITERIA 3-4
3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES 4-7
4.0 PILE SELECTION CRITERIA 8
5.0 COMMON TYPES OF PILES 8-9
5.1 BAKAU PILES 10 - 11
5.2 TREATED TIMBER PILES 12 - 13
5.3 PRECAST R.C. PILES 13 - 16
5.4 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES 16 - 17
5.5 BORED PILES 17 - 21
5.6 STEEL PILES 21 - 22
5.7 MICRO PILES 22 - 24
6.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES 25 - 26
6.1 UNIT SHAFT RESISTANCE fs 26
6.2 UNIT POINT RESISTANCE q 27
6.3 ESTIMATION OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 27 - 28
6.4 SETTLEMENT OF SINGLE PILES 28 - 29
6.5 LATERAL CAPACITY OF PILES 29
6.6 PILE GROUP ANALYSIS 29 - 30
7.0 LOAD TEST 30 - 33
8.0 THE HILEY FORMULA 34 - 39
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1. 0 INTRODUCTION.
Generally piles foundations are used to support structures when suitable

founding levels are deeper than 3m below the formation levels or when
shallow foundation are not suitable due to stability problems or inadequate
bearing capacity at shallow depth or other peculiar site conditions.
Any rational approach to estimate the safe load capacity of a pile requires
understanding and grasping of the following spectrum of subjects/aspects.
a. Classification and types of piles available, their general characteristics,

basic technical specifications and the typical installation controls.
b. Factors governing the choice of pile type (site and subsoil conditions,
environment, geology, durability, loading, cost, possibility of
imperfections in piles and their consequences).
c. Geotechnical capacity requirements
- site investigation
- capacity and settlement of pile in cohesive/cohesionless soils by
dynamic and static formulae
- group effect
- negative skin friction
d. Structural requirements
- handling stress
- driving stress
- working stress
- structural capacity
- discount for structural capacity due to joint, slenderness, and
drivability/uncertainty.
e. Quality controls:
- materials
- workmanship/tolerances
- pile testing for load capacity, settlement and integrity
- construction control measure
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f. Sensitivity of pile performance prediction (capacity and settlement)

- method of analysis used
- generalization of sub soil profile
- selection of design parameters
- method of installation
2. 0 PILE DESIGN CRITERIA
Fundamentally the pile foundation design is considered safe and sound if the
soil/rock and pile material are not over-stressed during the installation and
service life. (Permissible stress method is used in BS 8004; NOT limit state
method).
The general pile design criteria and considerations are as follows:
a. The pile material itself must not be structurally over-stressed during handling,
installation and working conditions. This criterion requires compliance based
on code of practice and experiences.
b. There must be an adequate factor of safety (FOS) against ultimate failure.

FOS for geotechnical capacity should be at least 2, based on lower bound
shear strength obtained from adequate site investigation. This criterion is to
cater for statistical uncertainty or risk factor.
c. BS 8004 Clause 2.1.2 defines that foundation design should ensure that
foundation movement (vertical & horizontal) are within limits that can
tolerated by the proposed structure without impairing its function. Angular
distortion generally shall not exceed 1:150 for framed R.C structures. This
criterion is to ensure the superstructure is not over-distorted. Piles settle less
than 12mm at design load (2 x working load) are generally satisfactory for
R.C. framed structures. Under lateral and bending movement perpendicular to
the axis of pile, the permissible lateral movement is usually 12mm for most
R.C. framed structures.
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d. Control of the installation effects of the structures and its necessary

construction operations to limits noise level and displacement or movement of
ground at and under nearby piles, buildings, roads and utilities to tolerable
amount both during and after the work shall be specified. This criterion is
commonly and conveniently overlooked when detail information is not
available.
e. Durability aspects and quality control with respect to materials, workmanship
& loading test etc. must comply with BS 8004 and JKR standard specification
for Piles in Building Projects (1991). For precast concrete piles, MS 1314
(1993) shall be complied in respect of quality control in production and
minimum structural requirements.
f. Other important design criteria that should be considered are

- possible scour and its effect on pile capacity
- pile group effect
- negative friction or pile in settling ground
3. 0 CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
Classification of pile is a useful tool to estimate or generalize the potential

behavior and characteristics of the pile under variety of conditions. According
to BS 8004, piles can be broadly classified as displacement and non-
displacement piles. Details of the classification are shown in Fig.1.
3.1 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO INSTALLATION
a) Displacement piles
Driven preformed timber, concrete or steel piles have ground vibration and
possible ground heave problems. Installation of displacement pile is fast
and cheap.
- Driven solid pile (concrete or closed end pipes)
- Driven small displacement piles (H piles or open end pipes)
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- Driven & cast in-place

- Jacked piles (steel or concrete)
Important installation issues are:

- Installation sequences:- inner piles in a group should be driven first
- Pile position deviation tolerance:- < 75mm
- Verticality tolerance:- 1 in 75
- Cut off pile position deviation:- < 75mm
- Type & capacity of hammer & helmet:- depend on environmental
factors & driveability
- Pile heave problem:- checking & redriving where necessary.
- Predrilling requirement:- avoid overdriving through very hard stratum.
- Pile rejection before & after installation:- Material quality
workmanship, position tolerance limits, capacity & integrity (static &
dynamic tests etc).
b) Non-displacement piles:
Environmentally more friendly
- Bored piles
- Micropiles
- Hand dug caissons
- Continuous flight augured piles
3.2 PILES CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BEARING.

- End bearing piles
- Frictional piles
- Partly end bearing & partly frictional piles
3.3 PILES CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS

- Concrete piles (RC or prestressed, square or cylindrical.)
- Timber piles (bakau or treated timber)
- Steel piles (H or pipe)
- Composite piles
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3.4 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

- Compression piles
- Tension piles
- Batter/rake piles
3.5 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPES

- Square
- Circular
- Triangular
- H section
- Hexagonal or octagonal
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TYPE OF PILES
DISPLACEMENT PILES NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
Bored piles (450mm – 1500mm Ø)

= 60T – 100T
TOTAL PREFORMED DRIVEN CAST Micro piles (150mm – 300mm Ø)
PILES IN-PLACE PILES = 10T – 120T
(A ready-made pile is driven (A tube is driven Flight auger pile (300mm – 500mm Ø)
into the ground) into the ground to = 30T – 100T
form void)
Hollow Solid
(Small displacement)
Concrete Tube Steel Tube
Closed ended tube concreted

with tube left in position
Steel Pipe Concrete Spun Pile
(60T – 200T)
(250mm – 900mm Ø) (300mm – 800mm Ø)
55T – 430T 50T – 350T
Closed ended tube Open ended tube

