Adhoc Wireless and Sensor Networks: M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February - 2014
Adhoc Wireless and Sensor Networks: M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February - 2014
Adhoc Wireless and Sensor Networks: M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February - 2014
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
ADHOC WIRELESS AND SENSOR NETWORKS
(Wireless and Mobile Communications)
Date : 08 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
Answer any FIVE Questions. All Questions carry equal marks
All parts of the question must be answered in one place only
2. a) What are the main issues that need to be addressed while designing a MAC protocol 8M
for adhoc wireless networks?
b) Give the classification of random access protocols. 4M
4. a) Give reasons why conventional multicast routing protocols cannot be used in adhoc 6M
networks.
b) Explain bandwidth efficient multicast routing protocol. 6M
7. a) Briefly discuss why there is need for energy management schemes in adhoc wireless 6M
networks.
b) Classify energy management schemes in adhoc wireless networks. 6M
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
COMPUTER NETWORKS
(Computer Science and Engineering)
Date : 04 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
2. a) A string of 110011101 arrives at the line coder of a modem. Give output form if the line 6M
coder is designed by:
(i) Natural NRZ (ii) Polar NRZ (iiii) Manchester
b) Write a brief note on Point to Point Protocol. 6M
5. With a suitable example, explain the working of persistent and non persistent HTTP. 12M
8. a) What is a Virtual Private Network? What are the advantages of using VPN to an 6M
organization?
b) Explain briefly the two widely used real-time media transport protocols. 6M
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1214
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(Computer Science and Engineering)
Date : 06 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
3. a) Discuss the entity integrity and referential integrity constraints. Why each component 4M
considered important?
b) For relations Employee(name, ssn, sex, salary, superssn, dno); Manager(mgrssn, mgr 8M
joindt); deptloc(dno, dloc); proj(pno, pname, ploc, dno); works(ssn, pno, hrs);
dept(dname, dno, mrgssn); dependent(essn, deptname, sex, relationship).
Write querries for the shema of figure in relational algebra.
i. Retrieve the names of all employees in department 5 who work more than 10
hours per week on the product X project.
ii. For each project, list the project name and the total hours per week (by all
employees) spent on that project.
iii. Retrieve the names of all employees who do not work on any project.
iv. For each department, retrieve the department name and the average salary of
all employees working in that department.
4. a) Give the syntax for creating and deleting stored procedures and functions? 6M
b) Consider the SQL database below, where the primary keys are underlined. 6M
Employee(person-name, street, city).
Works(person-name, company-name, salary).
Company(company-name, city).
Manages(person-name, manager-name).
Write the SQL queries’ for the following
i. Find the names of all employees who work for First Bank Corporation.
ii. Find the names and cities of residence of all employees who work for First Bank
Corporation.
iii. Find the names, street address and cities of residence of all employees who work
for First Bank Corporation and earn more than $10000 per month.
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
(Computer Science and Engineering)
Date : 08 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
2. a) Describe the various types of relationships that can exist among the classes and 8M
represent them in UML notation.
b) Create a class hierarchy to organize the following drink classes: alcoholic, non- 4M
alcoholic, grape juice, mineral water, lemonade, beer and wine.
3. a) Draw the sequence diagram for a telephonic conversation between two people and 6M
explain the exchange of messages w.r.t the classes.
b) Develop sequence diagram for depositing an amount into the savings account through 6M
an ATM machine.
4. a) With suitable example, show how activity diagrams are used to model a system 6M
dynamically?
b) Draw a state chart diagram to depict the working of a digital clock. 6M
5. a) Describe where and when component and deployment diagrams are used during 8M
project development. Illustrate with an example.
b) List the differences between component and class. Describe the relationship between 4M
interfaces and components in UML diagram.
6. a) Explain the significance of the four P’s namely people, project, product and process. 6M
b) Explain the significance of iterative incremental development. 6M
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
7. SafeHome software enables the home owner to configure the security system when it is 12M
installed, monitors all sensors connected to the security system and interacts with the
home owner through a keypad and function keys contained in safehome control panel.
