Richmond

Natural Science

PRIMARY
Natural Science 5 is a collective work, conceived, designed
and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana,
under the supervision of Antonio Brandi Fernández.

WRITER
Belén Garrido

MANAGING EDITOR
Sheila Tourle

PROJECT EDITOR
Geona Edwards

EDITOR
Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio

PROOFREADING
Sheila Klaiber

ILLUSTRATIONS
Alademosca il·lustració
Digitalartis

Do not write in this book.

Do all the activities in your notebook.
 CONTENTS

Unit Natural Science syllabus Topics

People and health  Cells in the human body

1 The human body  Tissues and organs
6

People and health  Sensitivity

2 Sensitivity  The sense organs
16

Health and health People and health  Injuries to the nervous system
3 risks  The effects of alcohol
26

TERM REVISION

Plant growth and Living things  What plants need

4 nutrition  How plants obtain nutrients
36

Living things  The physical environment

5 Ecosystems  Living things in ecosystems
44

People and the Living things  Terrestrial ecosystems

6 environment  Aquatic ecosystems
54

TERM REVISION

Matter and energy  Properties of matter

7 Matter  Mass and volume
66

Matter and energy  Forms of energy

8 Energy   Properties of energy

76

Forces and Technology, objects and machines  Changes produced by force

9 machines   Movement and friction
86

TERM REVISION

Cooperative project: Energy sources

2 two
 Topics Know how to

 Systems and organisms  The muscular system Perform basic first aid procedures
 The skeletal system  Movement

 Nerves  The peripheral nervous system Use sign language to communicate

 The central nervous system

 Injuries to the locomotor system  A healthy diet Make good decisions
 Physical exercise  Rest and leisure activities

 How plants obtain carbon dioxide  Xylem and phloem vessels Design an experiment on photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis  Plant respiration

 Nutrition in ecosystems  Mutualism and commensalism Build a food web

 Food chains and food webs  Parasitism and competition

 The environment  Endangered species Compare urban and rural ecosystems

 Dangers to the environment  Protecting the environment

 Density  Solids, liquids and gases Build a submarine and explain how it works
 Floatability

  Energy transformations   Power plants Draw an energy transformation diagram

 Renewable and non-renewable  Consequences
energy sources of energy use

  Speed and gravity   Operating parts Build a model bridge

  Inside a machine   Technological advances

three 3
 My project
Welcome to your Natural Science book!
This year you will do a Science project with your classmates. Here is what
you need to know…

What is a project?
A project is a series of activities about one specific
topic. These activities include finding information,
organizing it, and making a presentation.

How do you do a project?

Follow these steps:
 Find information about the topic. Look in books
and on the Internet, and ask different people for help.
 Write about the topic. This year, you and your classmates
will present your project as a computer presentation. Include photographs
and animations to make your presentation
more interesting.
 Present your project. Give your presentation to the class.

Who do you work with?

A project is cooperative group work.
This means you work with several
classmates and each one is
responsible for a different part
of the project.
Your teacher will help you
organize your group and
the different tasks.

4 four
 PROJECT

Energy sources: petroleum and the Sun

My project this year is about energy sources. You will find
out about two very important energy sources on our planet:
petroleum and the Sun.

HOW DO PEOPLE USE PETROLEUM AND SOLAR ENERGY?

What products come from petroleum? What do we do with solar energy?

WHERE DO PETROLEUM AND SOLAR ENERGY COME FROM?

How do we extract petroleum? How do we obtain solar energy?

HOW DOES USING PETROLEUM AND SOLAR ENERGY AFFECT US?

