Schaums Outline of English Grammar PDF

Electricity and New Energy
AC/DC Motors and Generators

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30329-)0
Order no.: 30329-10
Revision level: 12/2014
By the staff of Festo Didactic
© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2014

Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
e-mail: did@de.festo.com
Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89747-156-9 (Printed version)
ISBN 978-2-89747-157-6 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2014
Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2014
The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limited
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The right of use shall in all cases exclude the right to publish the copyright material or to make this
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Festo Didactic recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
holders.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade names may
be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or their products.
Festo Didactic disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.
Safety and Common Symbols
The following safety and common symbols may be used in this manual and on
the equipment:
Symbol Description
DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,

if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not

avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,

indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, may result in property damage.
Caution, risk of electric shock
Caution, hot surface
Caution, risk of danger
Caution, lifting hazard
Caution, hand entanglement hazard
Notice, non-ionizing radiation
Direct current
Alternating current
Both direct and alternating current
Three-phase alternating current
Earth (ground) terminal
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 III

Safety and Common Symbols
Symbol Description
Protective conductor terminal
Frame or chassis terminal
Equipotentiality
On (supply)
Off (supply)
Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or

reinforced insulation
In position of a bi-stable push control
Out position of a bi-stable push control
IV © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................. XI
About This Manual .............................................................................................. XIII
To the Instructor .................................................................................................. XV
Unit 1 Fundamentals for Rotating Machines ............................. 1

An introduction to rotating machines. Work, speed, torque,
and power. Operation of the prime mover/dynamometer
module. Motor losses and efficiency.
Ex. 1-1 Prime Mover and Brake Operation (Model

8960-2) ................................................................ 11
Familiarization with the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply operating in the prime
mover mode: measurement of the speed and the
opposition torque produced by the driven machine.
Familiarization with the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply operating in the brake
mode: measurement of the speed and output torque
of a drive motor with a brake and a dynamometer.
Ex. 1-2 Prime Mover and Brake Operation (Model

8960-1) ................................................................ 31
Familiarization with the Prime Mover/Dynamometer
operating in the prime mover mode: measurement
of the speed and the opposition torque produced by
the driven machine. Familiarization with the Prime
Mover/Dynamometer operating in the brake mode:
measurement of the speed and output torque of a
drive motor with a brake and a dynamometer.
Ex. 1-3 Motor Power, Losses, and Efficiency .............. 49

Determining the mechanical output power of a
motor from the speed and torque. Mechanical and
electrical losses in motors. Determining the
efficiency of a motor.
Unit 2 DC Motors and Generators ............................................ 67

The operating principles of direct current (DC) motors and
generators. The different types of dc motors and generators
and their particularities.
Ex. 2-1 The Separately-Excited DC Motor .................... 73

Operation of a separately-excited dc motor.
Simplified equivalent circuit of a DC motor.
Relationship between the no-load speed and the
armature voltage. Relationship between the motor
torque and the armature current. Armature
resistance. Speed-torque characteristic.
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 V

Table of Contents
Ex. 2-2 Separately-Excited, Series, Shunt, and

Compound DC Motors ...................................... 97
Effect of the field current on the speed-voltage and
torque-current characteristics of a separately-
excited dc motor. Description and operation of the
series, shunt, and compound dc motors. Comparing
the speed-torque characteristics of the separately-
excited, series, shunt, and compound dc motors.
Ex. 2-3 Separately-Excited, Shunt, and Compound

DC Generators ................................................. 125
Operation and characteristics of a separately-
excited dc generator. Effect of the field current on
the characteristics of a separately-excited
DC generator. Simplified equivalent circuit of a
DC generator. Operation and characteristics of self-
excited DC generators. Comparing the voltage-
current characteristics of the separately-excited,
shunt, cumulative-compound, and differential-
compound dc generators.
Unit 3 Special Characteristics of DC Motors ......................... 159

The behaviour of dc machines when the armature and field
currents exceed the nominal values. Operation of the
universal motor.
Ex. 3-1 Armature Reaction and Saturation Effect ..... 161

Armature reaction. Effect of the armature reaction
on the characteristics of DC machines. Armature
inductance. Use of permanent-magnets to reduce
armature reaction. Saturation. Effect of the
saturation on the characteristics of DC machines.
Ex. 3-2 The Universal Motor ........................................ 183

Direction of rotation versus the polarities of the
armature and field currents. DC and AC operation of
a universal motor. Improving AC operation by
adding a compensating winding that reduces the
armature inductance.
Unit 4 AC Induction Motors ..................................................... 209

The principles of electromagnetic induction. Rotating
magnetic field and synchronous speed. Demonstrating the
operation and characteristics of AC induction motors.
VI © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Table of Contents
Ex. 4-1 The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction

Motor................................................................. 211
Creating a rotating magnetic field in a three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor. Synchronous speed.
Description and operation of the three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor. Torque versus speed
characteristic. Reactive power required for creating
the rotating magnetic field.
Ex. 4-2 Eddy-Current Brake and Asynchronous

Generator ......................................................... 229
Description and operation of the eddy-current brake.
Operating a three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motor as an asynchronous generator.
Demonstrating that an asynchronous generator can
supply active power to the AC power network.
Demonstrating that asynchronous generator
operation requires reactive power.
Ex. 4-3 Effect of Voltage on the Characteristics of

Induction Motors ............................................. 249
Saturation in induction motors. Nominal voltage of a
squirrel-cage induction motor. Demonstrating the
effect of the motor voltage on the torque versus
speed characteristic of a squirrel-cage induction
motor.
Ex. 4-4 Single-Phase Induction Motors ...................... 265

Description and operation of a simplified single-
phase squirrel-cage induction motor. Torque-speed
characteristic of the simplified single-phase
induction motor. Adding an auxiliary winding (with or
without a capacitor) to improve the starting torque of
the simplified single-phase induction motor.
Unit 5 Synchronous Motors .................................................... 285

Description and operation of the three-phase synchronous
motor. Starting a synchronous motor. Speed of rotation
versus the AC power source frequency.
Ex. 5-1 The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor........... 287

Interesting features of the three-phase synchronous
motor. Effect of the field current on the reactive
power exchanged between a three-phase
synchronous motor and the ac power network.
Using a synchronous motor running without load as
a synchronous condenser.
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 VII

Table of Contents
Ex. 5-2 Synchronous Motor Pull-Out Torque ............ 299

Effect of the field current on the pull-out torque of a
three-phase synchronous motor.
Unit 6 Three-Phase Synchronous Generators (Alternators) 313

Principle of operation of synchronous generators. Description
and operation of the three-phase synchronous generator.
Three-phase synchronous generator characteristics.
Frequency and voltage regulation. Generator
synchronization.
Ex. 6-1 Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation 315