During installation, the safe home control panel is used to program and configure the
system. Each sensor is assigned a number and type, a master password is programmed for
arming, disarming the system and telephone numbers are input for dialing when a sensor
event occurs. When a sensor event is recognized, the software invokes an audible alarm
attached to the system. After a delay time that is specified by the home owner during the
system configuration activities. The software dials a telephone number of a monitoring
service, provides information about the location, reporting the nature of the event that is
detected. The telephone number will be redialed every 20 seconds until telephone
connection is obtained. All interactions with safehome is managed by user interaction
subsystem that reads input provided by the keypad.
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
OPERATING SYSTEMS
(Computer Science and Engineering)
Date : 11 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) Describe the function of long term, medium term and short term schedulers with a 6M
block diagram.
b) Differentiate between: 6M
i. One to One and Many to Many model
ii. User and Kernel threads
2. a) The following processes arrive for execution in times indicated as given below: 6M
Process Arrival time Burst time
P1 0 1.5
P2 1.5 3
P3 3 1
P4 3 7.5
Draw a Gantt Chart and calculate average waiting time for:
i. FCFS scheduling
ii. Preemptive SJF scheduling.
b) Describe ‘Test and Set’ and ‘SWAP’ instructions and their use in synchronization of 6M
processes.
3. a) Give the deadlock detection algorithm for both single and multiple instances of 8M
resources.
b) What is deadlock? What are the necessary conditions for a deadlock situation? 4M
8. Explain different methods used for distributed deadlock prevention with its advantages and 12M
disadvantages.
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1218
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING
(Common to Computer Science and Engineering & Software Engineering)
Date : 15 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
5. Briefly explain the different criteria that are used for comparing classification and prediction 12M
methods.
6. a) Describe the usage of K-means algorithm in data mining. 6M
b) Describe the methods used to compute dissimilarity between the objects described by 6M
ratio-scaled variables.
7. What do you mean by similarity search in time series analysis? Discuss two different types 12M
of similarity search that can be used for time series analysis.
8. Suppose that a city transportation department would like to perform data analysis on 12M
highway traffic for the planning of highway construction based on city traffic data collected
at different hours every day
i. Design a spatial datawarehouse that stores the highway traffic information so that
people can easily see the average and peak time traffic flow by highway, by time of
day, and by weekends, the traffic situation when the major accidents occur.
ii. What information can we mine from such a spatial datawarehouse to help city
planners?
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1407
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
CPLD AND FPGA ARCHITECTURES AND APPLICATIONS
(Embedded Systems)
Date : 08 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) Explain the FPGA design flow with each level in the design. 6M
b) Explain about the state assignment for FPGA. 6M
2. Describe the different FPGA architectures and its programming technologies. 12M
3. Write a synthesizable HDL code for 2:1 MUX in the behavioral style and structural style. 12M
4. Design a system which counts the number of 1’s in a register using shift operation. Draw 12M
the ASM chart for the design of control logic and implant the same on a PLA.
5. a) What are the possible ways of implementing programming links at the single length 5M
interconnects and long interconnects in the arrays.
b) Draw the diagram of traditional FPGA architecture consisting of a two dimensional 7M
array of logic blocks. Further decompose these logic blocks into a hierarchical
collection of different logic elements such as LUT’s, Flip Flops and MUX.
6. a) Explain the datapath and functional partition of FSM system level design. 6M
b) Develop one hot state diagram for a sequence checker which is ‘I’ whenever the 6M
sequence is ‘0101’. Also specify the transition table.
7. a) Draw and explain the basic configuration and symbology for a PLD sum of products 6M
array with a logic diagram.
b) Explain output logic macro cell for a PALCE16V8 PLD with a circuit diagram. 6M
8. a) Draw the simplified block diagram for Xilinx XC4000 series CLB and explain the function 6M
briefly.
b) Compare & list out the advantages of ALTERA’s Logic8000 with Xilinx XC4000. 6M
Hall Ticket Question Paper Code : B1413
No
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
NETWORK SECURITY AND CRYPTOGRAPHY
(Common to Digital Electronics and Communication Systems &
Wireless and Mobile Communications)
Date : 13 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
6. a) How web security can be achieved? What are the different mechanisms? 6M
b) Explain the operation of SSL Record protocol with a neat diagram. 6M
7. a) What is bot net? Explain the application of bot nets and how it works. 6M
b) Explain the different types of intrusion detection techniques. 6M
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
CODING THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
(Common to Digital Electronics and Communication Systems &
Wireless and Mobile Communications)
Date : 04 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) For any two random variables prove that mutual information is non- negative. 6M
b) A zero memory source has a source alphabet S={s1,s2,s3,s4} with probabilities 6M
P={1/2,1/4,1/8,1/8}.Find the entropy of this source, also determine the entropy of its
2nd extension and verify that H(s2)=2H(s).