(80T – 300T) extracted while
cocreting (Franki)
(67T – 150T)
Concrete Steel H-pile Bakau pile

(Small displement) (75mm – 150mm Ø )
200mm x 200mm - 0.5T – 1T
350mm x 350mm
43T – 308T (G43A) Treated timber pile
60T – 308T (G50B) (125mm – 150mm Ø)
10T – 15T
Precast R.C. Pile Precast Prestressed Pile

200mm x 200mm to 200mm x 200mm to Notes:
400mm x 400mm 400mm x 400mm 1. Ranges of capacity
25T – 145T 35T – 160T indicated are based on
pile sizes commonly
used in JKR
2. 1 T = 10 KN
FIG.1 – CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
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4. 0 PILE SELECTION CRITERIA ( DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)
Suitable uses of various common types pf pile under various design

considerations are shown in Fig.2. The choice or a particular pile type for a
particular project can be a complex decision even experts in the field, and of
course, in some cases, there is no unique solution. The important consideration
are geotechnical factors and it should be remembered that even with proper
site investigation, the possibility of variation in pile length or pile types during
construction is something not uncommon. This is because there will always be
some risk of unknown conditions and it can only be minimized by a more
thorough investigation and studies. The degree of success reflects the skill and
imagination of those involved, but it also depends on circumstances beyond
their control (Sowers, 1997).
In built up or urban areas or locations adjacent to sensitive structures, non

displacement piles (or jacked in piles) should be used as they are
environmentally more friendly in respect of noise and vibration levels.
Generally for driven piles, hydraulic hammer or drop hammer is preferred to
diesel hammers which are more environmental unfriendly in respect of more
noise and smoke pollutions.
5.0 COMMON TYPES OF PILES
A pile designer shall grasp sufficient fundamental knowledge about various

types of piles available and their general characteristics so that the suitability
of a pile type for a specific project at a specific site can be assessed. General
characteristics of pile design and construction of common types of piles used
by JKR are discussed in the following paragraphs.
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Unit Kej. Geoteknik, CPKA, JKR Malaysia 11.7.2017
PREFORMED
PRESTRESS CONC. PILES

TYPE OF PILES
PRECAST R.C. PILES
STEEL PIPE PILES

STEEL H-PILES
TIMBER PILES
BAKAU PILES
BORED PILES
MICROPILES
SPUN PILES
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
<100 KN   ? ? ? ? ? X ?
100 - 300    ? ?   X 
SCALE OF LOAD
(STRUCTURAL)
300 - 600 ?        
COMPRESSIVE LOAD PER COLUMN
600 - 1100 X ?       
1100 - 2000 X ?       
2000 - 5000 X X       ?
5000 - 10000 X X       ?
>10000 X X ?      ?
D5m ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 
MAINLY END – BEARING 5 – 12 m         
BEARING TYPES
(D = Anticipated Depth Of Bearing) 12 – 24 m X X       

24 – 34 m X X       ?
34 – 60 m X X ? ?  ?  ? X
MAINLY FRICTIONAL      ?   ?
PARTLY FRICTION + PARTLY END BEARING         ?
LIMESTONE FORMATION X ? ? ? ?  ? ? 
BEARING
TYPE OF
LAYER
WEATHERED ROCK / SOFT ROCK X X       

ROCK (RQD > 70%) X X ? ? ?    
DENSE / VERY DENSE SAND X ?      ? 
GEOTECHNICAL
SOFT SPT < 4         

COHESIVE SOIL
M. STIFF SPT = 4 - 15         
TYPE OF INTERMEDIATE LAYER
Y. STIFF SPT = 15 - 32 ?        
HARD SPT > 32 X ?       
LOOSE SPT < 10         
M. DENSE SPT = 10 - 30 ?        
COHESIONLESS SOIL
DENSE SPT = 38 - 50 X ?       
Y. DENSE SPT > 50 X X       
S < 100 mm X ?       
SOIL WITH SOME BOULDERS / COBBLES 100 – 1000 mm X X ? ? ?    
1000 – 3000 mm X X ? ? ? ? ? ? 
(S = SIZE)
> 3000 mm X X ? ? ? ? ? ? 
GROUND ABOVE PILE CAP         
WATER
BELOW PILE CAP X        
NOISE + VIBRATION = COUNTER MEASURES REQUIRED   ? ? ? ? ?  
ENVIRONMENT PREVENTION OF EFFECTS ON ADJOINING STRUCTURES ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 
UNIT COST
NOTE:-
 INDICATES THAT THE PILE TYPE IS SUITABLE
X INDICATES THAT THE PILE TYPE IS NOT SUITABLE
? INDICATES THAT THE USE OF THE PILE TYPE IS DOUBFUL UNLESS ADDITIONAL MEASURES TAKEN
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FIG. 2 = PILE SELECTION CHART
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5.1 BAKAU PILE
- Usual sizes : 75 mm to 125 mm diameter

- Allowable load : 5 kN to 10 kN per pile
- Usual length : 6 m to 12 m with one joint
- Possible damages by insects, marine borers or fungi or dry rot.
- Usually designed as a frictional pile submerged under water table. Suitable for
low column loads, (single or double storey buildings).
- Use of bakau piles are not allowed in JKR projects since 1993
The common types of bakau timber used in piled foundation are Bakau Minyak
(Rhizophora conjugata) and Bakau Kurap (Rhizophora mucrorata). These piles,
due to the small load allowed to be carried by each pile, are used in groups and
with a relatively high factor of safety. Material defects such as straightness, size,
crack, etc. are normally not so stringently controlled. However, if extension length
is required, the joints must be properly fabricated under close supervision. The
standard JKR joint is a metal pipe collar equal in diameter to the bakau pile used.
But it is definitely difficult to find the ends of every piece of naturally-occuring
bakau timber fitting properly into the collar, especially the smaller end which is
usually smaller than the collar. Wedging pieces are necessary to ensure a stiff joint.
The durability of bakau piles is almost solely dependent on the condition that the
piles are wet all the time. The test specimens of untreated bakau piles driven to a
depth completely submerged underwater are found to be intact after 5 years and
specimens in dry ground are destroyed by termites and fungus after 3 years.
The first condition to ensure durability is that piles must be kept moist during
storage. Piles left unprotected and became dried up under sun must be rejected.
Secondly piles must be below groundwater level all the time after installation.
Groundwater level varies seasonally and during the service life of a pile. The
recommended practice is thus to take whatever stable groundwater level and have
the cut-off of piles 1 or 2 feet below the groundwater level as precaution.
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Bakau Piles are generally designed as friction piles thus any method of estimating
the safe load by impact formula formula should consider the resistance per foot run
of pile and not the resistance at the point.
It is difficult to describe a stratum or to give bearing values for different soils, but
if the resistance to penetration of a stratum is known it can be given a frictional
value. By recording the number of blows taken to drive a pile through 1 foot and
knowing the weight and fall of hammer, the resistance to penetration can be
calculated.
Mr. John Gaskin, A.M. Inst. M & Cy. E. suggests an empirical formula for arriving
at the side frictional value of a reinforced concrete pile. This formula has been
checked with numerous pile driving records and gives results agreeing
approximately with actual test loads.
The formula takes this form,
F = (Average frictional value in tonnes) per sq.ft.

