Dowsing

Not to be confused with Dousing.

See also: Dowsing (disambiguation)

A dowser, from an 18th-century French book about superstitions

Dowsing is a type of divination employed in attempts to locate ground water, buried metals or
ores, gemstones, oil, gravesites,[1] and many other objects and materials without the use of
scientific apparatus. Dowsing is considered a pseudoscience, and there is no scientific evidence
that it is any more effective than random chance.[2][3]

Dowsing is also known as divining (especially in reference to interpretation of results),[4]

doodlebugging[5] (particularly in the United States, in searching for petroleum[6]) or (when
searching specifically for water) water finding, water witching (in the United States) or water
dowsing.

A Y- or L-shaped twig or rod, called a dowsing rod, divining rod (Latin: virgula divina or baculus
divinatorius), a "vining rod" or witching rod is sometimes used during dowsing, although some
dowsers use other equipment or no equipment at all.

Dowsing appears to have arisen in the context of Renaissance magic in Germany, and it remains
popular among believers in Forteana or radiesthesia.[7]

The motion of dowsing rods is nowadays generally attributed to the ideomotor effect.[8][9]

History Edit

Dowsing for metal ore, from 1556 "De re metallica libri XII" book
Curious Myths p 81 rod.jpg
Dowsing as practiced today may have originated in Germany during the 15th century, when it was
used in attempts to find metals. As early as 1518 Martin Luther listed dowsing for metals as an act
that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism).[10] The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's
Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway
image of a mining operation. The rod is labelled "Virgula Divina – Glück rüt" (Latin: divine rod;
German "Wünschelrute": fortune rod or stick), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By
1556 Georgius Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore, De Re Metallica, included a
detailed description of dowsing for metal ore.[11] In the sixteenth century, German deep mining
technology was in enormous demand all over Europe and German miners were licensed to live
and work in Elizabethan England[12] particularly in the Stannaries of Devon & Cornwall and in
Cumbria. It is thought that the dialect term "dowsing" was introduced at this period[13] – its
origin is unknown but features characteristics of the West Country dialects.

In 1662 dowsing was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott,
though he later noted that he wasn't sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement
of the rod.[14] In the South of France in the 17th century it was used in tracking criminals and
heretics.[15] Its abuse led to a decree of the inquisition in 1701, forbidding its employment for
purposes of justice.[16]

An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick (1651)
runs thus:

Virgula divina.
"Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod,
Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice,
And (borne about) will strangely nod
To hidden Treasure where it lies;
Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine,
For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline."
Dowsing was conducted in South Dakota in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to help
homesteaders, farmers, and ranchers locate water wells on their property.[17]

In the late 1960s during the Vietnam War, some United States Marines used dowsing to attempt to
locate weapons and tunnels.[18] As late as in 1986, when 31 soldiers were taken by an avalanche
during an operation in the NATO drill Anchor Express in Vassdalen, Norway, the Norwegian army
attempted to locate soldiers buried in the avalanche using dowsing as search method.[19]

Regardless of the scientific experiments, dowsing is still used by some farmers.[20][21]

Equipment Edit

Rods Edit

1942: George Casely uses a hazel twig to attempt to find water on the land around his Devon farm
Traditionally, the most common dowsing rod is a forked (Y-shaped) branch from a tree or bush.
Some dowsers prefer branches from particular trees, and some prefer the branches to be freshly
cut. Hazel twigs in Europe and witch-hazel in the United States are traditionally commonly
chosen, as are branches from willow or peach trees. The two ends on the forked side are held one
in each hand with the third (the stem of the Y) pointing straight ahead. Often the branches are
grasped palms down.[citation needed] The dowser then walks slowly over the places where he
suspects the target (for example, minerals or water) may be, and the dowsing rod dips, inclines or
twitches when a discovery is made. This method is sometimes known as "willow witching".

Two L-shaped metal wire rods

Many dowsers today use a pair of simple L-shaped metal rods. One rod is held in each hand, with
the short arm of the L held upright, and the long arm pointing forward. When something is found,
the rods cross over one another making an X over the found object. If the object is long and
straight, such as a water pipe, the rods may point in opposite directions, showing its orientation.
The rods are sometimes fashioned from wire coat hangers, and glass or plastic rods have also been
accepted. Straight rods are also sometimes used for the same purposes, and were not uncommon in
early 19th-century New England.

In all cases, the device is in a state of unstable equilibrium from which slight movements may be
amplified.[22]

Pendulum Edit
A pendulum of crystal, metal or other materials suspended on a chain is sometimes used in
divination and dowsing. In one approach the user first determines which direction (left-right, up-
down) will indicate "yes" and which "no" before proceeding to ask the pendulum specific
questions, or else another person may pose questions to the person holding the pendulum. The
pendulum may also be used over a pad or cloth with "yes" and "no" written on it and perhaps other
words written in a circle. The person holding the pendulum aims to hold it as steadily as possible
over the center and its movements are held to indicate answers to the questions. In the practice of
radiesthesia, a pendulum is used for medical diagnosis.

