Column 4

Ir. Muhamad Ryanto, MT.

Jurusan Teknik Sipil

Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi YPKP
1

A (250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500 Determine the adequacy of the interior
top floor column (column A) of the
300 X 500 300 X 500
3 @ 3.65 m

braced frame. The column is 250x250

250x250 with 8D22 bars (fy = 400 MPa and
fc’ = 20 MPa) and is to carry a service
axial compression of 360 kN live load
4 @ 7.30 m
and 120 kN dead load.
The bending moments that may act in combination with the axial load have been computed
and found to negligible. If the member is not adequate, revise the design so that it satisfies
the moment magnifier method of SNI.

SOLUTION

(a) Determine slenderness ratio

The clear length of column : Lu = 3650 - 500 = 3150 mm
If the rational evaluation of end restraint is not made and taking the effective length -
factor k = 1 for a braced frame, and radius of gyration may be taken as 0.3h,
2
 Column 4

then : kLu 1 (3150)

= = 42
r 0.3 (250)

(b) Slenderness ratio limits

Since the end moments are negligible, the minimum eccentricity provision govern the
design. Accordingly, the deformation should be considered as single curvature with
M1b/M2b = 1.0. The slenderness limit is :
kLu M1b
= 34 - 12 = 22 < 42
r M2b
limit

Thus slenderness effects must be considered.

(c) Moment Magnifier

Cm
δb = P
1- u
φ Pc

where : Cm = 1.0 for single-curvature member in braced frame

Pu = 1.2 (120) + 1.6 (360) = 720 kN
φ = 0.65 for this tied column (SNI 3.2.3.2))
3

For the stiffness parameter EI using :

Ec = 4700 √fc’ = 4700 √20 = 21019 MPa
8D22 tied : Ø10
Ig = 250 (250)3 / 12 = 325520833 mm4
Es = 2.105 MPa
Is = 6 (¼π 222) (64)2 = 9342142 mm4
1.2 (160)
βd = = 0.2 64 64
1.2 (160) + 1.6 (480)
0.2 EcIg + EsIs
EI = = 2.7.1012 Nmm2
1 + βd
π2 EI π2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k L ) 2 = [ 1 (3150)]2 = 2685607 N = 2686 kN
u
Cm
δb = 1.0
Pu = = 1.70
1 - φP 1 - 720 / [0.65 (2686)]
c

Required e = δb . emin = 1.70 (15 + 0.03h) = 1.70 [15 + 0.03(250)] = 38 mm

4
 Column 4

(d) Rational analysis for effective length factor k.

For the beam, the cracked section moment of inertia is recommended. An approximation
is Icr = Ig/2 = [(300) (500)3 / 12 ]/ 2 = 15625.105 mm4.
(EI) beam = Ec Icr = 21019 (15625.105) = 3.28.1013 Nmm2
(EI) column = 2.7.1012 Nmm2
End restraint factors,
Σ EI / L for cols 2.7.1012 / 3650
ψA (top) = = = 0.08
Σ EI / L for beams 2 (3.28.1013/ 7300)
12
2 (2.7.10 / 3650)
ψA (bottom) = = 0.16
2 (3.28.1013 / 7300)
From the alignment chart, k = 0.56
The more correct effective slenderness ratio is :
kLu 0.56 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 24 > 22 (the limit)
r
The magnification factor is also affected,
π2 EI π2 2.7.1012
Pc = (k L ) 2 = [ 0.56 (3150)]2 = 8564 kN
u
Cm
δb = = 1.0 = 1.15
P
1- u 1 - 720 / [0.65 (8564)]
φ Pc 5
Required e = δb . emin = 1.15 (15 + 0.03h) = 26 mm

(e) Check capacity.

The strength of the section may be checked by this following methods :
Required Pn = Pu / φ = 720 / 0.65 = 1108 kN
required e = 26 mm
Using P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV :
ρ = As / Ag = 8 (¼π 222) / (250)2 = 0.049
r = ρ / β = 0.049 / 0.8 = 0.06
Pu . e 720000 (26)
= 0.11 1.73
r=

x-axis = =
φ Ag 0.85 f’c h 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250)
0.06

Pu
y-axis = 1.73 =
φ Ag 0.85 f’c
Pu
= Pn = actual nominal strength at e = 26 mm = 1838 kN
φ
> 1108 kN 0.11
Note :
Even when e = 38 mm as obtained in (c), the nominal strength Pn is 1657 (> 1108 kN).
So this section is adequate as a braced frame column.

