Corporate Finance CH 12 Solutions Westerfield

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Solutions Manual

Corporate Finance

Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe


Asia Global Edition

01/30/2013

Prepared by:
Joe Smolira
Belmont University

1/30/2014

Revised by:

Joseph Lim
Singapore Management University

Ruth Tan
National University of Singapore
CHAPTER 12
AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF RISK AND
RETURN: THE ARBITRAGE PRICING
THEORY
Answers to Concept Questions

1. Systematic risk is risk that cannot be diversified away through formation of a portfolio. Generally,
systematic risk factors are those factors that affect a large number of firms in the market, however,
those factors will not necessarily affect all firms equally. Unsystematic risk is the type of risk that
can be diversified away through portfolio formation. Unsystematic risk factors are specific to the
firm or industry. Surprises in these factors will affect the returns of the firm in which you are
interested, but they will have no effect on the returns of firms in a different industry and perhaps
little effect on other firms in the same industry.

2. Any return can be explained with a large enough number of systematic risk factors. However, for a
factor model to be useful as a practical matter, the number of factors that explain the returns on an
asset must be relatively limited.

3. The market risk premium and inflation rates are probably good choices. The price of wheat, while a
risk factor for Ultra Bread, is not a market risk factor and will not likely be priced as a risk factor
common to all stocks. In this case, wheat would be a firm specific risk factor, not a market risk
factor. A better model would employ macroeconomic risk factors such as interest rates, GDP, energy
prices, and industrial production, among others.

4. a. Real GNP was higher than anticipated. Since returns are positively related to the level of GNP,
returns should rise based on this factor.
b. Inflation was exactly the amount anticipated. Since there was no surprise in this announcement,
it will not affect Wonder returns.
c. Interest rates are lower than anticipated. Since returns are negatively related to interest rates,
the lower than expected rate is good news. Returns should rise due to interest rates.
d. The President’s death is bad news. Although the president was expected to retire, his retirement
would not be effective for six months. During that period he would still contribute to the firm.
His untimely death means that those contributions will not be made. Since he was generally
considered an asset to the firm, his death will cause returns to fall. However, since his departure
was expected soon, the drop might not be very large.
e. The poor research results are also bad news. Since Wonder must continue to test the drug, it
will not go into production as early as expected. The delay will affect expected future earnings,
and thus it will dampen returns now.
f. The research breakthrough is positive news for Wonder. Since it was unexpected, it will cause
returns to rise.
CHAPTER 12 -3

g. The competitor’s announcement is also unexpected, but it is not a welcome surprise. This
announcement will lower the returns on Wonder.

The systematic factors in the list are real GNP, inflation, and interest rates. The unsystematic risk
factors are the president’s ability to contribute to the firm, the research results, and the competitor.

5. The main difference is that the market model assumes that only one factor, usually a stock market
aggregate, is enough to explain stock returns, while a k-factor model relies on k factors to explain
returns.

6. The fact that APT does not give any guidance about the factors that influence stock returns is a
commonly-cited criticism. However, in choosing factors, we should choose factors that have an
economically valid reason for potentially affecting stock returns. For example, a smaller company
has more risk than a large company. Therefore, the size of a company can affect the returns of the
company stock.

7. Assuming the market portfolio is properly scaled, it can be shown that the one-factor model is
identical to the CAPM.

8. It is the weighted average of expected returns plus the weighted average of each security's beta times
a factor F plus the weighted average of the unsystematic risks of the individual securities.

9. Choosing variables because they have been shown to be related to returns is data mining. The
relation found between some attribute and returns can be accidental, thus overstated. For example,
the occurrence of sunburns and ice cream consumption are related; however, sunburns do not
necessarily cause ice cream consumption, or vice versa. For a factor to truly be related to asset
returns, there should be sound economic reasoning for the relationship, not just a statistical one.

10. Using a benchmark composed of Chines stocks is wrong because the stocks included are not of the
same style as those in a Thai growth stock fund.

Solutions to Questions and Problems

NOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple
steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this
solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is
found without rounding during any step in the problem.

