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    Active Filters-: First Order Low Pass and High Pass Filters

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    Lavanya Ratala
    The document describes first order low pass and high pass active filters using the IC741 op-amp. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the components used, including a resistor and capacitor for the low pass filter and a capacitor and resistor swapped for the high pass filter. Design procedures are outlined for determining cutoff frequencies and gain values. Frequency response graphs are shown to illustrate how the filters allow low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies or vice versa.

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    Active Filters-: First Order Low Pass and High Pass Filters

    Uploaded by

    Lavanya Ratala
    135 views5 pages
    The document describes first order low pass and high pass active filters using the IC741 op-amp. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the components used, including a resistor and capacitor for the low pass filter and a capacitor and resistor swapped for the high pass filter. Design procedures are outlined for determining cutoff frequencies and gain values. Frequency response graphs are shown to illustrate how the filters allow low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies or vice versa.

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    Active Filters

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    The document describes first order low pass and high pass active filters using the IC741 op-amp. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the components used, including a resistor and capacitor for the low pass filter and a capacitor and resistor swapped for the high pass filter. Design procedures are outlined for determining cutoff frequencies and gain values. Frequency response graphs are shown to illustrate how the filters allow low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies or vice versa.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    135 views5 pages

    Active Filters-: First Order Low Pass and High Pass Filters

    Uploaded by

    Lavanya Ratala
    The document describes first order low pass and high pass active filters using the IC741 op-amp. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of the components used, including a resistor and capacitor for the low pass filter and a capacitor and resistor swapped for the high pass filter. Design procedures are outlined for determining cutoff frequencies and gain values. Frequency response graphs are shown to illustrate how the filters allow low frequencies and attenuate high frequencies or vice versa.

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    LABOSCOPE

    ACTIVE FILTERS-
    FIRST ORDER LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS
    FILTERS

    ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER:


    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
    +V
    R 1
    +
    v in
    C 1 v out
    - R f1

    -V

    R f2

    COMPONENTS USED:
    IC741, Resistors and capacitors.
    WHY ONLY IC741 IS USED HERE?
    -This is the simplest ic .
    -It is an internally frequency compensated op-amp.
    -Absolute maximum ratings are specified for supply voltage, power
    dissipation, input voltage and so on….
    -Also the specifications are given for two sets of temperatures.
    -Finally we are familiar with internal diagram of Ic741.
    LABOSCOPE

    DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS USED:


    R1: The input is given through this resistor.
    C1: This is the heart of the low pass filter which allows only low
    frequencies and
    Attenuates high frequencies.
    RF1 and RF2: These resistors provides a fixed voltage gain according to
    the values
    Of resistors.
    DESIGN :
    • Select cut off frequency as 2kHZ
    • Select value of c less than 1uF
    • Calculate R from
    F=1/(2IIRC)
    • Select RF2 and RF1 from
    gain = 1+(RF2/RF1)
    • Let RF2=1.5kohm and calculate all the component values.
    OPERATION:
    If the input frequency is high,then reactance of capacitance
    c1 decreases and hence it acts as short circuit .Output is taken across
    capacitor. so, the output voltage will be zero. Hence it is said that this
    circuit attenuates high frequencies.
    If the input freq is low, then the reactance of capacitance c1
    increases and hence it acts as open circuit. So, the output voltage will
    not be zero.Hence it is said that this circuit allows low freq signals.
    Feedback is given through RF1 and RF2 which provides a
    minimum gain of 1. Hence, due to the gain the output signal is efficiently
    produced.
    PROCEDURE:
    LABOSCOPE

     Connections are made as per the diagram.


     Sinusoidal voltage is applied across the input terminals and power
    supplies are supplied at 7th and 4th terminals of Ic.
     Keeping amplitude as constant, by varying freq, the output voltage
    is measured.
     The freq response is plotted by taking freq on x-axis and voltage
    gain(in dB) on y-axis.
    FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

    A v(dB)

    -3dB {
    FREQ Vi(V) V0(V) AV AV(dB)

    f
    f2
    ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER:
    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: +V
    C1
    +
    vin R1
    vout
    - Rf1
    -V

    Rf2
    LABOSCOPE

     Components used here are same as low pass filter but the only
    difference is resistance R1 and capacitor C1 are interchanged.
     Design procedure is also same as above.
    OPERATION:
    Here, the output is taken across resistor.
    If the input freq is high, the reactance of C1 is low and hence it is
    short circuited. Therefore, current flows from input to resistor R1 and
    hence output is produced. So,the circuit allows high frequencies.
    If the input freq is low, the reactance of C1 is high which means
    that it is open circuited. Hence, the output will be zero. So, we can say
    that the circuit attenuates low freq.
    PROCEDURE:
    The same procedure is repeated here also.
    FREQUENCY
    A v(dB) RESPONSE:

    -3dB {
    FRE Vi(V) V0(V AV AV(dB)
    Q )

    f
    f1

    VIVA QUESTIONS:
    1. What is the need for active filters?
    Ans: since usage of passive filters has many problems like no
    amplification, no signal gain, complexity increases as order increases,
    buffer amplifiers might may be required. Hence active filters are
    needed to eliminate the usage of inductors.
    LABOSCOPE

    2. Advantages of active filters??


    Ans: no inductors, easy to design, provides any arbitrary gain, high
    input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source ,low
    output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load .
    3. On what basis the supply voltages are fixed ?
    Ans: depending on the number of transistors to be drived to active
    region in internal diagram of op-amp, supply voltages are fixed.
    4. Why vcc is always given to positive and VEE to negative?
    Ans: Since current always flows from collector to emitter, vcc is given
    positive and VEE to negative.
    5. What will happen if resistance is added to C1 in LPF?
    Ans: role off will be increased.
    6. why we are using non-inverting rather than inverting amplifier?
    Ans: gain of non-inverting amplifier is 1+(RF1/RF2). Gain of inverting
    amplifier is RF1/RF2. Non-inv amplifier has min gain of 1. Hence it is
    used here.
    7. Why 3dB gain is reduced?
    Ans: because at 3dB gain, 1st order,2nd order…….systems have stable
    response.
    8. Frequency responses of butterworth,chebyshev’s,Bessel filters:
    Av

    Butterworth
    Bessel
    Chebyshev

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