Are these energy sources renewable or non-renewable? How do they affect the
environment?

five 5
 1 The human body
1.1
First aid
The human body is like an amazing machine with many
pieces that work together.
All the parts that make up our body work in a
coordinated way thanks to the brain. Our brain acts like
a powerful computer. It can process information from
inside and outside our body and initiate appropriate
responses.
When we eat and breathe, our body obtains the
nutrients and energy it needs to grow and perform vital
functions.
Our muscles and bones allow us to move in many ways.
For example, we can walk, jump, run, dance, play an
instrument, do arts and crafts or use tools.
However, sometimes our body can suffer a small
accident like a cut, a burn, a bone fracture or heat
exhaustion. In these cases, we should follow some
guidelines known as first aid procedures so
the problem does not become worse and the recovery
is faster.

Read and understand KNOW HOW TO

 Why is the human body sometimes called an Talk about cells in the human
amazing machine? body.
 Which organ works like a computer? How? Identify the levels of
 What are first aid procedures? organization in the human
body.
 Write two possible situations in which first aid
procedures may be needed. Describe the locomotor
system and how it works.
 Look at the comic strip. Describe what is happening
in the classroom. What is the teacher doing?
FINAL TASK
 
SPEAKING. Discuss with your partner any emergency
situation you have experienced. Describe the first aid Perform basic first aid
procedures that were followed. procedures.

6 six
What’s wrong
with him? Open the window!
He’s dizzy!

You played
in the Sun for Yeah, it was
a long time, really hot…
didn’t you? I feel much
better now!
Thanks,
Mr Edwards!

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER?

The human body

 Our body carries out three basic life processes: nutrition,
sensitivity and reproduction.
 Everybody has the same body parts, but we are not exactly
alike. There are differences based on age and sex.

1 What body parts carry out each

of the three life processes?

2 What life processes do these

photographs represent?

seven 7
 Cells in the human body

1.2
Human beings are living things. All living things share two
characteristics:
 They are made up of cells. Living things can be
unicellular, when they are made up of a single cell,
or multicellular, when they are made up of many
cells.
 They carry out three basic life processes: nutrition,
sensitivity and reproduction.

Cells

Cells are the basic units of life. Human beings are

made up of millions of cells. That is why they are
considered multicellular living things. 1   Red blood cells seen through a
microscope.
Most cells are very small and cannot be seen with
the naked eye. They can only be seen through
a microscope. 1
Cells are living units and they carry out the three basic
life processes:
Nutrition. Cells obtain nutrients and energy from food.
 
Sensitivity. Cells react to what they perceive around
 
them.
 
Reproduction. Cells can divide and produce new cells
that are identical to themselves.

LEARN MORE

The microscope
eyepiece
The microscope is an instrument that makes
very small living things or objects appear much
larger than they really are. objective lens
A microscope has a lens in the eyepiece
and a set of objective lenses. Each one provides
different magnification. Some modern stage
microscopes can enlarge objects 1,000
to 1,500 times.
light source
To observe a sample through a microscope, you
put a glass slide with the sample on the stage.
The sample has to be thinly sliced so the light
from the light source can travel through it.

8 eight
 1

1.3
Types of cells
All cells are very small, but they can differ in size. For
example, brain cells, known as neurons, are much bigger
than blood cells. WORK WITH THE PICTURE

Cells can also differ in shape. For example:  

Describe the different types of human
 Blood cells are round. cells to your partner.
 
Neurons are large and
 Muscle cells are elongated. irregular-shaped. They have
 Intestine cells are block-shaped. one very long branch coming
out of them...
 Neurons are star-shaped. 2

bone
cell blood
cells

liver
intestine
cell
cell
muscle neuron
cell

2   Some types of human cells. Each type of cell has its own size and shape.

ACTIVITIES

1 What are the characteristics of living things? A

2 What are cells? Are cells alive? Explain.

3 Identify the three basic life processes of cells.

a. sensitivity d. reproduction
b. production e. magnification
c. nutrition B
4 Why do we need a microscope to see cells?

5 Look at the photographs. Compare them to the diagram

above and identify the two types of cells.