3. A [15, 5] linear cyclic code has a generator polynomial g[x]=1 + x + x2 + x4 + x5 + x8 + x10 12M
i. Draw the block diagrams of an encoder and syndrome calculator for this code.
ii. Find the code polynomial for the message polynomial D(x)=1 + x2 + x4 in the systematic
form.
iii. Is V(x) = 1 + x4 + x6 + x8 + x14 a code polynomial? If not find the syndrome of V(x)
4. Consider the (3,1,2) convolutional code with g(1)=(1 1 0), g(2)=(1 0 1) and g(3)=(1 11) 12M
i. Draw the encoder block diagram.
ii. Find the generator matrix.
iii. Find the code-word corresponding to the information sequence (1 1 1 0 1) using time
domain and transform-domain approach.
6. a) Describe the different types of ARQ. Briefly discuss their features, advantages and 8M
disadvantages.
b) Consider a (15, 9) cyclic code generated by g(x)=1+x3+x4+x5+x6. This code has burst 4M
error correcting ability b=3. Find the burst error correcting efficiency of this code.
7. Find table for GF(23) from GF(2) by using third degree irreducible polynomial 12M
p(x) x 3 x 2 1 .
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS
(Common to Digital Electronics and Communication Systems &
Wireless and Mobile Communications)
Date : 06 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
6. a) Discuss in detail the three alternative transmission techniques commonly used for IR 6M
data transmission.
b) Describe the two types of authentication provided by IEEE 802.11. 6M
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS
(Wireless and Mobile Communications)
Date : 11 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) A system is operating with a link in which the interfering noise is 100 times greater 4M
than the signal and the information rate is 3 kbps. What is the minimum RF bandwidth
needed?
b) Discuss the direct sequence system with necessary waveforms and block diagram. Also 8M
explain the frequency spectrum of a hybrid FH/DS system with a neat diagram.
2. a) What is the longest code sequence that can be generated with a single linear feedback 4M
network using a shift register of 23 stages?
b) Write the properties held by all maximal code sequences. Also draw the auto 8M
correlation characteristics for a 21-chip maximal code [5, 4].
3. a) Determine the mean and base frequencies for a direct, 64-frequency add-and-divide 6M
synthesizer with output at 70-MHz and 10-kHz output spacing.
b) Discuss the effects of: 6M
i. Carrier Modulation
ii. Code modification
4. a) Write the block diagram of squaring loop demodulator. Define the functions of all 7M
blocks. What are the parameters on which the performance of squaring loop depends
on?
b) Given 30-dB process gain, what would be the output (S + I)/I ratio in a correlator when 5M
the input interference is 10 dB above the desired signal?
5. a) Write the flow diagram for sliding correlator synchronizer and illustrate the 6M
synchronization process. Mention it’s advantages.
b) Discuss the carrier-lock tracking system. 6M
7. a) If exactly 25-chip/mi range resolution is desired, what code chip rate is required? 6M
b) A 100-khop/sec frequency hopping system uses it’s hopping interval to measure the 6M
range. Give an estimate of it’s range resolution capability.
8. a) How the evaluation of spread spectrum systems is done using Receiver sensitivity test 6M
setup? Explain.
b) Write the block diagrams of TDRSS modulation and demodulation subsystems. Discuss 6M
the functions of each block.
Hall Ticket Question Paper Code : B1317
No
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
RELIABILITY ENGINEERING
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 13 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
2. a) Show that mean time to failure is equal to the reciprocal of the constant hazard rate 6M
function for exponentially distributed failure component.
b) A component with an MTTF of 100 hours is known to have exponential distribution. 6M
Calculate the reliability of the component for a mission time of 10 hours.