__
= WH N
100A
Where,
N = average number of blows per foot
W = weight of hammer in tones
H = drop of hammer in feet
A = cross sectional area of the pile in sq.ft.
The lengths of bakau piles commonly used are 7, 12, 15 and 20 feet and using these
lengths there will probably be, at most, 3 different strata encountered; then by taking
the average number of blows per foot for each stratum, F can be calculated and by
integration the total side frictional value of the pile can be arrived at.
Alternatively if the strata are known through test pits or bores the safe load on bakau
piles can be estimated by using the values of F given below:-
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From Arrols Handbook;
Type of Soil Value of F in

tonnes per sq.ft.
Very soft silt 0.07
Still mud 0.09
Wet clay 0.10
Dry clay 0.20
Compact hard clay 0.2
Sand, gravel & sand 0.25
5.2 TREATED TIMBER PILES
- Usual sizes : 125 mm SQ, 100 kN/Pile

: 150 mm SQ, 150 kN/Pile
- Maximum length : 12m with one joint for buildings less then 2 storeys
(sleeve joint)
- Timber piles are light, easy to handle and comparatively cheap. All approved
timber pile should have SIRIM control labels. Usually designed as a frictional
or partly frictional and partly end bearing piles. Cannot stand hard driving (SPT
> 30) and driving shall be stopped for about 4 blows/25mm (1 ton hammer
with 1 to 2 ft. drop).
- Piles should be tapped gently (less ½ ft drop) before stopping driving to ensure
intact at pile joint. Tolerances of timber piles dimensions and joints are
commonly overlooked at site resulting in significant loss of friction resistance.
Use of treated timber piles in JKR projects is stipulated in KPKR circular
3/1975.
The common types timber piles used in this country are bakau piles and pressure-
treated piles usually Kempas. Treated timber piles are in 125mm 0r 150mm square
sections with standard length of 6.0m.
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Material defects in treated timber piles must be stringently checked because the
piles are allowed to carry higher loads and be used singly. The most common
defect is that piles are curved more than the 25mm limit for a 6.0m length. The real
reduction in carrying capacity of a pile curved more severely than designed is not
conclusively known.. Nevertheless if used at all, curved members must be used in
positions of lesser load. A more harmful defect is that a pile may contain sloping
grain pattern and a part of it may split off easily. Parts may split off during
transportation, when piles are unloaded by being thrown down from lorries. Piles
with sloping grains steeper than the allowable 1 in 16 limits can only be used when
strengthened with proper metal straps.
Pressure-treated timber piles are normally considered as inferior to concrete or
steel piles in terms of durability. Hence in JKR projects this form of pile is limited
to minor buildings of not more than 2 storeys and only a single joint for each pile is
allowed. This will ensure that the piles do not become too slender.
5.3 PRECAST R.C. PILES
a) Most extensively used pile type and about 87 % used in JKR building
b) R.C piles are usually cast to square section of 200 mm, 250 mm, 300 mm,
350 mm and 400 mm JKR standard with maximum length 12 m (30 tonne -
120 tonne)
c) Should design to comply with all requirements of MS 1314 (1993) JKR

specification (ILP 1/91). Class 1 R.C pile (Grade 40 concrete and min.
1.2% longitudinal reinforcement) should be used where driving stress is
difficult to control such as driving through hard strata; highly variable
subsoil, subsoil with boulders or rocks. The pile shall be designed as a
structure to resist all pitching, handling and working loads according to BS
8110 at varies concrete age. In computing the stress due to handling, the
computed load shall be increased by 50 % to account for impact and shock.
d) Max. allowable structure capacity is;
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La = ¼ fcu. A or Mc /0.15b
Max. allowable compressive stress is ¼ fcu. or 10 N/mm²
La should be discounted for joints (5n %) and slenderness, (L/b-80 )%
where; n = no of joints,
L = length of pile,
b = size of pile,
fcu = grade of concrete.
Mc = cracking moment (MS 1314)
e) Overdriving could be avoided if control driving and proper hammer are

adopted. The min. weight of the hammer, the applied energy during driving
and protective cushion shall be such that to avoid tension cracks due to
rebound while driving. Driving should be stopped if penetration is less 25
mm per 10 blows for friction piles and 12 mm per 10 blows for end bearing
piles. Maximum number of hammer blows should not exceed 1000 for
total length and 500 for the final 10 m. Generally the compressive strength
of the piles can be reduced by up to 15% to 30% after 1000 blows (Broms).
f) In dense saturated fine grained soils such as silts or fine sands, negative
pore pressure can be set up temporarily and the driving resistance may fall
as these pressures return to normal. In clays, the results are on reverse. The
necessary time interval before REDRIVING may vary from 1 hr. to 2 hr.
for non cohesive soils to 2 days or more for cohesive soils. The resistance
at the start of redriving is more likely to be true bearing value of the pile.
Piles especially and bearing piles driven in clay should be checked for
potential pile heave problem.
g) R.C. piles are generally very suitable in residual soils. R.C. piles are not
preferred to be used in the following situation:-
i) Long piles in very soft ground where the tensile stress during
driving can exceed 5 N/mm² (unless control driving, use inspection
tube to check straightness, and use grade 50 concrete; longer
centering bar and secured with grout or epoxy resin etc.). In fact,
when long piles in soft formation are required, consideration should
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be given to the use of pre-tensioned spun piles which are better able
to resist tensile stress without cracking (due to the pre-stress and
higher hammer/pile weight ratio).
ii) Long slender piles encountering boulders, inclined or irregular
bedrock may suffer damages (unless control driving, use inspection
tube to check straightness, use grade 50 concrete and heavily
reinforced say 2 % longitudinal reinforcement to improve torsional
and bending resistance).
h) Advantages and disadvantages of precast driven R.C piles are as follows:
The Advantages:
i) Can be driven to predetermined set/depth if sub soil profile is
reasonably uniform .
ii) Stable in squeezing ground, for example soil clays, silts and peats.
iii) Pile material can be inspected before piling
iv) Can be redriven if affected by ground heave.
v) Can be driven in long lengths.
vi) Can be carried above ground level, for example, through water for
marine structures.
The Disadvantages:
i) High local stress or cracks may develop at corners & surface
especially if proper chamfers are not provided or positions &
straightness of reinforcement (cover) exceed tolerance limits ±
6mm; torsional and bending forces may be high. Have different
strength and stiffness about various axes. Liable to cracking when
weight of hammer is less than the pile weight especially in weak
soil.
ii) Heave and disturbance of surrounding soil may cause difficulties,
and damages to nearby structures and utilities pipes or cables.
iii) Cannot readily be varied in length resulting in high wastage when
used in erratic profile of hard strata formation
iv) May be damaged due to hard driving; cannot be checked unless
inspection tube is provided or PDA test are carried out.
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v) Reinforcement may be controlled by handling and driving

