Day 2-5 Dynamic Response of Tall Buildings

Seminar and Workshop on
Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings

November 3-6, 2017
Novotel Manila, Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City
Dynamic Response of Tall Buildings

Naveed Anwar, PhD
What is the first thing
a doctor does before
seeing a patient
2
2
Check Blood
Pressure and
Heart Rate
3
This is an indicator of the body’s
state and potential for any
problems due to other cause
4
4
Dynamic Response
is the Heartbeat
(and blood pressure )
of the structure
5
Basic Physics of Dynamics
• Newton’s View, for rigid bodies
F = ma
6
Structural engineer’s View
Mu  Cu  Ku  F
for linear elastic, deformable bodies
7
8
Mu  Cu  Ku  F
Structure as a Linear Spring
9
The Structure Stiffness - K
Material Stiffness
Cross-Section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
Mu  Cu  Ku  F
10
The Structure Stiffness - K
Material Stiffness
Cross-Section Geometry
Section Stiffness
Member Geometry
Member Stiffness
Structure Geometry
Structure Stiffness
Linear
Non-Linear Mu  Cu  Ku  F
11
Linear Vs
Non Linear
Response
12
Dynamic Equilibrium
Mass-Acceleration Stiffness-Displacement External Force
Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Damping-Velocity
Nonlinearity
  Cu  Ku
Mu
The basic variable is displacement and its derivatives

13
Source of Nonlinear Force
Non Linear Equilibrium
14
The ‘Natural Free’ Dynamics

Free Vibration
  Ku  0
Mu
Natural Frequencies and Mode Shape
15
The Modal Dynamic
Response
Modal Analysis
• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural frequencies of vibration
• Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a mode shape
• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration
• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern
• The number of Modes is typically equal to the number of Degrees of Freedom
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent properties of the structure and do not
depend on the applied loads
17
Modal Analysis
• The Modal Analysis should be run before applying loads any other analysis to check the
model and to understand the response of the structure.
• Modal analysis is precursor to most types of analysis including Response Spectrum, Time
History, Push-over analysis, etc.
• Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full Dynamic Analysis is not performed.
• Modal analysis is easy to run and is fun to watch when animated.
18
Application of Modal Analysis
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together with animation immediately exhibit the
strengths and weaknesses of the structure.
• Modal analysis can be used to check the accuracy of the structural model
– The Time Period should be within reasonable range,
– The disconnected members are identified
– Local modes are identified that may need suppression
• The symmetry of the structure can be determined

– For doubly symmetrical buildings, generally the first two modes are translational and
the third mode is rotational
– If the first mode is rotational, the structural is un-symmetrical
• The resonance with the applied loads or excitation can be avoided

– The natural frequency of the structure should not be close to excitation frequency
19
Natural Periods or Frequency
• The heartbeat of the structure
• Indicates the “stiffness” and “mass” relationship
• Basis for damping, resonance and amplification effects
• Many relationships for tall buildings (0.1 N, with Height etc,)
20
Mode Shapes
• A mode shape is a set of relative (not absolute) nodal displacement for a particular mode
of free vibration for a specific natural frequency
• There are as many modes as there are DOF in the system
• Not all of the modes are significant
• Local modes may disrupt the modal mass participation
21
Eccentric and Concentric Response
Unsymmetrical Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Mass and Stiffness
Symmetrical Mass
and Stiffness
22
Translation in
Modal Analysis Results
• T6=1.28 sec • T9=0.75 sec

• T1=5.32 sec
• 18% in Minor • 6.5% in Minor
direction
• 60% in Minor
direction direction
Minor
direction
Translation in
• T2=4.96 sec • T4=1.56 sec • T7=0.81 sec

• 66% in Major • 15% in Major • 5.2% in Major
direction
Major
direction direction direction
T3=4.12 sec T5=1.30 sec T8=0.65sec

Torsional
23
Higher Mode Effects in Tall Buildings
• The contribution of higher modes on

reposes of Tall Buildings for earthquakes
(and wind) is one the most important
difference between the low rise and tall
buildings
24
Effect of Modes on Story Moment
25
25
Effect of Modes on Story Moment
26
26
Building 50 Story
10% 30% 50%
27
Building 25 Story
4% 15% 80%
28
Modal Response Influenced by
• Structure
Mass • Attachments
• Occupants
• Tower
• Podium
Stiffness • Basement
• Foundation
• Soil
29
Elastic Stiffness Estimation Influenced by
• Material modeling
• Cross-section Modeling
• Member Modeling
• Foundation Modeling
30
“Actual” Stiffness Estimation Influenced by
• The state of the structure at

any given time
• Damage
• Deformation
• Cracking
• Creep/Shrinkage
• Stress-state
31
Estimating Stiffness through “Cracking Factors”
• Code specified cracking factors