3. a) Discuss the various measures of reliability. Provide expressions for each of them. 6M
b) Fig. 1 shows a system configuration. The block shows elements of the system and each 6M
element has a reliability of 0.95. Find the system reliability.
4. a) A parallel system have identical components and each component has a reliability of 6M
0.5. What is the minimum number of components if the system reliability must be
atleast 0.99?
b) A system consists of 4 components in parallel system requires that atleast 3 out of 4 6M
must function.
i. What is the system reliability if each component has a reliability of 0.9?
ii. What is the system rehability if 5 components are there to perform the same
functions?
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
Fig. 2
6. In one component, repairable model with state space diagram and the corresponding rates 12M
of transition are shown in Fig. 3, if state 2 is an absorbing state, evaluate the expected
number of intervals the system can reside in other state. And also derive the formula used.
Fig. 3
8. a) Explain how the reliability indices are evaluated using minimal cutest approach. 6M
b) A system consists of four components in parallel. System success requires that at least 6M
three of these components must function. What is the probability of system success if
the component reliability is 0.9? What is the system reliability if five components are
placed in parallel to perform the same function?
Hall Ticket Question Paper Code : B1411
No
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
LOW POWER CMOS VLSI DESIGN
(Digital Electronics and Communication Systems)
Date : 08 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
3. Explain Monte-Carlo based technique for estimating the average power in sequential 12M
circuits.
5. Explain the algorithm for power dissipation driven multilevel logic optimization with an 12M
example.
6. With neat figures and waveforms for read and write, explain the operation of 4T and 6T 12M
SRAM cell.
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
DESIGN FOR TESTABILITY
(Digital Electronics and Communication Systems)
Date : 15 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
Fig. 1
i. Find the set of all tests that detects the fault ‘c’ at stuck at 1
ii. Find the set of all tests that detects the fault ‘a’ stuck at 0
iii. Find the set of all tests that detects the multiple fault {‘c’ at stuck at 1, ‘a’ stuck at 0}
4. a) Construct a truth table for an XOR function of two input using the five logic values 0, 1, 6M
x, D, and D’.
b) Show that the expected fault coverage of a random test sequence of length N is 6M
greater than:
i. its testing quality tN
ii. its detection quality dN
5. a) Using Huffman model for sequential circuit, explain full integrated scan. 6M
b) Explain isolated serial scan. 6M
Cont…2
::2::
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTERS-II
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 04 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) With neat cross sectional view of half cell, explain turn-on and turn-off processes of 6M
static induction thyristor (SITH), along with its equivalent circuit.
b) Compare features of MTO, ETO and MCT with respect to their gate control, switching 6M
frequency, on-state voltage.
2. a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of resonant inverters with bi-directional 6M
switches?
b) Discuss about the methods for voltage control of series resonant inverters. 6M
3. a) With a neat circuit diagram and valid mathematical equations, discuss about parallel 6M
resonant inverters.
b) With a neat circuit diagram and waveforms, explain the circuit operation of Class E 6M
resonant rectifier.
4. a) With a neat circuit diagram, equivalent circuits and relevant waveforms, explain the 6M
operation of L-type ZCS resonant converter.
b) With a neat circuit diagram, relevant waveform and valid equations explain the 6M
operation of resonant DC link inverter.
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
POWER ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF AC DRIVES
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 06 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit of an induction motor. Simplify the equivalent 7M
circuit by stating the approximations made and draw the phasor diagram for the
simplified equivalent circuit.
b) Explain how the variable voltage, constant frequency operation of an induction motor 5M
affects the speed-torque characteristics.
2. a) Discuss about the closed loop speed control of induction motor by slip regulation. 6M
b) Draw the block diagram of speed/flux control of current fed inverter drive and write 6M
short notes on it.
5. Explain in detail about operation of synchronous motor with neat diagram and also explain 12M
its characteristics.
6. Explain the designing and operation of maximum permissible torque speed control scheme 12M
with its implementation strategy.
7. a) Elaborately discuss the current limit control of variable reluctance servo drives. 8M
b) Briefly explain the principle of operation of any one type of variable reluctance motor. 4M
8. a) Draw the constructional diagram of a brushless dc motor and explain its features. 6M
b) Mention the differences between trapezoidal and sinusoidal type of brushless dc 6M
motors.