requirement rather than by working caused by structural loads.
vi) Cannot be driven with very large sizes or in conditions of limited
headroom.
vii) Noise, vibration and ground displacements may cause difficulties,
unless installed by pre-boring or jacking.
5.4 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES
Generally, comments for pre-cast R.C. piles also are applicable to square pre-
stressed concrete pile; but pre-stressed spun piles generally have several
advantages over pre-cast R.C. piles; spun piles have uniform strength in all
directions; piles generally have higher and uniform concrete strength; straightness
of piles can be checked after installation and can stand higher tensile stress. Tensile
and torsional stress due to driving can be better resisted and less likely to produce
cracks. As pre-stressed piles generally require high concrete strength of at least
grade 50N/mm² and careful control during manufacturing, the casting yard should
be under proper shelter so as to ensure proper curing and protection.
Appendix B shows the basic structural Strengths (allowable load, bending strength
etc.) of various sizes of R.C. piles & spun piles (JKR Standard Designs)
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APPENDIX B
STRUCTURAL STRENGTHS OF PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

(MS 1314 Part 1)
Pile Type Pile Size Crack Ultimate Max. Remarks

(mm x mm) Moment Moment Load
(kN.m) (kN.m) (kN)
R.C. Piles 200 x 200 5.7 15 350  Grade 40 concrete
Class 1  1.2% (min) main
250 x 250 12.6 27 600
reinforcement
300 x 300 22.0 56 800
 Crack moment Mc at
350 x 350 35.0 76 1150 0.20mm crack width
400 x 400 50.0 111 1450  Ultimate moment at zero
axial load
Spun Piles 250mm 17 30 450  Grade 55 concrete
Class A  Min. effective stress
300 25 47 600
5N/mm2
350 35 66 850
 Average loss in pre-
400 55 101 1100 stress 14%
450 80 114 1300  Crack moment Mc at
0.05mm crack width
500 110 158 1600
600 180 265 2100
700 270 442 2800
800 400 606 3500
900 600 870 4300
1000 800 1150 5200
5.5 BORED PILES
a) Bored piles refer to Bored cast-in-place piles as specified in BS 8004.

Bored piles are formed by boring using suitable type/capacity of machines
and subsequently filling the hole with high workability concrete and some
reinforcement.
b) Usual size: 400 mm to 1.5 m diameter (60 tonne to 1000 tonne Capacity).
Piles of 600 mm or more in diameter or commonly known as large diameter
bored piles.
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c) Suitable & cost effective in typical stiff residual soil especially when
column loads are high and water table is low; noise and vibration can be
reduced to minimum and bored lengths can be varied easily, High
mobilization cost due to requirement of large & expensive plants.
d) Bored pile capacity = ¼ fcu * Ac

Where Ac = concrete section; and fcu = 20-30N/mm²,
For long piles or bored shaft consisting of sandy and water bearing strata,
lower fcu (max. 25/mm²) should be considered in the estimation of pile
capacity though higher fcu shall be specified. Settlement may be critical to
control allowable load for large diameter bored piles because settlement
may reach 0.3 – 1 % of pile size when shaft friction is fully mobilized.
e) To fully mobilize the end bearing, settlement may reach 10%-20% of pile
size depending on type/conditions of founding stratum, method of
construction & control to clean the pile base/toe.
f) Reinforcement shall be 0.5% to 1.0% for at least the top 6.0 m (minimum).
For bored piles installed in soft or loose strata, longer reinforcement up to
the base is required.
g) Temporary or sometimes permanent casing is needed for sandy water
bearing strata or very soft top strata. Bentonite suspension or polymer can
be used to stabilized bored shaft.
h) Bored piles in limestone areas need special design: overhung rock, pinnacle
or cavities need micro piles at pile base; may need permanent casing to
prevent necking. Capacity shall be downgraded by 15% - 35% to account
for several inherent uncertainty and risk.
i) For bored piles designed as end bearing piles socketed in rock, minimum
socket length to ensure high/full structural capacity shall be 1.0m or 1 pile
size into the rock with RQD exceeding 25% i.e. socket length > (1 m +
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thickness of highly weathered rock of RQD < 25%). Minimum socket

length shall be more if the subsoil has boulders (granite formation).
j) For dry bored holes, the specified grade of concrete for quality control
purpose should be 20 – 30 N/mm² & min. cement content shall be
300kg/m³.
k) For wet holes, the specified grade of concrete should be 25 – 30 N/mm² &
min. cement content shall be 400kg/m³.
l) The fcu considered for designing the maximum structural capacity should
not exceed 25N/mm².
m) Slump shall be 100 mm to 150 mm. High workability is to ensure concrete

can flow against the walls of bored shaft without compaction to avoid
segregation, honeycombing, bleeding and other defects. Plasticizer additive
is required to ensure W/C is about 0.50. Tremie pipe should be used even in
dry holes when concrete pouring height exceeds 2.0m. Retarder should be
added if concreting time exceeds 1 hour.
n) Works construction specification for bored piles is stipulated in KPKR
circular 6/1988 or JKR Standard Specification For Road Works.
o) Measures and precautions for bored piles installation:-

