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    Chapter 1

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    raymond balite
    This document provides an introduction and background to a study on improving appliance characterization and detection. It discusses how existing studies often use inaccurate power and current consumption methods. The objectives are to design a prototype that uses phase difference between voltage and current to characterize appliances and automatically cut power to unknown appliances. This approach differs from other studies by not relying primarily on power or current. The prototype will identify loads as known or unknown and support one appliance per outlet.

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    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    raymond balite
    45 views11 pages
    This document provides an introduction and background to a study on improving appliance characterization and detection. It discusses how existing studies often use inaccurate power and current consumption methods. The objectives are to design a prototype that uses phase difference between voltage and current to characterize appliances and automatically cut power to unknown appliances. This approach differs from other studies by not relying primarily on power or current. The prototype will identify loads as known or unknown and support one appliance per outlet.

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    This document provides an introduction and background to a study on improving appliance characterization and detection. It discusses how existing studies often use inaccurate power and current consumption methods. The objectives are to design a prototype that uses phase difference between voltage and current to characterize appliances and automatically cut power to unknown appliances. This approach differs from other studies by not relying primarily on power or current. The prototype will identify loads as known or unknown and support one appliance per outlet.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    45 views11 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    raymond balite
    This document provides an introduction and background to a study on improving appliance characterization and detection. It discusses how existing studies often use inaccurate power and current consumption methods. The objectives are to design a prototype that uses phase difference between voltage and current to characterize appliances and automatically cut power to unknown appliances. This approach differs from other studies by not relying primarily on power or current. The prototype will identify loads as known or unknown and support one appliance per outlet.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    1.1 Background of the Study

    Electricity has been a necessity to us human beings, it has been the source
    of energy for our gadgets and appliances that we need every day and some of us
    have been taking it for granted. The rapid growth in energy consumption has
    raised the concern that it would cause some potential environmental consequences
    such as energy exhaustion and climate change [1]. Energy conservation is an
    important topic at the moment. There are several reasons for this. Best known is
    the pollution that causes global warming, affecting our climate. Furthermore, the
    massive use of fossil fuels in other countries as a source of electricity that can lead
    to scarcity of this fuels [2]. However, according to one study 5 to 15% of energy
    will be saved if the consumers have direct access to the energy consumption data
    [3].

    Power and appliance monitoring devises are one way to make consumers
    to be aware about the activity of their appliance and corresponding power
    consumption. This so-called smart meters and appliance monitoring devises has
    been a benefit to us consumers since we are able to monitor the activity of various
    appliance in our houses, by this, it helped us consumers to save money on electric
    bills. Variety of methods and innovations are being executed to the existing
    devises to give us a more precise and accurate data.

    Today appliance monitoring and detection studies uses various algorithms


    to analyzes the power and current consumption of the appliances. Meanwhile,
    other studies are using microcomputers. Such studies are fascinating yet very
    complicated. The use of power and current consumption in detecting appliances
    can be sometime misleading for some appliances can have the same, or not,
    2

    almost identical power and current consumption resulting to a faulty or misleading


    output. It is understandable that voltage is not used as a factor of appliance
    detection since it is already a constant value. This paper aims to improve the
    current technique on appliance characterization by using the angle between
    voltage and current that the appliance produced during usage with an additional
    feature of automatically cutting off the supply when a foreign appliance is
    detected on the device.

    1.2 Statement of the problem

    Existing studies and devices on appliance recognition and detection uses


    power and current consumption of the appliance as a tool of identification, making
    this method sometimes an inaccurate method of identification. Some appliances
    can have almost identical power and current consumption, making the
    identification misleading and incorrect.

    Overloading of appliances can be a problem also, since some outlets are


    not intended for that specific appliance because of some factors like wire size used
    on the specific outlet. This can result to damage of the appliance or worse can
    cause fire.