Relationship between the speed of rotation and the
voltage and frequency of a synchronous generator
operating without load. Relationship between the
field current and the voltage produced by a
synchronous generator operating without load.
Saturation in synchronous generators.
Ex. 6-2 Voltage Regulation Characteristics ............... 331

Simplified equivalent circuit of a synchronous
generator. Voltage regulation characteristics of a
synchronous generator for resistive, inductive, and
capacitive loads.
Ex. 6-3 Frequency and Voltage Regulation ............... 343

Effect of resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads on
the output voltage and frequency of a synchronous
generator. Adjusting the speed and field current of a
synchronous generator to regulate its frequency and
voltage when the load fluctuates.
Ex. 6-4 Generator Synchronization ............................ 353

Conditions to be respected before connecting a
synchronous generator to the AC power network or
another generator. Adjusting the torque applied to
the shaft of a synchronous generator to set the
amount of active power it delivers. Adjusting the
field current of a synchronous generator to set the
power factor to unity.
Appendix A Circuit Diagram Symbols ............................................. 367
Appendix B Impedance Table for the Load Modules ..................... 373
Appendix C Equipment Utilization Chart ......................................... 377
VIII © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Table of Contents
Appendix D New Terms and Words ................................................. 379
Index of New Terms ........................................................................................... 381

Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 383
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 IX

Preface
Computer-based teaching technologies are becoming more and more
widespread in the field of education, and the Data Acquisition and Control for
Electromechanical Systems (LVDAC-EMS), the Data Acquisition and
Management for Electromechanical Systems (LVDAM-EMS), and the Simulation
Software for Electromechanical Systems (LVSIM®-EMS) are witness to this new
approach.
The LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system is a complete set of measuring

instruments that runs on a Pentium-type personal computer under the Microsoft®
Windows® operating environment. Computer-based instruments (voltmeters,
ammeters, power meters, an oscilloscope, a phasor analyzer, and an harmonic
analyzer) provide instructors the opportunity to clearly demonstrate concepts
related to electric power technology that, until now, could only be presented
using traditional textbook methods and static drawings.
The LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system uses a customized data acquisition

module to interconnect modules of the Electromechanical System with the
personal computer. Dedicated software routes the measured values from the
data acquisition module to the computer-based instruments that provide all the
standard measurements associated with voltage, current, power, and other
electrical parameters. However, the system does much more: it provides built-in
capabilities for waveform observation and phasor analysis, data storage and
graphical representation, as well as programmable meter functions, thereby
allowing unimagined possibilities for presenting courseware material.
LVSIM®-EMS is a software that faithfully simulates the Electromechanical System

(EMS). Like the LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system, LVSIM®-EMS runs on a
PC-type computer under the Microsoft® Windows® operating environment.
LVSIM®-EMS recreates a three-dimensional classroom laboratory on a computer

screen. Using the mouse, students can install an EMS training system in this
virtual laboratory, make equipment setups, and perform exercises in the same
way as if actual EMS equipment were used. The EMS equipment that can be
installed in the virtual laboratory faithfully reproduces the actual EMS equipment
included in the Computer-Assisted 0.2-kW Electromechanical Training System
(Model 8006) in every detail. As for the actual EMS system, the operation and
behaviour of the circuits simulated with LVSIM®-EMS can be observed by
performing voltage, current, speed, and torque measurements, using the same
computer-based instruments as for the LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system.
The existing EMS courseware has been completely revised and adapted for the
LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system as well as LVSIM®-EMS, and the new
series is titled Electrical Power Technology Using Data Acquisition. Exercises
have been grouped in two separate manuals: manual 1, titled Power Circuits and
Transformers, and manual 2, titled AC/DC Motors and Generators.
Each exercise approaches the subject matter from a practical point of view, and
uses a hands-on approach to the study of electrical power technology. Students
are guided through step-by-step exercise procedures that confirm concepts and
theory presented in the exercise discussion. A conclusion and set of review
questions complete each exercise, and a 10-question unit test helps evaluate
knowledge gained in the courseware unit.
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 XI

Preface
Do you have suggestions or criticism regarding this manual?
If so, send us an e-mail at did@de.festo.com.

The authors and Festo Didactic look forward to your comments.
XII © Festo Didactic 30329-10

About This Manual
The 18 exercises in this manual, AC/DC Motors and Generators, provide a
foundation for further study of rotating machines.
This manual is divided into six units:
Unit 1 provides a basic review of concepts and theory of rotating machines,

torque, and speed, as well as highlighting specific details relating to power,
losses, and efficiency of electric motors. It also describes the operation of the
prime mover and brake used throughout the hands-on exercises. One
exercise in Unit 1 focuses on the implementation of the prime mover and
brake using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, Model 8960-2.
Another exercise in Unit 1 focuses on the implementation of the prime mover
and brake using the Prime Mover/Dynamometer, Model 8960-1. The student
performs either one of these two exercises, depending on whether he or she
is using Model 8960-2 or 8960-1.
Units 2 and 3 deal with the basic operation and characteristics of direct
current motors and generators, and explore some of the particularities of
dc machines.
Units 4, 5, and 6 define and explain the concepts related to alternating

current motors and generators. The operation of induction motors as well as
that of synchronous motors and generators (alternators) are covered.
The hands-on exercises in this manual can be performed using either the
Electromechanical System (EMS system) or the Electromechanical System using
®
Virtual Laboratory Equipment (LVSIM -EMS). When using the EMS system, you
should turn on the computer and start Windows® before each exercise. On the
other hand, when using LVSIM®-EMS, you should turn on the computer, start
Windows®, and start LVSIM®-EMS before each exercise.
The hands-on exercises guide students through circuit setup and operation, and
uses many of the measurement and observation capabilities of the virtual
instrumentation system. Much detailed information about rotating machine
parameters (voltages and currents, torque and speed, output power, and
efficiency, etc.) can be visualized with the computer-based instruments, and
students are encouraged to fully explore system capabilities.
Various symbols are used in many of the circuit diagrams given in the exercises.
Each symbol is a functional representation of a device used in Electrical Power
Technology. The use of these symbols greatly simplifies the circuit diagrams by
reducing the number of interconnections shown, and makes it easier to
understand circuit operation. Appendix A lists the symbols used, the name of the
device which each symbol represents, and a diagram showing the equipment
and connections required to obtain the device.
The exercises in this manual can be carried out with ac network voltages of
120 V, 220 V, and 240 V. The component values used in the different circuits
often depend on the ac line voltage. For this reason, components in the circuit
diagrams are identified where necessary with letters and subscripts. A table
accompanying the circuit diagram indicates the component value required for
each ac network voltage (120 V, 220 V, and 240 V).
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 XIII