- Construction details with control/criteria to determine founding level
should be clearly specified on the drawing
- Loosening & softening of bored shaft & base should be avoided or
reduced. Drilling must be completed speedily say less than 3 hrs.
preferably. Concreting should be done immediately after cleaning the
hole & complete it within 1 hour.
- Waisting & necking could be prevented if concreting is done strictly
according to JKR specification especially when temporary casing and
tremie pipes are used. Records of concrete used per 0.5m depth and/or
sonic logging test shall be specified (1-20% of piles installed), if
waisting and necking is likely to occur.
20
- For bored piles designed to be socket in weathered fractured rock,

chiseling should be carefully controlled or chiseling is preferably
replaced by coring or reverse circulation method to avoid excessive
loosening and shatter of bedrock. It is very important to ensure the
socket is properly cleaned, as the full capacity may not be mobilized
before large settlement occur owing to the compression of any debris of
loose rock fragments, mud, etc., remaining in the base of the socket.
Method of socket construction & construction control should be clearly
specified on the drawing.
- Base grouting should be specified if high end bearing is required..
Continuous vertical core sampling is sometimes carried out to check
quality of concrete and to examine the tightness of the contact between
the base of piles and the bearing soil/rock layer.
p) Advantages and disadvantage of bored piles are as follows:-
The Advantages:
 No risk of ground heave
 Length can be readily varied i.e. no wastage in erratic hard strata
formation
 Soil can be inspection or tested (SPT) and compared with design data.
 Can be installed in very long lengths with very large diameters.
 Reinforcement is not dependent on handing or driving condition where
control is difficult.
 Can be installed without appreciable noise or vibration, and under
conditions of limited headroom .
The Disadvantage:
 Boring methods may loosen sandy or gravelly soils especially in water

bearing strata. Bentonite contamination is a common cause of low
quality bored piles.
21
 Susceptible to waisting or necking in squeezing ground and inadequate

support of wet concrete in very soft ground. In such conditions sonic
logging methods using 3 or 4 pipes should be adopted to scan the
potential defects.
 Difficulties with concreting under water. The concrete cannot
subsequently be inspected.
 An inflow of underground water may cause damage to the unset
concrete in the pile or may cause a disturbance to the surrounding
ground leading to reduced piles bearing capacity.
 High mobilization cost (due to involvement of expensive & large
plants).
 The last capacity is usually reduced by 30% to 50% or completely
ignored compared with driven displacement piles to account for the
larger settlement required to mobilize the ultimate end bearing capacity
especially when the loose and soft materials at the base cannot be
completely cleared, inspected and verified within reasonable &
practical means.
5.6 STEEL PILES
a) Usually in H – sections & cylindrical pipes. (200mm to 2000mm &

capacity of 40 tonnes to 1000 tonnes).
b) Penetration readily extended or varied (by welding); greater flexibility;
structurally (material) very superior and can stand very hard driving and
penetrating dense layers (main advantage of steel piles when compared
with concrete piles)
c) Compressive and tensile strength of steel pile are 250 N/mm² and 410
N/mm² respectively or more (Compressive and tensile strength of concrete
are only about 40 N/mm² and 4 N/mm² respectively for grade 40 concrete).
d) Toe can be strengthened or stiffened by welded-on-plates if very hard
driving is expected.
e) Usual steel grades used: Grade 43A steel (BS 4360), fy = 240 N/mm²,
Grade 50B steel (BS 4360), fy = 355 N/mm².
22
f) Max. allowable structured load = 30%fy x A, where fy = yield stress and A

= cross sectional area.
g) Corrosion needs to be considered in aggressive soil or marine conditions
(solved by epoxy coating, cathodic protection or by increasing the thickness
of pile).
Steel corrosion rate.

- In disturbed soil (pH = 2.3-8.6) < 0.01 mm/yr
- In undisturbed natural soil (>5ft): negligible
- Below sea bed = 0.01 to 0.02 mm/yr
- Immersed sea water = 0.10 mm/yr
- Splash zone = 0.15 mm/yr per surface
- In fresh water = 0.05 mm/yr
- Below river bed = negligible
- In atmosphere = 0.05 to 0.10 mm/yr
Maximum corrosion rate (BBC);

- 20mm /100yr industrial atmosphere
- 10mm/100yr normal atmosphere
- 3mm/100yr in normal soil
- 5mm/100yr in fresh water (pH=4-9)
- 25mm/100yr in splash zone
h) Standard sizes of steel piles and recommended capacity are in Appendix.
5.7 MICROPILES
a) Usually sizes 100mm, 150mm ,200mm, 300mm and 350mm diameter &
pile capacity of 200kN to 2000kN depending mainly on soil/rock
conditions and reinforcement. Max length can be up to 60m. For high
capacity long piles, elastic shortening is quite significant and bucking shall
be checked. Piles caps supported by piles of significant difference in
23
lengths may result in the shorter piles being overstressed (stress>fy). In

such case more piles have to be added to reduce working loads on piles.
b) Micropiles are low noise & little pollution pile system; suitable for under
pinning & in limestones or boulder abundant areas. Can be expensive
especially especially when permanent casing is required such as in
limestone areas with severe cavities (No casing at design bond length). Can
be designed to take compressive & tensile loads.
c) Reinforcement can be high tensile bars (or stiff cohesion soils or stable
bored shaft conditions only) or steel pipes. Structural capacity should have
a min factor of safety of 2.0.
d) Design structural capacity of micropiles Qd is the lower of:-
Qd = fy.As or Qd = 0.4 fcu.Ac + 0.75 fy.As (short column)

Where, fy = yield stress of API pipe, 552 N/mm² for Grade N80
As = area of API pipe
fcu = grade of grout
Ac = Grout area
e) For long and slender pile (slenderness ratio exceeding 120) or pile group
with significant difference in pile lengths, the max. allowable capacity is
controlled by elastic compression.
f) Micropiles capacity from bond between grout and rock depends almost
entirely on the strength of grout (fcu) and unconfined compression strength
of rock (q) as well as the quality of the contact area resulting from the
drilling, flushing and grouting processes.
Qa = Afb
Where, Qa = allowable load, kN

