Principles Final

Caurelou S.
Pitoc
BSECE IV
ECE 141- Principles of Communications
Group 5
------------------------------Online Activity
1. Name one manufacturer for each of the types of filters you studied.
Dielectric resonator- Cirocomm Technology Corp.
Mechanical Filter- Kokusai Electronics Co. Ltd.
Ceramic Filter-TOKO America Inc.
2. What kinds of filters did you find? (LPF, HPF, BPF, etc.)
Band-pass Filter for Dielectric Resonator and Mechanical Filter
Low-pass Filter for Ceramic Filters
3. What frequency range does each type of filter cover?
Dielectric resonator- 950 to 1430 MHz
Mechanical Filter- 200 to 500 kHz
Ceramic Filter- 450 to 455 kHz
4. Define insertion loss and give typical loss factors for each filter type.
Insertion loss is the loss the filter introduces to the signals in the passband. Passive filters introduce attenuation because of
the resistive losses in the components. Insertion loss is typically given in decibels.
Dielectric Resonator:
Insertion loss- 3.0 dB
Mechanical Filter
Insertion loss - 5.0 dB
Ceramic Filter
Insertion loss - 3.0 dB
5. What are typical input and output impedances for each filter type?
Dielectric Filter:
Impedance: 50 ohms
Mechanical Filter:
Impedance:100 kOhms
Ceramic Filter:
Input Impedance: 1.5 kOhms
Output Impedance: 2.0 kOhms
-------------------------------Questions
1. What happens to capacitive reactance as the frequency of operation increases?

- Capacitive reactance decreases as the frequency increases
2. As frequency decreases, how does the reactance of a coil vary?
-Inductive reactance or the reactance on the coil decreases as the frequency decreases
3. What is skin effect, and how does it affect the Q of a coil?
- Skin effect is a phenomenon that causes electrons to flow near the outer surface of a conductor rather than at the center
or uniformly over the cross section. It reduces the area for electron flow for electron flow, thus increasing resistance.
-The effect is frequency-sensitive, causing a resistance increases at higher frequencies. Skin effect causes Q to be lower at
the higher frequencies.
4. What happens to a wire when a ferrite bead is placed around it?
- The inductance of the wire increases, creating a low-value RF cable.
5. What is the name given to the widely used coil form that is shaped like a doughnut?
-Toriod
6. Describe the current and impedance in a series RLC circuit at resonance.
- In a series resonant circuit at resonance, impedance is minimum and line current is maximum.
7. Describe the current and impedance in a parallel RLC circuit at resonance.
- In a parallel resonant circuit at resonance, impedance is maximum and line current is minimum.
8. State in your own words the relationship between Q and the bandwidth of a tuned circuit.
- There is an inverse relationship between Q and bandwidth. High Q means narrow bandwidth , and low Q translate to
wider bandwidth.
9. What kind of filter is used to select a single signal frequency from many signals?
-Bandpass Filter
10. What kind of filter would you use to get rid of an annoying 120-Hz hum?
- Notch Filter
--------------------------------Problems
1. What is the gain of an amplifier with an output of 1.5 V and an input of 30 μV?
2. What is the attenuation of a voltage divider like that in Fig. 2-3, where R1 is 3.3 kV and R2 is 5.1 kV?
3. What is the overall gain or attenuation of the combination formed by cascading the circuits described in
Problems 1 and 2?
4. Three amplifiers with gains of 15, 22, and 7 are cascaded; the input voltage is 120 μV. What are the overall gain
and the output voltages of each stage?
5. A piece of communication equipment has two stages of amplification with gains of 40 and 60 and two loss stages
with attenuation factors of 0.03 and 0.075. The output voltage is 2.2 V. What are the overall gain (or attenuation)
and the input voltage?
6. Find the voltage gain or attenuation, in decibels, for each of the circuits described in Problems 1 through 5.
7. A power amplifier has an output of 200 W and an input of 8 W. What is the power gain in decibels?
8. A power amplifier has a gain of 55 dB. The input power is 600 mW. What is the output power?
9. An amplifier has an output of 5 W. What is its gain in dBm?
10. A communication system has five stages, with gains and attenuations of 12, 245, 68, 231, and 9 dB. What is the
overall gain?

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Caurelou S.

1. What happens to capacitive reactance as the frequency of operation increases?

9. An amplifier has an output of 5 W. What is its gain in dBm?

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