About This Manual
Appendix A consists of diagrams showing the equipment and the connections

required to obtain the devices used in the exercises.
Appendix B provides a table giving the usual impedance values that can be
obtained with each of the 120-V, 220-V, and 240-V versions of the EMS load
modules.
Appendix C provides a chart outlining the exact equipment required for each
exercise.
Appendix D is a glossary of the new terms and words used in this manual.
Safety considerations
Safety symbols that may be used in this manual and on the equipment are listed
in the Safety Symbols table at the beginning of the manual.
Safety procedures related to the tasks that you will be asked to perform are
indicated in each exercise.
Make sure that you are wearing appropriate protective equipment when
performing the tasks. You should never perform a task if you have any reason to
think that a manipulation could be dangerous for you or your teammates.
XIV © Festo Didactic 30329-10

To the Instructor
You will find in this Instructor Guide all the elements included in the Student
Manual together with the answers to all questions, results of measurements,
graphs, explanations, suggestions, and, in some cases, instructions to help you
guide the students through their learning process. All the information that applies
to you is placed between markers and appears in red.
Accuracy of measurements
The numerical results of the hands-on exercises may differ from one student to
another. For this reason, the results and answers given in this manual should be
considered as a guide. Students who correctly performed the exercises should
expect to demonstrate the principles involved and make observations and
measurements similar to those given as answers.
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 XV

Samples Exercises
Extracted from
the Student Manual
and the Instructor Guide
Unit 4
AC Induction Motors
UNIT OBJECTIVE When you have completed this unit, you will be able to demonstrate and explain
the operation of ac induction motors using the Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
module and the Capacitor-Start Motor module.
DISCUSSION OF
FUNDAMENTALS As you saw in Unit 1, a voltage is induced between the ends of a wire loop when
the magnetic flux linking the loop varies as a function of time. If the ends of the
wire loop are short-circuited together, a current flows in the loop. Figure 4-1
shows a magnet that is displaced rapidly towards the right above a group of
conductors. The conductors are short-circuited at their extremities by bars A
and B and form a type of ladder.
Figure 4-1. Magnet moving above a conducting ladder.
Current flows in the loop formed by conductors 1 and 2, as well as in the loop
formed by conductors 2 and 3. These currents create magnetic fields with north
and south poles as shown in Figure 4-2.
Figure 4-2. Current in the conductors creates magnetic fields.
© Festo Didactic 30329-10 209

Unit 4 – AC Induction Motors Discussion of Fundamentals
The interaction between the magnetic field of the magnet and the magnetic fields
produced by the currents induced in the ladder creates a force between the
moving magnet and the electromagnet (the conducting ladder). This force causes
the ladder to be pulled along in the direction of the moving magnet. However, if
the ladder moves at the same speed as the magnet, there is no longer a variation
in the magnetic flux. Consequently, there is no induced voltage to cause current
flow in the wire loops, meaning that there is no longer a magnetic force acting on
the ladder. Therefore, the ladder must move at a speed which is lower than that
of the moving magnet for a magnetic force to pull the ladder in the direction of the
moving magnet. The greater the speed difference between the two, the greater
the variation in magnetic flux, and therefore, the greater the magnetic force
acting on the conducting ladder.
The rotor of an asynchronous induction motor is made by closing a ladder similar

to that shown in Figure 4-1 upon itself to form a type of squirrel cage as shown
in Figure 4-3. This is where the name squirrel-cage induction motor comes from.
Figure 4-3. Closing a ladder upon itself forms a squirrel cage.
To make it easier for the magnetic flux to circulate, the rotor of a squirrel-cage
induction motor is placed inside a laminated iron cylinder. The stator of the
induction motor acts as a rotating electromagnet. The rotating electromagnet
causes torque which pulls the rotor along in much the same manner as the
moving magnet in Figure 4-1 pulls the ladder.
210 © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Exercise 4-1
The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to demonstrate the
operating characteristics of a three-phase induction motor using the Four-Pole
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor module.
DISCUSSION One of the ways of creating a rotating electromagnet is to connect a three-phase

power source to a stator made of three electromagnets A, B, and C, that are
placed at 120° to one another as shown in Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-4. Three-phase stator windings.

Ex. 4-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Discussion
When sine-wave currents that are phase shifted of 120° to each other, like those
shown in Figure 4-5, are flowing in stator electromagnets A, B, and C, a magnetic
field that rotates very regularly is obtained.
Figure 4-5. Three-phase sine-wave currents flowing in the stator windings.
Figure 4-6 illustrates the magnetic field created by stator electromagnets A, B,

and C at instants numbered 1 to 6 in Figure 4-5. Notice that the magnetic lines of
force exit at the north pole of each electromagnet and enter at the south pole. As
can be seen, the magnetic field rotates clockwise.
The use of sine-wave currents produces a magnetic field that rotates regularly
and whose strength does not vary over time. The speed of the rotating magnetic
field is known as the synchronous speed (݊ௌ ) and is proportional to the frequency
of the ac power source. A rotating magnetic field can also be obtained using
other combinations of sine-wave currents that are phase-shifted with respect to
each other, but three-phase sine-wave currents are used more frequently.
When a squirrel-cage rotor is placed inside a rotating magnetic field, it is pulled

around in the same direction as the rotating field. Interchanging the power
connections to two of the stator windings (interchanging A with B for example)
interchanges two of the three currents and reverses the phase sequence. This
causes the rotating field to reverse direction. As a result, the direction of rotation
of the motor is also reversed.

Figure 4-6. Position of the rotating magnetic field at various instants. (From Electrical
Machines, Drives, and Power Systems by Theodore Wildi. Copyright © 1991, 1981 Sperika
Enterprises Ltd. © Published by Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.).
Referring to what has been said in the Discussion of Fundamentals of this unit,
one can easily deduce that the torque produced by a squirrel-cage induction
motor increases as the difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field
and the rotor increases. The difference in speed between the two is called slip. A
plot of the speed versus torque characteristic for a squirrel-cage induction motor
gives a curve similar to that shown in Figure 4-7. As can be seen, the motor
speed (rotor speed) is always lower than the synchronous speed ݊ௌ because slip
is necessary for the motor to develop torque. The synchronous speed for the
motors is 1800 r/min for 60 Hz power, and 1500 r/min for 50-Hz power.

Figure 4-7. Speed versus torque characteristic of a squirrel-cage induction motor.
The speed versus torque characteristic of the squirrel-cage induction motor is

very similar to that obtained previously for a separately-excited dc motor.
However, the currents induced in the squirrel-cage rotor must change direction
more and more rapidly as the slip increases. In other words, the frequency of the
currents induced in the rotor increases as the slip increases. Since the rotor is
made up of iron and coils of wire, it has an inductance that opposes rapid
changes in current. As a result, the currents induced in the rotor are no longer
directly proportional to the slip of the motor. This affects the speed versus torque
characteristic as shown in Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-8. The motor inductance affects the speed versus torque characteristic.
As the curve shows, the no-load speed is slightly less than the synchronous
speed ݊ௌ , but as the load torque increases, motor speed decreases. For the
nominal value of motor torque (full-load torque) corresponds a nominal operating
speed (full-load speed). Further increases in load torque lead to a point of
instability, called breakdown torque, after which both motor speed and output
torque decrease. The torque value at zero speed, called locked-rotor torque, is
often less than the breakdown torque. At start-up, and at low speed, motor
current is very high and the amount of power that is consumed is higher than
during normal operation.