A = surface area of bond
24
fb = allowable bond strength

= 250-2000 kPa
= smaller of 0.05 fcu and 0.05 q;
Recommended fb for limestone bedrock:-
fb = 300 kPa for RQD<25%
= 600 kPa for RQD = 25-70%
= 1000 kPa for RQD>70%
fb recommended by BS 8081 for limestone is 0.26 to 1.18 N/mm².
g) Generally, working bond stress should be limited to about 0.6 N/mm²

unless detail rock socket conditions are known.
h) Micropiles are formed by rotary boring using temporary casing fitted with
cutting bits, augers, or tricone bits or down-the-hole percussive hammers in
rock or very hard materials. Flushing media can be air or water; but water is
preferred because it can be used for water tightness test to check cavities or
connecting channels in limestone bedrock and also less damaging in
cavities abundant bedrock.
i) After the design depth is drilled, the hole is flushed with clean water.
Cement grout (w/c = 0.45 to 0.5) with non-shrink mixture is then
immediately pumped to the bottom through tremie pipe or reinforcement
pipe. Water within the hole is displaced until clean grout oozes out.
Reinforcement bars if applicable are then carefully inserted and temporary
casing slowly withdrawn (usually). The grout level is checked and
maintained as the casing is withdrawn. This is to prevent necking and
collapse of the bored shaft. The performance of micropiles depends very
much on processes of drilling, flushing and grouting as well as the
verticality of the pile alignment. Load tests should be carried out after a
lapse of minimum 7 days and when grout strength has achieved the design
strength.
25
11.7.2017
6. BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
The bearing capacity of piles depends mainly on the type of soil though which
and /or which it rests, and on the method of installation. It also depends on the
piles material, pile perimeter or surface areas and length of the piles.
JKR Building specification the failure load of load of piles as that which cause
a settlement of 10% of the size or 38mm whichever is the less. Experience has
shown that if a safety factor of 2 to 3 is applied to the failure load the
settlement at working load is unlikely generally to exceed 12mm (0.5 in)
which is the normal tolerable settlement for R.C framed structures.
The ultimate load on a pile is the load that can cause failure on either the pile
or the soil ; but in most situations, the ultimate load (Qu) is determined by the
soil failure which means punching shear at veering (Qp) preceded by direct
shear failure along the shaft (Qs). The movement (settlement) required to
mobilized the max shaft resistance is in the order of 0.3 to 1% piles of size
(typically 5 to 10mm) while that for point resistance is 10 to 20% (Tomlinson
1987). Where appropriate, allowance may be made for the elastic (BS8004),
especially for high capacity slender piles socket in rock.
Bearing capacity of piles (unit shaft friction fs & unit point resistance of (q)
have been successfully predicted using the following empirical formula:
The ultimate bearing capacity of a pile shall be determined by one but

preferable two or more of the following:
i) Static formula based on adequate SI results

ii) Dynamic formula based test (JKR standard methods)
iii) Typical presumed bearing values of soils and rocks (BS 8004 Table 2).
Ultimate unit skin resistance fs and bearing of piles, of shall be estimated on

the following basis
:
24
11.7.2017
i) Lab or in situ test on undisturbed samples on soil and rock

ii) Pile test loading results
6.1 UNIT SHAFT RESISTANCE (fs)
fs = N/50 Tsf
= 2N kPa
< 100 kPa, for driven or bored piles in residual or cohesive soils.
N = Standard Peneteration Test (SPT)
fs =  Cu (Tomlinson, 1987), for driven piles in clay, Cu from vane shear

tests etc.
 = 1 for Cu  25 kPa
 = 0.5 to 1.0 for Cu = 25-75 kPa (firm to stiff)
 = 0.3 to 0.5 for Cu  75 kPa (stiff to hard)
fs = K tan  . v
< 100 kPa, for cohesionless soil
K = 1 for full displacement piles

= 0.8 for partial displacement piles
 = 15 very loose sand
= 20 loose sand
= 25 medium dense sand
= 30 dense or very dense sand
v = vertical effective stress adjacent to the pile
fs = 0.05 Ckd, for sand, Ckd = cone resistance

fs = 1/36 Ckd, for soft to stiff clay
Ckd = cone resistance from Static Dutch Cone Test
25
11.7.2017
6.2 UNIT POINT RESISTANCE (q)
q = KN (Tsf)
< 100 Tsf
N = SPT value
K = 2.0 for clay
= 2.5 for silt
= 4.0 for sand
= 1.0 for bored piles
q = Ckd (Tsf)
< 100 Tsf
Ckd = cone resistance
q = 9 Cu , for piles in clay

Cu = cohesion of clay
6.3 ESTIMATION OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
Negative friction or downdrag will whenever the adjacent soil settles more
than the piles.
i) When the relative displacement of pile and the soil greater than 5 to 10,
the unit negative friction.:
M= k Po (BB Broms)
Where, Po = effective overburden pressure.
k = 0.20 for n-c clay with PI > 50%
k = 0.30 for silt and n-c clay with PI > 50%
k = 0.35 for sand & gravel
k = 0.40 for rock fill
ii) To reduce negative skin friction , the following measures have been
used ;
a. Coating the piles with bitumen or other viscous coating
26
11.7.2017
b. Driving piles inside a casing with space between pile and casing
with drawn.
iii) When the rate of relative movement is small Bjerrum suggested that
the unit negative friction ,
fn = kPo
where k = 0.25 for very silty clay
k = 0.20 for low plasticity clays
k = 0.15 for clays of medium plasticity
k = 0.10 for highly plastic clays
iv) Negative friction or down drag load live load shall not be considered
together. (DL + NF or DL + LL) . The neutral plane where negative
friction (NF) changes to positive shaft resistance. If the pile settlement
under working conditions is sufficient to reduce the effect of negative
friction ,
Qa = (Qu –NF )/ FOS
6. 4 SETTLEMENT OF SINGLE PILES
The actual load-settlement characteristics of a single pile is a function of the

relative contribution of skin friction and end of the relative contributions of
skin friction and end bearing , the soil conditions and method of installation
.For normal load levels. (not too near or too far from failure load), the
settlement of piles can be estimated from the empirical formula given by
Vesic (1970, 1977)
S= b + QL
100 AE
Where, S = settlement of piles load
b = pile diameter
Q = applied load
A= average sectional area of pile
27
11.7.2017
L= total pile length