6 ICT. Search the Internet to find out how big a brain cell
can be.

nine 9
 Levels of organization

1.4
Human beings are multicellular living things with many
different types of cells. Our cells work together at different
levels, called levels of organization. 1

Tissues

In multicellular living things, groups of the same type

of cells join together to form tissues. 2

Our body has several types of tissues. For example, muscle 2  

Fat tissue is made up of fat cells,
tissue is made up of muscle cells, and bone tissue is made which store energy.
up of bone cells. All the cells which form a tissue perform a
common function. For example, cells in muscle tissue
produce movement.

Organs

Tissues join together to form organs. All the tissues in

an organ work together to perform a common function.

The stomach, the heart and the kidneys are human organs. WORK WITH THE PICTURE
Each organ carries out a specific function.
 
How are the cells in the muscle tissue
For example, our tongue is an organ which consists organized?
of several tissues: muscle tissue, which allows the tongue
 
The cells in the muscle tissue are
to move; epithelial tissue, which covers the tongue; elongated and they join together...
and nervous tissue, which is made up of nerve cells.
 
What organs can you see in the
These tissues work together so that the tongue picture?
functions properly.

ORGANS
CELLS TISSUES

muscle
muscle cell muscle tissue

bone tissue bone

bone cell

1   Levels of organization of the human body.

10 ten
 1

1.5
Systems

Organs join together to form systems. Organs within

systems work together to perform a common function.

For example, the muscular system is made up of all the

muscles in the body, and the skeletal system is made up of
all the bones. The muscular system and the skeletal system
form the locomotor system.

Organisms

Finally, all the different types of systems in our body

work together to form a human being.

In the human body, cells, tissues, organs and systems all

work together so the organism functions correctly.

ACTIVITIES

1 Compare the different levels of organization of the

1.6 muscular and skeletal systems in the diagram.

2 Look at the picture. What level of organization does

it show? What system does it belong to?

ORGANISM

SYSTEMS

locomotor human
system being
skeletal
muscular system system

eleven 11
 The locomotor system

A B frontalis

cranium jaw bone masseter

pectorals

clavicle deltoid
vertebrae abdominals
ribs triceps
sternum
humerus spinal biceps
column
ulna
radius pelvis

femur biceps
femoris
patella quadriceps
tibia calf
fibula muscles

1 The locomotor system. A. The skeletal system. B. The muscular system.

The locomotor system consists of the skeletal system

1.7
WORK WITH THE PICTURE
and the muscular system. Both systems work together to
produce movement. 1
 
What bones do you think protect the
lungs and the heart? And the brain?
The skeletal system  
The bones that protect the lungs
and the heart are...
The skeletal system gives our body its shape and protects
 
Which muscles move your arms and
delicate organs, like the brain, lungs and heart. There are
legs?
over 200 bones in our body. All bones are hard and rigid
and can have different shapes: flat, long and short.
The ends of bones are covered by a soft, elastic tissue muscle
called cartilage. Bones meet at joints, where they are held
together by ligaments, made of flexible tissue.
tendon
The muscular system
The muscular system consists of all the muscles in the ligaments bones
body. Muscles are organs which can change in length and
shape. When a muscle is relaxed, it is long and thin. When cartilage
a muscle is contracted, it is shorter and thicker.
There are about 640 muscles in our body. Muscles are
joined to bones by tendons. 2 2   The knee is a joint.

12 twelve
 1

1.8
How the locomotor system works
The skeletal system and the muscular system make up
the locomotor system. The muscles in this system
receive orders from the brain, and work with the bones
to make the body move.
When a muscle receives an order, it contracts and pulls
the bones attached to it. 3 Once the order is performed,
the muscle relaxes and the bones return to their original
position.
Most muscles work in pairs. One muscle contracts while
the other one relaxes. These muscles are called
antagonists, for example, the biceps and triceps
in the arm. When the arm bends or straightens
at the elbow, there is an antagonistic pair of muscles at
work.
There are two movements. 3  
The muscles in the girl’s leg contract
and pull the bones attached to them,
Flexing movement. The biceps contracts and the
  making her leg go up.
triceps relaxes. The biceps pulls the radius, so the arm
bends at the elbow.
 