Ex. 4-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Procedure
Another characteristic of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors is the fact

that they always draw reactive power from the ac power source. The reactive
power even exceeds the active power when the squirrel-cage induction motor
rotates without load. The reactive power is necessary to create the magnetic field
in the machine in the same way that an inductor needs reactive power to create
the magnetic field surrounding the inductor.
Procedure summary
In the first part of the exercise, you will set up the equipment in the Workstation,
connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-9, and make the appropriate
settings on the equipment.
In the second part of the exercise, you will apply the nominal line voltage to the
squirrel-cage induction motor, note the motor direction of rotation, and measure
the motor no-load speed. You will then increase the mechanical load applied to
the squirrel-cage induction motor by steps. For each step, you will record in the
Data Table various electrical and mechanical parameters related to the motor.
You will then use this data to plot various graphs and determine many of the
characteristics of the squirrel-cage induction motor.
In the third part of the exercise, you will interchange two of the leads that supply
power to the squirrel-cage induction motor and observe if this affects the
direction of rotation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix C to obtain the list of

equipment required for this exercise.
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make or modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
Setting up the equipment
1. Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation.
Mechanically couple the prime mover/dynamometer module to the Four-Pole

Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor.
2. On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off)
position, and the voltage control knob is turned fully counterclockwise.
Ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase power source.
a If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, Model 8960-2,

connect its POWER INPUT to a wall receptacle.

3. Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of the
computer.
Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V - AC

output of the Power Supply.
a If you are using the Prime Mover/Dynamometer, Model 8960-1, connect its LOW
POWER INPUT to the 24 V - AC output of the Power Supply.
On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position.

turn it on by setting its POWER INPUT switch to the I (on) position. Press and hold
the FUNCTION button 3 seconds to have uncorrected torque values on the display
of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The indication "NC" appears
next to the function name on the display to indicate that the torque values are
uncorrected.
4. Start the Data Acquisition software (LVDAC or LVDAM). Open setup

configuration file ACMOTOR1.DAI.
a If you are using LVSIM-EMS in LVVL, you must use the IMPORT option in the
File menu to open the configuration file.
In the Metering window, select layout 2. Make sure that the continuous
refresh mode is selected.
5. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-9. Squirrel-cage induction motor coupled to a brake.
6. Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply or the Prime

Mover/Dynamometer to operate as a brake, then set the brake torque control
to minimum (fully counterclockwise position). To do this, refer to Exercise 1-1
or Exercise 1-2 if necessary.
a If you are performing the exercise using LVSIM®-EMS, you can zoom in on the
Prime Mover/Dynamometer before setting the controls in order to see additional
front panels markings related to these controls.

Characteristics of a squirrel-cage induction motor
7. Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the line
voltage indicated by meter E line 1 is equal to the nominal line voltage of the
squirrel-cage induction motor.
a The rating of any of the machines is indicated in the lower left corner of the module
front panel.
What is the direction of rotation of the squirrel-cage induction motor?
The motor rotates clockwise.
Record in the following blank space the motor speed indicated by the Speed
meter in the Metering window.
݊ ൌ r/min
݊ ൌ ͳ͹͸ͺȀ
Is the no-load speed almost equal to the speed of the rotating magnetic field
(synchronous speed) given in the Discussion?
Yes No
Yes
8. In the Metering window, make sure that the torque correction function of the
Torque meter is enabled. The Torque meter indicates the output torque of
the squirrel-cage induction motor.
On the brake, adjust the torque control so that the mechanical power
developed by the squirrel-cage induction motor (indicated by meter Mech.
Power in the Metering window) is equal to 175 W (nominal motor output
power).
Record the nominal speed ݊ேைெǤ , torque ܶேைெǤ , and line current ‫ܫ‬ேைெǤ of the
squirrel-cage induction motor in the following blank spaces. These
parameters are indicated by meters Speed, Torque, and I line 1, respectively.
݊ேைெǤ ൌ r/min
ܶேைெǤ ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
‫ܫ‬ேைெǤ ൌ A

On the brake, set the torque control to minimum (fully

counterclockwise position). The torque indicated by the brake’s display
should be 0 N·m (0 lbf·in).
݊ேைெǤ ൌ ͳ͹ͳʹȀ
ܶேைெǤ ൌ ͲǤͻͺ ή ሺͺǤ͹ ή ሻ
‫ܫ‬ேைெǤ ൌ ͲǤͻ͹
9. Record the motor line voltage ‫ܧ‬௅ூோ , line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ , active power ܲ,
reactive power ܳ, output torque ܶ, and speed ݊ in the Data Table. These
parameters are indicated by meters E line 1, I line 1, Act. power,
React. power, Speed, and Torque, respectively.
On the brake, carefully adjust the torque control so that the torque indicated
by the Torque meter increases by 0.3 N·m (3.0 lbf·in) increments up to about
2.1 N·m (19 lbf·in). For each torque setting, record the data in the Data
Table.
On the brake, continue to adjust the torque control so that the torque
indicated by the Torque meter increases by 0.1 N·m (1.0 lbf·in) increments,
until the motor speed starts to decrease fairly rapidly (breakdown torque
region). For each torque setting, record the data in the Data Table.
Once the motor speed has stabilized, record the data in the Data Table.
a The nominal line current of the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor may be
exceeded while performing this manipulation. It is, therefore, suggested to
complete the manipulation within a time interval of 5 minutes or less.
10. When all data has been recorded, set the torque control knob on the brake to
minimum (fully counterclockwise), turn the voltage control knob fully
counterclockwise, and turn the Power Supply off.
In the Data Table window, confirm that the data has been stored, entitle the
Data Table as DT411, and print the Data Table.
a Refer to the user guide dealing with the computer-based instruments for EMS to
know how to edit, entitle, and print a Data Table.

