PRD Training Manual Rev.0 PDF
PRD Training Manual Rev.0 PDF
PRD Training Manual Rev.0 PDF
Pressure Relief Devices
Training Manual
Rev. 0
8/16/2016
Table of Contents
Page
I. Introduction to PRVs/PRDs 1
II. Scope of Sizing PRDs 5
III. Definitions 13
IV. Symbols Library 21
V. Step One: Sizing Scenarios
A. Overall Summary 23
B. Fire Scenario 27
C. Regulator Failure 29
D. Blocked Discharge 32
E. Thermal Expansion 38
VI. Step Two: Orifice & Valve Selection 41
VII. Step Three: Inlet & Outlet Piping 46
Appendix:
A. Overall Package Example & Template 49
Section I
1
2
3
4
Section II
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Section III
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Section IV
21
22
Section V
Step One:
Sizing Scenarios
23
24
25
Wetted Area Calculation
26
(B) Fire Scenario
27
28
(C) Regulator Failure
29
30
31
(D) Blocked Discharge
32
33
34
35
36
37
(E) Thermal Expansion
38
39
PRD ID No. 89VHE8597-1 Page 7.2
Location Building 89 Elkton, VA Revision 0
Calculations
Case (E): Thermal Expansion - 40% Prop. Glycol
∗ 2800 ∗
Reynolds Number Re 13,996 Farris Sizing Chart; pg. 91
∗
Viscosity Correction Factor KU 0.97 Farris Sizing Chart; pg. 91
Valve Set Pressure PS 150 psig Merck P&ID uwf8596
Relief Pressure P 179.7 psia = 1.1 * P S + 14.7 Farris Sizing; pg. 84
Pressure at Outlet of Relief Valve P2 14.7 psia = 0 psig Farris Sizing; pg. 84
Change in Pressure ∆P 165.0 = P-P2 Farris Sizing; pg. 84
Discharge Coefficient Kd 0.676 Farris 2700 Series Catalog p.9
Corrective Factor for Rupture Disk R 1.0 No RD ASME Section VIII; U-G 127(a)(3)(b)(2)
Required Relief Valve Orifice Area A 0.003 in2 ∗ Farris Sizing; pg. 84
38 ∗ ∗ ∆ ∗
Recommended Relief Valve Orifice Area AE 0.068 in2 Farris 2700 Series Catalog; 'C' Orifice
Recommended Relief Valve Rated Capacity QR 21.5 GPM =VL*AE/A
Recommended Relief Valve Rated Capacity W Rlbs 11,012 lbs/hr =QR*500*G2 Cameron Hydraulic Manual 1-6
40
Section VI
Step Two:
1.1 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS Orifice & Valve Selection
1.1.1 Inlet Piping to Relieving Devices
The relieving devices shall be installed on or as close to the vessels as possible.
Where the relieving device is separated from the vessel nozzle by a tee, elbow or other
piping component, the nozzle and piping must be adequately sized to provide the
necessary capacity of the relief valve. Pressure loss through this piping shall not be
more than 3% of set pressure (psig) at stamped relieving capacity. Refer to example 6,
PSV Allowable Inlet Length Calculations, in Appendix C. The inlet pressure drop shall
always be calculated for liquid relief regardless of the mounting location of the safety
relief valve.
Where a rupture disk is installed between the vessel and a safety relief valve, a space
must be left between the two relieving devices large enough to permit full opening of
the rupture disk. Exception is for UD coded rupture disks, where the testing performed
to determined the rupture disk’s certified flow resistance factor, Kr, and the maximum
net flow area, MNFA, requires the use of the rupture disk’s specified holder and
independent of any additional space at the outlet. Vendors must be consulted for
applicability to their rupture disks. This space must be provided with a telltale memory
pressure gauge with a maximum reading pointer to determine if the disk has ruptured.
The opening provided through and after the rupture disk, when installed in between the
vessel and relief valve, shall be sufficient to permit a flow equal to, or above, the
capacity of the attached valve, with no chance of interference with the proper operation
of the valve. The rupture disk shall be a non‐fragmenting type. Refer to the Engineering
Design Standard STD‐D101, "Rupture Disks." for recommended disks.
The ASME code has allowed a capacity correction factor of 0.9 for safety valves
installations with rupture disks. The required relieving capacity is increased by a factor
of 1.111 when a rupture disk is installed below a relief valve in accordance with ASME
Code, Section VIII Paragraph UG‐127. This is to offset the flow restriction of the rupture
disk petals when the rupture disk bursts. This constant of 1.111 is represented by the
factor "R" in the STD‐D100 equations listed in Section 6.3. Section VIII of the ASME Code
allows higher capacity factors to be used, when they are determined by certified flow
tests run with specific valve types and disk materials at specified pressure levels. These
device capacity factors may not be used under ordinary circumstances and may be used
in special circumstances only with the written approval of Global Engineering Services
and Global Safety & the Environment.