Extending movement. The biceps relaxes and
the triceps contracts. The triceps pulls the ulna, so the
arm straightens.

ACTIVITIES
Flexing movement
1 
Where are these bones
The biceps
contracts. found?
1.9
femur - sternum -
cranium - fibula - humerus -
radius jaw bone - pelvis

The triceps
2 How are ligaments and
relaxes.
tendons similar? How are
they different?
Extending movement 3 Name two muscles in each
part of the body.
The biceps  trunk   arms   legs
relaxes.
4 W ith a partner, make a list
of simple movements you
make every day. Which
The triceps muscles and bones do you
contracts. think work to produce
ulna
them?

thirteen 13
 KNOW HOW TO

Perform basic first aid procedures

We use first aid procedures to give immediate help to a sick or injured
person. Later, the person can receive professional medical treatment
if necessary.

Read about some basic first aid procedures.

Cuts
Using sterile gauze, press on the wound to stop the bleeding.
When it stops bleeding, clean the wound with water and
soap. Then, apply a disinfectant. When possible, wear sterile
gloves. Next, go to hospital, as stitches or the tetanus
vaccine may be needed.

Burns
Cool the burn under cold running water for a few
minutes. Do not apply mud, oil, ointment, toothpaste,
alcohol or any other substances to the burn.
If the burn looks serious, cover it with wet gauze until
you can get medical attention.

Nosebleeds
Bend your head slightly forward to avoid swallowing blood.
Pinch your nose firmly for a few minutes, until the bleeding stops.
Do not block your nostrils with cotton. If bleeding persists, repeat
the procedure.

TRY TO STAY CALM.

Understand the information.

1 Look up the meaning of sterile, gauze, disinfectant, stitches
and tetanus vaccine.

Show that you can do it.

2 Find out what to do in these situations and prepare
a first aid poster:
 a wasp sting    choking    heat exhaustion

3 GROUP WORK. Create a first aid guide in case of accidents

at your school. Make some drawings to illustrate your
guide.

14 fourteen
 FINAL ACTIVITIES
1

1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete the text 3 Use these words to write two sentences
in your notebook, using these words. about the skeletal system.
a. organs bones protect
tissues - skeletal - pairs - cells -
1.10
b. bones joints ligaments
ligaments - tendons - multicellular -
antagonists - microscope - organs - 4 Copy and label the diagram and answer
organism - cartilage - joints - relaxes the questions. Then, circle the joints.

All living things are made up of . C

Human beings are living things
because they have many cells. Cells are
A
only visible through a .
B
Cells of the same type join together to form
. Different tissues are organized
to form organs. join together to form
systems, which in turn form a human being,
an .
The locomotor system consists of the a. What kind of movement is this?
and the muscular systems. The ends b. Which muscles are involved?
of bones are covered by . Bones meet c. How do they work?
at and are held together by .
Muscles are attached to bones by . 5 CRITICAL THINKING. Observe the pictures
Most muscles work in : one muscle and answer the questions:
contracts while the other one . These
muscles are called .

2 Look at the summary in your notebook.

Underline the sentences that answer
these questions.
 How can we see human cells?
 What is the level of organization after
 What do you see in these pictures?
organs?
 Which level of organization does each
 What holds bones together?
belong to?
 What do tendons do?  Do they belong to the same system?
 What are antagonist muscles? Explain.

Show your skills

Choose one of the following activities.

A. Prepare a computer presentation about levels of organization in the human body.
B. Prepare your own microscope slide of a sample of your hair. Make an index card
to describe what you see under the microscope.
C. Search the Internet for an animation about how a joint works and present it to the class.

fifteen 15