The results obtained are presented below. When the motor torque ܶ is
measured in Nām:
Motor line voltage, line current, active power, reactive power, torque, and speed (DT411).
Reactive
Line Line Active
power Torque Speed
voltage current power
(React. (ࢀ) (࢔)
(E line 1) (I line 1) (Act. power)
power) N·m r/min
V A W
var
208.0 0.751 111 244 0.33 1768

207.6 0.843 168 244 0.63 1745
207.1 0.954 235 247 0.94 1716
206.7 1.106 303 252 1.23 1684
206.0 1.293 379 264 1.53 1645
205.4 1.519 463 279 1.83 1597
204.5 1.803 568 310 2.13 1498
204.5 2.018 598 317 2.22 1468
204.0 2.095 673 329 2.33 1421
203.6 2.292 718 346 2.42 1368
203.3 2.510 793 382 2.52 1275
200.6 3.921 1182 671 1.94 172

When the motor torque ܶ is measured in lbfāin:

Motor line voltage, line current, active power, reactive power, torque, and speed (DT411).
Reactive
Line Line Active
power Torque Speed
voltage current power
(React. (ࢀ) (࢔)
(E line 1) (I line 1) (Act. power)
power) lbf·in r/min
V A W
var
208.0 0.761 117 237 2.9 1771

207.3 0.860 184 239 5.9 1743
206.8 1.007 257 240 8.9 1714
206.2 1.186 337 259 11.9 1676
205.6 1.413 423 275 14.8 1632
205.2 1.691 522 298 17.9 1577
203.8 1.856 568 313 18.9 1543
204.7 2.012 593 327 19.8 1517
204.4 2.092 657 344 20.8 1483
204.0 2.273 707 364 21.8 1431
204.2 2.467 778 392 22.7 1359
204.2 2.772 863 424 23.6 1269
201.3 4.158 1240 733 17.9 180
Does the motor line current indicated in column I line 1 increase as the
mechanical load applied to the squirrel-cage induction motor increases?
Yes No
Yes
11. In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain a graph of the
motor speed (obtained from the Speed meter) as a function of the motor
torque (obtained from the Torque meter). Entitle the graph as G411, name
the x-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-motor torque, name the y-axis as
Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed, and print the graph.
know how to use the Graph window of the Metering application to obtain a graph,
entitle a graph, name the axes of a graph, and print a graph.

The resulting graph is shown below. When the motor torque ܶ is expressed
in N·m:
2000
1800
Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed (r/min)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Squirrel-cage induction-motor torque (N·m)
Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed versus torque (G411).
When the motor torque ܶ is expressed in lbf·in:

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0
Squirrel-cage induction-motor torque (lbf·in)
Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed versus torque (G411).

Briefly describe how the speed varies as the mechanical load applied to the
squirrel-cage induction motor increases, i.e., as the motor torque increases.
The speed decreases when the mechanical load applied to the squirrel-cage
induction motor increases.
12. Indicate on graph G411 the nominal speed and torque of the squirrel-cage
induction motor measured previously.
Determine the breakdown torque of the squirrel-cage induction motor using

graph G411.
ܶ஻ோா஺௄஽ைௐே ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
ܶ஻ோா஺௄஽ைௐே ൌ ʹǤͷʹ ή ሺʹ͵Ǥ͸ ή ሻ
Determine the minimum-speed torque using graph G411. This torque is a

good approximation of the locked-rotor torque of the squirrel-cage induction
motor.
ܶ௅ை஼௄ா஽ோை்ைோ ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
ܶ௅ை஼௄ா஽ோை்ைோ ൌ ͳǤͻͶ ή ሺͳ͹Ǥͻ ή ሻ
Compare the breakdown torque and locked-rotor torque with the nominal
torque of the squirrel-cage induction motor.
The breakdown and locked-rotor torques of the squirrel-cage induction motor

are approximately 2.5 and 2 times the nominal torque, respectively.

motor active (ܲ) and reactive (ܳ) power (obtained from meters Act. power
and React. power, respectively) as a function of the motor speed (obtained
from the Speed meter) using the data recorded previously in the Data
Table (DT411). Entitle the graph as G411-1, name the x-axis as Squirrel-
cage induction-motor speed, name the y-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-
motor active power and reactive power, and print the graph.
The resulting graph is shown below.
Squirrel-cage induction-motor active power (W) and reactive power (var)

1600
1400
1200
Active
power
1000
800
Reactive
power
600
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Squirrel-cage induction-motor active and reactive power versus speed (G411-1).
Does graph G411-1 confirm that the squirrel-cage induction motor always
draws reactive power from the ac power source?
Yes No
Yes
Does graph G411-1 confirm that the squirrel-cage induction motor draws
more electrical power from the ac power source as it drives an heavier load?
Yes No
Yes

Observe that when the squirrel-cage induction motor rotates without load, the
reactive power exceeds the active power. What does this reveal?
This indicates that a squirrel-cage induction motor without load is similar to a

reactive load (an inductor).
motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ (obtained from meter I line 1) as a function of the
motor speed (obtained from the Speed meter) using the data recorded
previously in the Data Table (DT411). Entitle the graph as G411-2, name the
x-axis as Squirrel-cage induction-motor speed, name the y-axis as
Squirrel-cage induction-motor line current, and print the graph.
4.5
4.0
Squirrel-cage induction-motor line current (A)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
Squirrel-cage induction-motor line current versus speed (G411-2).
How does the line current vary as the motor speed decreases?
The line current increases when the motor speed decreases.

15. Indicate on graph G411-2 the nominal line current of the squirrel-cage
induction motor measured previously.
By how many times is the starting line current greater than the nominal line
current? (Use the line current measured at minimum speed as the starting
current.)
The starting line current is approximately four times greater than the nominal
current.
Direction of rotation
16. On the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, interchange any two of the
three leads connected to the stator windings.
Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the line
voltage indicated by meter E line 1 is approximately equal to the nominal line
voltage of the squirrel-cage induction motor.
What is the direction of rotation of the squirrel-cage induction motor?
The motor rotates counterclockwise.
Does the squirrel-cage induction motor rotate opposite to the direction noted
previously in this exercise?
Yes No
Yes
17. On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the O (off) position.

turn it off by setting its POWER INPUT switch to the O (off) position.
Remove all leads and cables.

Ex. 4-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Conclusion
CONCLUSION In this exercise, you observed that when the nominal line voltage is applied to the
stator windings of a squirrel-cage induction motor without mechanical load, the
rotor turns at approximately the same speed as the rotating magnetic field
(synchronous speed). You saw that interchanging any two of the three leads
supplying power to the stator windings reverses the phase sequence, and
thereby, causes the motor to rotate in the opposite direction. You observed that
the motor line currents increase as the mechanical load increases, thus showing
that the squirrel-cage induction motor requires more electric power to drive
heavier loads. You plotted a graph of speed versus torque and used it to
determine the nominal, breakdown, and locked-rotor torques of the squirrel-cage
induction motor. You also plotted a graph of the motor reactive power versus
speed and observed that the squirrel-cage induction motor draws reactive power
from the ac power source to create its magnetic field. Finally, you plotted a graph
of the motor line current versus speed and observed that the starting current is
many times greater than the nominal line current.
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The speed of the rotating magnetic field created by three-phase power is
called
a. no-load speed.
b. synchronous speed.
c. slip speed.
d. nominal speed.
2. The difference between the synchronous speed and the rotation speed of a
squirrel-cage induction motor is
a. known as slip.
b. always greater than 10%.
c. known as slip torque.
d. always less than 1%.
3. Reactive power is consumed by a squirrel-cage induction motor because
a. it uses three-phase power.

b. it does not require active power.
c. it requires reactive power to create the rotating magnetic
field.
d. it has a squirrel-cage.