    1.3 Objectives

    This study tends to achieve the following objectives

     To impellent a prototype that uses a simple yet reliable method of


    characterize the appliances.
     To design and implement a prototype that can characterize the appliances
    base on their phase difference.
     To design and implement a device that can cutoff the supplied power to
    the appliance once it detects an unknown power factor.
    3

    1.4 Significance of the Study

    The proposed prototype will be equipped with relay system that will
    automatically cut of the supplied power to the load as soon the prototype detects
    any unknown power factor. So, this device will prevent any overloading of
    appliances since the outlet will only supply the AC power if the registered
    appliance is plugged in. This device can also help the user to mange its electricity
    bills since the user can use this device to set a certain appliance to unknown to
    prevent the appliance to turn on when plugged in.

    1.5 Novelty of Work

    The main goal of this research is practically the same comparing to the
    goal of other research papers, that is, to provide a more and accurate way to
    identify and monitor the appliances plugged in the wall socket. Different ways and
    methods are being used on other research papers to achieve the same goal.
    Algorithms are being used by other research paper to analyze the current and
    power consumption of the load, others are using power or current alone to identify
    the appliance.

    The difference of our study to other studies is that the method of detection
    is not based primarily on current and voltage or even power consumption of the
    appliance, but it is based on the phase difference between voltage and current or
    power factor of the appliance during the appliance is plugged in to the wall socket.
    Another feature that makes our study different from others is that once the
    prototype characterized the power factor of the appliance being plugged in is
    unknown the current and voltage supplied to the appliance will be cutoff
    automatically with the help of relays.
    4

    1.6. Scope and limitation

    Scope

     Only appliances used by students are considered in this study and subject
    those appliances into sampling.
     The study focuses only on characterizing appliances used by students base
    on their phase difference or phase angle, thus, power recognition
    capabilities of the prototype will not be included in this study.
     This study focuses only on a single outlet that can be found on a room.

    Limitations

     The prototype will only be able to characterize the load as known (a


    known appliance) and unknown (unknown appliance).
     The prototype is not capable of identifying the set of appliances.
     The prototype is only capable of supporting one appliance per outlet. Thus,
    the prototype is not capable of characterizing multiple appliances plugged
    in the extension wire.
     Power recognition capabilities of the prototype will not be included in this
    study.

    1.7 Definition of terms

     Power (AC) – is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured


    in watts (W). power is absorbed or supplied by and electric element is the
    product of the voltage across the element and he current through it. Power
    5

    is positive when a device is absorbing power and power is negative if a


    device is supplying power.
     Current – “transfer of charge” or “change in motion”. A unique feature of
    electric charge or electricity is the fact that is it mobile; that is, it can be
    transferred from or place to another. Measured in amp (A)
     Phase difference or phase angle – the formula for a sinusoidal voltage is
    v(t) = Vmsin(wt+θ), where, θ is the phase angle, it can be in radian or
    degrees. It occurs when the peaks of two sinusoids are not in phase or out
    of phase.
     Algorithm – is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of
    problems. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing and
    automated reasoning tasks.
     Microcontroller – is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a
    specific operation in an. A typical microcontroller includes
    a processor, memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip.

    1.8 Theoretical Framework


    6

    Figure 1.1 Process Flow of the Prototype.

    Figure 1.1 shows the process flow of the prototype. As the load is
    connected to the 220 VAC a potential transformer is connected in parallel to the
    AC supply to collect the voltage waveform of the connected appliance, then a
    current transformer is looped around a single conductor connected to the load to
    collect the current waveform generated by the appliance connected. The two wave
    forms are now to be sent to its respective Zero Crossing Detector (ZCD) or
    otherwise known as comparator. This comparator is used to convert the sinusoidal
    waves produced by the two transformers to a digital wave. A digital wave is
    required since the XOR gate only reads digital waves. The XOR gate then now
    merge the two signals into one producing another kind of digital wave. The digital
    wave produced by the XOR gate will be sent to the Arduino board to be analyzed,
    in the Arduino board has sets of various codes to analyze the given digital wave,
    once analyzed the resulting power factor will be displayed on the 16 x 2 LCD
    display. If the analyzed power factor is present on the Arduino board, the supply
    power to the connected load will continue to flow, but when the power factor of
    the load is not present on the Arduino board a signal will be sent to the relay to cut
    the supply power to the connected load.