• Typical applied to all members
• At all locations
• For all load cases
• Not realistic, and subject to

considerable variation and debate
32
Estimating Natural Period at States
• Use Non-linear models
• Apply gravity loads, incrementally as a non linear case
• Determine Modal Properties at the end of the Gravity Case
• Use Gravity case and Modal properties as a start for other cases
33
Seismic Response
Acceleration Records Mu  Cu  Ku  Mug Time History Analysis

Free Vibration Equivalent
  Ku  0 Ku  FEQ Static Analysis
Mu
Pushover
Ku  FNL  FEQ Analysis
Ku  FEQ Response Spectrum

Analysis
Response Spectrums
34
Special Analysis Types
Non-Linear Analysis Dynamic Analysis
• P-Delta Analysis • Free Vibration and Modal

Analysis
• Buckling Analysis
• Response Spectrum
• Staitc Pushover Analysis Analysis
• Fast Non-Linear Analysis • Steady State Dynamic

(FNA) Analysis
• Large Displacement
Analysis
35
Seismic Analysis Procedures
Linear Static Nonlinear Static Linear Dynamic Nonlinear Dynamic

Procedures Procedures Procedures Procedures
• Equivalent Static • Capacity Spectrum • Response • Nonlinear

Method
Analysis • Displacement
Spectrum Analysis Response History
Coefficient Method Analysis
• Various Other • Linear Response
Pushover Analysis History Analysis
Methods
36
Nonlinear Dynamic Time History
• Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Advantage
 It applies to structures of all types

 It accounts directly for the dynamic nature of earthquakes loads
 It accounts directly for hysteretic loops and energy dissipation
 More accurate than pushover analysis
• Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Disadvantage
 More complex, needs more information, tools, skills

 Response spectrum cannot use. Uses ground motions.
 The Response can be sensitive to changes in the ground motion. Analysis must be
carried out for a number of earthquakes
 Requires more computer time than pushover
37
Initial Conditions
• The initial conditions describe the state of the structure at the beginning of a time-history
case. These include:
• Displacements and velocities

• Internal forces and stresses
• Internal state variables for nonlinear elements
• Energy values for the structure
• External loads
• The accelerations are not considered initial conditions, but are computed from the
equilibrium equation.
38
Additional Information Required for NDA
Appropriate Hysteretic Response of either Material or Structural Components has to be Provided

(At present, there is no clear recommendations)
39
Estimating, understanding and including
dynamic response in the design
is the key for high and reliable performance of
structures for Wind and Earthquakes
It all starts with Modal Analysis
40
Thank You

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Seminar and Workshop on

Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings

Dynamic Response of Tall Buildings

• Newton’s View, for rigid bodies

Structure as a Linear Spring

Mass-Acceleration Stiffness-Displacement External Force

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

The basic variable is displacement and its derivatives

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Non Linear Equilibrium

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Natural Frequencies and Mode Shape

• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural frequencies of vibration

• Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a mode shape

• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration

• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern

• The number of Modes is typically equal to the number of Degrees of Freedom

• Modal analysis is easy to run and is fun to watch when animated.

• The symmetry of the structure can be determined

• The resonance with the applied loads or excitation can be avoided

• The heartbeat of the structure

• Indicates the “stiffness” and “mass” relationship

• Basis for damping, resonance and amplification effects

• Many relationships for tall buildings (0.1 N, with Height etc,)

• There are as many modes as there are DOF in the system

• Not all of the modes are significant

• Local modes may disrupt the modal mass participation

Unsymmetrical Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

• T6=1.28 sec • T9=0.75 sec

• T2=4.96 sec • T4=1.56 sec • T7=0.81 sec

direction direction direction

T3=4.12 sec T5=1.30 sec T8=0.65sec

• The contribution of higher modes on

10% 30% 50%

• The state of the structure at

• Code specified cracking factors

• Not realistic, and subject to

• Use Non-linear models

• Apply gravity loads, incrementally as a non linear case

• Determine Modal Properties at the end of the Gravity Case

Acceleration Records Mu  Cu  Ku  Mug Time History Analysis

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Ku  FEQ Response Spectrum

Non-Linear Analysis Dynamic Analysis

• P-Delta Analysis • Free Vibration and Modal

• Fast Non-Linear Analysis • Steady State Dynamic

Linear Static Nonlinear Static Linear Dynamic Nonlinear Dynamic

• Equivalent Static • Capacity Spectrum • Response • Nonlinear

 It applies to structures of all types

• Nonlinear Dynamic Time History Disadvantage

 More complex, needs more information, tools, skills

• Displacements and velocities

Appropriate Hysteretic Response of either Material or Structural Components has to be Provided

It all starts with Modal Analysis

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