E= modulus of elasticity of pile material
6.5 LATERIAL CAPACITY OF PILES
When the lateral load or moment is imposed on pile, the pile will deflect until
the lateral reaction in the surrounding soil is mobilized.
The lateral capacity of piles are limited in 3 possible cases:
i) The pile material may fail due to excessive bending from lateral load
moment
ii) The pile head may deflect excessively and not acceptable to the
superstructure
iii) The surrounding soil may fail due to excessive deflection of pile as a
result of lateral load
6.6 PILE GROUP ANALYSIS
Pile installation operation can change adjacent soil properties and has
significant influence on pile response to load and load-settlement
characteristics. Methods of computing pile group capacity and settlement in
cohesive & cohesionless soils have been well presented by Tomlinson (1987)
and frequently used by JKR engineers to predict pile group capacity.
Settlement for big pile groups (more piles per group) consisting of pre
dominantly frictional piles must be checked for “Block Failure”.
Generally for small pile groups with pile spacing exceeding 2.5 pile size and
predominantly end bearing the ultimate load of pile group can be taken to be
equal to the sum of ultimate load of individual pile. Settlement of pile group
consisting of predominantly end bearing piles can be estimated by Skempton’s
method:-
28
11.7.2017
Settlement of pile group =  s

Where s = settlement of single pile from load test
 depends on ratio of group width B to pile size D.
B/D = 1 5 10 20 40 60
 = 1.0 3.5 5.0 7.5 10 12
For pile groups in cohessionless soil, empirical method by Vesic (1970) can be
used:-
Sg/Ss = (B/b)0.5
Where, B = width of pile group
b = pile size
7.0 LOAD TESTS
Due to many approximations and uncertainties in the analysis, full scale load
test up to 2 times of the design load to verify the actual pile response to load
especially actual settlement characteristics is a must for all JKR projects. The
elapsed time between diving or installation and testing should be minimum 7
days for end bearing piles and 28 days for frictional piles. As a rule of thumb,
the rule of at least one load test every 50 to 100 piles can be used as a guide in
normal consistent or familiar subsoil conditions. In erratic subsoil where
driving resistance or penetration varies considerably the number of piles tested
should be sufficient to represent the range of condition encountered.
For JKR Building projects, the maximum load test is twice the design load and
the pile so tested shall be deemed to have failed if:-
i) The residual settlement removal of the test load exceeds 6.35

mm (0.25‘)
ii) The total settlement under design load exceeds 12.5 mm ( 0.5”)
iii) The total settlement under twice the design load exceeds 10%
of pile size or 38.1 mm (1.5”) or exceed 0.25 mm per ton of test
load whichever is the lowest value.
29
11.7.2017
The above load test acceptance criteria must be evaluated carefully and the
following uncertainties in load test result shall be borne in mind:-
a) Single pile load test do not indicate group capacity. This must be
evaluated analytically or by experience.
b) Load test do not normally evaluate long term effects such as soil
relaxation, creep or negative fiction caused by subsiding soil.
Environmental effects on pile material are also not accounted for.
Other factors that may influence the interpretation of load test results are:-
a) Potential residual loads in the pile, which may influence the interpreted
distribution of load at the pile tip and pile shaft.
b) Potential loss of supporting test pile from such thing as excavation and
scouring.
c) Requirement that all conditions for non-tested working piles be
basically identical to those for test pile including such thing as subsoil
conditions, pile type, length, size and stiffness and pile installation
methods and equipment piling frame and hammer so that application or
extrapolation or extrapolation of the test results to such other piles is
valid.
Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) is useful to check the driving stress & structural
integrity; but can no way replace full scale load test in respect of checking
settlement characteristics. Though PDA (TNO or CAPWAP) and other sonic
tests are quick and cheap methods to scan for potential defects of piles in
general.
Ultimate pile load and structural conditions can also be evaluated using Chin
F.K’s Method.
Construction control for working piles shall be based on analysis of

preliminary load test results and driving records.
30
11.7.2017
When a load test fails, detailed investigation with particular reference to load-
settlement characteristics of test pile, installation records, loading procedure
and measurements, instrument calibration records, soil investigation results
and design parameters etc. shall be carried out to identify the cause of failure.
Capacity of working piles (if any) that have similar installation history to the
failed test pile should be reviewed and then the design and or construction
control amended accordingly. It is important to ascertain whether the failure is
due to structural or geotechnical factors. For geotechnical factors, the pile
capacity have to be downgraded or lengthened. For structural factors, the
review of piling system or construction control shall be carried out.
Notes on Maintained Load Test
The load shall be applied in increments of 25% of the working load, up to the
working load and appropriately smaller thereafter, until a maximum test load
of twice the working load is reached. Each increment of load shall be applied
as smoothly as expeditiously as possible. Settlement readings and time
observations shall betaken before and after each new load increment.
A time-settlement graph shall be plotted to indicate when the rate of settlement

of 0.05mm in 15 minutes is reached. A further increment of load shall be
applied when this rate of settlement is achieved or until a minimum time of 2
hours has elapsed, whichever is later. The process shall be repeated until the
maximum test load is reached.
The maximum test load shall then be maintained for a minimum of 24 hours,
and time-settlement readings shall be taken at regular intervals as for the
earlier load stages.
The test load shall then be decreased in four equal stages and time-settlement
readings shall be as described aforesaid until the movement ceases. At least 60
minutes shall be allowed between the unloading decrements.
31
11.7.2017
The contractor shall, within 24 hours of the completion of the test, submit to
the Engineer a complete record of each pile test, including,
i) A graph of load and movement plotted above and below a common

base line of time.
ii) A graph of movement and recovery plotted vertically below a

horizontal axis of load.
The pile so tested shall be deemed to have failed if:
i) The total settlement under twice the design load exceeds 38mm (1.5”)
or 10% of the pile size, whichever is the lower value; or
ii) The total settlement under the design load exceeds 12.5mm; or
iii) The permanent or residual settlement after removal of the test load
exceeds 6.5mm (0.25”).
32
L
O
A
D
LOAD-TIME
GRAPH
Pd 2Pd
TIME LOAD
LOAD-SETTLEMENT Sd
GRAPH
S
E
Smax
Smax T
T
L
E
M
E
N
T
33
PRESENTATION OF PILE LOADING TEST RESULTS
8.0 THE HILEY FORMULA
The Hiley formula takes into account energy losses occurring in the hammer
system, at the point of impact and due to compression of the head assembly
(dolley, helmet, packing), the pile and the surrounding ground. The energy
considerations are as follows:-
a) The energy at impact at impact from a weight W falling a distance H is KWH

where K ia a constant which takes into account frictional loss in the hammer
system.
b) The energy required to drive the pile a distance s against a driving resistance
R is Rs
c) The energy loss at impact between the hammer and the pile head assembly is
KWHP(1 – e2)
(W + P)
where, P is the weight of the pile and

e is the coefficient of restitution
d) The energy loss due to elastic compression cc, cp and cq in the pile head
assembly, pile, and ground, respectively, is ½ R(cc + cp + cq)
Thus, the energy equation is:-
KWH = KWHP(1 – e2) + Rs + ½ R(cc + cp + cq)