All inlet piping connected to the relieving device shall be the same size as, or larger, than
the inlet piping connection of the relieving device. It is acceptable to use a relief device
larger than an available nozzle on equipment. This interim solution is acceptable,
provided the calculated valve size is equal to or smaller than the available nozzle
size. The user should prove that the inlet pressure drop through the entire valve inlet
piping system is less than or equal to 3% of the safety relief valve set pressure as
allowed by the ASME code.
41
When two or more required pressure relieving devices are installed in piping off a single
connection on a pressure vessel, the internal area of that connection shall be at least
equal to the combined pipe connection inlet areas of the relieving devices.
Process laterals should not normally be connected to the inlet piping of a relieving
device. If the pressure relieving device set pressure is high enough so that the pressure
drop at the inlet does not exceed 3% of the set pressure operation under simultaneous
rated inflows, the process laterals connections are allowed.
Relief valves shall be code stamped and marked in accordance with ASME Code, Section
VIII UG‐129.
The location of a relieving device in a process stream shall be carefully evaluated to
avoid product accumulation or pluggage of the device.
Single active safety selector valves may be installed on a vessel nozzle as necessary, to
permit switchover of redundant safety relief valves to allow for routine or emergency
service. The use of three way full ported ball valves on the nozzle is permissible,
provided the safety valve inlet pressure drop is less than 3% of the safety valve set
pressure and the valve handle is pad‐locked as part of site safety procedure for its
operation.
All sites should make sure that spare relief valves are maintained to replace
malfunctioning valves for operations that cannot be shut down for an extended period of
time. If a replacement valve of the proper orifice size and setting is unavailable, the site
can install, on a temporary basis, a valve with a larger orifice having the same or larger
inlet and outlet dimensions and the same pressure relief setting. This installation must be
approved by a site person having the authority to do so. The temporary valve must be
replaced with a properly sized valve as soon as possible.
Depending on the application, most of the Merck safety valves relieve five basic
fluids. These are as follows:
Vapor
Gas
Air
Steam
Liquid
Based on the process, a safety valve may relieve one or more of these five
fluids. Location of safety valves should be based on the guidelines listed below:
Liquid Relief Only ‐ Process safety valves, which are intended for liquid service only,
should be located below the lowest liquid level of the equipment being protected.
Utility safety valves, under similar circumstances, can be located anywhere within
the hydraulic circuit.
42
Multiple Relief ‐ Process safety valves, which relieve multiple fluids including liquids,
should be located above the highest liquid level of the equipment being protected.
Utility safety valves, under similar circumstances, should also be located at the
highest point within the hydraulic circuit.
The above practices are in compliance with ASME Code as well as current industrial
practices.
1.1.2 Discharge Piping
Where flammable, toxic or corrosive vapors are involved, discharge piping should
extend outdoors by the most direct route, and shall be reviewed with Global Safety &
the Environment personnel if discharge to a relief valve header or recovery system is
required. Discharge line reaction forces from relieving devices shall be thoroughly
analyzed to prevent damage to equipment or injury to personnel when the device
relieves. Changes in direction and elbows must be kept to a minimum. Adequate
restraints shall be provided when required. The discharge line flow path and outlet shall
be free of any restrictions or obstructions.
When relief valves relieve to a common header, pipe, or collection tank, the cross
sectional area of the common header should not create a pressure drop more than 10%
of the set pressure of the lowest set safety relief valve. If blow‐off covers are required,
their use must be reviewed and approved by Global Engineering Services.
The approximate maximum equivalent length of discharge piping permitted to be
installed on the outlet of a pressure relief valve discharging to the atmosphere is
determined as follows: (This is based on the maximum allowable length for pressure
drop equivalent to 10% of the set pressure.)
Le = 20.67 (Din)5 P
f w2
w = Stamped relieving capacity of pressure relief valve of gas, vapor or liquid,
lbs./min.
Ps = set pressure of relief valve (or burst press. of rupture disk), psig.
P = P1 ‐ P2 = psi
P2 = 0 (Atmospheric pressure)
P1 = 0.1Ps
Din = internal diameter of pipe or tube, inches.
= fluid density at average flowing condition in discharge line, lbs./cu. ft.
f = Fanning friction factor for discharge line size.
Le = equivalent length of pipe or tube, feet.