6
 Column 4

Note that the strength Pn may not be taken in design greater than 0.80 P0
according to SNI 3.3.3,

Pn (max) = 0.80 φ [ 0.85 f’c (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast ]

= 0.80 (0.65) [ 0.85 (20) ( 2502 - 8 . ¼π. 222) + 400 (8 . ¼π. 222)]
= 1158 kN < 1838 (actual Pn)

Thus, Pn = 1838 kN at e = 26 mm (point A) has a greater capacity than the

required factored load 720 kN.
For design purposes, this section must take Pn (max) = 1158 kN as the nominal strength.
Pu r=
φ Ag 0.85 f’c 0.0
6
1.73 A Must be used in design
Pn (max) = 1108 kN
6
e=2

Pu e
0.11
φ Ag 0.85 f’c h 7

A (250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500

300 X 500 300 X 500 Repeat Example 1 except consider

3 @ 3.65 m

250x250
the frame as unbraced.

4 @ 7.30 m

SOLUTION

In general, members in unbraced frames will have end moments on the members. One might
assume that this case was the result of gravity load analysis that happened to give negligible
column moment. In some cases where beams are unusually stiff, the behavior of the un-
braced frame is little different from that of the braced frame.

8
 Column 4

(a) Effective pin-end length.

From part (d) of Example 1, the end restraint factor are :
ψA (top) = 0.08 ψA (bottom) = 0.16
From the alignment chart (nomogram) , k = 1.25

(b) Compute magnification factor δs, for sidesway.

From part (c) of Example 1, EI = 2.7.1012 Nmm2 (for column).
π2 EI π2 2.7.1012
Pc = = = 1719 kN
(k Lu) 2 [ 1.25 (3150)]2
Assuming Pu/Pc is the same for all columns in the story, ΣPu/ΣPc = Pu/Pc,
Pu 720
= = 0.644
φPc 0.65 (1719)
Cm 1.0
δs = = = 2.81
1 - ΣPu/(φΣPc) 1 - 0.644

(c) Compute magnified factored moment Mc .

Mc = δb M2b + δs M2s
Assuming this is the gravity dead and live load case where the moment M2b = Mg and
is negligible; M2s may also be considered negligible, and design is nominally based on
minimum eccentricity emin. The magnified factored moment Mc is :

Mc = δs M2s = δs Pu emin
= 2.81 Pu (15 + 0.03 (250)) = 63.225 Pu Nmm

required e = Mc / Pu = 63.225

Using P-M Diagram of fig. 6.2.f - CUR IV :

ρ = As / Ag = 8 (¼π 222) / (250)2 = 0.049
r = ρ / β = 0.049 / 0.8 = 0.06

10
 Column 4

The ratio of value of x-axis to y-axis with e = 63.225 mm :

Pu . e Pu (63.225)
x-axis = φ A 0.85 f’ h = = 3.66.10 -7 Pu
g c 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) (250)
Pu Pu
y-axis = φ A 0.85 f’ = 0.65 (250)2 0.85 (20) = 1.45.10 -6 Pu
g c

→ x-axis = 0.253 y-axis,

y The strength φP n for the member with e = 63.225 is :

Pu r=
φ Ag 0.85 f’c 0.0 φ Pn
6
y-axis = 1.05 =
1.05 A φ Ag 0.85 f’c
1.0
→ φPn = 725 kN which exceeds the requirement of
3.225

Pu = 720 kN, and is acceptable

e=6

x
Pu e
0.253 φ Ag 0.85 f’c h

11

A 500 x 500 mm2 rectangular column

A
4.50

section is part of the first floor exterior

500x500 500x500
elements of the unbraced frame.
4.50

ln This column is to carry a service

A 350x600 350x600
axial compression of 600 kN live load
4.50

500x500 500x500
and 965 kN dead load.
B
B The bending moment due to gravity load
9.50 9,50 9.50 (M2b) = 95 kNm and dure to dynamic
load (M2s) = 395 kNm.

Assume that bending moment is linear from +M to -M/2 at the top and bottom
end of column respectively. The concrete strength is 35 Mpa and steel strength is 400 Mpa.
Determine the 4-side reinforcement of this column.