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1315
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 08 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) Explain the need for transmission interconnections. Show how a FACTS device can 6M
control power flow in parallel paths.
b) What is loadability? What system constraints limit the loadability? 6M
2. a) Explain how the transformers are connected for a 12 pulse operation to reduce the 6M
harmonics.
b) Explain how a 24-pulse converter can be made from 12-pulse converter. 6M
4. a) Prove that midpoint shunt compensation can significantly increase the transmittable 8M
power.
b) What are the functional requirements of reactive shunt compensator? 4M
5. a) With a neat diagram and wave forms describe the operation of a basic thyristor 6M
controlled reactor.
b) With a block diagram explain the functional control scheme for the TSC-TCR type static 6M
var generator.
6. Draw the block diagram of the basic static var compensator and derive an expression for 12M
the amplitude variation of the terminal voltage against amplitude variation of power system
voltage.
7. Explain the method of implementation of power oscillation damping by modulating the 12M
reference voltage according to frequency or power flow variations.
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
MODERN CONTROL ENGINEERING
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 11 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
Fig. 1
4. a) Define singular points. List the singular points based on the location of eigen values of 6M
the system , along with the phase portraits.
b) Plot eigen values and phase portraits of the system expressed by the following 6M
equations:
i. y 9 y 20 y 0
ii. y 8 y 17 y 34
Cont…2
:: 2 ::
x1 0 1 0 x1 0
x2 0 0 1 x2 0 u
0 6 5 x 1
x3 3
Design a state feedback controller such that the desired closed poles are at (-1±j) &
(-5).
b) What are state observers? Explain with block diagram of the full order state observer. 6M
6. a) Explain the method of constructing Liapunov function by Krasoviski’s method for non 6M
linear systems.
b) State and explain Lyapunov’s stability theorem. 6M
8. a) Obtain the pulse transfer function G(z) of the system shown in Fig. 2 where G(s) is 6M
1
given by G ( s)
sa
Fig. 2
b) Write a note with example: 6M
i. Eigen value
ii. Eigen vector
iii. Canonical form representation of linear operators
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1616
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
(Embedded Systems)
Date : 15 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) List several applications for non-servo robots for point to point and for continuous path 6M
robot.
b) Explain the general classification of robot. 6M
3. a) How are grippers classified? Give neat sketches for four sample gripper designs. 6M
b) Enlist gripper design considerations. 6M
4. Write the racer controller state map and explain different states in operational race 12M
scenario.
5. Discuss the steps that the snow making control ppdev program takes and write the 12M
program that uses ppdev to control the parallel port registers that control the interface
circuit.
6. Describe an incremental interpolator based on the resolved motion rate control method. 12M
7. a) With block diagram explain robot control architecture for n-DOF manipulator. 8M
b) List some of the Industrial applications of robotics. 4M
8. a) List the factors which should be considered while selecting a robot for a particular 6M
application.
b) Write a short note on robotic cell design. 6M
Hall Ticket No Question Paper Code : B1320
(AUTONOMOUS)
M. Tech II Semester Supplementary Examinations, February – 2014
(Regulations: VCE-R11)
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS AND APPLICATIONS
(Power Electronics and Electric Drives)
Date : 15 February, 2014 Time : 3 Hours Max. Marks : 60
1. a) List the Microprocessor used in PLC CPUs which is the least powerful and which is the 6M
most powerful? And explain in detail.
b) The switching circuit shown in Fig.1 below is to be implemented using a PLC. Show how 6M
the controller’s inputs and output can be arranged. Write the Ladder program.
Fig.1
3. a) Convert the following binary numbers into equivalent octal, hexa-decimal and decimal 6M
values.
i. 1011 ii. 111010001 iii. 1010101010101010
b) Explain the difference between 6M
i. RAM and ROM
ii. EEPROM and EPROM
4. a) List the five major types of registers. Use a block diagram to show where each type fits 6M
into the PLC scheme of operation.
b) Write short notes on characteristics of registers module addressing. 6M
6. a) Illustrate a process requiring a Jump with returns Instruction and draw the necessary 6M
Ladder diagram.
b) Explain a basic PLC sequence application with timing. 6M