43
If the back pressure build‐up exceeds 10% of the set pressure for a conventional safety
valve, the use of a larger diameter discharge pipe or a shorter routing of the discharge
line to an approved safe location may be considered to lower the pressure drop below
10%. Alternatively, it may be more economical to use a balanced bellows valve, which
will compensate for built‐up back pressures of approximately 25%‐40% of the relief
valve set pressure. The selection of a balanced bellows valve must be reviewed with
Global Engineering Services and Global Safety & the Environment, especially where toxic
fluids are handled. Divisional Engineering must recalculate the actual pressure drop for
back pressures exceeding 10% of the relief valve set pressure. This would apply only to
balanced bellows type valves where allowable developed back pressure can exceed 10%
of set pressure. For developed back pressures greater than 50%, consult with the safety
relief valve manufacturer.
Discharge lines shall be designed to facilitate draining to a safe location. This shall be
done with a minimum number of bends and absolutely no bends in close succession
(i.e., close‐coupled). Pockets shall be avoided. The 3/8" diameter weep hole in the
discharge side of a flanged, process type, relief valve body shall be piped to a safe
location away from personnel or possible sources of ignition. To prevent the discharge
of hazardous materials into operational areas from the weep hole, either pipe the weep
hole to a safe location or install an approved sight glass and block valve at the weep hole
connection. A weep hole must be provided in the low point of the discharge
piping. The weep hole must be piped to a safe drain location to prevent accumulation
of condensable fluids or rainwater. Discharge weep holes in outdoor areas away from
personnel or ignition sources that do not require a drain line or sight glass and block
valve.
Discharge lines from relief devices on utility liquid services such as water, brine, steam,
etc., should be piped to six inches of the floor and located consistent with Merck policy
in preventing injury to personnel and destruction of property. Refer to Engineering
Design Guide SP‐425, Engineering Design & Installation of Piping Systems. Such
discharge piping shall be firmly affixed to the non‐moving sections of the structures and
not be allowed any loose movement.
Whenever a relief valve is furnished with a bellows seal, the bonnet vent plug should be
removed and the bonnet should be vented to the atmosphere. In order to keep the
internals of the bonnet clean, it is recommended that a 90‐degree elbow facing
downward or a Fisher bug‐proof vent Model Y602 be installed for non‐toxic fluids. If
toxic fluids are involved, the relief valve vent should be piped and routed to an
atmospheric toxic gas vent system.
MERCK'S STANDARD PRACTICE IS TO USE PACKED LIFTING LEVERS ONLY. These must be
furnished on safety relief valves for brine, steam, hot water above 140F and air
services. In no case are they to be utilized for process chemical relief valve service. Cast
iron or brass body relief valves shall not be used in flammable liquid service.
When sizing a liquid relief valve with the liquid near its equilibrium point, the possibility
of flashing when relieving, and its effect on orifices or discharge line, shall be
44
considered. This will usually result in a discharge line size larger than the case of the
liquid only flow.
Bellows seal relief valves shall be used when multiple relief valves discharge into a
common header such as a scrubber.
It may be possible to isolate the discharge side of the safety relief valve by using a
rupture disk, set at a pressure no more than 10% of the relief valve set pressure. Such a
rupture disk will guarantee the proper opening of the safety valve, as well as protect it
from the corrosivity of the discharge manifold fluids. The system hydraulic profile
should be carefully analyzed in establishing the set pressure of the discharge rupture
disk. The lowest possible set pressure is desired for the discharge rupture disk.
Material of construction of the discharge piping shall be specified as suitable for the
temperatures and pressures generated under relieving conditions. PVC, tygon tubing,
etc. shall not be used for safety valve discharge lines.
Where discharge lines from relief valves or rupture disks can be expected to carry hot
liquid or gases to a catch tank, regular monitoring of the catch tank must be made to
assure that the tank does not contain even a large "heel" of any rapid‐flashing
liquid. This will eliminate subsequent overpressurization of the rapid flashing liquid
when another hot discharge is received by the catch tank.
Extreme caution should be exercised when venting to the roof or outside walls of any
structure so as to assure that there are no intake ports for plant air compressors or
similar equipment to avoid hazards to personnel and equipment.
When multiple relief valves/rupture disks protect vessels in a single fire area or are
otherwise likely to result in simultaneous activation, (such as Dowtherm heaters
adjacent to each other) and discharge lines are manifolded to a single line, the manifold
pipeline cross sectional area should be equal to or larger than the sum of the cross
sectional area of all relief devices involved. The capacity used for header pressure drop
calculations shall be the safety relief valve’s required/calculated flow rates.