Ex. 4-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Review Questions
4. Does the speed of a squirrel-cage induction motor increase or decrease

when the motor load increases?
a. It increases.
b. It decreases.
c. It stays the same because speed is independent of motor
load.
d. The speed oscillates around the original value.
5. What happens when two of the three leads supplying power to a squirrel-
cage induction motor are reversed?
a. The motor does not start.

b. Nothing.
c. The motor reverses its direction of rotation.
d. The motor consumes more reactive power.

Unit 5
Synchronous Motors
UNIT OBJECTIVE After completing this unit, you will be able to demonstrate and explain the
operating characteristics of synchronous motors using the Synchronous
Motor/Generator module.
DISCUSSION OF
FUNDAMENTALS The principles of operation of the three-phase synchronous motor are very
similar to those of the three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor. The stator is
usually built in the same way (refer to Figure 4-4), and it creates a rotating
magnetic field the same as illustrated in Figure 4-6. The rotor of the synchronous
motor, however, is not a squirrel-cage construction, but rather a permanent
magnet or an electromagnet installed on the motor shaft, as shown in Figure 5-1.
This rotor is pulled along by the rotating magnetic field exactly as shown in
Unit 1.
Figure 5-1. Rotor of a synchronous motor.

Unit 5 – Synchronous Motors Discussion of Fundamentals
There is, however, a problem when starting a synchronous motor. When three-
phase ac power is applied to the stator windings, a rotating magnetic field at
synchronous speed ݊ௌ is immediately created. Since the rotor is at rest, it cannot
catch up to the rotating magnetic field and the resulting torque acting on the rotor
is fairly weak.
One way to aid in starting a synchronous motor having a rotor of the

electromagnet type is to add a squirrel-cage to the rotor. During start-up, power
is removed from the rotor electromagnet and three-phase ac power is applied to
the stator windings. A rotating magnetic field is created, currents are induced in
the squirrel cage, and the motor starts to rotate like a conventional three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor. When the motor speed stabilizes, dc power is
applied to the electromagnet and the rotor locks to the rotating magnetic field and
turns at exactly the synchronous speed ݊ௌ .
A synchronous motor with a permanent-magnet rotor cannot be started this way

because the permanent magnet cannot be turned off. In this case, a variable-
frequency ac source is used to supply power to the stator windings of the
permanent-magnet synchronous motor. The frequency of the ac source is first
set to a low value. This creates a stator magnetic field that rotates at a low
speed, and thereby, allows the rotor to catch up to this field. The frequency of the
ac source is then increased gradually to increase the speed to the desired value.

Exercise 5-1
The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will you will be able to demonstrate
how to start a synchronous motor as well as some characteristics of a
synchronous motor using the Synchronous Motor/Generator module.
DISCUSSION The most interesting features of the three-phase synchronous motor are its ability
to operate at exactly the same speed as the rotating magnetic field, the capability
of running at unity power factor, and to be able to supply reactive power to an
ac power source. As seen in Unit 4, an asynchronous motor always consumes
reactive power, whether it operates as a motor or a generator. This is because
the squirrel-cage induction motor requires reactive power to produce the rotating
magnetic field. In the case of the three-phase synchronous motor, the rotating
magnetic field is the sum of the magnetic fields produced by the stator and the
rotor. If the rotor field is weak, the stator must contribute almost all the reactive
power for the rotating magnetic field. The motor thus consumes reactive power
like an inductor or an asynchronous motor. However, if the rotor field is strong,
the stator acts to decrease the resulting field, and the motor thus supplies
reactive power like a capacitor.
A graph of the reactive power ܳ versus the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ (current in the rotor
electromagnet) of a three-phase synchronous motor operating without load is
shown in Figure 5-2. When the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ is minimum, the magnetic field
produced by the rotor is weak and the motor consumes a maximum of reactive
power (ܳ is positive). The reactive power that is consumed decreases to zero as
current ‫ܫ‬௙ increases because the strength of the magnetic field produced by the
rotor increases. When current ‫ܫ‬௙ exceeds a certain value that depends on the
characteristics of the motor, the rotor magnetic field is so strong that the motor
starts to supply reactive power, i.e., ܳ becomes negative as illustrated in
Figure 5-2.
The graph of the reactive power ܳ versus the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ shows that a three-
phase synchronous motor without load behaves like a three-phase reactive load
whose nature (inductive or capacitive) and value depend on the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ .
Therefore, three-phase synchronous motors without load are also known as
synchronous condensers when used to control the power factor on three-phase
power networks.

Ex. 5-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Discussion
Figure 5-2. Reactive power ࡽ versus field current ࡵࢌ for a three-phase synchronous motor
operating without load.
The graph of the line current ‫ܫ‬௅ versus the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ for a three-phase
synchronous motor is a "V" type curve like that shown in Figure 5-3. This graph
shows that the line current to the motor can be minimized by setting the field
current ‫ܫ‬௙ to the appropriate value. The field current required to minimize the line
current is the same as that required to decrease the reactive power to zero.
Therefore, the motor reactive power is zero when the line current is minimum.
Figure 5-3. Line current ࡵࡸ versus field current ࡵࢌ for a three-phase synchronous motor
operating without load.
The most inconvenient aspect of a three-phase synchronous motor is that it does

not start easily, as is explained earlier in this unit.
Procedure summary
In the first part of the exercise, you will set up the equipment in the Workstation,
connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-4, and make the appropriate
settings on the equipment.

Ex. 5-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Procedure
In the second part of the exercise, you will see how to start a three-phase
synchronous motor with a rotor of the electromagnet type. You will also vary the
field current to see if this affects the motor speed and line current.
In the third part of the exercise, you will vary the field current by steps. For each
step, you will record in the Data Table various electrical parameters related to the
three-phase synchronous motor. You will then use this data to plot various
graphs and determine many of the characteristics of the three-phase
synchronous motor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix C to obtain the list of

equipment required for this exercise.
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make or modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
Setting up the equipment
1. Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation.
Mechanically couple the prime mover/dynamometer module to the

Synchronous Motor/Generator.
2. On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off)
position, and the voltage control knob is turned fully counterclockwise.
Ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase power source.

connect its POWER INPUT to a wall receptacle.
3. Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of the
computer.
Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V - AC

output of the Power Supply.
a If you are using the Prime Mover/Dynamometer, Model 8960-1, connect its LOW
POWER INPUT to the 24 V - AC output of the Power Supply.
On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position.

turn it on by setting its POWER INPUT switch to the I (on) position. Press and hold
the FUNCTION button 3 seconds to have uncorrected torque values on the display
of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The indication "NC" appears
next to the function name on the display to indicate that the torque values are
uncorrected.