Police and military devices Edit

Skeptic James Randi at a lecture at Rockefeller University, on October 10, 2008, holding an $800
device advertised as a dowsing instrument
A number of devices resembling "high tech" dowsing rods have been marketed for modern police
and military use: none has been shown to be effective.[23] The more notable of this class of
device are ADE 651, Sniffex, and the GT200.[24][25] A US government study advised against
buying "bogus explosive detection equipment".[23]

Devices:

Sandia National Laboratories tested the MOLE Programmable System manufactured by Global
Technical Ltd. of Kent, UK and found it ineffective.[24]
The ADE 651 is a device produced by ATSC (UK) and widely used by Iraqi police to detect
explosives.[25] Many[25][26] have denied its effectiveness and contended that the ADE 651 failed
to prevent many bombings in Iraq. On 23 April 2013, the director of ATSC, Jim McCormick was
convicted of fraud by misrepresentation.[27] Earlier, the British Government had announced a ban
on the export of the ADE 651.[28]
SNIFFEX was the subject of a report by the United States Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal that
concluded "The handheld SNIFFEX explosives detector does not work."[29]
Global Technical GT200 is a dowsing type explosive detector which contains no scientific
mechanism.[30][31]
Scientific reception Edit

Dowsing is considered to be a pseudoscience.[32][33]

A 1948 study tested 58 dowsers' ability to detect water. None of them was more reliable than
chance.[34] A 1979 review examined many controlled studies of dowsing for water, and found
that none of them showed better than chance results.[2] A 2006 study of grave dowsing in Iowa
reviewed 14 published studies and determined that none of them correctly predicted the location
of human burials, and simple scientific experiments demonstrated that the fundamental principles
commonly used to explain grave dowsing were incorrect.[35]

A randomized double-blind trial in 2012 was carried out to determine whether homeopaths were
able to distinguish between Bryonia and placebo by use of a dowsing method. The results were
negative.[36]

Kassel study Edit

A 1990 double-blind study[37][38][39] was undertaken in Kassel, Germany, under the direction of
the Gesellschaft zur Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung von Parawissenschaften (Society for the
Scientific Investigation of the Parasciences). James Randi offered a US$10,000 prize to any
successful dowser. The three-day test of some 30 dowsers involved plastic pipes through which
water flow could be controlled and directed. The pipes were buried 50 centimeters (19.7 in) under
a level field, the position of each marked on the surface with a colored strip. The dowsers had to
tell whether water was running through each pipe. All the dowsers signed a statement agreeing this
was a fair test of their abilities and that they expected a 100 percent success rate. However, the
results were no better than chance, thus no one was awarded the prize.

Betz study Edit

A 1987-88 study in Munich by Hans-Dieter Betz and other scientists, 500 dowsers were initially
tested for their skill and the experimenters selected the best 43 among them for further tests. Water
was pumped through a pipe on the ground floor of a two-storey barn. Before each test the pipe
was moved in a direction perpendicular to the water flow. On the upper floor each dowser was
asked to determine the position of the pipe. Over two years the dowsers performed 843 such tests.
Of the 43 pre-selected and extensively tested candidates at least 37 showed no dowsing ability.
The results from the remaining 6 were said to be better than chance, resulting in the experimenters'
conclusion that some dowsers "in particular tasks, showed an extraordinarily high rate of success,
which can scarcely if at all be explained as due to chance ... a real core of dowser-phenomena can
be regarded as empirically proven."[40]

Five years after the Munich study was published, Jim T. Enright, a professor of physiology who
emphasised correct data analysis procedure, contended that the study's results are merely
consistent with statistical fluctuations and not significant. He believed the experiments provided
"the most convincing disproof imaginable that dowsers can do what they claim",[41] stating that
the data analysis was "special, unconventional and customized". Replacing it with "more ordinary
analyses",[42] he noted that the best dowser was on average 4 millimeters (0.16 in) out of 10
meters (32.81 ft) closer to a mid-line guess, an advantage of 0.04%, and that the five other "good"
dowsers were on average farther than a mid-line guess. Enright emphasized that the experimenters
should have decided beforehand how to statistically analyze the results; if they only afterward
chose the statistical analysis that showed the greatest success, then their conclusions would not be
valid until replicated by another test analyzed by the same method. He further pointed out that the
six "good" dowsers did not perform any better than chance in separate tests.[43]

Suggested explanations Edit

Early attempts at a scientific explanation of dowsing were based on the notion that the divining
rod was physically affected by emanations from substances of interest. The following explanation
is from William Pryce's 1778 Mineralogia Cornubiensis:

The corpuscles ... that rise from the Minerals, entering the rod, determine it to bow down, in order
to render it parallel to the vertical lines which the effluvia describe in their rise. In effect the
Mineral particles seem to be emitted from the earth; now the Virgula [rod], being of a light porous
wood, gives an easy passage to these particles, which are also very fine and subtle; the effluvia
then driven forwards by those that follow them, and pressed at the same time by the atmosphere
incumbent on them, are forced to enter the little interstices between the fibres of the wood, and by
that effort they oblige it to incline, or dip down perpendicularly, to become parallel with the little
columns which those vapours form in their rise.

Such explanations have no modern scientific basis. A 1986 article in Nature included dowsing in a
list of "effects which until recently were claimed to be paranormal but which can now be
explained from within orthodox science."[44] Specifically, dowsing could be explained in terms of
sensory cues, expectancy effects and probability.[44] Skeptics and some supporters believe that
dowsing apparatus has no power of its own but merely amplifies slight movements of the hands
caused by a phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect: people's subconscious minds may
influence their bodies without their consciously deciding to take action. This would make the
dowsing rods a conduit for the diviner's subconscious knowledge or perception; but also
susceptible to confirmation bias.[45][46]

Soviet geologists have made claims for the abilities of dowsers,[47] which remain unverified by
any credible scientific means. Some authors suggest that these abilities may be explained by
postulating human sensitivity to small magnetic field gradient changes.[48][49][50]

In the 1970s the physicists John Taylor and Eduardo Balanovski in a series of experiments
searched for unusual electromagnetic fields emitted by dowsing subjects but did not detect any.
[51] Science writer Peter Daempfle has noted that when dowsing is subjected to scientific testing,
it fails. Daempfle has written that although some dowser's claim success, this can be attributed to
the underground water table being distributed relatively uniformly in certain areas