45
Section VII
Step Three:
Inlet & Outlet Piping
46
47
1 Owner Merck & Co. Page 9
2 PRD: 89ECC7540-1P Revision 0
3 SITE: Elkton, VA
4 AREA: Building 89
5
6 3(PSE-Vapor/Gas) Piping Calculations
7 HS FEED (100% WATER)
8 Description Sym Value Units Equation/Source/Notes
9 Required Relief Flow W A10% 448 lb/hr at 121% Ps
10 Viscosity 0.015 cP at 121% Ps
11 Molecular Weight M 18.0 lb/lbmol SCDS Sheet
12 Set or Burst Pressure of Device Ps 90 psig
13 Relieving Pressure of Device P1 113.2 psia =110%*Ps + 14.2 psia AMSE VIII Div I Appendix M
14 Constant Back Pressure P2 14.2 psia
15 Pressure drop as % P1 ΔP/P1 87.5 % =100*(P1-P2)/P1 AMSE VIII Div I Appendix M
16 Relieving Temperature T10% 803 R at 121% Ps
17 Compressibility Z 0.86 SCDS Sheet
18 Net Expansion Factor f(∑KT) Y 0.718 If ∆P/P1>40% find Y per Crane TP410 1979 p.A-22
19 Pressure P 113.2 psia =P1 Pressure for determining density
20 Density 0.274 lb/ft3 =ρ @ P1 & T Density at P
21 Pipe schedule dA 0.065" Tube
22 Absolute Pipe Roughness 0.00015 ft Crane TP 410 1979 p.A23
23 Allowed,lesser (P1-P2) & (P1*Y) PA 81.28 psi = P1*Y
24 Pressure drop calculated PC 16.16 psi If ∆P/P1<40% Note 17 Eq., If ∆P/P1>40% Note 18 Eq.
25 Conclusion on pressure drop Piping Adequate
26 Eq./Source/Notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
27 Pipe/Fitting/Instr's D2 D1 Qty d2 d1 ß Re /d f K Equations KT P
28 Units NPS NPS ea,ft inch inch DL DL ft/ft DL DL Resistance DL psi
29 Pipe Entrance,Rounded 1" 1 0.87 2.15E+05 0.00207 0.025 0.708 =0.28 0.71
30 Contraction,Sudden 1" 3/4" 1 0.87 0.62 0.71 θ (deg.) 180 2.41 Notes 15, 16 2.41
31 Elbow 90 degrees 3/4" 2 0.62 r/d 1.5W 3.02E+05 0.00290 0.027 3.640 =14f 7.28
32 Pipe 3/4" 0.833 0.62 3.02E+05 0.00290 0.027 5.033 =12f /d 4.19
33 Tee, Branch 3/4" 2 0.62 3.02E+05 0.00290 0.027 15.60 =60f 31.20
34 Pipe Entrance,Sharp 3/4" 1 0.62 3.02E+05 0.00290 0.027 4.900 =0.50 4.90
35 Expansion, Sudden 1" 3/4" 1 0.87 0.62 0.71 2.374 =(1-2)2/4 2.37
36 Pipe 1" 0.5 0.87 2.15E+05 0.00207 0.025 0.858 =12f /d 0.43
37 Rupture Disk 1" 1 0.87 K 0.290 2.15E+05 0.00207 0.025 0.733 =K 0.73
38 Pipe* 1" 10 1.097 1.71E+05 0.00164 0.024 0.258 =12f /d 2.58
39 Elbow 90 degrees* 1" 3 1.097 r/d 1.5W 1.71E+05 0.00164 0.024 0.330 =14f 0.99
40 Pipe Exit* 1" 1 1.097 1.71E+05 0.00164 0.024 1.000 =TP410 A29 1.00
41
42 *NOTE: Piping after RD is based on Sch. 10S pipe.
43
44
45
46
47
48
49 ∆PC psi 16.16
Notes ∑KT 59
1 D2 = NPS larger pipe 7 Re = (6.316*W) / (*d2),TP410 Eq.3-3 13 If Po<40% Note 17 Eq., If Po>40% Note 18 Eq.
2 D1 = NPS smaller pipe 8 /d = Relative roughness 14 DL = dimensionless units
2 0.5 4
3 Qty = Quantity items, Linear feet 9 f = Darcy friction per Crane TP410 15 K = 0.5(1-b )(sinθ/2) / b ,TP410,A26 Form.2
4 d2 = larger pipe inside diameter 10 K = friction loss per unit (quantity) 16 Most conservative set θ = 180
2 4
5 d1 = smaller pipe inside diameter 11 K = fitting eq's TP410 A26-A29 17 ∆P = 2.8e-7(KTW ) / (ρd2 ), TP410 Eq.3-14
2 2 2 4
6 ß=d1/d2, r/d=radius/dia., Cv=flow coef. 12 KT = Qty * K, Total Resistance 18 ∆P = ∑KTW / (1891 Y d2 ρ), TP410 Eq.3-20
48
Appendix A
Overall Package Example & Template
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61