4. Start the Data Acquisition software (LVDAC or LVDAM). Open setup

configuration file ACMOTOR1.DAI.
In the Metering window, select layout 2. Make sure that the continuous
refresh mode is selected.
5. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5-4. Connect the three resistor
sections on the Resistive Load module in parallel to implement resistor ܴଵ .
Local ac power network

ࡾ૚
Voltage Frequency
(π)
(V) (Hz)
120 60 57
220 50 210
220 60 210
240 50 229
Figure 5-4. Synchronous motor coupled to a brake.
6. Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply or the Prime

Mover/Dynamometer to operate as a brake, then set the brake torque control
to maximum (fully clockwise position). To do this, refer to Exercise 1-1 or
Exercise 1-2 if necessary.
a If you are performing the exercise using LVSIM®-EMS, you can zoom in the Prime
Mover/Dynamometer module before setting the controls in order to see additional
front panel markings related to these controls.

Starting a three-phase synchronous motor
7. In the Metering window, make sure that the torque correction function of the
Torque meter is enabled.
On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER switch to the

I (closed) position and turn the EXCITER knob fully clockwise.
Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the line
voltage indicated by meter E line 1 is equal to the nominal line voltage of the
synchronous motor.
a The rating of any of the machines is indicated in the lower left corner of the module
front panel.
Record the starting torque ܶௌ்஺ோ் of the synchronous motor (indicated by the
Torque meter in the Metering window).
ܶௌ்஺ோ் ൌ ή ሺ ή ሻሺሻ
ܶௌ்஺ோ் ൌ ͳǤʹʹ ή ሺͳͲǤͺ ή ሻሺሻ
8. On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER switch to the

O (open) position.
Record the starting torque ܶௌ்஺ோ் of the synchronous motor in the following
blank space.
ܶௌ்஺ோ் ൌ ή ሺ ή ሻሺሻ
ܶௌ்஺ோ் ൌ ʹǤͶͷ ή ሺʹͳǤ͹ ή ሻሺሻ
Compare the starting torque obtained when the rotor electromagnet is turned
off to that obtained when the rotor electromagnet is turned on.
The starting torque obtained when the rotor electromagnet is turned off is
higher than that obtained when it is turned on.
From the results obtained so far, would you conclude that it is desirable to
turn the rotor electromagnet off before starting the synchronous motor?
Briefly explain.
Yes, because when the rotor electromagnet is turned off, the starting torque
is high.

9. On the brake, slowly set the torque control to minimum (fully

counterclockwise), wait until the synchronous motor speed stabilizes, and
record the motor speed ݊ (indicated by the Speed meter) in the following
blank space.
݊ ൌ Ȁ
݊ ൌ ͳ͹ͶͺȀ
On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER knob to the mid

position then set the EXCITER switch to the I (closed) position.
Does the motor speed ݊ change?
Yes No
Yes
Record the motor speed ݊ in the following blank space.
݊ ൌ Ȁ
݊ ൌ ͳͺͲͲȀ
Is the motor speed now approximately equal to the nominal speed of the
Synchronous Motor/Generator (synchronous speed ݊ௌ )?
Yes No
Yes
10. On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, slowly vary the setting of the

EXCITER knob between the MIN. and MAX. positions to vary the field
current ‫ܫ‬௙ [indicated by meter I field (‫ܫ‬௙ )]. While doing this, observe the motor
speed ݊ and the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ indicated by the Speed meter and
meter I line 1, respectively.
Does varying the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ vary the motor speed ݊?
Yes No
No

Does the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ vary when the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ is varied?
Yes No
Yes
On the Synchronous Motor/Generator, set the EXCITER knob to the

MIN. position.
Characteristics of a three-phase synchronous motor
11. Change the value of resistor ܴଵ and vary the setting of the EXCITER knob on
the Synchronous Motor/Generator so that the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ [indicated by
meter I field (‫ܫ‬௙ )] passes from the minimum current to the maximum current
indicated in Table 5-1, in ten steps that are spaced as equally as possible.
Note that it may be necessary to short circuit resistor ܴଵ to increase the field
current to the maximum value indicated in the table. For each current setting,
record the motor line voltage ‫ܧ‬௅ூோ , line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ , field current ‫ܫ‬௙ , active
power ܲ, and reactive power ܳ in the Data Table. These parameters are
indicated by meters E line 1, I line 1, I field (‫ܫ‬௙ ), Act. power, and
React. power, respectively.
Table 5-1. Range of field current.
Local ac power network

ࡵࢌ
Voltage Frequency (mA)
(V) (Hz)
120 60 300 to 900

220 50 100 to 500
220 60 100 to 500
240 50 100 to 500
12. When all data has been recorded, turn the voltage control knob fully
counterclockwise, and turn the Power Supply off.
In the Data Table window, confirm that the data has been stored, entitle the
Data Table as DT511, and print the Data Table.
know how to edit, entitle, and print a Data Table.

The results obtained are presented below.
Synchronous motor line voltage, line current, field current, active power, and reactive
power (DT511).
Field
Line voltage Line current Active Reactive
current
(E line 1) (I line 1) power power
[I field (ࡵࢌ )]
V A (W) (var)
A
208.4 0.461 0.300 94.3 145
207.5 0.351 0.367 91.3 101
208.5 0.276 0.434 88.0 63.7
208.4 0.224 0.500 87.6 25.7
208.5 0.215 0.566 87.4 -8.9
208.3 0.254 0.632 89.3 -44.7
208.0 0.324 0.700 90.4 -84.2
208.2 0.396 0.765 94.5 -116
208.2 0.472 0.832 95.4 -148
208.7 0.547 0.899 101 -179
motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ (obtained from meter I line 1) as a function of the field
current ‫ܫ‬௙ [obtained from meter I field (‫ܫ‬௙ )]. Entitle the graph as G511, name
the x-axis as Synchronous motor field current, name the y-axis as
Synchronous motor line current, and print the graph.
know how to use the Graph window of the Metering application to obtain a graph,
entitle a graph, name the axes of a graph, and print a graph.