12
 Column 4

* The ultimate loads of column : Pu

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 . 965 + 1.6 . 660 = 2214 kN Mu = M2b + M2s
A
Mu = M2b + M2s = 95 + 395 = 490 kNm
ln
M2b 95
M1b = - = = - 47.5 kNm
2 2
B
* Length effect of column :
M1b + M1s
Ec = 4700 √fc’
= 4700 √35 = 27806 MPa
1 1
Ig = . b . h3 = . 5004 = 5.21 . 109 mm4
12 12
Ise = Ast . [ ½ . ( h - 2d’) ]2 → Static moment of reinforcement to center of mass.
= ρ . Agross [ ½ ( h - 2d’) ]2 → preliminary assumption ρ ≈ 4%
= 0.04 . 500 . 500 [ ½ ( 500 - 2 . 64 ) ]2
= 3.46 . 108 mm4

13

1.2 D 1.2 (965)

βd = = = 0.523
1.2D + 1.6L 1.2 (965) + 1.6 (660)
Es = 2 . 105 MPa
Ec . Ig/5 + Es . Ise (27806) (5.21 . 109)/ 5 + (2.105) (3.46.108)
EI(col)= =
1 + βd 1 + 0.523
= 6.446 . 1013 Nmm2

* Beam stiffness contribution :

Assume the beam reinforcement using :
compression bar As’ = 3 D 22 = 11.41 cm2 and tension bar As = 4 D 22 = 15.21 cm2 ;
concrete cover = 40 mm
64
As’ The position of center of mass of the beam reinforcement
x
(from top fibre of beam) :
x 15.21 . 53.6 + 11.41 . 6.4 = (11.41 + 15.21) . X
536
x = 33.4 cm = 334 mm
As

350x600
14
 Column 4

Beam section in cracking condition :

ACI recommends a simplified calculation of moment of inertia as :
Icr = ½ Igr = b h3 / 24 = (350) (600)3 / 24 = 3.15 . 109 mm4

EI(beam) = Ec . Icr = 27806 . 3.15 . 109 = 8.76 . 1013 Nmm2

Effective pin-end length :

Σ EI / ln (col) 2 ( 6.446 . 1013) / 4500 A
ψA = = = 3.1
Σ EI / ln (beam) 1 ( 8.76 . 1013) / 9500
ψB = 0 (fixed end)
B
From the nomogram 7.2c (CUR IV) for unbraced member : k = 1.38 thus :
k . Lu = 1.38 (4500) = 41.4 > 22
r (0.3) (500)
Then the slenderness effect may not be neglected.

15

* Magnification factor δb :
π2 EI π2 (6.446.1013 )
Pc = = = 16497 kN
(k . Lu) 2 [(1.38) (4500)]2
Cm = 1
Cm
δb = ≥ 1
1 - ( Pu / φPc)
1
= = 1.26
1 - ( 2214 / 0.65 . 16497)
* Magnification factor δs:
1
δb = ≥ 1
1 - ( ΣPu / φΣPc)
There are two exterior columns and two interior columns. The slenderness effect
and the critical load capacity φPc of each columns are :
For exterior columns : k = 1.38 (see previous page) and Pc = 16497 kN
For interior columns :
2 (6.446.1013 / 4500)
ψA (top) = = 1.55
2 (8.76.1013 / 9500) k = 1.22
ψB (bottom) = 0 (fixed end) 16
 Column 4

π2 EI π2 (6.446.1013 )
Pc = = = 21108 kN
(k . Lu) 2 [(1.22) (4500)]2
ΣPc = 2 (Pc exterior) + 2 (Pc interior) = 2 (16497) + 2 (21108) = 75210 kN

Σ Pu = 14040 kN (total factored compression load for four columns, calculated

from structural analysis)

Then the magnification factor δs is :

1
δs = ≥ 1
1 - (ΣPu / φΣPc)
1
= = 1.4
1 - [14040 / 0.65 (75210)]

* Design moment Mc :
Mc = δb . M2b + δs . M2s
= 1.26 . 95 + 1.4 . 395
= 672.7 kNm

17

Check with the minimum e :

Mc 672.7
e = Pu = 2214 = 0.304 m = 304 mm
e > emin (OK !!)
emin = (15 + 0.03 h) = (15 + 0.03 . 500) = 30 mm

* The reinforcement arrangement :

With Pu = 2214 kN dan Mc = 672.7 kNm and using nomogram 6.2.g - CUR IV :
d’/h = 64 / 500 = 0.128 ≈ 0.15
Pu 2214 . 103
y-axis = φ A . 0.85 . f ’ = = 0.46
gr c 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35
Mu 6 r = 0.036
672.7 . 10
x-axis = = = 0.28
φ Agr . 0.85 . fc’ . h 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35 . 500
ρ = r . β = 0.036 . 1.33 = 0.048
As = 0.048 (500)2 = 12000 mm2 → 16 D 32

60
500 16 D 32
Tied Ø 10

500 Concrete cover = 40 mm 18