Lecture #14: AC Voltage Controllers
Lecture #14: AC Voltage Controllers
Lecture #14: AC Voltage Controllers
AC Voltage Controllers
π+α
During the positive half-cycle of input voltage the power flow is controlled by varying the
delay angle of thyristor T1; and thyristor T2 controls the power flow during the negative
half-cycle of input voltage.
The load rms value
1
π 2π
∫ ( v s ) dθ + ∫ ( v s ) dθ
2 2
Vo = (1)
2π α π+α
π π
2 1 2
Vo = ∫
2π α
( vs ) dθ = ∫ Vˆ s sin θ dθ
2
πα
( )
NB:
• Varying the delay angle α from 0 to π can vary the RMS output voltage from
Vs to 0.
∞
vload (t ) = ∑ a
n =1
n cos nω t + bn sin nωt
where
2 ⋅π
1 ⌠ 2
T
vs ( t) ⋅cos ( n⋅ωt) d( ωt)
T ∫0
an ⋅ ⇔ a1 = vs cos ( nωt )dt
π ⌡0
2 ⋅π
1 ⌠ T
⋅ vs ( t) ⋅sin( n⋅ωt) d( ωt) 2
T ∫0
bn ⇔ b1 = vs sin ( nωt )dt
π ⌡0
ˆ sin ωt
and vs (t) = V For intervals ( α, π ) and ( π + α, 2π )
s
T
2
T ∫0
a1 = vs cos (1ωt )dt
V̂s
π
a1 = ∫ ( sin 0 + sin 2ωt )dωt
π α
V̂s 1 π
a1 =
π 2 ( − cos 2ωt ) α
V̂s cos 2α − 1
a1 =
π 2
T
2
and b1 = ∫ vs sin (1ωt )dt
T0
V̂s sin 2α
b1 = π − α + 2
π
vload_1 can now be written as
vload_1( t) (
Vload_1_mag⋅sin ωt + φ load_1 )
where a1
Vload_1_mag
2
a1 + b1
2 φ load_1 atan
b1
⋅ a1 + b1
1 2 2
Vload_1_rms
2
Real_Power
Power_Factor
Apparent_Input_Power
2
Where Vload_rms
Real_Power
R
Vˆ Vload _ rms
Apparent_Input = s
2 R
α ⇒ T1 β π + α ⇒ T2
Analysis
di1
V̂s sin ωt = Ri1 + L
dt
when ωt = α, i1 = 0 then
V̂s R(α)
A1 = − sin(α − φ)e L ω
Z
therefore
V̂s
sin(ωt − φ) − sin(α − φ)e L ω
R ( α −t )
i1 =
Z
R ( α −t )
L ω
sin(β − φ) − sin(α − φ)e =0
β can be found using iterative method (make initial guess of β, find β such as the left-
hand-side equation equals=0)
The rms output voltage
1 ˆ
β π+β
2 2
Vo =
2π α
(
∫ Vs sin θ dθ + ∫ V ) (
ˆ sin θ dθ
s ) (3)
π+α
β
2 2
Vo = ∫
2π α
Vs (
ˆ sin θ dθ )
NOTES:
1) For inductive load, continuous gate pulse is required (i.e. duration of pulse= π −α )
for the converter to work properly.
; θ = θ = tan −1
α θ ≤α ≤π ωL
2) Control range of the delay angle : = load angle
R
3) If α ≤ θ and continuous gate pulse, load current would not change with α , T1 turn-
on at ωt = θ and T2 turn-on at ωt = π + θ . Hence, continuous and sinusoidal
current will be obtained and the output voltage follows the input.
α
ωL
θ = tan −1 = load angle
R
14.3 INTEGRAL CYCLE
The thyristor switch connects the AC supply to load for a time tn. The on-time N usually
consists of an integral number of cycles. The thyristors are turned on at the zero-
crossing of AC input voltage.
Analysis
(i) Harmonic and sub harmonic properties
a0 = 0
N
2π
T
1
an =
π ∫ 0
Vˆs sin(ω t ) cos( nω t ) d (ωt )
VˆsT N
an = 2 2
(1 − cos(2nπ ))
π (T − n ) T
N
2π
T
1
bn =
π ∫
0
Vˆs sin(ωt )sin(nωt )d (ωt )
VˆsT N
bn = 2 2
( − sin(2nπ ))
π (T − n ) T
2 2
c n = a n + bn
2Vˆs T N
cn = 2 2
(sin( nπ ))
π (T − n ) T
N 2π ˆ 2
Vrms _ load = ∫
2πT 0
(
Vs sin ωt dωt )
Vˆs N
Vrms _ load =
2 T
Vˆs 2 N
Power =
2R T
Vˆs N
Vload _ rms 2 T N
Power_Factor = = =
The power factor is Vˆs Vˆ T
s
2 2
14.4 Cycloconverter
Applicable for low speed and very large horsepower synchronous and induction motors.
The firing angles in each phase are cyclically controlled to yield a low-frequency
sinusoidal output. The output voltage is derived directly from the line-frequency input
without an intermediate dc link.