0.6
Synchronous motor line current (A)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Synchronous motor field current (A)
Synchronous motor line current versus field current (G511).
Approximate the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ that minimizes the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ
using graph G511. Record your result in the following blank space.
‫ܫ‬௙ ൌ ሺሻ
‫ܫ‬௙ ൌ ͲǤͷ͸ሺሻ

motor active power ܲ and reactive power ܳ (obtained from meters Act. power
and React. power, respectively) as a function of the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ [obtained
from meter I field (‫ܫ‬௙ )], using the data recorded previously in the Data Table.
Entitle the graph as G511-1, name the x-axis as Synchronous motor field
current, name the y-axis as Synchronous motor active power and reactive
power, and print the graph.
200
Synchronous motor active power (W) and reactive power (var)
150
Active
power
100
50
Reactive
power
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Synchronous motor field current (A)
Synchronous motor active and reactive power versus field current (G511-1).
Does varying the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ vary the active power consumed by the
synchronous motor significantly?
Yes No
No
How does the motor reactive power ܳ vary when the field current ‫ܫ‬௙
increases?
When the field current increases, the motor reactive power decreases
linearly to zero, changes polarity, and increases linearly.

Ex. 5-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Conclusion
Could a synchronous motor operating without load be used to improve the

power factor of a three-phase power network? Briefly explain.
Yes, because the synchronous motor acts as either an inductor or a

capacitor depending on the value of field current.
15. Determine the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ for which the reactive power ܳ is zero using
graph G511-1. Record your result in the following blank space.
‫ܫ‬௙ ൌ ሺሻ
‫ܫ‬௙ ൌ ͲǤͷ͸ሺሻ
Compare the field current that sets the reactive power ܳ to zero with the field
current that minimizes the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ .
The field current that sets the reactive power ܳ to zero equals the field
current that minimizes the motor line current.
From the results obtained so far, can you conclude that the motor line current
is minimum when the reactive power is zero?
Yes No
Yes
16. On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the O (off) position.

turn it off by setting its POWER INPUT switch to the O (off) position.
Remove all leads and cables.
CONCLUSION In this exercise, you saw that the rotor electromagnet must be turned off when
starting a synchronous motor, to obtain a higher torque. You observed that once
a synchronous motor rotates at a fairly high speed, the rotor electromagnet can
be turned on to make the motor turn at the synchronous speed ݊ௌ . You found
that varying the field current ‫ܫ‬௙ of a synchronous motor (current in the rotor
electromagnet) varies the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅ூோ as well as the motor reactive
power ܳ. You plotted graphs of the motor line current, active power ܲ, and
reactive power ܳ versus the field current. You found that the synchronous motor
line current can be minimized by adjusting the field current. You observed that
the synchronous motor can either sink or source reactive power depending on
the value of the field current. You saw that this allows a three-phase synchronous
motor to be used as a synchronous condenser to improve the power factor of a
three-phase power network.

Ex. 5-1 – The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Review Questions
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. The starting torque of a three-phase synchronous motor is increased when
a. the rotor electromagnet is turned on.

b. the rotor electromagnet is turned off.
c. the power factor of the ac power network is unity.
d. dc power is applied to one of the stator windings.
2. When a synchronous motor without load is connected to a three-phase

ac power network, the resulting power factor depends on
a. the speed of the motor.

b. the active power consumed by the motor.
c. the amount of field current.
d. the line current.
3. Reactive power in a synchronous motor without load is minimum when the
a. line current is maximum.

b. line current is minimum.
c. line current equals the field current.
d. field current is minimum.
4. Synchronous condenser is another name for
a. an asynchronous motor.
b. a squirrel-cage motor.
c. a split-phase motor.
d. a synchronous motor operating without load.
5. The squirrel cage in a synchronous motor with a rotor of the electromagnet

type
a. minimizes the motor line current.

b. prevents saturation of the rotor electromagnet.
c. allows the motor to start when ac power is applied to the
stator windings.
d. makes the motor operate as a synchronous condenser.

Bibliography
Jackson, Herbert W. Introduction to Electric Circuits, 5th edition, New Jersey: Prentice
Hall, 1981. ISBN 0-13-481432-0.
Wildi, Theodore. Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 2nd edition, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991. ISBN 0-13-251547-4.
Wildi, Théodore. Électrotechnique, 2e édition, Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l’Université

Laval, 1991, ISBN 2-7637-7248-X.

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Electricity and New Energy

AC/DC Motors and Generators

By the staff of Festo Didactic

© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2014

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not

WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,

CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not

CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,

Caution, risk of electric shock

Caution, hot surface

Caution, risk of danger

Caution, lifting hazard

Caution, hand entanglement hazard

Notice, non-ionizing radiation

Both direct and alternating current

Three-phase alternating current

Earth (ground) terminal

© Festo Didactic 30329-10 III

Protective conductor terminal

Frame or chassis terminal

Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or

In position of a bi-stable push control

Out position of a bi-stable push control

IV © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Unit 1 Fundamentals for Rotating Machines ............................. 1

Ex. 1-1 Prime Mover and Brake Operation (Model

Ex. 1-2 Prime Mover and Brake Operation (Model

Ex. 1-3 Motor Power, Losses, and Efficiency .............. 49

Unit 2 DC Motors and Generators ............................................ 67

Ex. 2-1 The Separately-Excited DC Motor .................... 73

© Festo Didactic 30329-10 V

Ex. 2-2 Separately-Excited, Series, Shunt, and

Ex. 2-3 Separately-Excited, Shunt, and Compound

Unit 3 Special Characteristics of DC Motors ......................... 159

Ex. 3-1 Armature Reaction and Saturation Effect ..... 161

Ex. 3-2 The Universal Motor ........................................ 183

Unit 4 AC Induction Motors ..................................................... 209

VI © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Ex. 4-1 The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction

Ex. 4-2 Eddy-Current Brake and Asynchronous

Ex. 4-3 Effect of Voltage on the Characteristics of

Ex. 4-4 Single-Phase Induction Motors ...................... 265

Unit 5 Synchronous Motors .................................................... 285

Ex. 5-1 The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor........... 287

© Festo Didactic 30329-10 VII

Ex. 5-2 Synchronous Motor Pull-Out Torque ............ 299

Unit 6 Three-Phase Synchronous Generators (Alternators) 313

Ex. 6-1 Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation 315

Ex. 6-2 Voltage Regulation Characteristics ............... 331

Ex. 6-3 Frequency and Voltage Regulation ............... 343

Ex. 6-4 Generator Synchronization ............................ 353

Appendix A Circuit Diagram Symbols ............................................. 367

Appendix B Impedance Table for the Load Modules ..................... 373

Appendix C Equipment Utilization Chart ......................................... 377

VIII © Festo Didactic 30329-10

Appendix D New Terms and Words ................................................. 379

Index of New Terms ........................................................................................... 381

© Festo Didactic 30329-10 IX

The LVDAC-EMS (or LVDAM-EMS) system is a complete set of measuring

Unit 1 provides a basic review of concepts and theory of rotating machines,

Units 4, 5, and 6 define and explain the concepts related to alternating

ܶேைெǤ ൌ ͲǤͻͺ ή ሺͺǤ͹ ή ሻ

ܶ஻ோா஺௄஽ைௐே ൌ ʹǤͷʹ ή ሺʹ͵Ǥ͸ ή ሻ