    1.8.1 Alternating Current

    Also referred as sinusoidal current. A sinusoid is a signal that has the form
    of the sine and cosine function. Consider the sinusoidal voltage v ( t )=Vmsin(ωt )
    [5]. Where Vm is the amplitude of the sinusoid ω is the angular frequency and
    ωt Is the argument of the sinusoidal.
    7

    Figure. 1.2 Vmsin(ωt ) as a Function of T.

    It is evident that the sinusoidal repeats itself every T second; thus, T is


    called the period of the sinusoid. The period T of the periodic function is the time
    of one complete cycle or the number of seconds per cycle. The reciprocal of this
    quantity is the number of cycles per second, known as cyclic frequency f of the
    sinusoid

    1.8.2 Phase Angle

    Consider a more general expression for the sinusoid v ( t )=Vmsin(ωt +Φ).


    Where phase angle Φ is now included in its argument [5]. Both argument and
    phase angle can be in radians and degrees. Phase angle mostly occurs when the
    peaks of two or more sinusoids are not in phase.
    8

    Figure 1.3 Phase Difference of Two Sinusoidal Voltage.

    1.8.3 Passive Elements in Frequency Domain

    There are three main passive elements:

    1. Resistor
    2. Inductor
    3. Capacitor

    1.8.4 Resistor

    Figure 1.4 Voltage and Current Relation for A Resistor.

    The voltage across figure 3 is given by ohm’s law with the given current
    of i=Imcos ( ωt +Φ ), thus, V =I ∗R or V =R∗Imcos( ωt+ Φ). Now the phasor form
    9

    of voltage is V =R∗ℑ∠Φ and the phasor representation of current is I =ℑ∠Φ


    giving the voltage across the resistor as V =I ∗R [5]. Thus, the phase difference of
    voltage and current across a purely resistive element is zero or the voltage and
    current are in phase.

    Fig. 1.5 Sinusoidal Representation of Current and Voltage Across a Purely


    Resistive Element.

    1.8.5 Inductor

    Figure 1.6 Voltage and Current Relation for an Inductor.

    For an inductive circuit, consider figure 5. To find the voltage across the
    inductor for a given current shown in equation 1.3 we have

    V =L ( didt )∨−ωLImsin ( ωt+Φ ) since −sin A=cos ( A+90 ° ) we can write the

    voltage as v=ωLImcos ( ω +Φ+ 90° ) in phasor representation V =ωLIm∠ ( Φ +90 ° )


    and current is equals to equation 1.6. When e− j 90° = j , giving us the voltage across
    10

    the inductor as V = jωLI. Further analysis of the equation shows that the voltage
    has a magnitude of ωLIm and a phase of Φ+ 90 ° [5]. In conclusion, the phase
    angle between voltage and current in a purely inductive element is 90° out of
    phase or more specifically current lags the voltage by 90° or voltage leads current
    by 90°.

    Figure 1.7 Sinusoidal Representation of Current and Voltage Across a Purely


    Inductive Element.

    1.8.6 Capacitor

    Figure 1.8 Voltage and Current Relation for a Capacitor.

    For the pure capacitive element consider figure 7. To find the current
    across the capacitor assume the voltage across it as v=Vmcos ( ωt+Φ ) and the

    current through the capacitor is i=C ( dvdt ). Applying the same procedure used in
    11

    the inductor we obtain the current across the capacitor as I = jwCV with basic

    I
    transposition we obtainV = [5]. In conclusion, the phase angle of voltage and
    jwC
    current in a purely capacitive element is 90° or more specifically, the voltage lags
    the current by 90° or the current leads the voltage by 90°.

    Figure 1.9 Sinusoidal Representation of Current and Voltage Across a Purely


    Capacitive Element.

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