Basic

1. Since we have the expected return of the stock, the revised expected return can be determined using
the innovation, or surprise, in the risk factors. So, the revised expected return is:

R = 12% + 1.3(3.2% – 3.6%) – 0.75(3.4% – 3.1%)


R = 11.26%

2. a. If m is the systematic risk portion of return, then:

m = GNPΔGNP + InflationΔInflation + rΔInterest rates


m = .006821($13,982 – 14,011) – 0.90(2.60% – 2.80%) – .32(4.60% – 4.80%)
m = –19.54%
4 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

b. The unsystematic return is the return that occurs because of a firm specific factor such as the
bad news about the company. So, the unsystematic return of the stock is –1.1 percent. The total
return is the expected return, plus the two components of unexpected return: the systematic risk
portion of return and the unsystematic portion. So, the total return of the stock is:

R= R +m+
R = 12.80% –19.54% – 1.1%
R = –7.84%

3. a. If m is the systematic risk portion of return, then:

m = GNPΔ%GNP + rΔInterest rates


m = 1.87(2.6% – 2.1%) – 1.32(4.8% – 4.3%)
m = .27%

b. The unsystematic return is the return that occurs because of a firm specific factor such as the
increase in market share. If  is the unsystematic risk portion of the return, then:

 = .45(27% – 23%)
 = 1.80%

c. The total return is the expected return, plus the two components of unexpected return: the
systematic risk portion of return and the unsystematic portion. So, the total return of the stock
is:

R= R +m+
R = 10.50% + .27% + 1.80%
R = 12.58%

4. The beta for a particular risk factor in a portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the assets.
This is true whether the betas are from a single factor model or a multi-factor model. So, the betas of
the portfolio are:

F1 = .20(1.55) + .20(.81) + .60(.73)


F1 = .91

F2 = .20(.80) + .20(1.25) + .60(–.14)


F2 = .33

F3 = .20(.05) + .20(–.20) + .60(1.24)


F3 = 0.71

So, the expression for the return of the portfolio is:

Ri = 3.2% + .91F1 + .33F2 – .71F3

Which means the return of the portfolio is:

Ri = 3.2% + .91(6.10%) + .33(5.30%) – .71(5.70%)


Ri = 6.41%
CHAPTER 12 -5

Intermediate

5. We can express the multifactor model for each portfolio as:

E(RP ) = RF + 1F1 + 2F2

where F1 and F2 are the respective risk premiums for each factor. Expressing the return equation for
each portfolio, we get:

16% = 4% + .85F1 + 1.15F2


12% = 4% + 1.45F1 – .25F2

We can solve the system of two equations with two unknowns. Multiplying each equation by the
respective F2 factor for the other equation, we get:

4.00% = 1.0% + .2125F1 + .2875F2


13.8% = 4.6% + 1.6675F1 – .2875F2

Summing the equations and solving F1 for gives us:

17.8% = 5.6% + 1.88 F1


F1 = 6.49%

And now, using the equation for portfolio A, we can solve for F2, which is:

16% = 4% + .85(6.490%) + 1.15F2


F2 = 5.64%

6. a. The market model is specified by:

R = R + (RM – RM ) + 

so applying that to each Stock:

Stock A:
RA = RA +  A(RM – RM ) + A
RA = 10.5% + 1.2(RM – 14.2%) + A

Stock B:
RB = RB +  B(RM – RM ) + B
RB = 13.0% + .98(RM – 14.2%) + B

Stock C:
RC = RC + C(RM – RM ) + C
RC = 15.7% + 1.37(RM – 14.2%) + C
6 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

b. Since we don't have the actual market return or unsystematic risk, we will get a formula with
those values as unknowns:

RP = .30RA + .45RB + .25RC


RP = .30[10.5% + 1.2(RM – 14.2%) + A] + .45[13.0% + .98(RM – 14.2%) + B]
+ .25[15.7% + 1.37(RM – 14.2%) + C]
RP = .30(10.5%) + .45(13%) + .25(15.7%) + [.30(1.2) + .45(.98) + .25(1.37)](RM – 14.2%)
+ .30A + .45B + .25C
RP = 12.925% + 1.1435(RM – 14.2%) + .30A + .45B + .25C

c. Using the market model, if the return on the market is 15 percent and the systematic risk is
zero, the return for each individual stock is:

RA = 10.5% + 1.20(15% – 14.2%)


RA = 11.46%

RB = 13% + .98(15% – 14.2%)


RB = 13.78%

RC = 15.70% + 1.37(15% – 14.2%)


RC = 16.80%

To calculate the return on the portfolio, we can use the equation from part b, so:

RP = 12.925% + 1.1435(15% – 14.2%)


RP = 13.84%

Alternatively, to find the portfolio return, we can use the return of each asset and its portfolio
weight, or:

RP = X1R1 + X2R2 + X3R3


RP = .30(11.46%) + .45(13.78%) + .25(16.80%)
RP = 13.84%

7. a. Since the five stocks have the same expected returns and the same betas, the portfolio also has
the same expected return and beta. However, the unsystematic risks might be different, so the
expected return of the portfolio is:

RP = 11% + 0.84F1 + 1.69F2 + (1/5)(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)


CHAPTER 12 -7

b. Consider the expected return equation of a portfolio of five assets we calculated in part a. Since
we now have a very large number of stocks in the portfolio, as:

1
N  , 0
N

But, the js are infinite, so:

(1/N)(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +…..+ N)  0

Thus:

R P = 11% + 0.84F1 + 1.69F2

Challenge

8. To determine which investment an investor would prefer, you must compute the variance of
portfolios created by many stocks from either market. Because you know that diversification is good,
it is reasonable to assume that once an investor has chosen the market in which she will invest, she
will buy many stocks in that market.