(W + P)
Rearranging gives the more usual form of the formula:-
R = WH where = k(W + e2 P)

s+½c (W + P)
34
and c = (cc + cp + cq)
The rebound of the pile and ground (cc + cp) can be measured by fixing a straight
edge, anchored to the ground by stakes, alongside the pile and moving a pencil
slowly along it during driving so that it marks a piece of card which is attached to
the pile. From the plot (Figure 1) the value of (cc + cp) can be directly measured.
Mampatan elastik (cp + cq)
Set (s)
Figure 1- Measurement of elastic rebound of a pile
Set (s) = 0
Figure 1.1- Measurement of set for pile driven to refusal during driving
Figure 1.2- Simple method for taking pile set on site
pile
Graph paper fixed to the
pile
pencil
Earth
surface
Timber
blok
35
Table 1 - Value of hammer coefficient K
Hammer K
Drop hammer, winch operated 0.8
Drop hammer, trigger release 1.0
Single-acting hammer 0.9
BSP double-acting hammer 1.0*
McKiernan-Terry diesel hammers 1.0**
* Instead of WH in Hiley formula use manufacturers rated energy per blow, at actual
speed of operation of hammer, the hammer speed must be checked when taking the final
set.
** For WH substitute manufacturer’s rated energy per blow, corresponding to the

stroke of the hammer at the final set.
Table 2 - Values of the coefficient of restitution, e.
Type of pile Head condition Single-acting or Double-

drop-hammer or acting
diesel hammer hammer
Reinforced Helmet with composite plastic or Greenheart 0.4 0.5
Concrete dolly, and packing on top of pile
Helmet with timber dolly (not Greenheart) 0.25 0.4
and packing on top of pile
Hammer directly on pile with pad only - 0.5
Steel Driving cap with composite plastic or 0.5 0.5
Greenheart dolly
Driving cap with timber (not Greenheart) 0.3 0.3
dolly
Hammer directly on pile - 0.5
Timber Hammer directly on pile 0.25 0.4
36
0.8
0.7
Efficiency 0.6
Of blow,
 0.5
e=0.5
0.4
e=0.25 e=0.4
0.3 e=0.3
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
P/W
Figure 2: Determination of efficiency factor, , for use in Hiley pile driving formula, after
BSP Pocket Book (1969)
10
9
8 A
7 B
Cc
(mm) 6
5
4 C
3
2
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Overall driving stress = Ru (MN/m2)
Overall pile area
Figure 3: Determination of temporary elastic compression Cc, after BSP Poket Book (1969)
Key, A= concrete pile, 75mm packing under helmet; B= concrete or steel pile,
helmet with dolly or head of timber pile; C= 25mm pad only on head of RC pile
37
25
20 Pile length = 25m 20m

Cp
(mm) 15 15m
10 10m
0 5 10 15
Actual driving stress = Ru (MN/m2)
Actual pile area
Figure 4: Determination of temporary elastic compression Cp, for concrete piles, after BSP
Poket Book (1969)
25
Pile length = 30m 25m
20
20m
Cp
(mm) 15 15m
10 10m
50 100 150 200

Actual pile area
Figure 5: Determination of temporary elastic compression Cp, for steel piles, after BSP
Poket Book (1969)
38
20
Pile length = 15m
Cp
(mm) 15 10m
10
5m
5
0 5 10 15
Actual pile area
Figure 6: Determination of temporary elastic compression Cp, for timber piles, after BSP
Poket Book (1969)
6
5
4
Cq
3
(mm)
2
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
Overall driving stress = Ru (MN/m2)
Overall pile area
Figure 7: Determination of temporary elastic compression Cq, after BSP Poket Book (1969)
39

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GUIDELINE FOR PILING

GUIDE LINE FOR PILING

BIL CONTENTS PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2-3

2.0 PILE DESIGN CRITERIA 3-4

3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES 4-7

4.0 PILE SELECTION CRITERIA 8

5.0 COMMON TYPES OF PILES 8-9

5.1 BAKAU PILES 10 - 11

5.2 TREATED TIMBER PILES 12 - 13

5.3 PRECAST R.C. PILES 13 - 16

5.4 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES 16 - 17

5.5 BORED PILES 17 - 21

5.6 STEEL PILES 21 - 22

5.7 MICRO PILES 22 - 24

6.0 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES 25 - 26

6.1 UNIT SHAFT RESISTANCE fs 26

6.2 UNIT POINT RESISTANCE q 27

6.3 ESTIMATION OF NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION 27 - 28

6.4 SETTLEMENT OF SINGLE PILES 28 - 29

6.5 LATERAL CAPACITY OF PILES 29

6.6 PILE GROUP ANALYSIS 29 - 30

7.0 LOAD TEST 30 - 33

8.0 THE HILEY FORMULA 34 - 39

Generally piles foundations are used to support structures when suitable

a. Classification and types of piles available, their general characteristics,

f. Sensitivity of pile performance prediction (capacity and settlement)

2. 0 PILE DESIGN CRITERIA

The general pile design criteria and considerations are as follows:

b. There must be an adequate factor of safety (FOS) against ultimate failure.

d. Control of the installation effects of the structures and its necessary

f. Other important design criteria that should be considered are

Classification of pile is a useful tool to estimate or generalize the potential

3.1 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO INSTALLATION

- Driven & cast in-place

Important installation issues are:

3.2 PILES CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO BEARING.

3.3 PILES CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MATERIALS

3.4 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS

3.5 PILE CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SHAPES

DISPLACEMENT PILES NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES

Bored piles (450mm – 1500mm Ø)

Concrete Tube Steel Tube

Closed ended tube concreted

Closed ended tube Open ended tube

Concrete Steel H-pile Bakau pile

Precast R.C. Pile Precast Prestressed Pile

FIG.1 – CLASSIFICATION OF PILES

4. 0 PILE SELECTION CRITERIA ( DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)

Suitable uses of various common types pf pile under various design

In built up or urban areas or locations adjacent to sensitive structures, non

5.0 COMMON TYPES OF PILES

A pile designer shall grasp sufficient fundamental knowledge about various

PRESTRESS CONC. PILES

PRECAST R.C. PILES

STEEL PIPE PILES

(D = Anticipated Depth Of Bearing) 12 – 24 m X X       

WEATHERED ROCK / SOFT ROCK X X       