Known:
EF = 0 and  = 0.10
E = 0 and Si = 0.20 for all i

1
If we assume the stocks in the portfolio are equally-weighted, the weight of each stock is , that is:
N
1
Xi = for all i
N

If a portfolio is composed of N stocks each forming 1/N proportion of the portfolio, the return on the
portfolio is 1/N times the sum of the returns on the N stocks. To find the variance of the respective
portfolios in the 2 markets, we need to use the definition of variance from Statistics:

Var(x) = E[x – E(x)]2

In our case:

Var(RP) = E[RP – E(RP)]2


8 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Note however, to use this, first we must find RP and E(RP). So, using the assumption about equal
weights and then substituting in the known equation for Ri:

R
1
RP = i
N


1
RP = (.10 + F + i)
N


1
RP = .10 + F + i
N

Also, recall from Statistics a property of expected value, that is:


~ ~ ~
If: Z  aX  Y
~ ~ ~
where a is a constant, and Z , X , and Y are random variables, then:
~ ~ ~
E(Z)  E(a)E(X)  E(Y)

and

E(a) = a

Now use the above to find E(RP):

 

1
E(RP) = E  .10  βF  i 
 N 


1
E(RP) = .10 + E(F) + E( i )
N


1
E(RP) = .10 + (0) + 0
N
E(RP) = .10

Next, substitute both of these results into the original equation for variance:

Var(RP) = E[RP – E(RP)]2


2
Var(RP) = E .10  βF  

1
ε i - .10
 N 
2
Var(RP) = E βF  

1
ε
 N 

 ε  N    
2
Var(RP) = E β 2 F 2  2βF 
1 1 2


2
N
2
 2 2 1 2  1 
Var(RP) = β σ  σ   1 - Cov( i ,  j )
 N  N 
CHAPTER 12 -9

Finally, since we can have as many stocks in each market as we want, in the limit, as N  ,
1
 0, so we get:
N

Var(RP) = 22 + Cov(i,j)

and, since:

Cov(i,j) = ij(i,j)

and the problem states that 1 = 2 = .10, so:

Var(RP) = 22 + 12(i,j)


Var(RP) = 2(.01) + .04(i,j)

So now, summarize what we have so far:

R1i = .10 + 1.5F + 1i


R2i = .10 + .5F + 2i
E(R1P) = E(R2P) = .10
Var(R1P) = .0225 + .04(1i,1j)
Var(R2P) = .0025 + .04(2i,2j)

Finally we can begin answering the questions a, b, & c for various values of the correlations:

a. Substitute (1i,1j) = (2i,2j) = 0 into the respective variance formulas:

Var(R1P) = .0225
Var(R2P) = .0025

Since Var(R1P) > Var(R2P), and expected returns are equal, a risk averse investor will prefer to
invest in the second market.

b. If we assume (1i,1j) = .9, and (2i,2j) = 0, the variance of each portfolio is:

Var(R1P) = .0225 + .04(1i,1j)


Var(R1P) = .0225 + .04(.9)
Var(R1P) = .0585

Var(R2P) = .0025 + .04(2i,2j)


Var(R2P) = .0025 + .04(0)
Var(R2P) = .0025

Since Var(R1P) > Var(R2P), and expected returns are equal, a risk averse investor will prefer to
invest in the second market.
10 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

c. If we assume (1i,1j) = 0, and (2i,2j) = .5, the variance of each portfolio is:

Var(R1P) = .0225 + .04(1i,1j)


Var(R1P) = .0225 + .04(0)
Var(R1P) = .0225

Var(R2P) = .0025 + .04(2i,2j)


Var(R2P) = .0025 + .04(.5)
Var(R2P) = .0225

Since Var(R1P) = Var(R2P), and expected returns are equal, a risk averse investor will be
indifferent between the two markets.

d. Since the expected returns are equal, indifference implies that the variances of the portfolios in
the two markets are also equal. So, set the variance equations equal, and solve for the
correlation of one market in terms of the other:

Var(R1P) = Var(R2P)
.0225 + .04(1i,1j) = .0025 + .04(2i,2j)
(2i,2j) = (1i,1j) + .5

Therefore, for any set of correlations that have this relationship (as found in part c), a risk
adverse investor will be indifferent between the two markets.

9. a. In order to find standard deviation, , you must first find the variance, since  = Var . Recall
from Statistics a property of variance:
~ ~ ~
If: Z  aX  Y
~ ~ ~
where a is a constant, and Z , X , and Y are random variables, then:
~ ~ ~
Var(Z)  a 2 Var(X)  Var(Y)

and:

Var(a) = 0

The problem states that return-generation can be described by:

Ri,t = i +  i(RM) + i,t


CHAPTER 12 -11

Realize that Ri,t, RM, and i,t are random variables, and i and i are constants. Then, applying
the above properties to this model, we get:

Var(Ri) = β i2 Var(RM) + Var(i)

and now we can find the standard deviation for each asset:

σ 2A = .702(.0121) + .01 = .015929


σA = .015929 = .1262, or 12.62%

σ 2B = 1.22(.0121) + .0144 = .031824


σB = .031824 = .1784, or 17.84%

σ C2 = 1.52(.0121) + .0225 = .049725


σC = .049725 = .2230, or 22.30%

Var(ε i )
b. From the above formula for variance, note that as N  ,  0, so you get:
N
Var(Ri) = β i2 Var(RM)

So, the variances for the assets are:

σ 2A = .72(.0121) = .005929
σ 2B = 1.22(.0121) = .017424
σ C2 = 1.52(.0121) = .027225

c. We can use the model:

Ri = RF +  i( RM – RF)

which is the CAPM (or APT Model when there is one factor and that factor is the Market). So,
the expected return of each asset is:

RA = 3.3% + .70(10.6% – 3.3%) = 8.41%


RB = 3.3% + 1.2(10.6% – 3.3%) = 12.06%
RC = 3.3% + 1.5(10.6% – 3.3%) = 14.25%

We can compare these results for expected asset returns as per CAPM or APT with the
expected returns given in the table. This shows that assets A & B are accurately priced, but
asset C is overpriced (the model shows the return should be higher). Thus, rational investors
will not hold asset C.
12 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

d. If short selling is allowed, rational investors will sell short asset C, causing the price of asset C
to decrease until no arbitrage opportunity exists. In other words, the price of asset C should
decrease until the return becomes 14.25 percent.

10. a. Let:

X1 = the proportion of Security 1 in the portfolio and


X2 = the proportion of Security 2 in the portfolio

and note that since the weights must sum to 1.0,

X1 = 1 – X2

Recall from Chapter 10 that the beta for a portfolio (or in this case the beta for a factor) is the
weighted average of the security betas, so

P1 = X111 + X221


P1 = X111 + (1 – X1)21

Now, apply the condition given in the hint that the return of the portfolio does not depend on
F1. This means that the portfolio beta for that factor will be 0, so:

P1 = 0 = X111 + (1 – X1)21


P1 = 0 = X1(1.0) + (1 – X1)(0.5)

and solving for X1 and X2:

X1 = – 1
X2 = 2

Thus, sell short Security 1 and buy Security 2.

To find the expected return on that portfolio, use

RP = X1R1 + X2R2

so applying the above:

E(RP) = –1(20%) + 2(20%)


E(RP) = 20%

P1 = –1(1) + 2(0.5)


P1 = 0
CHAPTER 12 -13

b. Following the same logic as in part a, we have

P2 = 0 = X331 + (1 – X3)41


P2 = 0 = X3(1) + (1 – X3)(1.5)

and

X3 = 3
X4 = –2

Thus, sell short Security 4 and buy Security 3. Then,

E(RP2) = 3(10%) + (–2)(10%)


E(RP2) = 10%

P2 = 3(0.5) – 2(0.75)


P2 = 0

Note that since both P1 and  P2 are 0, this is a risk free portfolio!

c. The portfolio in part b provides a risk free return of 10%, which is higher than the 5% return
provided by the risk free security. To take advantage of this opportunity, borrow at the risk free
rate of 5% and invest the funds in a portfolio built by selling short security four and buying
security three with weights (3,–2) as in part b.

d. First assume that the risk free security will not change. The price of security four (that everyone
is trying to sell short) will decrease, and the price of security three (that everyone is trying to
buy) will increase. Hence the return of security four will increase and the return of security
three will decrease.

The alternative is that the prices of securities three and four will remain the same, and the price
of the risk-free security drops until its return is 10%.

Finally, a combined movement of all security prices is also possible. The prices of security four
and the risk-free security will decrease and the price of security three will increase until the
opportunity disappears.

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